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Santiago-Mujica E, Flunkert S, Rabl R, Neddens J, Loeffler T, Hutter-Paier B. Hepatic and neuronal phenotype of NPC1 -/- mice. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01293. [PMID: 30923761 PMCID: PMC6423819 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a fatal autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a defect in the intracellular transport of lipoproteins leading to the accumulation of lipids in diverse tissues. A visceral and neuronal phenotype mimicking human NPC1 disease has been described in NPC1 mutant mice. These mice are by now the most widely used NPC1 rodent model to study NPC and developmental compounds against this devastating disease. Here we characterized NPC1−/− mice for their hepatic and neuronal phenotype to confirm the stability of the phenotype, provide a characterization of disease progression and pinpoint the age of robust phenotype onset. Animals of 4–10 weeks of age were analyzed for general health, motor deficits as well as hepatic and neuronal alterations with a special focus on cerebellar pathology. Our results show that NPC1−/− mice have a reduced general health at the age of 9–10 weeks. Robust motor deficits can be observed even earlier at 8 weeks of age. Hepatic changes included increased organ weight and cholesterol levels at 6 weeks of age accompanied by severely increased liver enzyme levels. Analysis of NPC1−/− brain pathology showed decreased cholesterol and increased Aβ levels in the hippocampus at the age of 6 weeks. Further analysis revealed a decrease of the cytokine IL-12p70 in the cerebellum along with a very early increase of astrocytosis. Hippocampal IL-12p70 levels were increased at the age of 6 weeks followed by increased activated microglia levels. By the age of 10 weeks, also cerebellar Aβ levels were increased along with strongly reduced Calbindin D-28k levels. Our results validate and summarize the progressive development of the hepatic and neuronal phenotype of NPC1−/− mice that starts with cerebellar astrocytosis, making this mouse model a valuable tool for the development of new compounds against NPC.
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Key Words
- AAALAC, Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANOVA, Analysis of variance
- AOI, Area of interest
- AP, alkaline phosphatase
- APP, Amyloid Precursor Protein
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CD45, cluster of differentiation 45
- CNS, central nervous system
- Cell biology
- DAPI, 4′,6-Diamidin-2-phenylindol
- GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- IFN-γ, Interferon-gamma
- IL-10/12, Interleukin-10/12
- KC, keratinocyte chemoattractant
- MAP2, microtubuli-associated protein 2
- Molecular biology
- NPC, Niemann-Pick type C
- Neuroscience
- Physiology
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- WT, wildtype
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roland Rabl
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
| | - Joerg Neddens
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
| | - Tina Loeffler
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
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Erickson RP. Current controversies in Niemann-Pick C1 disease: steroids or gangliosides; neurons or neurons and glia. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:215-24. [PMID: 23292954 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-012-0130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There has been a recent explosion in research on Niemann-Pick type C disease. Much of the work has used mouse models or cells in culture to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in the phenotype of the disease. This work has generated several contrasting views on the mechanism, which are labeled 'controversies' here. In this review, two of these controversies are explored. The first concerns which stored materials are causative in the disease: cholesterol, gangliosides and sphingolipids, or something else? The second concerns which cells in the body require Npc1 in order to function properly: somatic cells, neurons only, or neurons and glia? For the first controversy, a clear answer has emerged. More research will be needed in order to definitively solve the second controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Erickson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073, USA.
