1
|
Karki R, Dangol K. Pesticide Use and Health Effects among Nepalese Farmers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Tokha Municipality. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2023; 27:255-259. [PMID: 38047174 PMCID: PMC10691517 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_75_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pesticides are essential for agricultural development, but their increased use in developing countries like Nepal poses health risks to farmers. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in wards 1, 2, and 3 of the Tokha Municipality in Kathmandu District to identify the health effects of pesticides and associated factors among farmers. The study included 333 respondents who were interviewed between April 26 and June 04, 2022. Results The majority of farmers (36.6%) were aged between 40 and 49 years, with a median (IQR) age of 45.0 (38.0 to 51.0) years. All farmers reported using pesticides, with 100% usage in vegetables. Most respondents (73%) reported experiencing health effects: headache (69.5%), skin irritation (42.8%), and burning eyes (31.3%) were the most common symptoms. Only 8% sought medical care. Additionally, 94.6% of respondents had not received training on integrated pest management, and none of them reported using a complete set of personal protective equipment. The study found that older age groups, females, those who were unable to read and write, and those of the Hindu religion, as well as respondents with longer pesticide use, more frequent spraying, and not detecting wind direction, had significantly higher odds of self-reported health problems (P < 0.05). Conclusion Our findings show that all farmers in the study were using pesticides, and the majority had reported health effects. Therefore, we recommend that farmers receive training on integrated pest management, use a complete set of personal protective equipment, and promptly seek medical care if they experience health issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Karki
- Department of Public Health, Yeti Health Science Academy, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kanchan Dangol
- Department of Public Health, Yeti Health Science Academy, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kouamé RMA, Guglielmo F, Abo K, Ouattara AF, Chabi J, Sedda L, Donnelly MJ, Edi C. Education and Socio-economic status are key factors influencing use of insecticides and malaria knowledge in rural farmers in Southern Côte d'Ivoire. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2443. [PMID: 36577975 PMCID: PMC9795670 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticides play a key role in rural farming; however, their over- or misuse has been linked with a negative impact on malaria vector control policies. This study was conducted amongst agricultural communities in Southern Côte d'Ivoire to identify which insecticides are used by local farmers and how it relates to the perception of farmers on malaria. Understanding the use of insecticides may help in designing awareness programme on mosquito control and pesticides management. METHODS A questionnaire was administered to 1399 farming households across ten villages. Farmers were interviewed on their education, farming practices (e.g. crops cultivated, insecticides use), perception of malaria, and the different domestic strategies of mosquito control they use. Based on some pre-defined household assets, the socioeconomic status (SES) of each household was estimated. Statistical associations were calculated between different variables, showing significant risk factors. RESULTS The educational level of farmers was significantly associated with their SES (p < 0.0001). Most of the householders (88.82%) identified mosquitoes as the principal cause of malaria, with good knowledge of malaria resulting as positively related to high educational level (OR = 2.04; 95%CI: 1.35, 3.10). The use of indoor chemical compounds was strongly associated to the SES of the households, their education level, their use of ITNs and insecticide in agricultural (p < 0.0001). Indoor application of pyrethroid insecticides was found to be widespread among farmers as well as the use of such insecticide for crops protection. CONCLUSION Our study shows that the education level remains the key factor influencing the use of insecticides by farmers and their awareness of malaria control. We suggest that better communication tailored to education level and including SES, controlled availability and access to chemical products, should be considered when designing campaigns on use of pesticides and vector borne disease control for local communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M A Kouamé
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët Boigny, BP 1093, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Federica Guglielmo
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Kouabénan Abo
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët Boigny, BP 1093, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Allassane F Ouattara
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Luigi Sedda
- Lancaster Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Furness Building, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Constant Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Miyittah MK, Kosivi RK, Tulashie SK, Addi MN, Tawiah JY. The need for alternative pest management methods to mitigate risks among cocoa farmers in the Volta region, Ghana. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12591. [PMID: 36619426 PMCID: PMC9817169 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess the adoption of alternative pest management methods to reduce risks among cocoa farmers in the Volta region. Cultural control methods found to be the most practiced alternative pest management, especially in the Ho West district where majority of the farmers were more knowledgeable of alternative pest control methods. There was significant relationship between agrochemical shop services (χ2 = 13,028, p < 0.000), farming years of experience (χ2 = 16.424, p < 0.002), knowledge in degree of pest infestation (χ2 = 8.498, p < 0.000), education (χ2 = 10.557, p < 0.014), farmers' community (χ2 = 39.275, p < 0.000) and farmers' knowledge on alternative pest control methods. Farmers who relied on agrochemical shop services for pest control methods were 87% less likely to be knowledgeable on alternative pest control methods while those who considered degree of pest infestation in pest management were (OR = 1.150, p <0.008) more likely to be knowledgeable on alternative pest control methods. For the socio-cultural factors, Leklebi Kame (OR = 9.53-e 08, p < 0.000), Bla (OR = 0.280, p < 0.027) and Gbledi Chebi (OR = 0.287, p < 0.053) were less likely to be knowledgeable on alternative method of pest control compared to Kpedze. Fellow farmers and extension agents were the major sources of information on alternative pest control methods in the study area. Economic, technical, unavailability of labour, and farm implements were factors hampering adoption of alternative pest control methods in the study area. The most pesticide toxicological symptom reported was skin irritation and was recorded among majority of the farmers in Hohoe and Afadjato South districts where low knowledge and patronage of alternative pests control methods were identified. Awareness creation and capacity building programs should be organized through fellow farmers and extension agents on the need to reduce the use of chemical pesticide in pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Miyittah
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana,Corresponding author.
