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Perini G, Palmieri V, Friggeri G, Augello A, De Spirito M, Papi M. Carboxylated graphene quantum dots-mediated photothermal therapy enhances drug-membrane permeability, ROS production, and the immune system recruitment on 3D glioblastoma models. Cancer Nanotechnol 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s12645-023-00168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractGraphene quantum dots (GQDs) are biocompatible nanoparticles employed in biomedical field, thanks to their size and photophysical properties. GQDs have shown the capability to cross biological barriers, including the blood–brain barrier, which makes them promising agents for brain diseases therapy. It has been shown that surface-functionalized GQDs enhance membrane fluidity and intracellular uptake, exerting a synergistic effect with antitumor drugs at subtherapeutic doses. Here, we tested GQDs effects in combination with chemotherapeutic agents doxorubicin and temozolomide, on a complex 3D spheroid model of glioblastoma. We observed that the capability of GQDs to absorb and convert near-infrared light into heat is a key factor in membrane permeability enhancement on 3D model. This non-invasive therapeutic strategy named photothermal therapy (PTT), combined to chemotherapy at subtherapeutic doses, significantly increased the effect of antitumor drugs by reducing tumor growth and viability. Furthermore, the increase in membrane permeability due to GQDs-mediated PTT enhanced the release of reactive oxygen species with strong migration of the immune system towards irradiated cancer spheroids. Our data indicate that the increase in membrane permeability can enhance the efficacy of antitumor drugs at subtherapeutic doses against glioblastoma, reducing side effects, and directing immune response, ultimately improving quality of life for patients.
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Bowman-Kirigin JA, Desai R, Saunders BT, Wang AZ, Schaettler MO, Liu CJ, Livingstone AJ, Kobayashi DK, Durai V, Kretzer NM, Zipfel GJ, Leuthardt EC, Osbun JW, Chicoine MR, Kim AH, Murphy KM, Johanns TM, Zinselmeyer BH, Dunn GP. The Conventional Dendritic Cell 1 Subset Primes CD8+ T Cells and Traffics Tumor Antigen to Drive Antitumor Immunity in the Brain. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:20-37. [PMID: 36409838 PMCID: PMC10725570 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) antigen-presenting cell (APC) that primes antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses remains undefined. Elsewhere in the body, the conventional dendritic cell 1 (cDC1) performs this role. However, steady-state brain parenchyma cDC1 are extremely rare; cDCs localize to the choroid plexus and dura. Thus, whether the cDC1 play a function in presenting antigen derived from parenchymal sources in the tumor setting remains unknown. Using preclinical glioblastoma (GBM) models and cDC1-deficient mice, we explored the presently unknown role of cDC1 in CNS antitumor immunity. We determined that, in addition to infiltrating the brain tumor parenchyma itself, cDC1 prime neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells against brain tumors and mediate checkpoint blockade-induced survival benefit. We observed that cDC, including cDC1, isolated from the tumor, the dura, and the CNS-draining cervical lymph nodes harbored a traceable fluorescent tumor antigen. In patient samples, we observed several APC subsets (including the CD141+ cDC1 equivalent) infiltrating glioblastomas, meningiomas, and dura. In these same APC subsets, we identified a tumor-specific fluorescent metabolite of 5-aminolevulinic acid, which fluorescently labeled tumor cells during fluorescence-guided GBM resection. Together, these data elucidate the specialized behavior of cDC1 and suggest that cDC1 play a significant role in CNS antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A. Bowman-Kirigin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rupen Desai
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian T. Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anthony Z. Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maximilian O. Schaettler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Connor J. Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Dale K. Kobayashi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicole M. Kretzer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory J. Zipfel
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric C. Leuthardt
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua W. Osbun
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael R. Chicoine
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Albert H. Kim
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tanner M. Johanns
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bernd H. Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gavin P. Dunn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
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Dhinakaran AK, Dharmalingam P, Ganesh S, Venkatakrishnan K, Das S, Tan B. Molecular Crosstalk between T Cells and Tumor Uncovers GBM-Specific T Cell Signatures in Blood: Noninvasive GBM Diagnosis Using Immunosensors. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14134-14148. [PMID: 36040842 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive stage IV brain cancer with a poor prognosis and survival rate. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) in GBM prevents the entry and exit of biomarkers, limiting its treatment options. Hence, GBM diagnosis is pivotal for timely clinical management. Currently, there exists no clinically validated biomarker for GBM diagnosis. T cells exhibit the potential to escape a leaky BBB in GBM patients. These T cells infiltrating the GBM interact with the heterogeneous population of tumor cells, display a symbiotic interaction resulting in intertwined molecular crosstalk, and display a GBM-associated signature while entering the peripheral circulation. Therefore, we hypothesize that studying these distinct molecular changes is critical to enable T cells to be a diagnostic marker for accurate detection of GBM from patient blood. We demonstrated this by utilizing the phenotypic and immunological landscape changes in T cells associated with glioblastoma tumors. GBM exhibits a high level of heterogeneity with diverse subtypes of cells within the tumor, enabling immune infiltration and different degrees of interactions with the tumor. To accurately detect these subtle molecular differences in T cells, we designed an immunosensor with a high detection sensitivity and repeatability. Hence in this study, we investigated the characteristic behavior of T cells to establish two preclinically validated biomarkers: GBM-associated T cells (GBMAT) and GBM stem cell-associated T cells (GSCAT). A comprehensive investigation was conducted by mimicking the tumor microenvironment in vitro by coculturing T cells with cancer cells and cancer stem cells to study the distinct variation in GBMAT and GSCAT. Preclinical investigation of T cells from GBM patient blood shows similar characteristics to our established biomarkers (GBMAT, GSCAT). Further evaluating the relative attributes of T cells in patient blood and tissue biopsy confirms the infiltrating ability of T cells across the BBB. A pilot validation using a SERS-based machine learning algorithm was accomplished by training the model with GBMAT and GSCAT as diagnostic markers. Using GBMAT as a biomarker, we achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 93.3% and 97.4%, respectively, whereas applying GSCAT yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 98.7%, respectively. We also validated this diagnostic methodology by using conventional biological assays to study the change in expression levels of T cell surface markers (CD4 and CD8) and cytokine levels in T cells (IL6, IL10, TNFα, INFγ) from GBM patients. This study introduces T cells as GBM-specific immune biomarkers to diagnose GBM using patient liquid biopsy. This preclinical validation study presents a better translatability into clinical reality that will enable rapid and noninvasive glioblastoma detection from patient blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Dhinakaran
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (I BEST), Partnership between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Ultrashort Laser Nanomanufacturing Research Facility, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Nano-Bio Interface Facility, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Priya Dharmalingam
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (I BEST), Partnership between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Ultrashort Laser Nanomanufacturing Research Facility, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Nano-Bio Interface Facility, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Swarna Ganesh
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (I BEST), Partnership between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Ultrashort Laser Nanomanufacturing Research Facility, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Nano-Bio Interface Facility, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Krishnan Venkatakrishnan
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Ultrashort Laser Nanomanufacturing Research Facility, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Nano-Bio Interface Facility, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Sunit Das
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Bo Tan
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Nano Characterization Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Nano-Bio Interface Facility, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
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Murphy DA, Cheng H, Yang T, Yan X, Adjei IM. Reversing Hypoxia with PLGA-Encapsulated Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles Improves Natural Killer Cell Response to Tumor Spheroids. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2935-2946. [PMID: 34191525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells, which can recognize and obliterate cancer cells, provides a practical alternative to current treatment modalities to improve cancer patients' survival. However, translating NK cell therapies to treat solid tumors has proven challenging due to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Hypoxia in the TME induces immunosuppression that inhibits the cytotoxic function of NK cells. Thus, reversing hypoxia-induced immunosuppression is critical for effective adoptive NK cell immunotherapy. In this study, we use manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) to catalyze the degradation of tumor-produced hydrogen peroxide, thereby generating oxygen. For improved biocompatibility and modulation of oxygen production, the MnO2 NPs were encapsulated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic) to produce particles that are 116 nm in size and with a ζ-potential of +17 mV (PLGA-MnO2 NPs). The PLGA-MnO2 NPs showed first-order oxygen production and sustained high oxygen tension compared to equivalent amounts of bare MnO2 NPs in the presence of H2O2. The PLGA-MnO2 NPs were biocompatible, reduced hypoxia after penetration into the core of cancer spheroids, and decreased hypoxia-induced factor 1 α expression. Reducing hypoxia in the spheroid resulted in a decrease in the potent immunosuppressors, adenosine, and lactate, which was confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS). ESI-MS also showed a change in the metabolism of the amino acids aspartate, glutamine, and glutamate after hypoxia reduction in the cancer cells. Notably, the spheroids' microenvironment changes enhanced NK cells' cytotoxicity, which obliterated the spheroids. These results demonstrate that reducing hypoxia-induced immunosuppression in tumors is a potent strategy to increase the potency of cytotoxic immune cells in the TME. The developed NPs are promising new tools to improve adoptive NK cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Heyong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Tingyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Isaac M Adjei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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5
