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Kim HY, Kim YM, Hong S. CK2α-mediated phosphorylation of GRP94 facilitates the metastatic cascade in triple-negative breast cancer. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:185. [PMID: 38649679 PMCID: PMC11035675 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Distant metastasis is a significant hallmark affecting to the high death rate of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Thus, it is crucial to identify and develop new therapeutic strategies to hinder cancer metastasis. While emerging studies have hinted a pivotal role of glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) in tumorigenesis, the exact biological functions and molecular mechanisms of GRP94 in modulating cancer metastasis remain to be elucidated. Our study demonstrated an increased expression of GRP94 in TNBC correlated with metastatic progression and unfavorable prognosis in patients. Functionally, we identified that GRP94 depletion significantly diminished TNBC tumorigenesis and subsequent lung metastasis. In contrast, GRP94 overexpression exacerbated the invasiveness, migration, and lung metastasis of non-TNBC cells. Mechanistically, we found that casein kinase 2 alpha (CK2α) active in advanced breast cancer phosphorylated GRP94 at a conserved serine 306 (S306) residue. This phosphorylation increased the stability of GRP94 and enhanced its interaction with LRP6, leading to activation of canonical Wnt signaling. From a therapeutic standpoint, we found that benzamidine, a novel CK2α inhibitor, effectively suppressed GRP94 phosphorylation, LRP6 stabilization, and metastasis of TNBC. Our results point to the critical role of CK2α-mediated GRP94 phosphorylation in TNBC metastasis through activation of Wnt signaling, highlighting GRP94 as a therapeutic target to impede TNBC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Youn Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Suntaek Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Behrooz AB, Cordani M, Donadelli M, Ghavami S. Metastatic outgrowth via the two-way interplay of autophagy and metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166824. [PMID: 37949196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis represents one of the most dangerous issue of cancer progression, characterized by intricate interactions between invading tumor cells, various proteins, and other cells on the way towards target sites. Tumor cells, while undergoing metastasis, engage in dynamic dialogues with stromal cells and undertake epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenoconversion. To ensure survival, tumor cells employ several strategies such as restructuring their metabolic needs to adapt to the alterations of the microenvironmental resources via different mechanisms including macroautophagy (autophagy) and to circumvent anoikis-a form of cell death induced upon detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM). This review focuses on the puzzling connections of autophagy and energetic metabolism within the context of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Academy of Silesia, Faculty of Medicine, Rolna 43 Street, 40-555 Katowice, Poland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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3
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Nolan E, Kang Y, Malanchi I. Mechanisms of Organ-Specific Metastasis of Breast Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041326. [PMID: 36987584 PMCID: PMC10626265 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis, or the development of secondary tumors in distant tissues, accounts for the vast majority of fatalities in patients with breast cancer. Breast cancer cells show a striking proclivity to metastasize to distinct organs, specifically the lung, liver, bone, and brain, where they face unique environmental pressures and a wide variety of tissue-resident cells that together create a strong barrier for tumor survival and growth. As a consequence, successful metastatic colonization is critically dependent on reciprocal cross talk between cancer cells and host cells within the target organ, a relationship that shapes the formation of a tumor-supportive microenvironment. Here, we discuss the mechanisms governing organ-specific metastasis in breast cancer, focusing on the intricate interactions between metastatic cells and specific niche cells within a secondary organ, and the remarkable adaptations of both compartments that cooperatively support cancer growth. More broadly, we aim to provide a framework for the microenvironmental prerequisites within each distinct metastatic site for successful breast cancer metastatic seeding and outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Nolan
- Tumour Host Interaction laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Princeton Branch, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Ilaria Malanchi
- Tumour Host Interaction laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
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4
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Zhou M, Chen H, Zeng Y, Lv Z, Hu X, Tong Y, Wang P, Zhao M, Mu R, Yu J, Chen Y, Wei L, Gu J, Lan Q, Zhen X, Han L. DH5α Outer Membrane-Coated Biomimetic Nanocapsules Deliver Drugs to Brain Metastases but not Normal Brain Cells via Targeting GRP94. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300403. [PMID: 37104822 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-mediated vesicular transport has been extensively developed to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and has emerged as a class of powerful brain-targeting delivery technologies. However, commonly used BBB receptors such as transferrin receptor and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, are also expressed in normal brain parenchymal cells and can cause drug distribution in normal brain tissues and subsequent neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Here, the endoplasmic reticulum residing protein GRP94 is found upregulated and relocated to the cell membrane of both BBB endothelial cells and brain metastatic breast cancer cells (BMBCCs) by preclinical and clinical investigations. Inspired by that Escherichia coli penetrates the BBB via the binding of its outer membrane proteins with GRP94, avirulent DH5α outer membrane protein-coated nanocapsules (Omp@NCs) are developed to cross the BBB, avert normal brain cells, and target BMBCCs via recognizing GRP94. Embelin (EMB)-loaded Omp@EMB specifically reduce neuroserpin in BMBCCs, which inhibits vascular cooption growth and induces apoptosis of BMBCCs by restoring plasmin. Omp@EMB plus anti-angiogenic therapy prolongs the survival of mice with brain metastases. This platform holds the translational potential to maximize therapeutic effects on GRP94-positive brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- MJiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuteng Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ziyan Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yang Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Pan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Rui Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ju Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, P. R. China