| | - Richard K. Kosivi
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel Kofi Tulashie
- Department of Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry Unit, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Maxwell N. Addi
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Josephine Y. Tawiah
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boateng KO, Dankyi E, Amponsah IK, Awudzi GK, Amponsah E, Darko G. Knowledge, perception, and pesticide application practices among smallholder cocoa farmers in four Ghanaian cocoa-growing regions. Toxicol Rep 2022; 10:46-55. [PMID: 36583134 PMCID: PMC9792701 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in Ghana, especially in cocoa farming. However, the practice is suboptimal and unsupervised. Incorrect use of these chemicals can seriously harm human health, the environment, and economies that rely on these farmers' output. The study assessed cocoa farmers' pesticide knowledge, practices, and risk perception. Four hundred and four cocoa farmers were chosen randomly from 26 communities in four cocoa-growing regions of Ghana to answer questions about their risk knowledge, awareness, and practices, including personal protective equipment, storage and disposal of leftover pesticides, and used containers. The study revealed that 87% of the respondents belonged to cooperatives and certification groups. There was a significant positive relationship between group membership and benefits derived from inputs and training in pesticide use. About 70% of insecticides used were approved by the Ghana Cocoa Board, with neonicotinoids and pyrethroids being the most highly used insecticide classes in cocoa farms. Although farmers claimed adequate pesticide knowledge, this did not translate into practice, with the majority exhibiting improper pesticide storage, application, and disposal practices. Farmers appeared to know a lot but lacked the skills and attitude to put their knowledge to use. The improper practices appear to manifest in a variety of health symptoms experienced by farmers as a result of chemical exposure. The findings from this study suggest that cocoa farmers in Ghana require adequate practical training and support on pesticide use to reduce their associated health risks, protect the environment and ensure sustainable cocoa production in the world's second-largest cocoa bean exporter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Osei Boateng
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | - Enock Dankyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Kingsley Amponsah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | | | - Emmanuel Amponsah
- Department of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | - Godfred Darko
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A cross sectional survey of knowledge, attitude and practices related to the use of insecticides among farmers in industrial triangle of Punjab, Pakistan. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255454. [PMID: 34411142 PMCID: PMC8376108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides in Pakistan are abundantly utilized for pest control in agriculture sector. The over and unsafe use of insecticides plus poor handling leads to the development of resistance, outbreak of secondary pests and hazardous impact on environment. The present study was aimed to access the current knowledge, attitude and common practices of farmers about the use of insecticides against pest in industrial triangle of Province Punjab, Pakistan. This study was conducted during October 2019 to February 2020. In this study farmers (n = 300) took part from three localities of Province Punjab (Gujrat, Gujranwala and Sialkot). Farmers were interviewed using a questionnaire to collect data about the knowledge of pest control by use of chemical method, biological method and combination of both to eradicate the pests. The result shows almost all (93%) farmers were male and they did not know about the insecticides mode of action and its chemical composition. They do not have any knowledge about the biological control of pests and did not get any assistance or help from Agriculture Extension Officer. They even did not properly dispose off the empty containers of insecticides. Statistical analysis reveals that lack of education and awareness about biological control of pest depicts development of resistance and outbreak of secondary pest including health hazards and environmental pollution. Poor understanding about pests, abundant use of insecticides, incorrect perception about application of insecticides and negligence regarding biological control shows that there is need to initiate public awareness programs to ensure the application of integrated pest management (IPM) and sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
|
6
|
Jain M, Yadav P, Joshi B, Joshi A, Kodgire P. Recombinant organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) expression in E. coli for the effective detection of organophosphate pesticides. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 186:105929. [PMID: 34139322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation and exposure of organophosphate pesticides are of great concern today owing to their abundant usage and potential health hazards. Harmful effects of organophosphate pesticide exposure and limitations of the available treatment methods necessitate the development of reliable, selective, cost-effective, and sensitive methods of detection. We developed a novel biosensor based on the enzymatic action of recombinant organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) expressed in E. coli. We report the development of colorimetric biosensors made of His-Nus-OPH as well as His-Nus-OPH loaded alginate microspheres. The colorimetric detection method developed using solution-phase and alginate-encapsulated His-Nus-OPH exhibited detection limits of 0.045 and 0.039 mM, respectively, for ethyl paraoxon, and 0.101 and 0.049 mM, respectively, for methyl parathion. Additionally, fluorescence measurement using pH-sensitive fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was used to sense the quantity of organophosphorus pesticides. The fluorometric detection method using solution-phase His-Nus-OPH, with ethyl paraoxon and methyl parathion as the substrate, reveals the lower limit of detection as 0.014 mM and 0.044 mM, respectively. Our results demonstrate the viability of His-Nus-OPH for OP detection with good sensitivity, LOD, and linear range. We report the first use of N-terminal His-NusA-tagged OPH, which enhances solubility significantly and presents a significant advance for the scientific community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jain
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Priyanka Yadav
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Bhavana Joshi
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Abhijeet Joshi
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India.
| | - Prashant Kodgire
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Usman MA, Gerber N. Assessing the effect of irrigation on household water quality and health: A case study in rural Ethiopia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:433-452. [PMID: 31533462 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1668544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In areas with inadequate improved water supply, irrigation water serves as an alternative water source for domestic uses in addition to its prime purpose of agricultural production. This increased water availability for the household can generate positive hygiene and health impacts, but poor irrigation water quality can be a source of domestic water contamination and can be harmful to human health. Using primary household survey data from two rural districts of Ethiopia, this study seeks to disentangle these opposite effects: the results show that irrigation is associated with poor household water quality (adjusted odds ratio 1.68, 95%, CI 1.07-2.66) and a lower risk of diarrheal disease (adjusted odds ratio 2.07, 95%, CI 1.24-3.44). Domestic use of irrigation water, however, does not further degrade the microbial quality of household water. On the other hand, the domestic use of irrigation water reduces the burden of water collection (p < 0.01). Providing education and training programs to foster behavioral change towards sustainable improvements in water resource management, such as the safe use of irrigation water for domestic purposes through appropriate point-of-use water treatment, would be crucial to maximize the benefits of the domestic use of irrigation water and to minimize adverse environmental and health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed A Usman
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gerber
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mequanint C, Getachew B, Mindaye Y, Amare DE, Guadu T, Dagne H. Practice towards pesticide handling, storage and its associated factors among farmers working in irrigations in Gondar town, Ethiopia, 2019. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:709. [PMID: 31666121 PMCID: PMC6820978 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study was to assess pesticide handling and storage practice, and its associated factors among farmers engaged in irrigation in Gondar town, Ethiopia, 2019. Community-based cross-sectional study was used to assess pesticide handling and storage practice, and its associated factors among farmers. Simple random sampling technique was used to select study subjects. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were entered using Epi Info 7.0 and exported to SPSS 20. Descriptive statistics were used for some variables. Univariate and multivariable binary logistic regression was used to test the factors associated with the outcome. Adjusted odd ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) with P value less than 0.05 were used to report association. RESULTS About 409 study subjects completed the semi-structured questionnaires. Among the studies subjects, 261 (63.8%) of them had poor pesticide handling and storage practice. Knowledge [AOR = 3.23 (95% CI 1.91, 5.46)], attitude [AOR = 1.77 (95% CI 1.11, 2.81) and educational status (informal education [AOR = 3.05 (95% CI 1.72, 5.42)], elementary education [AOR = 5.38 (95% CI 2.62, 11.06)], secondary education [AOR = 9.51 (95% CI 4.24, 21.32)] and certificate and above [AOR = 6.00 (95% CI 1.58, 22.78)]) were factors significantly associated with pesticide handling and storage practice. To improve the pesticide handling and storage practice, it is imperative to enhance the level of the farmer's knowledge through training, and information dissemination in workshops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chalie Mequanint