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Yuce Sari S, Aktas BY, Kertmen N, Elmali A, Kilickap S, Karli Oguz K, Mut M, Erman M, Soylemezoglu F, Zorlu F, Yazici G. Does Combined Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy Change the Outcome of Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas? Cureus 2021; 13:e15852. [PMID: 34327080 PMCID: PMC8301269 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy (RT) with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has yielded good responses in many cancers. We aimed to report the results of combined fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) and ICI in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma. Methodology Patients were treated with FSRT and nivolumab which were continued until progression or toxicity. The Response Assessment in Neuro-oncology and Immunotherapy Response Assessment in Neuro-oncology criteria were used to assess treatment response on magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment-related toxicity was noted in all patients. Results A total of eight patients were included. Recurrence was detected after a median of 5.8 months following the first RT, all in the treatment field. FSRT (3 × 8 Gy) was applied with neoadjuvant, concurrent, and adjuvant nivolumab. After a median follow-up of 21.3 months from diagnosis and 12.6 months from recurrence, one patient was alive and seven succumbed to the disease. The median overall survival was 20.9 months after diagnosis and 12.9 months after recurrence. The median progression-free interval was 2.3 months after FSRT. The local control (LC) rate was 62.5% with a median local recurrence-free survival of nine months. Progression in other regions of the brain was observed in four patients with a median progression-free survival of 2.1 months. Acute toxicity was not observed. ICI-related grade 3 late pneumonitis was observed in two patients, and grade 1 late thyroid toxicity in two patients. One patient with pneumonitis also developed osteoporosis and radiation necrosis. Conclusions A high LC rate was achieved with concurrent FSRT and ICI with a severe late toxicity rate of 25%. This combination can be an option in recurrent high-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezin Yuce Sari
- Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, TUR
| | | | - Neyran Kertmen
- Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, TUR
| | - Aysenur Elmali
- Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, TUR
| | | | | | - Melike Mut
- Neurosurgery, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, TUR
| | - Mustafa Erman
- Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, TUR
| | | | - Faruk Zorlu
- Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, TUR
| | - Gozde Yazici
- Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, TUR
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6
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Quintarelli C, Camera A, Ciccone R, Alessi I, Del Bufalo F, Carai A, Del Baldo G, Mastronuzzi A, De Angelis B. Innovative and Promising Strategies to Enhance Effectiveness of Immunotherapy for CNS Tumors: Where Are We? Front Immunol 2021; 12:634031. [PMID: 34163465 PMCID: PMC8216238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are several immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors under evaluation, currently none of these approaches have received approval from the regulatory agencies. CNS tumors, especially glioblastomas, are tumors characterized by highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, limiting the possibility of effectively eliciting an immune response. Moreover, the peculiar anatomic location of these tumors poses relevant challenges in terms of safety, since uncontrolled hyper inflammation could lead to cerebral edema and cranial hypertension. The most promising strategies of immunotherapy in neuro-oncology consist of the use of autologous T cells redirected against tumor cells through chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) constructs or genetically modified T-cell receptors. Trials based on native or genetically engineered oncolytic viruses and on vaccination with tumor-associated antigen peptides are also under evaluation. Despite some sporadic complete remissions achieved in clinical trials, the outcome of patients with CNS tumors treated with different immunotherapeutic approaches remains poor. Based on the lessons learned from these unsatisfactory experiences, novel immune-therapy approaches aimed at overcoming the profound immunosuppressive microenvironment of these diseases are bringing new hope to reach the cure for CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Quintarelli
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Camera
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Roselia Ciccone
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Iside Alessi
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Del Bufalo
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carai
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Del Baldo
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Biagio De Angelis
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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7
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Maghrouni A, Givari M, Jalili-Nik M, Mollazadeh H, Bibak B, Sadeghi MM, Afshari AR, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in glioblastoma multiforme: Preclinical evidence and clinical interventions. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107403. [PMID: 33581502 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), as one of the immunosuppressive and common intrinsic brain tumors in adults, remains an intractable malignancy to manage. Since the standard of care for treatment, which includes surgery and chemoradiation, has not provided a sustainable and durable response in affected patients, seeking novel therapeutic approaches to treat GBM seems imperative. Immunotherapy, a breakthrough for cancer treatment, has become an attractive tool for combating cancer with the potential to access the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). In this regard, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), as major immunological checkpoints, have drawn considerable interest due to their effectiveness in a spectrum of highly-aggressive neoplasms through negative regulation of the T-cell-mediated immune response. Nevertheless, due to the immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM, the efficacy of these immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), when used as monotherapy, has been unfavorable and lacks sufficient beneficial outcomes for GBM patients. A variety of clinical studies are attempting to evaluate the combination of ICIs (neoadjuvant/adjuvant) and existing treatment guidelines to strengthen their effectiveness; however, the exact mechanism of this signaling axis affects the consequences of immune therapy remains elusive. This review provides an overview of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, currently approved ICIs for clinical use, preclinical and clinical trials of PD-1/PD-L1 as monotherapy, and when used concomitantly with other GBM treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Maghrouni
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Givari
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jalili-Nik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Bahram Bibak
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Montazami Sadeghi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Amir R Afshari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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8
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Xu Y, Luo Y, Deng Y, Zhang J, Shao A. Immuno-oncology: are TAM receptors in glioblastoma friends or foes? Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:11. [PMID: 33509214 PMCID: PMC7841914 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) receptors are a subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases. TAM receptors have been implicated in mediating efferocytosis, regulation of immune cells, secretion of inflammatory factors, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the tumor microenvironment, thereby serving as a critical player in tumor development and progression. The pro-carcinogenic role of TAM receptors has been widely confirmed, overexpression of TAM receptors is tied to tumor cells growth, metastasis, invasion and treatment resistance. Nonetheless, it is surprising to detect that inhibiting TAM signaling is not all beneficial in the tumor immune microenvironment. The absence of TAM receptors also affects anti-tumor immunity under certain conditions by modulating different immune cells, as the functional diversification of TAM signaling is closely related to tumor immunotherapy. Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and lethal primary brain tumor in adults. Although research regarding the crosstalk between TAM receptors and glioblastoma remains scarce, it appears likely that TAM receptors possess potential anti-tumor effects rather than portraying a total cancer-driving role in the context of glioblastoma. Accordingly, we doubt whether TAM receptors play a double-sided role in glioblastoma, and propose the Janus-faced TAM Hypothesis as a conceptual framework for comprehending the precise underlying mechanisms of TAMs. In this study, we aim to cast a spotlight on the potential multidirectional effects of TAM receptors in glioblastoma and provide a better understanding for TAM receptor-related targeted intervention. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Hailong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211126, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Changxing Branch), Changxing, Huzhou, 313100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Pearson JRD, Cuzzubbo S, McArthur S, Durrant LG, Adhikaree J, Tinsley CJ, Pockley AG, McArdle SEB. Immune Escape in Glioblastoma Multiforme and the Adaptation of Immunotherapies for Treatment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582106. [PMID: 33178210 PMCID: PMC7594513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequently occurring primary brain tumor and has a very poor prognosis, with only around 5% of patients surviving for a period of 5 years or more after diagnosis. Despite aggressive multimodal therapy, consisting mostly of a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide chemotherapy, tumors nearly always recur close to the site of resection. For the past 15 years, very little progress has been made with regards to improving patient survival. Although immunotherapy represents an attractive therapy modality due to the promising pre-clinical results observed, many of these potential immunotherapeutic approaches fail during clinical trials, and to date no immunotherapeutic treatments for GBM have been approved. As for many other difficult to treat cancers, GBM combines a lack of immunogenicity with few mutations and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Unfortunately, both tumor and immune cells have been shown to contribute towards this immunosuppressive phenotype. In addition, current therapeutics also exacerbate this immunosuppression which might explain the failure of immunotherapy-based clinical trials in the GBM setting. Understanding how these mechanisms interact with one another, as well as how one can increase the anti-tumor immune response by addressing local immunosuppression will lead to better clinical results for immune-based therapeutics. Improving therapeutic delivery across the blood brain barrier also presents a challenge for immunotherapy and future therapies will need to consider this. This review highlights the immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by GBM cancers and examines potential immunotherapeutic treatments that can overcome these significant immunosuppressive hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. D. Pearson
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Cuzzubbo
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Simon McArthur
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts & the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy G. Durrant
- Scancell Ltd, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Adhikaree
- Academic Oncology, Nottingham University NHS Trusts, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Tinsley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E. B. McArdle
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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10
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Youssef G, Dietrich J. Ipilimumab: an investigational immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1187-1193. [PMID: 32945231 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1826436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant central nervous system tumor and has a poor overall outcome despite an aggressive standard-of-care treatment. Hence, better therapeutic modalities are necessary. Immunotherapy is a novel modality that has an indirect action against the tumor cells through activation of an anti-tumor immune response. AREAS COVERED Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) belongs to a class of molecules called immune checkpoints that are inherently expressed on immune cells and lead to attenuation of the immune response. Inhibition of such molecules has been approved for the treatment of melanoma, and prolonged survival and complete responses have been reported in preclinical GBM mouse models. Ipilimumab inhibits CTLA-4 and is being investigated for the treatment of GBM, alone or in combination with other treatment modalities, in various preclinical and clinical studies, the results of the most relevant of which are discussed in this review. EXPERT OPINION Combining ipilimumab with other immunotherapy modalities and using it in specific conditions may increase the rate of objective responses in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Youssef
- MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorg Dietrich
- MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Campanella R, Guarnaccia L, Caroli M, Zarino B, Carrabba G, La Verde N, Gaudino C, Rampini A, Luzzi S, Riboni L, Locatelli M, Navone SE, Marfia G. Personalized and translational approach for malignant brain tumors in the era of precision medicine: the strategic contribution of an experienced neurosurgery laboratory in a modern neurosurgery and neuro-oncology department. J Neurol Sci 2020; 417:117083. [PMID: 32784071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Personalized medicine (PM) aims to optimize patient management, taking into account the individual traits of each patient. The main purpose of PM is to obtain the best response, improving health care and lowering costs. Extending traditional approaches, PM introduces novel patient-specific paradigms from diagnosis to treatment, with greater precision. In neuro-oncology, the concept of PM is well established. Indeed, every neurosurgical intervention for brain tumors has always been highly personalized. In recent years, PM has been introduced in neuro-oncology also to design and prescribe specific therapies for the patient and the patient's tumor. The huge advances in basic and translational research in the fields of genetics, molecular and cellular biology, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have led to the introduction of PM into clinical practice. The identification of a patient's individual variation map may allow to design selected therapeutic protocols that ensure successful outcomes and minimize harmful side effects. Thus, clinicians can switch from the "one-size-fits-all" approach to PM, ensuring better patient care and high safety margin. Here, we review emerging trends and the current literature about the development of PM in neuro-oncology, considering the positive impact of innovative advanced researches conducted by a neurosurgical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Campanella
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Guarnaccia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Caroli
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Zarino
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Carrabba
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Gaudino
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Rampini
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabino Luzzi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Riboni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Locatelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Aldo Ravelli" Research Center, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical-Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Elena Navone
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Aldo Ravelli" Research Center, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Marfia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Aldo Ravelli" Research Center, Milan, Italy; Clinical Pathology Unit, Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "A. Moosso", Aeronautica Militare, Milan, Italy
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12
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Dumas AA, Pomella N, Rosser G, Guglielmi L, Vinel C, Millner TO, Rees J, Aley N, Sheer D, Wei J, Marisetty A, Heimberger AB, Bowman RL, Brandner S, Joyce JA, Marino S. Microglia promote glioblastoma via mTOR-mediated immunosuppression of the tumour microenvironment. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103790. [PMID: 32567735 PMCID: PMC7396846 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour-associated microglia/macrophages (TAM) are the most numerous non-neoplastic populations in the tumour microenvironment in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common malignant brain tumour in adulthood. The mTOR pathway, an important regulator of cell survival/proliferation, is upregulated in GBM, but little is known about the potential role of this pathway in TAM. Here, we show that GBM-initiating cells induce mTOR signalling in the microglia but not bone marrow-derived macrophages in both in vitro and in vivo GBM mouse models. mTOR-dependent regulation of STAT3 and NF-κB activity promotes an immunosuppressive microglial phenotype. This hinders effector T-cell infiltration, proliferation and immune reactivity, thereby contributing to tumour immune evasion and promoting tumour growth in mouse models. The translational value of our results is demonstrated in whole transcriptome datasets of human GBM and in a novel in vitro model, whereby expanded-potential stem cells (EPSC)-derived microglia-like cells are conditioned by syngeneic patient-derived GBM-initiating cells. These results raise the possibility that microglia could be the primary target of mTOR inhibition, rather than the intrinsic tumour cells in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaelle A Dumas
- Blizard InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University LondonLondonUK
| | - Nicola Pomella
- Blizard InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University LondonLondonUK
| | - Gabriel Rosser
- Blizard InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University LondonLondonUK
| | - Loredana Guglielmi
- Blizard InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University LondonLondonUK
| | - Claire Vinel
- Blizard InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas O Millner
- Blizard InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University LondonLondonUK
| | - Jeremy Rees
- National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Natasha Aley
- Division of NeuropathologyDepartment of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Denise Sheer
- Blizard InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University LondonLondonUK
| | - Jun Wei
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Anantha Marisetty
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Robert L Bowman
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis ProgramMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Department of OncologyLudwig Institute for Cancer ResearchUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Silvia Marino
- Blizard InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University LondonLondonUK
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13
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Huang R, Li G, Zhao Z, Zeng F, Zhang K, Liu Y, Wang K, Hu H. RGS16 promotes glioma progression and serves as a prognostic factor. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:791-803. [PMID: 32319728 PMCID: PMC7366748 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RGS protein family members have recently became new potentially promising therapeutic targets in many cancers. However, as a key member of RGS family, RGS16 has seldom been studied in glioma. The present study was designed to investigate the prognostic value and biological function of RGS16 based on large‐scale databases and functional assays in vitro. Methods Here, we performed comprehensive analysis for the expression characteristic of RGS16 in Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) microarray database with 301 patients and validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) microarray and RNA sequencing database. Student's t‐test, one‐way ANOVA test and long‐rank test were used to assess differences between groups. Kaplan‐Meier survival, univariate and multivariate Cox analysis and ROC curve were used to estimate the survival distributions. Biological implication of abnormal expression of RGS16 in glioma was also explored. Functional analysis of RGS16 was performed in several glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines. R language and SPSS were used for statistical analysis and graphical work. Results We found that the expression of RGS16 was positively related to the grade of glioma. High level of RGS16 commonly gathered in glioma of mesenchymal subtype and wild‐type IDH1. Moreover, higher expression level of RGS16 was found to be significantly correlated with poor prognosis. The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis and ROC curve showed that RGS16 was an independent prognostic factor for glioma patients. Gene ontology analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, and gene set variation analysis suggested that the overexpression of RGS16 tightly related to cell proliferation, migration, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), immune and inflammatory response of glioma. Knockdown of RGS16 in glioma cell lines also showed that RGS16 promoted the malignant progress of glioma cell lines. Conclusions RGS16 plays an important role in glioma progression and serves as an independent prognostic factor, especially in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Huang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Radiotherapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kuanyu Wang
- Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Gamma Knife Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Hu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
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14
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Loya J, Zhang C, Cox E, Achrol AS, Kesari S. Biological intratumoral therapy for the high-grade glioma part II: vector- and cell-based therapies and radioimmunotherapy. CNS Oncol 2019; 8:CNS40. [PMID: 31747784 PMCID: PMC6880300 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of high-grade gliomas (HGGs) remains a complex challenge with an overall poor prognosis despite aggressive multimodal treatment. New translational research has focused on maximizing tumor cell eradication through improved tumor cell targeting while minimizing collateral systemic side effects. In particular, biological intratumoral therapies have been the focus of novel translational research efforts due to their inherent potential to be both dynamically adaptive and target specific. This two part review will provide an overview of biological intratumoral therapies that have been evaluated in human clinical trials in HGGs, and summarize key advances and remaining challenges in the development of these therapies as a potential new paradigm in the management of HGGs. Part II discusses vector-based therapies, cell-based therapies and radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Loya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Charlie Zhang
- Buffalo School of Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14202, USA
| | - Emily Cox
- Providence Medical Research Center, Spokane, WA 99204, USA
| | - Achal S Achrol
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
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15
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Patel R, Traylor JI, Latha K, Heimberger AB, Li S, Rao G. Fibrinogen-like protein 2: a potential molecular target for glioblastoma treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:647-649. [PMID: 31167575 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1628220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Patel
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Jeffrey I Traylor
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Khatri Latha
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Shulin Li
- b Department of Pediatrics-Research , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Ganesh Rao
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
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16
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Gabriely G, Quintana FJ. Role of AHR in the control of GBM-associated myeloid cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 64:13-18. [PMID: 31128300 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and incurable brain tumor; its malignancy has been associated with the activity of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells. Myeloid cells play important roles in the tumor control by the immune response, but also in tumor progression. Indeed, GBM exploits multiple mechanisms to recruit and modulate myeloid cells. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) is a ligand activated transcription factor implicated in the regulation of myeloid cells. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge on the AHR role in the control of myeloid cells and its impact on GBM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Gabriely
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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17
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Harnessing the immune system in glioblastoma. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1171-1181. [PMID: 30393372 PMCID: PMC6251037 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumour. Survival is poor and improved treatment options are urgently needed. Although immunotherapies have emerged as effective treatments for a number of cancers, translation of these through to brain tumours is a distinct challenge, particularly due to the blood-brain barrier and the unique immune tumour microenvironment afforded by CNS-specific cells. This review discusses the immune system within the CNS, mechanisms of immune escape employed by glioblastoma, and the immunological effects of conventional glioblastoma treatments. Novel therapies for glioblastoma that harness the immune system and their current clinical progress are outlined, including cancer vaccines, T-cell therapies and immune checkpoint modulators.