| | - Lin Wei
- MJiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Gu
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Qing Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, P. R. China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Liang Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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Jian Z, Li Y, Zhang C, Zhong W, Ai D, He Y, Song J. Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Attenuates Periodontal Ligament Cells Apoptosis by Activating Yes-Associated Protein-Regulated Autophagy. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023; 49:1227-1237. [PMID: 36878833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of the work described here was to determine if low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has an anti-inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs). The mechanism underlying this effect remains to be explored and is likely related to PDLC apoptosis regulated by Yes-associated protein (YAP) and autophagy. METHODS To verify this hypothesis, we used a rat model of periodontitis and primary human PDLCs. We examined alveolar bone resorption in rats and apoptosis, autophagy and YAP activity in LPS-treated PDLCs with and without application of LIPUS by cellular immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting. Then, siRNA transfection was used to decrease YAP expression to confirm the regulatory role of YAP in the anti-apoptotic effect of LIPUS on PDLCs. DISCUSSION We found that LIPUS attenuated alveolar bone resorption in rats and this was accompanied by YAP activation. LIPUS inhibited hPDLC apoptosis by YAP activation, and promoted autophagic degradation to help autophagy completion. These effects were reversed after YAP expression was blocked. CONCLUSION LIPUS attenuates PDLC apoptosis by activating Yes-associated protein-regulated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Jian
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking, China
| | - Chuangwei Zhang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjie Zhong
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongqing Ai
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao He
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jinlin Song
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China.
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6
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Hashemi M, Paskeh MDA, Orouei S, Abbasi P, Khorrami R, Dehghanpour A, Esmaeili N, Ghahremanzade A, Zandieh MA, Peymani M, Salimimoghadam S, Rashidi M, Taheriazam A, Entezari M, Hushmandi K. Towards dual function of autophagy in breast cancer: A potent regulator of tumor progression and therapy response. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114546. [PMID: 36958191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As a devastating disease, breast cancer has been responsible for decrease in life expectancy of females and its morbidity and mortality are high. Breast cancer is the most common tumor in females and its treatment has been based on employment of surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The changes in biological behavior of breast tumor relies on genomic and epigenetic mutations and depletions as well as dysregulation of molecular mechanisms that autophagy is among them. Autophagy function can be oncogenic in increasing tumorigenesis, and when it has pro-death function, it causes reduction in viability of tumor cells. The carcinogenic function of autophagy in breast tumor is an impediment towards effective therapy of patients, as it can cause drug resistance and radio-resistance. The important hallmarks of breast tumor such as glucose metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis can be regulated by autophagy. Oncogenic autophagy can inhibit apoptosis, while it promotes stemness of breast tumor. Moreover, autophagy demonstrates interaction with tumor microenvironment components such as macrophages and its level can be regulated by anti-tumor compounds in breast tumor therapy. The reasons of considering autophagy in breast cancer therapy is its pleiotropic function, dual role (pro-survival and pro-death) and crosstalk with important molecular mechanisms such as apoptosis. Moreover, current review provides a pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of autophagy in breast tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Orouei
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Abbasi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Khorrami
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Dehghanpour
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Esmaeili
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azin Ghahremanzade
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4815733971, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4815733971, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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The Role of Autophagy in Breast Cancer Metastasis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020618. [PMID: 36831154 PMCID: PMC9953203 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient morbidity and mortality is significantly increased in metastatic breast cancer. The metastasis process of breast cancer is very complicated and is delicately controlled by various factors. Autophagy is one of the important regulatory factors affecting metastasis in breast cancer by engaging in cell mobility, metabolic adaptation, tumor dormancy, and cancer stem cells. Here, we discuss the effects of autophagy on metastasis in breast cancer and assess the potential use of autophagy modulators for metastasis treatment.