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Betelihem Getachew
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Mindaye
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnachew Eyachew Amare
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Guadu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Henok Dagne
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Susceptibility of Anopheles Mosquito to Agricultural Insecticides in the Adansi North District, Ghana. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.2.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
10
|
Bruce-Vanderpuije P, Megson D, Reiner EJ, Bradley L, Adu-Kumi S, Gardella JA. The state of POPs in Ghana- A review on persistent organic pollutants: Environmental and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:331-342. [PMID: 30447476 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ghana is one of the top pesticide users and highest persistent organic pollutant (POP) emitters in sub-saharan Africa. Despite recent increases in published data, there is limited information on how POP concentrations have changed, post ratification of the Stockholm Convention. As a result, this review aims to address these knowledge gaps by collating available data that reported POPs in Ghanaian environmental matrices, identify spatial and temporal trends, and establish potential health risks. It is worth noting that Ghana has not developed its own regulatory standards for POPs, but adapts United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards. Results obtained showed concentrations in excess of USEPA regulatory standards for per- and poly-fluoroalkyl sulphonates (PFASs) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) in water, polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs) in e-waste soils, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic organisms and dairy products. The published studies do not cover major regions nationwide. The inconsistency in methods and analytes measured, along with data scarcity in some regions, makes it challenging to identify temporal trends. However, the data did indicate decreasing concentrations of some legacy POPs in soil/sediment and aquatic organisms, with increasing concentrations of some POPs in water, fish, fruits and vegetables. Studies that performed health risks assessments were limited although the data indicated risks to e-waste workers, some farmers and vulnerable sub-populations. This review identified potential human health risks from POPs in the Ghanaian environment and the need for more consistent and widespread monitoring program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pennante Bruce-Vanderpuije
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - David Megson
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Laboratory Services Branch, Toronto, ON, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Lee Bradley
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Sam Adu-Kumi
- Environmental Protection Agency, P. O. Box MB 326, Ministries Post Office, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph A Gardella
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Illyassou KM, Adamou R, Schiffers B. Exposure assessment of operators to pesticides in Kongou, a sub-watershed of Niger River valley. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 54:176-186. [PMID: 30430906 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1536581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of pesticides in horticultural sector in Niger has become an integral part of modern agriculture. Nevertheless, their inappropriate use can generate negative health effects to operators. A study was carried out among Kongou farmers in order to assess their potential dermal exposure (PDE). The UK-POEM model was used to quantify the PDE during mixing/loading and application according to the local practices. In order to determine which parts of the operator body are subject to most contamination during spraying and to validate the theoretical model used, a patch method was used with a tartrazine dye. The deposits of the tartrazine on patches were measured by colorimetry thanks to the absorbance value determined after their extraction in water and a calibration curve. A total of ten spraying trials (five trials with the hand-held sprayer and five others with the backpack sprayer) were performed by different producers at 0.5 and 1 m height for each trial. The survey shows that 92% of the farmers are illiterate and the most common active substances identified are organophosphate or pyrethroids insecticides. Seventy percent of operators do not use any personal protective equipment (PPE) during mixing/loading or spraying. The predictive systemic exposure levels vary from 0.0027 mg kg-1 bw per day to 0.7692 mg kg-1 bw per day for backpack sprayer and from 0.0261 mg kg-1 bw per day to 0.9788 mg kg-1 bw per day for hand-held sprayer, several times higher the Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (AOEL) for some actives substances. Theoretical modeling indicates more exposure of operator by a hand-held sprayer than a backpack sprayer. The patch method results show that the deposits of dye increase when the position of sprayer nozzle increases from 0.5 to 1 m for the two sprayers. All parts of the operator body are contaminated but lower body parts and chest are the most exposed. The patch method results also show that hand spraying contaminates operator more than backpack spraying, confirming the results of the theoretical model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karimoun M Illyassou
- a GEMBLOUX Agro-Bio Tech/ULiege, Laboratoire de Phytopharmacie , Gembloux , Belgium
- b Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Matériaux, Eau et Environnement (LAMEE), Université Abdou Moumouni , Niamey , Niger
| | - Rabani Adamou
- b Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Matériaux, Eau et Environnement (LAMEE), Université Abdou Moumouni , Niamey , Niger
| | - Bruno Schiffers
- a GEMBLOUX Agro-Bio Tech/ULiege, Laboratoire de Phytopharmacie , Gembloux , Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Atabila A, Phung DT, Hogarh JN, Osei-Fosu P, Sadler R, Connell D, Chu C. Dermal exposure of applicators to chlorpyrifos on rice farms in Ghana. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:350-358. [PMID: 28340457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies evaluating dermal exposure to pesticides among applicators in tropical countries have largely been conducted using the patch dosimetry and hand wiping/washing techniques. This study used the more accurate whole-body dosimetry technique to evaluate dermal exposure to chlorpyrifos among applicators on rice farms in Ghana. The exposure levels were plotted as Cumulative Probability Distribution (CPD). Total Dermal Exposure (TDE) of chlorpyrifos among the median exposed and the 5% highly exposed groups during a spray event were 24 mg and 48 mg, respectively. When these were converted as a percentage of the quantity of active ingredient applied (Unit Exposure, UE), UE values of 0.03% and 0.06% were found among the median exposed and the 5% highly exposed groups, respectively. Overall, the hands were the most contaminated anatomical regions of the applicators, both in terms of proportion of TDE (39%) and skin loading (13 μg/cm2). Also, the lower anatomical region was more contaminated (82% of TDE) compared to the upper anatomical region (18% of TDE). The levels of chlorpyrifos TDE among the applicators were found to be influenced by the quantity of insecticide applied and the height of the crops sprayed (p < 0.05). The pesticide UE data of the present study can be used to estimate the levels of dermal exposure under similar pesticide use scenarios among applicators. The findings of the present study suggest that protecting the hands and the lower anatomical regions with appropriate PPE may significantly reduce exposure among applicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Atabila
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Dung Tri Phung
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Jonathan N Hogarh
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Paul Osei-Fosu
- Pesticide Residues Laboratory, Ghana Standards Authority, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ross Sadler
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Des Connell
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Cordia Chu
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ismail AA, Bonner MR, Hendy O, Abdel Rasoul G, Wang K, Olson JR, Rohlman DS. Comparison of neurological health outcomes between two adolescent cohorts exposed to pesticides in Egypt. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172696. [PMID: 28231336 PMCID: PMC5322908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticide-exposed adolescents may have a higher risk of neurotoxic effects because of their developing brains and bodies. However, only a limited number of studies have addressed this risk among adolescents. The aim of this study was to compare neurological outcomes from two cohorts of Egyptian adolescents working as pesticide applicators. In 2005 and 2009, two cohorts of male adolescents working as pesticide applicators for the cotton crop were recruited from Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. The same application schedule and pesticides were used at both times, including both organophosphorus, and pyrethroid compounds. Participants in both cohorts completed three neurobehavioral tests, health and exposure questionnaires, and medical and neurological screening examinations. In addition, blood samples were collected to measure butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) activity. Pesticide applicators in both cohorts reported more neurological symptoms and signs than non-applicators, particularly among participants in the 2005 cohort (OR ranged from 1.18 to 15.3). Except for one test (Trail Making B), there were no significant differences between either applicators or non-applicators of both cohorts on the neurobehavioral outcome measures (p > 0.05). The 2005 cohort showed greater inhibition of serum BChE activity than the 2009 cohort (p < 0.05). In addition, participants with depressed BChE activity showed more symptoms and signs than others without BChE depression (p < 0.05). Our study is the first to examine the consistency of health outcomes associated with pesticide exposure across two cohorts tested at different times from the same geographical region in rural Egypt. This similar pattern of findings across the two cohorts provides strong evidence of the health impact of exposure of adolescents to pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Ismail