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Maue RA, Burgess RW, Wang B, Wooley CM, Seburn KL, Vanier MT, Rogers MA, Chang CC, Chang TY, Harris BT, Graber DJ, Penatti CAA, Porter DM, Szwergold BS, Henderson LP, Totenhagen JW, Trouard TP, Borbon IA, Erickson RP. A novel mouse model of Niemann-Pick type C disease carrying a D1005G-Npc1 mutation comparable to commonly observed human mutations. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 21:730-50. [PMID: 22048958 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a point mutation in Npc1 that creates a novel mouse model (Npc1(nmf164)) of Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC) disease: a single nucleotide change (A to G at cDNA bp 3163) that results in an aspartate to glycine change at position 1005 (D1005G). This change is in the cysteine-rich luminal loop of the NPC1 protein and is highly similar to commonly occurring human mutations. Genetic and molecular biological analyses, including sequencing the Npc1(spm) allele and identifying a truncating mutation, confirm that the mutation in Npc1(nmf164) mice is distinct from those in other existing mouse models of NPC disease (Npc1(nih), Npc1(spm)). Analyses of lifespan, body and spleen weight, gait and other motor activities, as well as acoustic startle responses all reveal a more slowly developing phenotype in Npc1(nmf164) mutant mice than in mice with the null mutations (Npc1(nih), Npc1(spm)). Although Npc1 mRNA levels appear relatively normal, Npc1(nmf164) brain and liver display dramatic reductions in Npc1 protein, as well as abnormal cholesterol metabolism and altered glycolipid expression. Furthermore, histological analyses of liver, spleen, hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum reveal abnormal cholesterol accumulation, glial activation and Purkinje cell loss at a slower rate than in the Npc1(nih) mouse model. Magnetic resonance imaging studies also reveal significantly less demyelination/dysmyelination than in the null alleles. Thus, although prior mouse models may correspond to the severe infantile onset forms of NPC disease, Npc1(nmf164) mice offer many advantages as a model for the late-onset, more slowly progressing forms of NPC disease that comprise the large majority of human cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Maue
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Out R, Hoekstra M, Habets K, Meurs I, de Waard V, Hildebrand RB, Wang Y, Chimini G, Kuiper J, Van Berkel TJC, Van Eck M. Combined deletion of macrophage ABCA1 and ABCG1 leads to massive lipid accumulation in tissue macrophages and distinct atherosclerosis at relatively low plasma cholesterol levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 28:258-64. [PMID: 18006857 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.156935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the combined deletion of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression in macrophages on foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS LDL receptor knockout (KO) mice were transplanted with bone marrow from ABCA1/ABCG1 double KO (dKO) mice. Plasma cholesterol levels after 6 weeks of Western-type diet (WTD) feeding were significantly lower in dKO transplanted mice than ABCA1 KO, ABCG1 KO, and control transplanted animals. Extreme foam cell formation was present in macrophages of various tissues and the peritoneal cavity of dKO transplanted animals. Furthermore, severe hypoplasia of the thymus and a significant decrease in CD4-positive T cells in blood was observed. Despite relatively low plasma cholesterol levels dKO transplanted animals developed lesion sizes of 156+/-19x10(3) microm2 after only 6 weeks of WTD feeding. Lesions, however, were smaller than single ABCA1 KO transplanted animals (226+/-30x10(3) microm2; P<0.05) and not significantly different from single ABCG1 KO (117+/-22x10(3) microm2) and WT transplanted mice (112+/-15x10(3) microm2). CONCLUSIONS Macrophage ABCA1 and ABCG1 play a crucial role in the prevention of macrophage foam cell formation, whereas combined deletion only modestly influences atherosclerosis which is associated with an attenuated increase in WTD-induced plasma cholesterol and decreased proinflammatory CD4-positive T cell counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Out
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Erickson RP, Bhattacharyya A, Hunter RJ, Heidenreich RA, Cherrington NJ. Liver disease with altered bile acid transport in Niemann-Pick C mice on a high-fat, 1% cholesterol diet. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G300-7. [PMID: 15790756 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00568.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic hepatitis is frequently found in Niemann-Pick C (NPC) disease. We studied the influence of diet and the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR, Ldlr in mice, known to be the source of most of the stored cholesterol) on liver disease in the mouse model of NPC. Npc1-/- mice of both sexes, with or without the Ldlr knockout, were fed a 18% fat, 1% cholesterol ("high-fat") diet and were evaluated by chemical and histological methods. Bile acid transporters [multidrug resistance protein (Mrps) 1-5; Ntcp, Bsep, and OatP1, 2, and 4] were quantitated by real-time RT-PCR. Many mice died prematurely (within 6 wk) with hepatomegaly. Histopathology showed an increase in macrophage and hepatocyte lipids independent of Ldlr genotype. Non-zone-dependent diffuse fibrosis was found in the surviving mice. Serum alanine aminotransferase was elevated in Npc1-/- mice on the regular diet and frequently became markedly elevated with the high-fat diet. Serum cholesterol was increased in the controls but not the Npc1-/- mice on the high-fat diet; it was massively increased in the Ldlr-/- mice. Esterified cholesterol was greatly increased by the high-fat diet, independent of Ldlr genotype. gamma-Glutamyltransferase was also elevated in Npc1-/- mice, more so on the high-fat diet. Mrps 1-5 were elevated in Npc1-/- liver and became more elevated with the high-fat diet; Ntcp, Bsep, and OatP2 were elevated in Npc1-/- liver and were suppressed by the high-fat diet. In conclusion, Npc1-/- mice on a high-fat diet provide an animal model of NPC cholestatic hepatitis and indicate a role for altered bile acid transport in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Erickson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Health Sciences, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, P. O. Box 245073, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073.