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18
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Dai B, Qi N, Li J, Zhang G. Temozolomide combined with PD-1 Antibody therapy for mouse orthotopic glioma model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:871-876. [PMID: 29758196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Temozolomide (TMZ) is the most frequent adjuvant chemotherapy drug in gliomas. PDL1 expresses on various tumors, including gliomas, and anti-PD-1 antibodies have been approved for treating some tumors by FDA. This study was to evaluate the therapeutical potential of combined TMZ with anti-PD-1 antibody therapy for mouse orthotopic glioma model. METHODS We performed C57BL/6 mouse orthotopic glioma model by stereotactic intracranial implantation of glioma cell line GL261, mice were randomly divided into four groups: (1) control group; (2) TMZ group; (3) anti-PD-1 antibody group; (4) TMZ combined with anti-PD-1 antibody group. Then the volume or size of tumor was assessed by 7.0 T MRI and immunohistochemistry, and the number of CD4 and CD8 infiltrating cells in brain tumor and spleen was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Western blot was used to evaluate the expression of PDL1. Furthermore, Overall survival of each group mice was also evaluated. RESULTS Overall survival was significantly improved in combined group compared to other groups (χ2 = 32.043, p < 0.01). The volume or size of tumor was significantly decreased in combined group compared with other groups (F = 42.771, P < 0.01). And the number of CD4 and CD8 infiltrating cells in brain tumor was also obviously increased in combined group (CD4 F = 45.67, P < 0.01; CD8 F = 53.75, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Anti-PD1 antibody combined with TMZ therapy for orthotopic mouse glioma model could significantly improve the survival time of tumor-bear mice. Thus, this study provides the effective preclinical evidence for support clinical chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailing Dai
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Na Qi
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Junchao Li
- Department of Radiology, Laizhou City People's Hospital, Yantai, 261400, China
| | - Guilong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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19
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Ameratunga M, Coleman N, Welsh L, Saran F, Lopez J. CNS cancer immunity cycle and strategies to target this for glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22802-22816. [PMID: 29854316 PMCID: PMC5978266 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutics have revolutionized the management of solid malignancies over the last few years. Nevertheless, despite relative successes of checkpoint inhibitors in numerous solid tumour types, success in tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) has been lacking. There are several possible reasons for the relative lack of success of immunotherapeutics in this setting, including the immune microenvironment of glioblastoma, lymphocyte tracking through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the central nervous system and impairment of drug delivery into the CNS through the BBB. This review utilizes the cancer-immunity cycle as a conceptual framework through which the specific challenges associated with the development of immunotherapeutics for CNS malignancies can be viewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaka Ameratunga
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Niamh Coleman
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Liam Welsh
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Frank Saran
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Juanita Lopez
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
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20
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Woroniecka KI, Rhodin KE, Chongsathidkiet P, Keith KA, Fecci PE. T-cell Dysfunction in Glioblastoma: Applying a New Framework. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3792-3802. [PMID: 29593027 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A functional, replete T-cell repertoire is an integral component to adequate immune surveillance and to the initiation and maintenance of productive antitumor immune responses. Glioblastoma (GBM), however, is particularly adept at sabotaging antitumor immunity, eliciting severe T-cell dysfunction that is both qualitative and quantitative. Understanding and countering such dysfunction are among the keys to harnessing the otherwise stark potential of anticancer immune-based therapies. Although T-cell dysfunction in GBM has been long described, newer immunologic frameworks now exist for reclassifying T-cell deficits in a manner that better permits their study and reversal. Herein, we divide and discuss the various T-cell deficits elicited by GBM within the context of the five relevant categories: senescence, tolerance, anergy, exhaustion, and ignorance. Categorization is appropriately made according to the molecular bases of dysfunction. Likewise, we review the mechanisms by which GBM elicits each mode of T-cell dysfunction and discuss the emerging immunotherapeutic strategies designed to overcome them. Clin Cancer Res; 24(16); 3792-802. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina I Woroniecka
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristen E Rhodin
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pakawat Chongsathidkiet
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristin A Keith
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. .,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Panek WK, Kane JR, Young JS, Rashidi A, Kim JW, Kanojia D, Lesniak MS. Hitting the nail on the head: combining oncolytic adenovirus-mediated virotherapy and immunomodulation for the treatment of glioma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89391-89405. [PMID: 29179527 PMCID: PMC5687697 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive malignant brain tumor with a poor prognosis and the median survival 14.6 months. Immunomodulatory proteins and oncolytic viruses represent two treatment approaches that have recently been developed for patients with glioblastoma that could extend patient survival and result in better treatment outcomes for patients with this disease. Together, these approaches could potentially augment the treatment efficacy and strength of these anti-tumor therapies. In addition to oncolytic activities, this combinatory approach introduces immunomodulation locally only where cancerous cells are present. This thereby results in the change of the tumor microenvironment from immune-suppressive to immune-vulnerable via activation of cytotoxic T cells or through the removal of glioma cells immune-suppressive capability. This review discusses the strengths and weaknesses of adenoviral oncolytic therapy, and highlights the genetic modifications that result in more effective and targeted viral agents. Additionally, the mechanism of action of immune-activating agents is described and the results of previous clinical trials utilizing these treatments in other solid tumors are reviewed. The feasibility, synergy, and limitations for treatments that combine these two approaches are outlined and areas for which more work is needed are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech K Panek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - J Robert Kane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jacob S Young
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Julius W Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Malignant gliomas result in disproportionately high morbidity and mortality compared with other primary tumors, and progression of disease is inevitable. Novel therapies to improve outcomes are needed and immune checkpoint inhibitors hold significant promise. RECENT FINDINGS A limited body of preclinical evidence suggests that checkpoint inhibitors may be effective treatment for gliomas. Biomarkers to identify characteristics of gliomas responsive to these therapies will be essential. These may include mismatch repair deficiency and high mutational load that might be germline, somatic, or acquired after therapy. Evidence on the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in gliomas is evolving. Clinical trials are underway and results are eagerly awaited. Understanding the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with other treatment modalities for gliomas is crucial to the improvement of outcomes. The design and conduct of future clinical trials need to account for increasingly complex treatment options.
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Zhang JF, Wang P, Yan YJ, Li Y, Guan MW, Yu JJ, Wang XD. IL‑33 enhances glioma cell migration and invasion by upregulation of MMP2 and MMP9 via the ST2-NF-κB pathway. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2033-2042. [PMID: 28849217 PMCID: PMC5652951 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important member of the interleukin (IL)-1 family, IL‑33 plays a significant role in tumor progression. To explore this, we previously analyzed the association between IL‑33 expression and the prognosis of patients with glioma. However, the function of the IL‑33/ST2 axis in glioma remained unclear. In the present study, immunofluorescent staining results revealed that the expression levels of IL‑33 and ST2 receptor in glioma tissues were higher than those in normal brain tissues. Invasion and migration assays demonstrated that IL‑33 significantly increased glioma cell invasion and migration in vitro. Furthermore, knockdown of ST2 by siRNA attenuated the IL‑33-induced increase in invasion and migration. In addition, ELISA results revealed that IL‑33 upregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9. Western blot analysis results indicated that IL‑33 stimulation increased the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, silencing of the NF-κB pathway by BAY 11‑7082 resulted in the inhibition of IL‑33-induced invasion and migration, as well as the downregulation of MMP2 and MMP9 production. These findings indicate that IL‑33 may be involved in the process of glioma cell invasion and migration by upregulating MMP2 and MMP9 via the ST2-NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, IL‑33 may be a novel therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jin Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Min-Wu Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Jun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent malignant brain tumor and is characterized by poor prognosis, increased invasiveness, and high recurrence rates. Standard treatment for glioblastoma includes maximal safe surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy with temozolomide. Despite treatment advances, only 15-20% of glioblastoma patients survive to 5 years, and no therapies have demonstrated a durable survival benefit in recurrent disease. In the last 10 years, significant advances in knowledge of the biology and molecular pathology of the malignancy have opened the way to new treatment options. Clinical management of patients (pseudo-progressions, side effects of therapies, best supportive care, centralization in expertise care centers) has improved. In brain tumors, such as in other solid tumors, we have entered an era of immune-oncology. Immunotherapy seems to have an acceptable safety and tolerability profile in the recurrent setting and is under investigation in clinical trials in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. This review focuses on novel targeted therapies recently developed for the management of newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastomas.
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25
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Advances in Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma Multiforme. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:3597613. [PMID: 28299344 PMCID: PMC5337363 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3597613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Patients with GBM have poor outcomes, even with the current gold-standard first-line treatment: maximal safe resection combined with radiotherapy and temozolomide chemotherapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that advances in antigen-specific cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade in other advanced tumors may provide an appealing promise for immunotherapy in glioma. The future of therapy for GBM will likely incorporate a combinatorial, personalized approach, including current conventional treatments, active immunotherapeutics, plus agents targeting immunosuppressive checkpoints.