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Community Medicine and Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Matthew R. Bonner
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Olfat Hendy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Gaafar Abdel Rasoul
- Community Medicine and Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - James R. Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Diane S. Rohlman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Oregon Institute for Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thetkathuek A, Yenjai P, Jaidee W, Jaidee P, Sriprapat P. Pesticide Exposure and Cholinesterase Levels in Migrant Farm Workers in Thailand. J Agromedicine 2017; 22:118-130. [DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2017.1283276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anamai Thetkathuek
- Department of Industrial Hygiene and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Pornthip Yenjai
- Department of Industrial Hygiene and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Wanlop Jaidee
- Department of Public Health Foundation, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Patchana Jaidee
- Department of Public Health Foundation, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Poonsak Sriprapat
- The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 6, Muang, Chonburi, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Clausen AS, Jørs E, Atuhaire A, Thomsen JF. Effect of Integrated Pest Management Training on Ugandan Small-Scale Farmers. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2017; 11:1178630217703391. [PMID: 28469450 PMCID: PMC5397281 DOI: 10.1177/1178630217703391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale farmers in developing countries use hazardous pesticides taking few or no safety measures. Farmer field schools (FFSs) teaching integrated pest management (IPM) have been shown to reduce pesticide use among trained farmers. This cross-sectional study compares pesticide-related knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP), potential exposure, and self-reported poisoning symptoms among 35 FFS farmers, 44 neighboring farmers, and 35 control farmers after an IPM intervention in Uganda (2011-2012). The FFS farmers were encouraged to teach their neighboring farmers. Data were based on standardized interviews and were analyzed using a linear trend test and logistic regression. The results showed that FFS and neighboring farmers used significantly fewer pesticide applications (P = .021) and used more safety measures. No differences were found on the hazardousness of pesticides used or self-reported symptoms. The study supports IPM as a method to reduce pesticide use and potential exposure and to improve pesticide-related KAP among small-scale farmers in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sabine Clausen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Anna Sabine Clausen, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
| | - Erik Jørs
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Aggrey Atuhaire
- Uganda National Association of Community and Occupational Health (UNACOH), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jane Frølund Thomsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Donkor A, Osei-Fosu P, Dubey B, Kingsford-Adaboh R, Ziwu C, Asante I. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Ghana: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:18966-18987. [PMID: 27530198 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are known to improve agriculture yield considerably leading to an increase in its application over the years. The use of pesticides has shown varying detrimental effects in humans as well as the environment. Presently, enough evidence is available to suggest their misuse and overuse in the last few decades in most developing nations primarily due to lack of education, endangering the lives of farmers as well as the entire population and environment. However, there is paucity of data especially over long durations in Ghana resulting in the absence of effective monitoring programs regarding pesticide application and subsequent contamination in fruits and vegetables. Therefore, this review discusses comprehensively pesticide type and use, importation, presence in fruits and vegetables, human exposure, and poisoning in Ghana. This is to alert the scientific community in Ghana of the need to further research into the potential implications of pesticide residues in food commodities in order to generate a comprehensive and reliable database which is key in drafting policies simultaneous with food regulation, suitable monitoring initiatives, assessment, and education to minimize their effects thereon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Donkor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Paul Osei-Fosu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Ghana Standards Authority, Accra, Ghana
| | - Brajesh Dubey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Management, Indian Institute Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Cephas Ziwu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Asante
- Department of Botany, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Blankson G, Osei-Fosu P, Adeendze E, Ashie D. Contamination levels of organophosphorus and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in vegetables marketed in Accra, Ghana. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
Gesesew HA, Woldemichael K, Massa D, Mwanri L. Farmers Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Health Problems Associated with Pesticide Use in Rural Irrigation Villages, Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162527. [PMID: 27622668 PMCID: PMC5021266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, pesticides are widely used for a variety of purposes. The occurrence of contamination and poisoning for farmers is highly reported due to unsafe handling practices and their usage. We assessed knowledge, attitudes and experiences of previous pesticide exposure, and related health problems among farmers who use irrigation in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among farmers living in the zone. Respondents were 796 irrigation farmers from 20 kebeles (lowest administration unit) in Jimma Zone. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire via face-to-face interviews. Both descriptive and inferential statistics analysis were performed. A binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with attitudes of farmers towards the safe use of pesticides at P value of ≤ 0.05 in the final model. Results Among the participants, 54.4% (95%CI, 50.7–58%) knew at least one pesticide control method and 53.7% had positive attitudes towards safe use of pesticide. The mean score of attitudes was found to be 3.9(±0.4). Knowledge including each of the following: the names of the pesticides (AOR, 0.41; 95%CI, 0.25–0.67), methods of pest control and the use of gloves during pesticide exposure (AOR, 1.52; 95%CI, 1.07–2.16) was found to be independent predictor of the farmers’ attitudes about safe use of pesticides. Past exposure of pesticide was reported by 89.6% of farmers. Participants reported ingestion (88.9%) and inhalation (90.4%) as possible mechanisms of pesticide exposure. Nearly 42% of farmers had never used any personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect themselves against pesticide exposure. Farmers reported several health complications, which were perceived as complications of pesticide exposure, including: headache, nausea and vomiting, skin rash and irritation and abdominal pain. Conclusions The study exposed the existence of high probability of pesticide exposure, the low safe use of pesticide and the low use of PPE. However, but farmers had positive attitudes towards safe use of pesticides. These findings appeal for the development of effective public health strategies to improve farmers’ awareness and safe use of PPE. In addition, there is a need to inform farmers about integrated pest management to prevent severe health complications, which may occur as a result of unsafe and inappropriate use of pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailay Abrha Gesesew
- Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Discipline of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Desalegn Massa
- Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Lillian Mwanri
- Discipline of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effects of per-household processes on the levels of chlorpyrifos residues in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-016-0037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
20
|
Dall’Agnol EC, Suave J, Meier MM, Soldi V, Silva DAK, Pezzin APT. Microencapsulação do pesticida cipermetrina em blendas de P(3HB/PCL): caracterização e ensaio de liberação in vitro. POLIMEROS 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resumo A aplicação de polímeros biodegradáveis para encapsular pesticidas é uma estratégia que permite, a partir de diferentes proporções entre os polímeros, modificar o perfil de liberação do agente. Este trabalho avaliou a liberação controlada do pesticida cipermetrina encapsulado em microesferas de blendas de P(3HB)/PCL (100/0, 0/100, 97/03, 95/05, 90/10, 80/20 e 70/30) obtidas pelo método de emulsificação-evaporação do solvente. As imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelam a forte influência da PCL na porosidade das microesferas. As análises de infravermelho mostraram a presença do pesticida em todas as composições de polímeros avaliadas. O ensaio de liberação de cipermetrina sugere que, no intervalo de 4 horas, o teor de cipermetrina liberada é dependente da composição das blendas utilizadas. As microesferas de PHB e blendas com menores teores de PCL, 97/03 e 95/05 liberaram 75% a 85% enquanto a composição 70/30 liberou 100% de cipermetrina.