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Koike T, Ishida G, Taniguchi M, Higaki K, Ayaki Y, Saito M, Sakakihara Y, Iwamori M, Ohno K. Decreased membrane fluidity and unsaturated fatty acids in Niemann-Pick disease type C fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1406:327-35. [PMID: 9630707 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(98)00019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the sequestration and trapping of endocytosed cholesterol in lysosomes. The NPC1 gene on chromosome 18 was recently identified but its physiological function remains unknown. We have studied the lipid compositions of cultured human NP-C fibroblasts and mouse SPM-3T3 cell line derived from the C57BL/KsJ NP-C model mouse, which belongs to the same complementation group. Fibroblasts derived from apparently normal age-matched individuals and a subline of SPM-3T3 cells which restores cholesterol metabolism by transfer of human chromosome 18 were used as controls. Levels of free cholesterol in whole cell homogenates increased about 1.5-fold in human NP-C fibroblasts and mouse SPM-3T3 cells, while in the plasma membrane, cholesterol content did not significantly change in NP-C fibroblasts but rather decreased in SPM-3T3 cells. The total phospholipid content did not significantly change; however, among phospholipid head groups, increases in sphingomyelin and decreases in other classes were observed in human NP-C fibroblasts and mouse SPM-3T3 cells. The ratios of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids increased in both human and mouse cells. The increase was also confirmed in the plasma membrane fraction of SPM-3T3 cells. Membrane fluidity was examined using a 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) fluorescent probe. The DPH anisotropy values were markedly increased in NP-C fibroblasts and in SPM-3T3 cells. The results suggest that a NP-C mutation causes complex alterations in cellular lipid contents and biophysical properties of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Koike
- Department of Neurobiology, Tottori University, Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683, Japan
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Erickson RP, Aviles RA, Zhang J, Kozloski MA, Garver WS, Heidenreich RA. High-resolution mapping of the spm (Niemann-Pick Type C) locus on mouse chromosome 18. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:355-6. [PMID: 9107683 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R P Erickson
- Angel Charity for Children-Wings for Genetic Research, Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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Carstea ED, Polymeropoulos MH, Parker CC, Detera-Wadleigh SD, O'Neill RR, Patterson MC, Goldin E, Xiao H, Straub RE, Vanier MT. Linkage of Niemann-Pick disease type C to human chromosome 18. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:2002-4. [PMID: 8446622 PMCID: PMC46008 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.5.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the involvement of chromosome 18 in Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC), an autosomal recessive cholesterol-processing disorder. Within affected offspring, the chromosome 18 parental contributions were identified by using allele-specific microsatellite markers. Significant linkage of NPC to an 18p genomic marker, D18S40, was indicated by a two-point lod score of 3.84. Analysis of meiotic chromosomal breakpoint patterns among the affected individuals indicated that the NPC gene is pericentromerically localized on human chromosome 18.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Carstea
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Tanaka J, Miyawaki S, Maeda N, Mikoshiba K. Immunohistochemical expression of P400 protein in Purkinje cells of sphingomyelinosis mouse. Brain Dev 1991; 13:110-4. [PMID: 1892215 DOI: 10.1016/s0387-7604(12)80117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical expression of P400 protein, a glycoprotein localized to the Purkinje cell membrane, has been studied in the cerebellum of spm mouse using anti-P400 monoclonal antibody. The initial change observed in the Purkinje cells was a swelling of the cell body with distortion of the neurites; this occurred as early as 5 weeks of age. A significant, patchy loss of Purkinje cells started at 6 weeks before cerebellar signs became manifest. With progression of the disease the dendritic processes in the molecular layer showed a marked swelling, followed by irregular arborization and finally by disintegration. A few, heterotopic Purkinje cells were found in the subcortical white matter; this was interpreted as an indication that a disturbance in neuronal migration could be superimposed on the sphingolipid metabolic disorder. Additionally, P400-immunoreactive nerve cells were occasionally encountered in areas of the deep cerebellar nuclei and in the lateral vestibular nuclei of the pontine tegmentum. The number of P400-immunoreactive Purkinje cells correlated well with the percentages of the remaining Purkinje cells during the ages of 4 to 7 wks. At the late stage of 10 to 12 weeks almost all Purkinje cells had lost their P400-immunoreactivity. It is suggested that Purkinje cells that fail to express P400 protein may undergo an immunohistochemical degeneration of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tanaka
- Division of Neuropathology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Review. Clin Chem Lab Med 1986. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1986.24.4.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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