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26
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Zhang X, Zhu S, Li T, Liu YJ, Chen W, Chen J. Targeting immune checkpoints in malignant glioma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:7157-7174. [PMID: 27756892 PMCID: PMC5351697 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is the most common and a highly aggressive cancer in the central nervous system (CNS). Cancer immunotherapy, strategies to boost the body's anti-cancer immune responses instead of directly targeting tumor cells, recently achieved great success in treating several human solid tumors. Although once considered "immune privileged" and devoid of normal immunological functions, CNS is now considered a promising target for cancer immunotherapy, featuring the recent progresses in neurobiology and neuroimmunology and a highly immunosuppressive state in malignant glioma. In this review, we focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors, specifically, antagonizing monoclonal antibodies for programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). We discuss advances in the working mechanisms of these immune checkpoint molecules, their status in malignant glioma, and current preclinical and clinical trials targeting these molecules in malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tete Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Sanofi Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- ADC Biomedical Research Institute, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jingtao Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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27
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Miska J, Rashidi A, Chang AL, Muroski ME, Han Y, Zhang L, Lesniak MS. Anti-GITR therapy promotes immunity against malignant glioma in a murine model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:1555-1567. [PMID: 27734112 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potently immunosuppressive cells that accumulate within the glioma microenvironment. The reduction in their function and/or trafficking has been previously shown to enhance survival in preclinical models of glioma. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) is a tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptor enriched on Tregs that has shown promise as a target for immunotherapy. An agonistic antibody against GITR has been demonstrated to inhibit Tregs in a number of models and has only been recently addressed in glioma. In this study, we examined the modality of the antibody function at the tumor site as opposed to the periphery as the blood-brain barrier prevents efficient antibody delivery to brain tumors. Mice harboring established GL261 tumors were treated with anti-GITR monotherapy and were shown to have a significant increase in overall survival (p < 0.01) when antibodies were injected directly into the glioma core, whereas peripheral antibody treatment only had a modest effect. Peripheral treatment resulted in a significant decrease in granzyme B (GrB) expression by Tregs, whereas intratumoral treatment resulted in both a decrease in GrB expression by Tregs and their selective depletion, which was largely mediated by FcγR-mediated destruction. We also discovered that anti-GITR treatment results in the enhanced survival and functionality of dendritic cells (DCs)-a previously unreported effect of this immunotherapy. In effect, this study demonstrates that the targeting of GITR is a feasible and noteworthy treatment option for glioma, but is largely dependent on the anatomical location in which the antibodies are delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alan L Chang
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megan E Muroski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lingjiao Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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28
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Down-regulation of IKKβ expression in glioma-infiltrating microglia/macrophages is associated with defective inflammatory/immune gene responses in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33077-90. [PMID: 26427514 PMCID: PMC4741750 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive malignancy associated with profound host immunosuppression. Microglia and macrophages infiltrating GBM acquire the pro-tumorigenic, M2 phenotype and support tumor invasion, proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and block immune responses both locally and systematically. Mechanisms responsible for immunological deficits in GBM patients are poorly understood. We analyzed immune/inflammatory gene expression in five datasets of low and high grade gliomas, and performed Gene Ontology and signaling pathway analyses to identify defective transcriptional responses. The expression of many immune/inflammatory response and TLR signaling pathway genes was reduced in high grade gliomas compared to low grade gliomas. In particular, we found the reduced expression of the IKBKB, a gene coding for IKKβ, which phosphorylates IκB proteins and represents a convergence point for most signal transduction pathways leading to NFκB activation. The reduced IKBKB expression and IKKβ levels in GBM tissues were demonstrated by qPCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The IKKβ expression was down-regulated in microglia/macrophages infiltrating glioblastoma. NFκB activation, prominent in microglia/macrophages infiltrating low grade gliomas, was reduced in microglia/macrophages in glioblastoma tissues. Down-regulation of IKBKB expression and NFκB signaling in microglia/macrophages infiltrating glioblastoma correlates with defective expression of immune/inflammatory genes and M2 polarization that may result in the global impairment of anti-tumor immune responses in glioblastoma.
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29
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Wang Z, Zhang C, Liu X, Wang Z, Sun L, Li G, Liang J, Hu H, Liu Y, Zhang W, Jiang T. Molecular and clinical characterization of PD-L1 expression at transcriptional level via 976 samples of brain glioma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1196310. [PMID: 27999734 PMCID: PMC5139638 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1196310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: PD-L1 has been widely reported as immune check points in a range of malignancies as well as some immune-originated diseases. In glioma, the role of PD-L1 remains unclear. We aimed at investigating its role at transcriptome level and relationship with clinical practice. Method and patients: In total, 976 glioma samples with transcriptome data, including 301 microarray data from Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA project) and 675 RNAseq data from TCGA project, were enrolled into our study. Clinical and IDH mutation data were also available. R language was used as the main tool for statistical analysis and graphical work. Results: PD-L1 expression was found to be positively correlated with WHO grade of glioma. PD-L1 seemed to express more in mesenchymal subtype according to TCGA transcriptional classification scheme and may contribute as a potential marker for mesenchymal subtype in glioblastoma. Pearson correlation test indicated that PD-L1 showed robust correlation with PD1, PD-L2, and CD80 in CGGA dataset. Subsequent gene ontology analysis based on significantly correlated genes of PD-L1 revealed that PD-L1 seemed to be profoundly associated with T cell activation. To further investigate the relationship between PD-L1 expression and immune response, we selected a series of immune signatures, which were then transformed into metagenes, and found that PD-L1 expression was particularly paralleled with T-cells and macrophages-related immune response instead of B cell linage-related immune response. In line with the corresponding biological process, PD-L1 exhibited predictive value for glioma patients: Higher PD-L1 indicated significantly shorter survival, especially in glioblastoma. Conclusion: PD-L1 is upregulated in glioblastoma, and is synergistic with other check point members. Moreover, PD-L1 is significantly associated with T-cell activation and macrophage-related immune response and predicts much worse survival for patients, warranting clinical trials of PD1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors for potential glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Jingshan Liang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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30
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Kane JR, Miska J, Young JS, Kanojia D, Kim JW, Lesniak MS. Sui generis: gene therapy and delivery systems for the treatment of glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17 Suppl 2:ii24-ii36. [PMID: 25746089 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy offers a multidimensional set of approaches intended to treat and cure glioblastoma (GBM), in combination with the existing standard-of-care treatment (surgery and chemoradiotherapy), by capitalizing on the ability to deliver genes directly to the site of neoplasia to yield antitumoral effects. Four types of gene therapy are currently being investigated for their potential use in treating GBM: (i) suicide gene therapy, which induces the localized generation of cytotoxic compounds; (ii) immunomodulatory gene therapy, which induces or augments an enhanced antitumoral immune response; (iii) tumor-suppressor gene therapy, which induces apoptosis in cancer cells; and (iv) oncolytic virotherapy, which causes the lysis of tumor cells. The delivery of genes to the tumor site is made possible by means of viral and nonviral vectors for direct delivery of therapeutic gene(s), tumor-tropic cell carriers expressing therapeutic gene(s), and "intelligent" carriers designed to increase delivery, specificity, and tumoral toxicity against GBM. These vehicles are used to carry genetic material to the site of pathology, with the expectation that they can provide specific tropism to the desired site while limiting interaction with noncancerous tissue. Encouraging preclinical results using gene therapies for GBM have led to a series of human clinical trials. Although there is limited evidence of a therapeutic benefit to date, a number of clinical trials have convincingly established that different types of gene therapies delivered by various methods appear to be safe. Due to the flexibility of specialized carriers and genetic material, the technology for generating new and more effective therapies already exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Robert Kane
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason Miska
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jacob S Young
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Julius W Kim
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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31
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Lieber BA, Appelboom G, Taylor BE, Lowy FD, Bruce EM, Sonabend AM, Kellner C, Connolly ES, Bruce JN. Preoperative chemotherapy and corticosteroids: independent predictors of cranial surgical-site infections. J Neurosurg 2015; 125:187-95. [PMID: 26544775 DOI: 10.3171/2015.4.jns142719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Preoperative corticosteroids and chemotherapy are frequently prescribed for patients undergoing cranial neurosurgery but may pose a risk of postoperative infection. Postoperative surgical-site infections (SSIs) have significant morbidity and mortality, dramatically increase the length and cost of hospitalization, and are a major cause of 30-day readmission. In patients undergoing cranial neurosurgery, there is a lack of data on the role of patient-specific risk factors in the development of SSIs. The authors of this study sought to determine whether chemotherapy and prolonged steroid use before surgery increase the risk of an SSI at postoperative Day 30. METHODS Using the national prospectively collected American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database for 2006-2012, the authors calculated the rates of superficial, deep-incisional, and organ-space SSIs at postoperative Day 30 for neurosurgery patients who had undergone chemotherapy or had significant steroid use within 30 days before undergoing cranial surgery. Trauma patients, patients younger than 18 years, and patients with a preoperative infection were excluded. Univariate analysis was performed for 25 variables considered risk factors for superficial and organ-space SSIs. To identify independent predictors of SSIs, the authors then conducted a multivariate analysis in which they controlled for duration of operation, wound class, white blood cell count, and other potential confounders that were significant on the univariate analysis. RESULTS A total of 8215 patients who had undergone cranial surgery were identified. There were 158 SSIs at 30 days (frequency 1.92%), of which 52 were superficial, 27 were deep-incisional, and 79 were organ-space infections. Preoperative chemotherapy was an independent predictor of organ-space SSIs in the multivariate model (OR 5.20, 95% CI 2.33-11.62, p < 0.0001), as was corticosteroid use (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.03-3.37, p = 0.04), but neither was a predictor of superficial or deep-incisional SSIs. Other independent predictors of organ-space SSIs were longer duration of operation (OR 1.16), wound class of ≥ 2 (clean-contaminated and further contaminated) (OR 3.17), and morbid obesity (body mass index ≥ 40 kg/m(2)) (OR 3.05). Among superficial SSIs, wound class of 3 (contaminated) (OR 6.89), operative duration (OR 1.13), and infratentorial surgical approach (OR 2.20) were predictors. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative chemotherapy and corticosteroid use are independent predictors of organ-space SSIs, even when data are controlled for leukopenia. This indicates that the disease process in organ-space SSIs may differ from that in superficial SSIs. In effect, this study provides one of the largest analyses of risk factors for SSIs after cranial surgery. The results suggest that, in certain circumstances, modulation of preoperative chemotherapy or steroid regimens may reduce the risk of organ-space SSIs and should be considered in the preoperative care of this population. Future studies are needed to determine optimal timing and dosing of these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Lieber
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University;,Cerebrovascular Lab
| | | | | | - Franklin D Lowy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University; and
| | | | - Adam M Sonabend
- Department of Neurosurgery.,Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - E Sander Connolly
- Cerebrovascular Lab.,Department of Neurosurgery.,Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey N Bruce
- Department of Neurosurgery.,The Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, and
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32
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Interferon-β Modulates the Innate Immune Response against Glioblastoma Initiating Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139603. [PMID: 26441059 PMCID: PMC4595134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting glioblastoma initiating cells (GIC) is considered a promising strategy. However, GIC are prone to evade immune response and there is a need for potent adjuvants. IFN-β might enhance the immune response and here we define its net effect on the innate immunogenicity of GIC. The transcriptomes of GIC treated with IFN-β and controls were assessed by microarray-based expression profiling for altered expression of immune regulatory genes. Several genes involved in adaptive and innate immune responses were regulated by IFN-β. We validated these results using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and flow cytometry for corresponding protein levels. The up-regulation of the NK cell inhibitory molecules HLA-E and MHC class I was balanced by immune stimulating effects including the up-regulation of nectin-2. In 3 out of 5 GIC lines tested we found a net immune stimulating effect of IFN-β in cytotoxicity assays using NKL cells as effectors. IFN-β therefore warrants further investigation as an adjuvant for immunotherapy targeting GIC.