Collapse
|
21
|
Okoffo ED, Fosu-Mensah BY, Gordon C. Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in cocoa beans from Ghana, a concern for public health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-016-0028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
22
|
Hamzah NA, Mohd Tamrin SB, Ismail NH. Metal dust exposure and lung function deterioration among steel workers: an exposure-response relationship. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2016; 22:224-232. [PMID: 27392157 PMCID: PMC5102237 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2016.1207040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metallic dust is a heterogeneous substance with respiratory sensitizing properties. Its long term exposure adversely affected lung function, thus may cause acute or chronic respiratory diseases. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in a steel factory in Terengganu, Malaysia to assess the metal dust exposure and its relationship to lung function values among 184 workers. Metal dust concentrations values (Co, Cr, and Ni) for each worker were collected using air personal sampling. Lung function values (FEV1, FVC, and %FEV1/FVC) were determined using spirometer. RESULTS Exposure to cobalt and chromium were 1-3 times higher than permissible exposure limit (PEL) while nickel was not exceeding the PEL. Cumulative of chromium was the predictor to all lung function values (FEV1, FVC, and %FEV1/FVC). Frequency of using mask was positively associated with FVC (Adj b = 0.263, P = 0.011) while past respiratory illnesses were negatively associated with %FEV1/FVC (Adj b = -1.452, P = 0.026). Only few workers (36.4%) were found to wear their masks all times during the working hours. CONCLUSIONS There was an exposure-response relationship of cumulative metal dust exposure with the deterioration of lung function values. Improvement of control measures as well as proper and efficient use or personal protection equipment while at work could help to protect the respiratory health of workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Ainun Hamzah
- Environmental and Occupational Health Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hassim Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Al Antary TM, Alawi MA, Estityah H, Haddad N, Al-Antary ET. Chlorinated pesticide residues in human breast milk collected from southern Jordan in 2012/2013. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2015.1132470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
24
|
Domènech L. Improving irrigation access to combat food insecurity and undernutrition: A review. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
25
|
Andrade-Rivas F, Rother HA. Chemical exposure reduction: Factors impacting on South African herbicide sprayers' personal protective equipment compliance and high risk work practices. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 142:34-45. [PMID: 26093240 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The high exposure risks of workers to herbicides in low- and middle-income countries is an important public health concern because of the potential resulting negative impacts on workers' health. This study investigated workers' personal protective equipment (PPE) compliance as a risk mitigation measure; particularly workers who apply herbicides for Working for Water (WfW) - a South African invasive alien vegetation control programme. The study aim was to understand workers' low PPE compliance by analysing their risk perceptions of herbicide use, working conditions and socio-cultural context. Research methods included ethnographic observations, informal interviews, visual media, questionnaires and a focus group. Study results indicated that low PPE compliance persists despite workers' awareness of herbicide exposure risks and as a result of the influence from workers' socio-cultural context (i.e. gender dynamics and social status), herbicide risk perceptions and working conditions (i.e. environmental and logistical). Interestingly, teams comprised of mostly women had the highest compliance rate. These findings highlighted that given the complexity of PPE compliance, especially in countries with several economic and social constraints, exposure reduction interventions should not rely solely on PPE use promotion. Instead, other control strategies requiring less worker input for effectiveness should be implemented, such as elimination and substitution of highly hazardous pesticides, and altering application methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Andrade-Rivas
- Environmental Health Division & Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Universidad El Bosque, Research Vice-rectoray, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hanna-Andrea Rother
- Environmental Health Division & Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Del Prado-Lu JL. Insecticide residues in soil, water, and eggplant fruits and farmers' health effects due to exposure to pesticides. Environ Health Prev Med 2015; 20:53-62. [PMID: 25413584 PMCID: PMC4284253 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-014-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable crop that is widely cultivated in the tropical and subtropical areas in Asia. Globally, the top three eggplant producers are China, India, and Egypt. The Philippines has been one of the top 10 eggplant-producing countries based on area planted and crop productivity. This study aims to describe the insecticide residues found in soil, water, and eggplant fruits in eggplant farms in Sta. Maria, Pangasinan. METHODS The study design is a cross sectional of randomly selected eggplant farms in Sta. Maria, Pangasinan. Soil, water, and eggplant fruits were collected and subjected to gas chromatography (Shimadzu) analysis for multi-pesticide residues. RESULTS Farmers from Sta. Maria, Pangasinan were found to be applying a broad spectrum of insecticides on their eggplant crop. Soil samples from 11 (about 42%) out of the 26 farms tested positive for insecticide residues, six of which from four farms exceeded the acceptable maximum residue limit. These residues were profenofos, triazophos, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and malathion. No insecticide residues were detected from water samples taken from the 26 farms. Cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos were the insecticide residues detected in eggplant fruit samples. A maximum of 20% of the eggplant samples tested positive for insecticide residues. In the eggplant fruit study, all farmers have been using Prevathon(®) for 24 years at a rate of 10 ml/application, and Malathion(®) for 25 years at about 16.5 ml/application, respectively equivalent to 0.24 liter-years and 0.413 liter-years of exposure. Similarly, to the findings in the soil and water study, although Brodan(®) and Magnum(®) were not prevalently applied, the farmers' liter-years of exposure to these insecticides, and their active ingredients, were highest at about 18.92 and 10.0, respectively. The farmers and farm workers in the soil and water study reported experiencing itchiness of the skin (63.8%), redness of the eyes (29.3%), muscle pains (27.6%), and headaches (27.6%), as being related to their pesticide exposure. CONCLUSION In summary, a maximum of 20% of the eggplant samples tested positive for insecticide residues at any one stage of sampling done. The farmers and farm workers also reported of pesticide-related illnesses but none of them sought any medical attention. Intervention to reduce the farmers' pesticide exposure can focus on the risk factors identified, primarily the toxicity of pesticides used, the unsafe application practices, and the adverse health effects of pesticide exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinky Leilanie Del Prado-Lu
- Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, NIH Bldg, P. Gil St., UP Manila, Taft Avenue, 1100, Manila, Philippines,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vidogbéna F, Adégbidi A, Tossou R, Assogba-Komlan F, Ngouajio M, Martin T, Simon S, Parrot L, Zander KK. Control of vegetable pests in Benin - Farmers' preferences for eco-friendly nets as an alternative to insecticides. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 147:95-107. [PMID: 25262392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated if eco-friendly nets (EFNs) are a viable and acceptable alternative to extremely high levels of insecticide use in vegetable production. Using a choice experiment, we found that vegetable producing farmers in Benin preferred all of the characteristics of EFNs except the higher labor requirements. The nets had been distributed in a trial phase for free but in the long run farmers would need to purchase the EFNs. The break-even point for investing in nets was found to vary with the lifespan of EFNs, their purchase price and potential health benefits from avoiding large quantities of insecticides. To break even the nets need to be used for at least two production cycles. To overcome risk-averse farmer's reluctance to adopt EFNs we propose a credit and warranty scheme along with the purchase of the nets. The study's findings can guide the implementation of EFNs in other African countries as part of integrated pest management with global benefits for the environment and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faustin Vidogbéna
- Regional Agricultural Center for Rural Development of Atlantique-Littoral, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Anselme Adégbidi
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Rigobert Tossou
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Mathieu Ngouajio
- Michigan State University, Department of Horticulture, East Lansing, USA; USDA-NIFA, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thibaut Martin
- Cirad, UR Hortsys, Montpellier, France; Icipe, Plant Health Department, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Serge Simon
- National Agricultural Research Institute (INRAB), Station d'Agonkanmey, Cotonou, Benin; Cirad, UR Hortsys, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Kerstin K Zander
- The Northern Institute, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Assessment of pesticide residues in flesh of Catla catla from Ravi River, Pakistan. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:708532. [PMID: 25003148 PMCID: PMC4068107 DOI: 10.1155/2014/708532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, carbofuran, and cartap which were estimated in the flesh of Catla catla sampled from ten sites of Ravi River between its stretches from Shahdara to Head Balloki were studied to know the level of contamination of the selected pesticides by GC-ECD method. All fish samples were found contaminated with different concentrations of DDT, DDE, endosulfan, and carbofuran; however, DDT and DDE concentrations were more than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) about food standards, while endosulfan sulfate and cartap were not detected. Pesticide concentrations in the fish flesh were ranged from 3.240 to 3.389 for DDT, 2.290 to 2.460 for DDE, 0.112 to 0.136 for endosulfan, and 0.260 to 0.370 μg g−1 for carbofuran. The findings revealed that the pesticide concentrations in the fish flesh decreased in the order: DDT > DDE > carbofuran > endosulfan. After Degh fall and After Hudiara nulla fall river sampling sites were found severely contaminated. It is proposed that a constant monitoring programs are needed to be initiated to overcome the present alarming situation.