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8
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Chen YB, Feng YQ, Chen S. HSP90B1 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022; 123:e833-e838. [PMID: 35580785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y B Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University.
| | - Y Q Feng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University.
| | - S Chen
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China.
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9
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Pugh KW, Alnaed M, Brackett CM, Blagg BSJ. The biology and inhibition of glucose-regulated protein 94/gp96. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:2007-2024. [PMID: 35861260 PMCID: PMC10003671 DOI: 10.1002/med.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The 94 kDa molecular chaperone, glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), has garnered interest during the last decade due to its direct association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and disease. Grp94 belongs to the Hsp90 family of molecular chaperones and is a master regulator of ER homeostasis due to its ability to fold and stabilize proteins/receptors, and to chaperone misfolded proteins for degradation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that Grp94 knockdown or inhibition leads to the degradation of client protein substrates, which leads to disruption of disease-dependent signaling pathways. As a result, small molecule inhibitors of Grp94 have become a promising therapeutic approach to target a variety of disease states. Specifically, Grp94 has proven to be a promising target for cancer, glaucoma, immune-mediated inflammation, and viral infection. Moreover, Grp94-peptide complexes have been utilized effectively as adjuvants for vaccines against a variety of disease states. This work highlights the significance of Grp94 biology and the development of therapeutics that target this molecular chaperone in multiple disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyler W. Pugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Marim Alnaed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Christopher M. Brackett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Brian S. J. Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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10
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Pan- and isoform-specific inhibition of Hsp90: Design strategy and recent advances. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Chen H, Zhou M, Zeng Y, Miao T, Luo H, Tong Y, Zhao M, Mu R, Gu J, Yang S, Han L. Biomimetic Lipopolysaccharide-Free Bacterial Outer Membrane-Functionalized Nanoparticles for Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105854. [PMID: 35355446 PMCID: PMC9165477 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) severely blocks the intracranial accumulation of most systemic drugs. Inspired by the contribution of the bacterial outer membrane to Escherichia coli K1 (EC-K1) binding to and invasion of BBB endothelial cells in bacterial meningitis, utilization of the BBB invasion ability of the EC-K1 outer membrane for brain-targeted drug delivery and construction of a biomimetic self-assembled nanoparticle with a surface featuring a lipopolysaccharide-free EC-K1 outer membrane are proposed. BBB penetration of biomimetic nanoparticles is demonstrated to occur through the transcellular vesicle transport pathway, which is at least partially dependent on internalization, endosomal escape, and transcytosis mediated by the interactions between outer membrane protein A and gp96 on BBB endothelial cells. This biomimetic nanoengineering strategy endows the loaded drugs with prolonged circulation, intracranial interstitial distribution, and extremely high biocompatibility. Based on the critical roles of gp96 in cancer biology, this strategy reveals enormous potential for delivering therapeutics to treat gp96-overexpressing intracranial malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Mengyuan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Yuteng Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Miao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Haoyuan Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Yang Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Rui Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Jiang Gu
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of PharmacyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038P. R. China
| | - Shudi Yang
- Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of AgricultureSuzhou215008P. R. China
| | - Liang Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
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12
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Meenakshi Sundaram DN, Kc RB, Uludağ H. Linoleic Acid-Substituted Polyethyleneimine to Silence Heat Shock Protein 90B1 (HSP90B1) to Inhibit Migration of Breast Cancer Cells. J Gene Med 2022; 24:e3419. [PMID: 35373897 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of death in women and the lack of treatment options for distant metastasis warrants the need to identify and develop more effective approaches. The aim of this study was to identify and validate targets that are associated with the survival and migration of the breast cancer cells in vitro through RNA interference (RNAi) approach. METHODS Linoleic acid modified polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer was used to screen a siRNA library against numerous cell adhesion and cytoskeleton genes in MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cell line and the functional outcome of silencing was determined by growth and migration inhibition with further target validation studies. RESULTS Heat shock protein 90B1 (HSP90B1) was identified as a crucial gene which is known to be involved in various breast cancer machineries, including uncontrolled proliferation and brain metastasis. The success of this approach was also due to the use of hyaluronic acid (HA) additive in lipopolymer complexes that showed a profound impact in reducing the cell viability (~50%), migration (~40%), and mRNA transcript levels (~80%) with a physiologically relevant siRNA concentration of 60 nM. The use of dicer-substrate siRNA proved to be beneficial in target silencing and a combinational treatment of integrin-β1 (ITGB1) and HSP90B1 was effective in reducing the migration of the MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the potential to identify and silence targets using lipid modified PEI/siRNA system and highlight the importance of HSP90B1 in the growth and migration of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Remant Bahadur Kc