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33
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Preusser M, Lim M, Hafler DA, Reardon DA, Sampson JH. Prospects of immune checkpoint modulators in the treatment of glioblastoma. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:504-14. [PMID: 26260659 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour in adults. Prognosis is poor: even with the current gold-standard first-line treatment—maximal safe resection and combination of radiotherapy with temozolomide chemotherapy—the median overall survival time is only approximately 15-17 months, because the tumour recurs in virtually all patients, and no commonly accepted standard treatment for recurrent disease exists. Several targeted agents have failed to improve patient outcomes in glioblastoma. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors such as ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab has provided relevant clinical improvements in other advanced tumours for which conventional therapies have had limited success, making immunotherapy an appealing strategy in glioblastoma. This Review summarizes current knowledge on immune checkpoint modulators and evaluates their potential role in glioblastoma on the basis of preclinical studies and emerging clinical data. Furthermore, we discuss challenges that need to be considered in the clinical development of drugs that target immune checkpoint pathways in glioblastoma, such as specific properties of the immune system in the CNS, issues with radiological response assessment, and potential interactions with established and emerging treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Centre CNS Tumours Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Lim
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital, 15 York Street, PO Box 208018, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 2134, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John H Sampson
- Division of Neurosurgery, 220 Sands Building, Research Drive, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Qiao J, Dey M, Chang AL, Kim JW, Miska J, Ling A, M Nettlebeck D, Han Y, Zhang L, Lesniak MS. Intratumoral oncolytic adenoviral treatment modulates the glioma microenvironment and facilitates systemic tumor-antigen-specific T cell therapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1022302. [PMID: 26405578 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1022302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of primary brain tumor and is associated with poor survival. Virotherapy is a promising candidate for the development of effective, novel treatments for GBM. Recent studies have underscored the potential of virotherapy in enhancing antitumor immunity despite the fact that its mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, using a syngeneic GBM mouse model, we report that intratumoral virotherapy significantly modulates the tumor microenvironment. We found that intratumoral administration of an oncolytic adenovirus, AdCMVdelta24, decreased tumor-infiltrating CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and increased IFNγ-producing CD8+ T cells in treated tumors, even in late stage disease in which a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is considered to be a significant barrier to immunotherapy. Importantly, intratumoral AdCMVdelta24 treatment augmented systemically transferred tumor-antigen-specific T cell therapy. Furthermore, mechanistic studies showed (1) downregulation of Foxp3 in Tregs that were incubated with media conditioned by virus-infected tumor cells, (2) downregulation of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO) in glioma cells upon infection by AdCMVdelta24, and (3) reprograming of Tregs from an immunosuppressive to a stimulatory state. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the potency of intratumoral oncolytic adenoviral treatment in enhancing antitumor immunity through the regulation of multiple aspects of immune suppression in the context of glioma, supporting further clinical development of oncolytic adenovirus-based immune therapies for malignant brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiao
- The Brain Tumor Center; Pritzker School of Medicine; The University of Chicago ; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Mahua Dey
- The Brain Tumor Center; Pritzker School of Medicine; The University of Chicago ; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Alan L Chang
- The Brain Tumor Center; Pritzker School of Medicine; The University of Chicago ; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Julius W Kim
- The Brain Tumor Center; Pritzker School of Medicine; The University of Chicago ; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Jason Miska
- The Brain Tumor Center; Pritzker School of Medicine; The University of Chicago ; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Alex Ling
- The Brain Tumor Center; Pritzker School of Medicine; The University of Chicago ; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Dirk M Nettlebeck
- Oncolytic Adenovirus Group; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yu Han
- The Brain Tumor Center; Pritzker School of Medicine; The University of Chicago ; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Lingjiao Zhang
- The Brain Tumor Center; Pritzker School of Medicine; The University of Chicago ; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- The Brain Tumor Center; Pritzker School of Medicine; The University of Chicago ; Chicago, IL USA
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Wang JY, Bettegowda C. Genetics and immunotherapy: using the genetic landscape of gliomas to inform management strategies. J Neurooncol 2015; 123:373-83. [PMID: 25697584 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent work in genetics has identified essential driver mutations in gliomas and has profoundly changed our understanding of tumorigenesis. New insights into the molecular basis of glioma has informed the development of therapies demonstrating considerable potential, including immunotherapeutic approaches such as peptide and dendritic cell vaccines against EGFRvIII. However, the selective targeting of one component of a dysregulated pathway may be inadequate for a durable clinical response, given the intratumoral heterogeneity of glioblastoma (GBM) and hypermutated profiles displayed by tumor recurrences. Immune checkpoint blockade with anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA) and anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) have demonstrated encouraging results in clinical trials with other solid tumors, and recent data suggest that this type of therapy may be particularly useful for tumors with high mutational burdens. Although the survival for patients with GBM has remains grim, the use of immunotherapy may finally change patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Y Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Phipps 118, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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Suryadevara CM, Verla T, Sanchez-Perez L, Reap EA, Choi BD, Fecci PE, Sampson JH. Immunotherapy for malignant glioma. Surg Neurol Int 2015; 6:S68-77. [PMID: 25722935 PMCID: PMC4338494 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.151341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas (MG) are the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor. Most patients diagnosed with glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and malignant glial tumor, die within 12-15 months. Moreover, conventional treatment, which includes surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy, can be highly toxic by causing nonspecific damage to healthy brain and other tissues. The shortcomings of standard-of-care have thus created a stimulus for the development of novel therapies that can target central nervous system (CNS)-based tumors specifically and efficiently, while minimizing off-target collateral damage to normal brain. Immunotherapy represents an investigational avenue with the promise of meeting this need, already having demonstrated its potential against B-cell malignancy and solid tumors in clinical trials. T-cell engineering with tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is one proven approach that aims to redirect autologous patient T-cells to sites of tumor. This platform has evolved dramatically over the past two decades to include an improved construct design, and these modern CARs have only recently been translated into the clinic for brain tumors. We review here emerging immunotherapeutic platforms for the treatment of MG, focusing on the development and application of a CAR-based strategy against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter M Suryadevara
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Terence Verla
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Luis Sanchez-Perez
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Reap
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bryan D Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John H Sampson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Ampie L, Woolf EC, Dardis C. Immunotherapeutic advancements for glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2015; 5:12. [PMID: 25688335 PMCID: PMC4310287 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy seeks to improve the body’s immune response to a tumor. Currently, the principal mechanisms employed are: (1) to improve an aspect of the immune response (e.g., T cell activation) and (2) to encourage the targeting of particular antigens. The latter is typically achieved by exposing the immune system to the antigen in question, in vivo, or in vitro followed by re-introduction of the primed cells to the body. The clinical relevance of these approaches has already been demonstrated for solid tumors such as melanoma and prostate cancer. The central nervous system was previously thought to be immune privileged. However, we know now that the immune system is highly active in the brain and interacts with brain tumors. Thus, harnessing and exploiting this interaction represents an important approach for treating malignant brain tumors. We present a summary of progress in this area, focusing particularly on immune-checkpoint inhibition, vaccines, and T cell engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Ampie
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | - Eric C Woolf
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | - Christopher Dardis
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix, AZ , USA
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Abstract
4th Quadrennial Meeting of the World Federation of Neuro-Oncology in conjunction with the 18th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuro-Oncology, San Francisco, CA, USA, 21-24 November 2013. Aside from temozolomide, there has been no major breakthrough for decades to improve outcome for high-grade glioma. Bevacizumab failed to show a survival advantage in two large studies - AVaglio and RTOG-0825 - and no other novel chemotherapy agents seem to be appearing on the horizon for this universally fatal disease. Consequently, the neuro-oncology fraternity is turning to immunotherapy. This became apparent in this meeting, considering a number of delegates focused their attention to presentations on immunotherapy. The ReACT study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of the combination of a promising peptide vaccine, rindopepimut, and bevacizumab with longer survival seen in patients with a higher antibody titer. Several presentations reassured that dendritic cell-based immunotherapy is safe and can generate a lasting immune response. Employing gene therapy, increased intratumor 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy concentration can be achieved using TOCA 511, and temozolomide-resistant transgenic lymphocytes could be produced through retroviral coding. Blocking immune checkpoints PDL-01, CTLA-4 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase through monoclonal antibodies appears promising.