Collapse
|
29
|
Oesterlund AH, Thomsen JF, Sekimpi DK, Maziina J, Racheal A, Jørs E. Pesticide knowledge, practice and attitude and how it affects the health of small-scale farmers in Uganda: a cross-sectional study. Afr Health Sci 2014; 14:420-33. [PMID: 25320593 PMCID: PMC4196420 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v14i2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past years there has been an increase in the use of pesticides in developing countries. This study describes pesticide use among small-scale farmers in Uganda and analyses predictors of pesticide poisoning (intoxication) symptoms. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted using a standardized questionnaire. Some 317 small-scale farmers in two districts in Uganda were interviewed about pesticide use, knowledge and attitude, symptoms of intoxication, personal protective equipment (PPE) and hygiene. The risk of reporting symptoms was analysed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The most frequently used pesticides belonged to WHO class II. The farmers had poor knowledge about pesticide toxicity, and the majority did not use appropriate PPE nor good hygiene when handling pesticides. There was no significant association between the number of times of spraying with pesticides and self-reported symptoms of pesticide poisoning. The only significant association was between blowing and sucking the nozzle of the knapsack sprayer and self-reported symptoms of pesticide intoxication (OR: 2.13. 95% CI: 1.09 - 4.18). CONCLUSION Unlike the practice in several other developing countries, small-scale farmers in Uganda do not use the most hazardous pesticides (WHO class 1a and 1b). However use of WHO class II pesticides and those of lower toxicity is seen in combination with inadequate knowledge and practice among the farmers. This poses a danger of acute intoxications, chronic health problems and environmental pollution. Training of farmers in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) methods, use of proper hygiene and personal protective equipment when handling pesticides should be promoted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Oesterlund
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane F Thomsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Deogratias K Sekimpi
- Uganda National Association of Community and Occupational Health (UNACOH), Kampala, Uganda
| | - James Maziina
- Uganda National Association of Community and Occupational Health (UNACOH), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Apio Racheal
- Uganda National Association of Community and Occupational Health (UNACOH), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Erik Jørs
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Contamination and Exposure Profiles of Persistent Organic Pollutants (PAHs and OCPs) in Groundwater at a Terai Belt of North India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12403-014-0126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
31
|
Farmers' knowledge, practices and injuries associated with pesticide exposure in rural farming villages in Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:389. [PMID: 24754959 PMCID: PMC3999359 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pesticides in Tanzania are extensively used for pest control in agriculture. Their usage and unsafe handling practices may potentially result in high farmer exposures and adverse health effects. The aim of this study was to describe farmers’ pesticide exposure profile, knowledge about pesticide hazards, experience of previous poisoning, hazardous practices that may lead to Acute Pesticide Poisoning (APP) and the extent to which APP is reported. Methods The study involved 121 head- of-household respondents from Arumeru district in Arusha region. Data collection involved administration of a standardised questionnaire to farmers and documentation of storage practices. Unsafe pesticide handling practices were assessed through observation of pesticide storage, conditions of personal protective equipment (PPE) and through self-reports of pesticide disposal and equipment calibration. Results Past lifetime pesticide poisoning was reported by 93% of farmers. The agents reported as responsible for poisoning were Organophosphates (42%) and WHO Class II agents (77.6%). Storage of pesticides in the home was reported by 79% of farmers. Respondents with higher education levels were significantly less likely to store pesticides in their home (PRR High/Low = 0.3; 95% CI = 0.1-0.7) and more likely to practice calibration of spray equipment (PRR High/Low = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.03-1.4). However, knowledge of routes of exposure was not associated with safety practices particularly for disposal, equipment wash area, storage and use of PPE . The majority of farmers experiencing APP in the past (79%) did not attend hospital and of the 23 farmers who did so in the preceding year, records could be traced for only 22% of these cases. Conclusions The study found a high potential for pesticide exposure in the selected community in rural Tanzania, a high frequency of self-reported APP and poor recording in hospital records. Farmers’ knowledge levels appeared to be unrelated to their risk. Rather than simply focusing on knowledge-based strategies, comprehensive interventions are needed to reduce both exposure and health risks, including training, improvements in labeling, measures to reduce cost barriers to the adoption of safe behaviours, , promotion of control measures other than PPE and support for Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Collapse
|
32
|
Determination of carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides in vegetable samples and the efficiency of gamma-radiation in their removal. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:145159. [PMID: 24711991 PMCID: PMC3966332 DOI: 10.1155/2014/145159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the residual pesticide levels were determined in eggplants (Solanum melongena) (n = 16), purchased from four different markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The carbamate and organophosphorus pesticide residual levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the efficiency of gamma radiation on pesticide removal in three different types of vegetables was also studied. Many (50%) of the samples contained pesticides, and three samples had residual levels above the maximum residue levels determined by the World Health Organisation. Three carbamates (carbaryl, carbofuran, and pirimicarb) and six organophosphates (phenthoate, diazinon, parathion, dimethoate, phosphamidon, and pirimiphos-methyl) were detected in eggplant samples; the highest carbofuran level detected was 1.86 mg/kg, while phenthoate was detected at 0.311 mg/kg. Gamma radiation decreased pesticide levels proportionately with increasing radiation doses. Diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and phosphamidon were reduced by 40–48%, 35–43%, and 30–45%, respectively, when a radiation strength of 0.5 kGy was utilized. However, when the radiation dose was increased to 1.0 kGy, the levels of the pesticides were reduced to 85–90%, 80–91%, and 90–95%, respectively. In summary, our study revealed that pesticide residues are present at high amounts in vegetable samples and that gamma radiation at 1.0 kGy can remove 80–95% of some pesticides.