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, U. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, U. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, U. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, U. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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13
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Petrosyan E, Fares J, Cordero A, Rashidi A, Arrieta VA, Kanojia D, Lesniak MS. Repurposing Autophagy Regulators in Brain Tumors. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:167-180. [PMID: 35179776 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors, such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and brain metastases, continue to be an unmet medical challenge. Despite advances in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics, tumor cell colonization in the central nervous system (CNS) renders most treatment options ineffective. This is primarily due to the selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which hinders the crossing of targeting agents into the brain. As such, repositioning medications that demonstrate anti-cancer effects and possess the ability to cross the BBB can be a promising option. Antidepressants, which are BBB-permeable, have been reported to exhibit cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Autophagy, specifically, has been identified as one of the common key mediators of antidepressant's antitumor effects. In this work, we provide a comprehensive overview of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antidepressants with reported cytotoxic activities in different tumor models, where autophagy dysregulation was demonstrated to play the main part. As such, imipramine, maprotiline, fluoxetine and escitalopram were shown to induce autophagy, whereas nortriptyline, clomipramine and paroxetine were identified as autophagy inhibitors. Sertraline and desipramine, depending on the neoplastic context, were demonstrated to either induce or inhibit autophagy. Collectively, these medications were associated with favorable therapeutic outcomes in a variety of cancer cell models, including brain tumors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Petrosyan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alex Cordero
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Víctor A Arrieta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Gao Y, Pan Y, Wang T, Yao Y, Yuan W, Zhu X, Wang K. MicroRNA-99a-3p/GRP94 axis affects metastatic progression of human papillary thyroid carcinoma by regulating ITGA2 expression and localization. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1650-1661. [PMID: 34687203 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) usually has favorable prognosis; however, distant metastasis is a leading cause of death associated with PTC. MicroRNA-99a-3p (miR-99a-3p) is a member of the miR-99 family that is shown to be a tumor suppressor in various human cancers including the anaplastic thyroid cancer, another type of thyroid cancer. The Cancer Genome Atlas database and our previous study reported that miR-99a-3p is downregulated in human PTC tissues as well as human papillary thyroid carcinoma B-CPAP and TPC-1 cell lines. However, its pathological role in PTC remains unclear, especially its impact on PTC metastasis. In the present study, the role of miR-99a-3p in PTC metastasis was molecularly evaluated in in vitro and in vivo models. Our functional study revealed that overexpressing miR-99a-3p significantly suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and anoikis resistance as well as migration and invasion of B-CPAP and TPC-1 cells. The mechanical study indicated that glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is the direct target of miR-99a-3p. Moreover, GRP94 overexpression reverses the inhibitory effect of miR-99a-3p on PTC metastasis. In addition, the miR-99a-3p/GRP94 axis exerts its effect via inhibiting the expression and cytoplasmic relocation of integrin 2α (ITGA2). Furthermore, in vivo experiments confirmed that miR-99a-3p significantly inhibits tumor growth and lung metastasis in PTC xenograft mice. Overall, our findings suggested that the miR-99a-3p/GRP94/ITGA2 axis may be a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of PTC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Gao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangyuan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangyuan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangyuan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Wenbo Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Xue Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Ke Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
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15