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Weathers SP, Gilbert MR. Current challenges in designing GBM trials for immunotherapy. J Neurooncol 2015; 123:331-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wang X, Zhao HY, Zhang FC, Sun Y, Xiong ZY, Jiang XB. Dendritic cell-based vaccine for the treatment of malignant glioma: a systematic review. Cancer Invest 2014; 32:451-7. [PMID: 25259676 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2014.958234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has a poor prognosis. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze the outcomes of clinical trials which compared immunotherapy with conventional therapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant studies. The 2-year survival rate was used to evaluate effectiveness of immunotherapy. RESULTS Of 171 studies identified, six comparative trials were included in the systematic review. Immunotherapy was associated with a significantly longer OS and 2-year survival compared to conventional therapy. CONCLUSION Immunotherapy may improve the survival of patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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41
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Glass R, Synowitz M. CNS macrophages and peripheral myeloid cells in brain tumours. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:347-62. [PMID: 24722970 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary brain tumours (gliomas) initiate a strong host response and can contain large amounts of immune cells (myeloid cells) such as microglia and tumour-infiltrating macrophages. In gliomas the course of pathology is not only controlled by the genetic make-up of the tumour cells, but also depends on the interplay with myeloid cells in the tumour microenvironment. Especially malignant gliomas such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are notoriously immune-suppressive and it is now evident that GBM cells manipulate myeloid cells to support tumour expansion. The protumorigenic effects of glioma-associated myeloid cells comprise a support for angiogenesis as well as tumour cell invasion, proliferation and survival. Different strategies for inhibiting the pathological functions of myeloid cells in gliomas are explored, and blocking the tropism of microglia/macrophages to gliomas or manipulating the signal transduction pathways for immune cell activation has been successful in pre-clinical models. Hence, myeloid cells are now emerging as a promising target for new adjuvant therapies for gliomas. However, it is also becoming evident that some myeloid-directed glioma therapies may only be beneficial for distinct subclasses of gliomas and that a more cell-type-specific manipulation of either microglia or macrophages may improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Tarassishin L, Casper D, Lee SC. Aberrant expression of interleukin-1β and inflammasome activation in human malignant gliomas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103432. [PMID: 25054228 PMCID: PMC4108401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant form of primary brain tumor with grave prognosis. Mounting evidence supports that chronic inflammation (such as chronic overactivation of IL-1 system) is a crucial event in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. IL-1 also is an important cytokine with species-dependent regulations and roles in CNS cell activation. While much attention is paid to specific anti-tumor immunity, little is known about the role of chronic inflammation/innate immunity in glioma pathogenesis. In this study, we examined whether human astrocytic cells (including malignant gliomas) can produce IL-1 and its role in glioma progression. Methods We used a combination of cell culture, real-time PCR, ELISA, western blot, immunocytochemistry, siRNA and plasmid transfection, micro-RNA analysis, angiogenesis (tube formation) assay, and neurotoxicity assay. Results Glioblastoma cells produced large quantities of IL-1 when activated, resembling macrophages/microglia. The activation signal was provided by IL-1 but not the pathogenic components LPS or poly IC. Glioblastoma cells were highly sensitive to IL-1 stimulation, suggesting its relevance in vivo. In human astrocytes, IL-1β mRNA was not translated to protein. Plasmid transfection also failed to produce IL-1 protein, suggesting active repression. Suppression of microRNAs that can target IL-1α/β did not induce IL-1 protein. Glioblastoma IL-1β processing occurred by the NLRP3 inflammasome, and ATP and nigericin increased IL-1β processing by upregulating NLRP3 expression, similar to macrophages. RNAi of annexin A2, a protein strongly implicated in glioma progression, prevented IL-1 induction, demonstrating its new role in innate immune activation. IL-1 also activated Stat3, a transcription factor crucial in glioma progression. IL-1 activated glioblastoma-conditioned media enhanced angiogenesis and neurotoxicity. Conclusions Our results demonstrate unique, species-dependent immune activation mechanisms involving human astrocytes and astrogliomas. Specifically, the ability to produce IL-1 by glioblastoma cells may confer them a mesenchymal phenotype including increased migratory capacity, unique gene signature and proinflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Tarassishin
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Diana Casper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sunhee C Lee
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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Glioma-associated antigen HEATR1 induces functional cytotoxic T lymphocytes in patients with glioma. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:131494. [PMID: 25126583 PMCID: PMC4121097 DOI: 10.1155/2014/131494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A2B5+ glioblastoma (GBM) cells have glioma stem-like cell (GSC) properties that are crucial to chemotherapy resistance and GBM relapse. T-cell-based antigens derived from A2B5+ GBM cells provide important information for immunotherapy. Here, we show that HEAT repeat containing 1 (HEATR1) expression in GBM tissues was significantly higher than that in control brain tissues. Furthermore, HEATR1 expression in A2B5+ U87 cells was higher than that in A2B5-U87 cells (P = 0.016). Six peptides of HEATR1 presented by HLA-A∗02 were selected for testing of their ability to induce T-cell responses in patients with GBM. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors (n = 6) and patients with glioma (n = 33) were stimulated with the peptide mixture, eight patients with malignant gliomas had positive reactivity with a significantly increased number of responding T-cells. The peptides HEATR(1682-690), HEATR(11126-1134), and HEATR(1757-765) had high affinity for binding to HLA-A∗02:01 and a strong capacity to induce CTL response. CTLs against HEATR1 peptides were capable of recognizing and lysing GBM cells and GSCs. These data are the first to demonstrate that HEATR1 could induce specific CTL responses targeting both GBM cells and GSCs, implicating that HEATR1 peptide-based immunotherapy could be a novel promising strategy for treating patients with GBM.