Collapse
|
33
|
Sapbamrer R, Nata S. Health symptoms related to pesticide exposure and agricultural tasks among rice farmers from Northern Thailand. Environ Health Prev Med 2014; 19:12-20. [PMID: 23835647 PMCID: PMC3890077 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-013-0349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate health symptoms related to occupational pesticide exposure and agricultural tasks in rice farmers. METHODS Data on demographic variables and health symptoms associated with pesticide exposure were collected from 182 rice farmers (exposed subjects) and 122 non-farmers (controlled group) using interviews and measuring whole blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity during August and October 2012. RESULTS Rice farmers had a significantly lower median AChE activity than the controls (9,594 vs. 10,530 U/L, respectively) and a significantly higher prevalence of difficulty in breathing and chest pain [odds ratio (OR) 2.8, P < 0.01 and OR 2.5, P < 0.05, respectively]. The prevalence of dry throat and cramp was associated with those farmers who sprayed and mixed pesticides (OR 2.5 and 2.6 for dry throat, OR 2.5 and 2.9 for cramp, respectively; P < 0.01). The prevalence of numbness and diarrhea was associated with those farmers who scattered seed (OR 2.2, P < 0.01 and OR 3.6, P < 0.05, respectively). The prevalence of numbness and increasing anxiety was also associated with those farmers who harvested crops (OR 3.6, P < 0.01 and OR 3.0, P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that occupational pesticide exposure and agricultural tasks in the paddy field may be associated with the increasing prevalence of respiratory tract and muscle symptoms. This possibility warrants further investigation in more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratana Sapbamrer
- School of Medicine, University of Phayao, 19 Moo2, Mae Ka Subdistrict, Muang District, Phayao, 56000, Thailand,
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abu Mourad T. Adverse Impact of Insecticides on the Health of Palestinian Farm Workers in the Gaza Strip: A Hematologic Biomarker Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2013; 11:144-9. [PMID: 15875890 DOI: 10.1179/oeh.2005.11.2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the health impact of insecticides on Palestinian farm workers in the Gaza Strip, the study assessed biomarkers in farm workers who used organophosphorus insecticides. Serum cholinesterase and complete blood count were determined before and after spraying of organophosphorus insecticides. Burning sensations in eyes/face (62.5%), itching/skin irritation (37.5%), and chest symptoms (29.2%) were reported. Serum butyrylcholinesterase (SBuChE) was significantly decreased at the end of the work day. Burning sensations in eyes/face and skin rash were significantly associated with inhibition of SBuChE activity (p < 0.05). Younger workers were more affected. Leukocyte and platelet counts were increased and hemoglobin decreased significantly, reflecting acute poisoning. Monitoring of SBuChE and hematologic parameters of farm workers could be useful to predict and prevent health hazards of pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tayser Abu Mourad
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dhananjayan V, Ravichandran B, Anitha N, Rajmohan HR. Assessment of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in blood plasma of agriculture workers. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2013; 16:127-30. [PMID: 23776322 PMCID: PMC3683181 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5278.111755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cholinesterase determination indicates whether the person has been under pesticide exposure is not. It is recommended that the worker′s cholinesterase level should be assessed for workers at a pesticide applied region. Hence, cholinesterase activities in blood samples of agricultural workers exposed to vegetables and grape cultivation with age matched, unexposed workers, who never had any exposure to pesticides, were estimated. Methods: The detailed occupational history and lifestyle characters were obtained by questionnaire. Cholinesterase activity was determined by the method of Ellman as modified by Chambers and Chambers. Results: AChE was ranging from 1.65 to 3.54μmoles/min/ml in exposed subjects where as it was ranged from 2.22 to 3.51μmoles/min/ml in control subjects. BChE activity was ranging from 0.16 to 5.2μmoles/min/ml among exposed subjects, where as it was ranged from 2.19 to 5.06μmoles/min/ml in control subjects. The results showed statistically significant reduction in enzyme activities (AChE 14%; BChE 56%) among exposed subjects. Conclusion: It was concluded that the reduction in cholinesterase activity may lead to varieties of effects. Hence it is compulsory to use protective gadgets during pesticide spray. Further a continuous biomonitoring study is recommended to assess pesticide exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Dhananjayan
- Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Division, Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), ICMR, Kannanmangala PO, Devenahalli TK, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Residual pattern of acequinocyl and hydroxyacequinocyl in perilla leaf grown under greenhouse conditions using ultra performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array detector with tandem mass confirmation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-012-2101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
37
|
Biological alterations and self-reported symptoms among insecticides-exposed workers in Burkina Faso. Interdiscip Toxicol 2012; 5:42-6. [PMID: 22783149 PMCID: PMC3389509 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-012-0008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupationally exposed workers, farm workers and plant protection agents in the Sahel region of Burkina Faso were interviewed to assess adverse health effects of insecticides. The subjects were also examined for changes in both hematological and biochemical parameters. The prevalence of liver and kidney dysfunction was found to be quite high among insecticide applicators, especially among plant protection agents. The prevalence of biochemical alterations seems to be correlated to the frequency of insecticide use. However, no significant differences were found between the hematological parameters among farm workers and plant protection agents. The hematological parameters of all the insecticide applicators were normal. The great majority of insecticide applicators (85%) reported symptoms related to insecticide exposure. The use of insecticides in the agriculture of Burkina Faso is threatening to human health.