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Park Y, Jeong J, Seong S, Kim W. In Silico Evaluation of Natural Compounds for an Acidic Extracellular Environment in Human Breast Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:2673. [PMID: 34685653 PMCID: PMC8534855 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival rates for breast cancer (BC) have improved in recent years, but resistance, metastasis, and recurrence still remain major therapeutic challenges for BC. The acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) has attracted attention because of its association with tumorigenesis, metastasis, drug resistance, and immune surveillance. In this study, we evaluated natural compounds from traditional herbal medicine used to treat cancer that selectively target genes regulated by extracellular acidosis. We integrated four transcriptomic data including BC prognostic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, gene expression profiles of MCF-7 cells treated with 102 natural compounds, patterns of gene profiles by acidic condition, and single-cell RNA-sequencing from BC patient samples. Bruceine D (BD) was predicted as having the highest therapeutic potential, having an information gain (IG) score of 0.24, to regulate reprogrammed genes driven by acidosis affecting the survival of BC patients. BD showed the highest IG on EMT (IG score: 0.11) and invasion (IG score: 0.1) compared to the other phenotypes with the CancerSEA database. BD also demonstrated therapeutic potential by interfering with the tumor cell-TME interactions by reducing the amyloid beta precursor protein and CD44 expression. Therefore, BD is a potential candidate to target the acidic TME induced metastatic process in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungJoon Park
- Cnh Center for Cancer Research, Cnh Corporation, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06154, Korea;
| | - Jaekwang Jeong
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA;
| | - Shin Seong
- Soram Korean Medicine Hospital, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06154, Korea;
| | - Wonnam Kim
- Cnh Center for Cancer Research, Cnh Corporation, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06154, Korea;
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Yang B, Peng F, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang S, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Zeng Y, Wang N, Peng C, Wang Z. Aiduqing formula suppresses breast cancer metastasis via inhibiting CXCL1-mediated autophagy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 90:153628. [PMID: 34247114 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is the most common lethal cause of breast cancer-related death. Recent studies have implied that autophagy is closely implicated in cancer metastasis. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore autophagy-related molecular targets involved in breast cancer metastasis and to develop therapeutic drugs. PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the anti-metastatic effects and autophagy regulatory mechanisms of Aiduqing (ADQ) formula on breast cancer. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Multiple cellular and molecular experiments were conducted to investigate the inhibitory effects of ADQ formula on autophagy and metastasis of breast cancer cells in vitro. Meanwhile, autophagic activator/inhibitor as well as CXCL1 overexpression or interference plasmids were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of ADQ formula in modulating autophagy-mediated metastasis. Furthermore, the zebrafish xenotransplantation model and mouse xenografts were applied to validate the inhibitory effect of ADQ formula on autophagy-mediated metastasis in breast cancer in vivo. RESULTS ADQ formula significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion and autophagy but induced apoptosis of high-metastatic breast cancer cells in vitro. Similar results were also observed in starvation-induced breast cancer cells which exhibited elevated metastatic ability and autophagy activity. Mechanism investigations further approved that either CXCL1 overexpression or autophagic activator rapamycin can significantly abrogated the anti-metastatic effects of ADQ formula, suggesting that CXCL1-mediated autophagy may be the crucial pathway of ADQ formula in suppressing breast cancer metastasis. More importantly, ADQ formula suppressed breast cancer growth, autophagy, and metastasis in both the zebrafish xenotransplantation model and the mouse xenografts. CONCLUSION Our study not only revealed the novel function of CXCL1 in mediating autophagy-mediated metastasis but also suggested ADQ formula as a candidate drug for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- The Research Center of Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; The Research Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Research Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- The Research Center of Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengqi Wang
- The Research Center of Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifeng Zheng
- The Research Center of Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juping Zhang
- The Research Center of Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yihao Zeng
- The Research Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Neng Wang
- The Research Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- The Research Center of Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; The Research Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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17
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Breast cancer brain metastasis: insight into molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:1056-1067. [PMID: 34226684 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies in women worldwide. Early-stage breast cancer is considered a curable disease; however, once distant metastasis occurs, the 5-year overall survival rate of patients becomes significantly reduced. There are four distinct metastatic patterns in breast cancer: bone, lung, liver and brain. Among these, breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) is the leading cause of death; it is highly associated with impaired quality of life and poor prognosis due to the limited permeability of the blood-brain barrier and consequent lack of effective treatments. Although the sequence of events in BCBM is universally accepted, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review, we outline progress surrounding the molecular mechanisms involved in BCBM as well as experimental methods and research models to better understand the process. We further discuss the challenges in the management of brain metastases, as well as providing an overview of current therapies and highlighting innovative research towards developing novel efficacious targeted therapies.