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Shevtsov MA, Kim AV, Samochernych KA, Romanova IV, Margulis BA, Guzhova IV, Yakovenko IV, Ischenko AM, Khachatryan WA. Pilot study of intratumoral injection of recombinant heat shock protein 70 in the treatment of malignant brain tumors in children. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1071-81. [PMID: 24971017 PMCID: PMC4069152 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s62764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral injections of recombinant heat shock protein (Hsp)70 were explored for feasibility in patients with brain tumors. Patients aged 4.5–14 years with untreated newly diagnosed tumors (n=12) were enrolled. After tumor resection, five injections of recombinant Hsp70 (total 2.5 mg) were administered into the resection cavity through a catheter. Before administration of Hsp70 and after the last injection, specific immune responses to the autologous tumor lysate were evaluated using the delayed-type hypersensitivity test. Further, peripheral blood was monitored to identify possible changes in lymphocyte subpopulations, cytokine levels, and the cytolytic activity of natural killer cells. The follow-up period in this trial was 12 months. Intratumoral injections of Hsp70 were well tolerated by patients. One patient had a complete clinical response documented by radiologic findings and one patient had a partial response. A positive delayed-type hypersensitivity test was observed in three patients. In peripheral blood, there was a shift from cytokines provided by Th2 cells toward cytokines of a Th1-cell-mediated response. These data corresponded to changes in lymphocyte subpopulations. Immunosuppressive T-regulatory cell levels were also reduced after injection of Hsp70, as well as production of interleukin-10. The cytolytic activity of natural killer cells was unchanged. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of intratumoral delivery of recombinant Hsp70 in patients with cancer. Further randomized clinical trials are recommended to assess the optimum dose of the chaperone, the treatment schedule, and clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Shevtsov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation ; AL Polenov Russian Research Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V Kim
- AL Polenov Russian Research Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Russian Federation
| | | | - Irina V Romanova
- IM Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Boris A Margulis
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Irina V Guzhova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Yakovenko
- AL Polenov Russian Research Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M Ischenko
- Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - William A Khachatryan
- AL Polenov Russian Research Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Russian Federation
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Schuessler A, Smith C, Beagley L, Boyle GM, Rehan S, Matthews K, Jones L, Crough T, Dasari V, Klein K, Smalley A, Alexander H, Walker DG, Khanna R. Autologous T-cell therapy for cytomegalovirus as a consolidative treatment for recurrent glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3466-76. [PMID: 24795429 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive human brain malignancies. Even with optimal treatment, median survival is less than 6 months for patients with recurrent GBM. Immune-based therapies have the potential to improve patient outcome by supplementing standard treatment. Expression of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens in GBM tissues provides the unique opportunity to target viral antigens for GBM therapy. Here, we report findings of a formal clinical assessment of safety and potential clinical efficacy of autologous CMV-specific T-cell therapy as a consolidative treatment for recurrent GBM. From a total of 19 patients with recurrent GBM, CMV-specific T cells were successfully expanded from 13 patients (68.4%), 11 of whom received up to four T-cell infusions. Combination therapy based on T-cell infusion and chemotherapy was well tolerated, and we detected only minor adverse events. The overall survival of these patients since first recurrence ranged from 133 to 2,428 days, with a median overall survival of 403 days. Most importantly, 4 of 10 patients that completed the treatment remained progression free during the study period. Furthermore, molecular profiling of CMV-specific T-cell therapy from these patients revealed distinct gene expression signatures, which correlated with their clinical response. Our study suggests that a combination therapy with autologous CMV-specific T cells and chemotherapy is a safe novel treatment option and may offer clinical benefit for patients with recurrent GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schuessler
- Authors' Affiliations: QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory
| | - Corey Smith
- Authors' Affiliations: QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory
| | - Leone Beagley
- Authors' Affiliations: QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory
| | | | - Sweera Rehan
- Authors' Affiliations: QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory
| | - Katherine Matthews
- Authors' Affiliations: QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory
| | - Linda Jones
- Authors' Affiliations: QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory
| | - Tania Crough
- Authors' Affiliations: QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory
| | - Vijayendra Dasari
- Authors' Affiliations: QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory
| | | | - Amy Smalley
- Newro Foundation, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hamish Alexander
- Authors' Affiliations: QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory; Newro Foundation, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David G Walker
- Newro Foundation, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- Authors' Affiliations: QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory;
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Immunocompetent murine models for the study of glioblastoma immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2014; 12:107. [PMID: 24779345 PMCID: PMC4012243 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains a lethal diagnosis with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. (NEJM 352:987-96, 2005) Although immunotherapy-based approaches are capable of inducing detectable immune responses against tumor-specific antigens, improvements in clinical outcomes are modest, in no small part due to tumor-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms that promote immune escape and immuno-resistance. Immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at bolstering the immune response while neutralizing immunosuppression will play a critical role in improving treatment outcomes for glioblastoma patients. In vivo murine models of glioma provide an invaluable resource to achieving that end, and their use is an essential part of the preclinical workup for novel therapeutics that need to be tested in animal models prior to testing experimental therapies in patients. In this article, we review five contemporary immunocompetent mouse models, GL261 (C57BL/6), GL26 (C57BL/6) CT-2A (C57BL/6), SMA-560 (VM/Dk), and 4C8 (B6D2F1), each of which offer a suitable platform for testing novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
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The taxonomy of brain cancer stem cells: what's in a name? Oncoscience 2014; 1:241-7. [PMID: 25594016 PMCID: PMC4278291 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing recognition that stem cells play vital roles in the formation, maintenance, and potential targeted treatment of brain tumors, there has been an exponential increase in basic laboratory and translational research on these cell types. However, there are several different classes of stem cells germane to brain cancer, each with distinct capabilities and functions. In this perspective, we discuss the types of stem cells relevant to brain tumor pathogenesis, and suggest a nomenclature for future preclinical and clinical investigation.
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Dejaegher J, Van Gool S, De Vleeschouwer S. Dendritic cell vaccination for glioblastoma multiforme: review with focus on predictive factors for treatment response. Immunotargets Ther 2014; 3:55-66. [PMID: 27471700 PMCID: PMC4918234 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s40121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and most aggressive type of primary brain cancer. Since median overall survival with multimodal standard therapy is only 15 months, there is a clear need for additional effective and long-lasting treatments. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination is an experimental immunotherapy being tested in several Phase I and Phase II clinical trials. In these trials, safety and feasibility have been proven, and promising clinical results have been reported. On the other hand, it is becoming clear that not every GBM patient will benefit from this highly personalized treatment. Defining the subgroup of patients likely to respond to DC vaccination will position this option correctly amongst other new GBM treatment modalities, and pave the way to incorporation in standard therapy. This review provides an overview of GBM treatment options and focuses on the currently known prognostic and predictive factors for response to DC vaccination. In this way, it will provide the clinician with the theoretical background to refer patients who might benefit from this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefaan Van Gool
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Tarassishin L, Lim J, Weatherly DB, Angeletti RH, Lee SC. Interleukin-1-induced changes in the glioblastoma secretome suggest its role in tumor progression. J Proteomics 2014; 99:152-168. [PMID: 24503185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The tumor microenvironment including glial cells and their inflammatory products regulates brain tumor development and progression. We have previously established that human glioma cells are exquisitely sensitive to IL-1 stimulation leading us to undertake a comparative analysis of the secretome of unstimulated and cytokine (IL-1)-stimulated glioblastoma cells. We performed label-free quantitative proteomic analysis and detected 190 proteins which included cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, proteases, cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix (ECM) and related proteins. Measuring area under the curve (AUC) of peptides for quantitation, the IL-1-induced secretome contained 13 upregulated and 5 downregulated extracellular proteins (p<0.05) compared to controls. Of these, IL-8, CCL2, TNC, Gal-1 and PTX3 were validated as upregulated and SERPINE1, STC2, CTGF and COL4A2 were validated as downregulated factors by immunochemical methods. A major representation of the ECM and related proteins in the glioblastoma secretome and their modulation by IL-1 suggested that IL-1 induces its effect in part by altering TGFβ expression, activity and signaling. These findings enhance our understanding of IL-1-induced modulation of glioma microenvironment, with implications for increased tumor invasion, migration and angiogenesis. They further provide novel targets for the glioblastoma intervention. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Present study is on an unbiased screening of the glioblastoma secretome stimulated by IL-1 which triggers neuroinflammatory cascades in the central nervous system. Network of secreted proteins were shown to be regulated revealing their possible contribution to glioma progression. Label free quantitative proteomics has provided unique novel targets for potential glioblastoma intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Tarassishin
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10461
| | - Jihyeon Lim
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10461.,Laboratory for Macromolecular Analysis & Proteomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10461
| | - D Brent Weatherly
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Ruth H Angeletti
- Laboratory for Macromolecular Analysis & Proteomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10461.,Department of Developmental & Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10461
| | - Sunhee C Lee
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10461
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Pereira Dias G, Hollywood R, Bevilaqua MCDN, da Luz ACDDS, Hindges R, Nardi AE, Thuret S. Consequences of cancer treatments on adult hippocampal neurogenesis: implications for cognitive function and depressive symptoms. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:476-92. [PMID: 24470543 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is capable of generating new functional neurons throughout life, a phenomenon known as adult neurogenesis. The generation of new neurons is sustained throughout adulthood due to the proliferation and differentiation of adult neural stem cells. This process in humans is uniquely located in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is thought to play a major role in hippocampus-dependent functions, such as spatial awareness, long-term memory, emotionality, and mood. The overall aim of current treatments for cancer (such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy) is to prevent aberrant cell division of cell populations associated with malignancy. However, the treatments in question are absolutist in nature and hence inhibit all cell division. An unintended consequence of this cessation of cell division is the impairment of adult neural stem cell proliferation and AHN. Patients undergoing treatment for cancerous malignancies often display specific forms of memory deficits, as well as depressive symptoms. This review aims to discuss the effects of cancer treatments on AHN and propose a link between the inhibition of the neurogenetic process in the hippocampus and the advent of the cognitive and mood-based deficits observed in patients and animal models undergoing cancer therapies. Possible evidence for coadjuvant interventions aiming to protect neural cells, and subsequently the mood and cognitive functions they regulate, from the ablative effects of cancer treatment are discussed as potential clinical tools to improve mental health among cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Pereira Dias
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, The James Black Centre, London, UK (G.P.D., R.H., S.T.); Translational Neurobiology Unit, Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (G.P.D., M.C.N.B., A.C.D.dS.d.L., A.E.N.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK (M.C.N.B., R.H.)
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