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Personal air sampling and risks of inhalation exposure during atrazine application in Honduras. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012; 86:479-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-012-0776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
40
|
Kuranchie-Mensah H, Atiemo SM, Palm LMND, Blankson-Arthur S, Tutu AO, Fosu P. Determination of organochlorine pesticide residue in sediment and water from the Densu river basin, Ghana. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:286-92. [PMID: 22123529 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the aquatic ecosystem from the Densu river revealed varying levels of concentration in water and the sediment samples. Three locations were sampled along the river to evaluate the levels of organochlorine pesticide residue in the river. Sediment and surface water samples were extracted by soxhlet and liquid-liquid extraction respectively and analyzed using Gas Chromatograph coupled with electron capture detector. The detectable organochlorine pesticides were gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), delta-hexachlorocyclohexane, heptachlor, aldrin and dieldrin. The other pesticides that were investigated are gamma-chlordane, alpha endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, p,p'-DDT and its metabolite p,p'-DDE, methoxychlor, endrin and its metabolite endrin aldehyde and endrin ketone. The order of increasing frequency of detection of samples was higher in sediment than water. In sediment, the mean concentration ranged from 0.030 μg kg(-1) dry weight (endrin) to 10.98 μg kg(-1) dry weight (aldrin). The highest detected concentration of organochlorine in water was endosulfan sulfate with mean concentration of 0.185 μg L(-1). Analysis of variance indicated significant differences for most organochlorine pesticide residue in the sediment sampled from the various locations. Some of the levels of organochlorine pesticides detected in water were relatively high compared to guideline values set by World Health Organization and Australia and thus could be harmful if the trend is not checked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Kuranchie-Mensah
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Post Office Box LG 80, Legon Accra, Ghana.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rastogi SK, Singh VK, Kesavachandran C, Jyoti, Siddiqui MKJ, Mathur N, Bharti RS. Monitoring of plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity and hematological parameters in pesticide sprayers. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2011; 12:29-32. [PMID: 20040995 PMCID: PMC2796772 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5278.40813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the health impact of spraying organophosphorus insecticides (OPs), 34 male sprayers in the mango belt of Malihabad, a small town located 27 km from Lucknow in North India was selected. Plasma butyryl cholinesterase (PBChE) and complete blood count were assessed among sprayers after spraying pesticides and the findings obtained were compared with those determined in a reference group (n = 18). The most common symptoms observed were burning sensation in the eyes (8.82%), itching/skin irritation (23.52%) and chest symptoms (32.35%) in the exposed workers. Plasma butyrylcholinesterase (PBChE) was significantly decreased in workers. The results indicated significant decrease in the mean value of hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelets count; however, significantly higher count of leukocytes was also observed in the exposed group (sprayers) compared to that observed in the control group (P < 0.05). Monitoring of PBChE in pesticide sprayers could be useful to predict and prevent health hazards of OPs.
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Osman KA, Al-Humaid A, Al-Rehiayani S, Al-Redhaiman K. Estimated daily intake of pesticide residues exposure by vegetables grown in greenhouses in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
44
|
Esechie JO, Ibitayo OO. Pesticide use and related health problems among greenhouse workers in Batinah Coastal Region of Oman. J Forensic Leg Med 2011; 18:198-203. [PMID: 21663866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide practices and the health problems associated with pesticide exposure among 74 greenhouse workers in the Batinah Coastal Region of Oman were investigated. The workers were mostly migrant workers from India (37.8%), Bangladesh (28.4%), Nepal (14.9%), Sri Lanka (8.1%) and Pakistan (5.4%). Majority of the workers (44%) had some primary education, were between 31 and 40 years of age (50%), were married (85.1%) and had been applying pesticides for over 10 years (32.4%). Occupational and phytosanitary practices among the pesticide workers were poor, as most of the workers (59.5%) did not wash their hands after pesticide application, many (43.2%) did not shower and some (20.3%) did not change their clothes. Their methods of handling of partly used pesticides were questionable, with 81.1% storing them in other rooms in the house and 14.9% storing them in their bedrooms. Personal protective equipment (PPE) such as nose mask, overall and eye goggles were hardly used during pesticide application. Some of the reported health symptoms due to pesticide exposure were skin irritation (70.3%), burning sensation (39.2%), headache (33.8%), vomiting (29.7%) and salivation (21.6%). It was suggested that a provision be included in the Pesticide Laws of Oman that makes it mandatory for greenhouse owners to provide their workers with PPE. Also, regular training programs should be organized for the greenhouse pesticide workers to improve their ability to handle hazardous chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jovita O Esechie
- Department of Urban Planning and Environmental Policy, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fianko JR, Donkor A, Lowor ST, Yeboah PO. Agrochemicals and the Ghanaian Environment, a Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2011.23026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
46
|
Fianko JR, Donkor A, Lowor ST, Yeboah PO, Glover E, Adom T, Faanu A. Health Risk Associated with Pesticide Contamination of Fish from the Densu River Basin in Ghana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2011.22013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
47
|
Osman KA, Al-Humaid AM, Al-Rehiayani SM, Al-Redhaiman KN. Monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables marketed in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:1433-9. [PMID: 20627311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A total of 23 pesticides from different chemical groups in 160 different domestic vegetables collected from four major big supermarkets located in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, were identified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Residues were found in 89 of the 160 samples and 53 samples were above the maximum residue levels (MRLs). The most frequently found pesticides were carbaryl followed by biphenyl and then carbofuran. Cabbage was the most positive and violated MLRs (16 and 11 samples), followed by carrot and green pepper (12 and 7 samples), cucumber (12 and 6 samples), egg-plant (12 and 5 samples), squash (11 and 7 samples), lettuce (11 and 6 samples) and tomato (11 and 4 samples). The highest concentrations were found in lettuce (ethiofencarb, 7.648), followed by tomato (tolclofos-methyl, 7.312 mg/kg), cabbage (chlropyrifos, 6.207 mg/kg), carrot (heptanophos, 3.267 mg/kg), green pepper (carbaryl, 2.228 mg/kg) and egg-plant (carbaryl, 1.917 mg/kg). These findings pointed to the following recommendation: the need for a monitoring program for pesticide residues in vegetables cultivated under greenhouse conditions at the national level to protect consumers' health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Osman
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry & Toxicology, College of Agriculture, El-Chatby, P.O. Box 21545, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Probst L, Aigelsperger L, Hauser M. Consumer Attitudes towards Vegetable Attributes: Potential Buyers of Pesticide-Free Vegetables in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana. Ecol Food Nutr 2010; 49:228-45. [DOI: 10.1080/03670241003766055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
49
|
Suave J, Dall'Agnol EC, Pezzin APT, Meier MM, Silva DAK. Biodegradable microspheres of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(ε-caprolactone) loaded with malathion pesticide: Preparation, characterization, and in vitro controlled release testing. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
50
|
Lu JL. Total pesticide exposure calculation among vegetable farmers in Benguet, Philippines. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 2009:412054. [PMID: 20041012 PMCID: PMC2778185 DOI: 10.1155/2009/412054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This was a cross-sectional study that investigated pesticide exposure and its risk factors targeting vegetable farmers selected through cluster sampling. The sampling size calculated with P = .05 was 211 vegetable farmers and 37 farms. The mean usage of pesticide was 21.35 liters. Risk factors included damaged backpack sprayer (34.7%), spills on hands (31.8%), and spraying against the wind (58%). The top 3 pesticides used were pyrethroid (46.4%), organophosphates (24.2%), and carbamates (21.3%). Those who were exposed to fungicides and insecticides also had higher total pesticide exposure. Furthermore, a farmer who was a pesticide applicator, mixer, loader, and who had not been given instructions through training was at risk of having higher pesticide exposure. The most prevalent symptoms were headache (64.1%), muscle pain (61.1%), cough (45.5%), weakness (42.4%), eye pain (39.9%), chest pain (37.4%), and eye redness (33.8%). The data can be used for the formulation of an integrated program on safety and health in the vegetable industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinky Leilanie Lu
- National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Ermita, Manila 1100, Philippines. jinky
| |
Collapse
|