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18
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Duan X, Iwanowycz S, Ngoi S, Hill M, Zhao Q, Liu B. Molecular Chaperone GRP94/GP96 in Cancers: Oncogenesis and Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2021; 11:629846. [PMID: 33898309 PMCID: PMC8062746 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.629846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During tumor development and progression, intrinsic and extrinsic factors trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response, resulting in the increased expression of molecular chaperones to cope with the stress and maintain tumor cell survival. Heat shock protein (HSP) GRP94, also known as GP96, is an ER paralog of HSP90 and has been shown to promote survival signaling during tumor-induced stress and modulate the immune response through its multiple clients, including TLRs, integrins, LRP6, GARP, IGF, and HER2. Clinically, elevated expression of GRP94 correlates with an aggressive phenotype and poor clinical outcome in a variety of cancers. Thus, GRP94 is a potential molecular marker and therapeutic target in malignancies. In this review, we will undergo deep molecular profiling of GRP94 in tumor development and summarize the individual roles of GRP94 in common cancers, including breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, multiple myeloma, and others. Finally, we will briefly review the therapeutic potential of selectively targeting GRP94 for the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Duan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Stephen Iwanowycz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Soo Ngoi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Megan Hill
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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Li X, Liang X, Yin J, Lin W. Organic fluorescent probes for monitoring autophagy in living cells. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 50:102-119. [PMID: 33155002 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00896f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As a ubiquitous degradation process in cells, autophagy plays important roles in various biological activities. However, the abnormality of autophagy is closely related to many diseases, such as aging, neurological disorder, and cancer. Thus, monitoring the process of autophagy in living cells has high significance in biological studies and diagnosis of related diseases. In order to real-time and in situ monitor the process of autophagy, various organic fluorescent probes have been explored in recent years owing to the advantages such as handy staining processes, flexible molecular design strategies, and near-nondestructive detection. However, this interesting and frontier topic has not been reviewed so far. In this tutorial review, we will focus on the latest breakthrough results of organic fluorescent probes in monitoring autophagy of living cells, especially the probe design strategies based on the several microenvironment changes of the autophagy process, and the responding mechanisms and bio-imaging applications in the autophagy process. In addition, we will discuss the shortcomings and limitations of the probes developed, such as susceptible to interference, unable to monitor the whole process, and lack of clinical applications. Finally, we will highlight some challenges and further opportunities in this field. This tutorial review may promote the development of more robust fluorescent probes to further reveal the mechanisms of autophagy, which is the basis of degradation and recycling of cell components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Daxue Road 3501, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, P. R. China
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Yoshida GJ. Comment on "GRP94 promotes brain metastasis by engaging pro-survival autophagy". Neuro Oncol 2020; 22:732-733. [PMID: 32219424 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Santana-Codina N, Gonzalez J, Sierra A. Reply to Letter to the Editor. Neuro Oncol 2020; 22:734-735. [PMID: 32219414 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Santana-Codina
- Biological Clues of the Invasive and Metastatic Phenotype Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University of Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Gonzalez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBAPS Advances in Neurosurgery Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angels Sierra
- Biological Clues of the Invasive and Metastatic Phenotype Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Cellex Biomedical Research Center-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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