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Nesi N, Tsagkogeorga G, Tsang SM, Nicolas V, Lalis A, Scanlon AT, Riesle-Sbarbaro SA, Wiantoro S, Hitch AT, Juste J, Pinzari CA, Bonaccorso FJ, Todd CM, Lim BK, Simmons NB, McGowen MR, Rossiter SJ. Interrogating Phylogenetic Discordance Resolves Deep Splits in the Rapid Radiation of Old World Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Syst Biol 2021; 70:1077-1089. [PMID: 33693838 PMCID: PMC8513763 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Pteropodidae (Old World fruit bats) comprises $>$200 species distributed across the Old World tropics and subtropics. Most pteropodids feed on fruit, suggesting an early origin of frugivory, although several lineages have shifted to nectar-based diets. Pteropodids are of exceptional conservation concern with $>$50% of species considered threatened, yet the systematics of this group has long been debated, with uncertainty surrounding early splits attributed to an ancient rapid diversification. Resolving the relationships among the main pteropodid lineages is essential if we are to fully understand their evolutionary distinctiveness, and the extent to which these bats have transitioned to nectar-feeding. Here we generated orthologous sequences for $>$1400 nuclear protein-coding genes (2.8 million base pairs) across 114 species from 43 genera of Old World fruit bats (57% and 96% of extant species- and genus-level diversity, respectively), and combined phylogenomic inference with filtering by information content to resolve systematic relationships among the major lineages. Concatenation and coalescent-based methods recovered three distinct backbone topologies that were not able to be reconciled by filtering via phylogenetic information content. Concordance analysis and gene genealogy interrogation show that one topology is consistently the best supported, and that observed phylogenetic conflicts arise from both gene tree error and deep incomplete lineage sorting. In addition to resolving long-standing inconsistencies in the reported relationships among major lineages, we show that Old World fruit bats have likely undergone at least seven independent dietary transitions from frugivory to nectarivory. Finally, we use this phylogeny to identify and describe one new genus. [Chiroptera; coalescence; concordance; incomplete lineage sorting; nectar feeder; species tree; target enrichment.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Nesi
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Georgia Tsagkogeorga
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Susan M Tsang
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
- Zoology Section, National Museum of Natural History, Manila, Philippines
| | - Violaine Nicolas
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Aude Lalis
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Annette T Scanlon
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Silke A Riesle-Sbarbaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sigit Wiantoro
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Alan T Hitch
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Javier Juste
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Christopher M Todd
- The Hawkesbury institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | - Burton K Lim
- Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Nancy B Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
| | - Michael R McGowen
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stephen J Rossiter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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2
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Almeida FC, Simmons NB, Giannini NP. A Species-Level Phylogeny of Old World Fruit Bats with a New Higher-Level Classification of the Family Pteropodidae. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1206/3950.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Cunha Almeida
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy B. Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
| | - Norberto P. Giannini
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
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3
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Abdala CS, Quinteros AS, Semhan RV, Bulacios Arroyo AL, Schulte J, Paz MM, Ruiz-Monachesi MR, Laspiur A, Aguilar-Kirigin AJ, Gutiérrez Poblete R, Valladares Faundez P, Valdés J, Portelli S, Santa Cruz R, Aparicio J, Garcia N, Langstroth R. Unravelling interspecific relationships among highland lizards: first phylogenetic hypothesis using total evidence of the Liolaemus montanus group (Iguania: Liolaemidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The South American lizard genus Liolaemus comprises > 260 species, of which > 60 are recognized as members of the Liolaemus montanus group, distributed throughout the Andes in central Peru, Bolivia, Chile and central Argentina. Despite its great morphological diversity and complex taxonomic history, a robust phylogenetic estimate is still lacking for this group. Here, we study the morphological and molecular diversity of the L. montanus group and present the most complete quantitative phylogenetic hypothesis for the group to date. Our phylogeny includes 103 terminal taxa, of which 91 are members of the L. montanus group (58 are assigned to available species and 33 are of uncertain taxonomic status). Our matrix includes 306 morphological and ecological characters and 3057 molecular characters. Morphological characters include 48 continuous and 258 discrete characters, of which 70% (216) are new to the literature. The molecular characters represent five mitochondrial markers. We performed three analyses: a morphology-only matrix, a molecular-only matrix and a matrix including both morphological and molecular characters (total evidence hypothesis). Our total evidence hypothesis recovered the L. montanus group as monophyletic and included ≥ 12 major clades, revealing an unexpectedly complex phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Simón Abdala
- Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) – Unidad ejecutora Lillo (UEL), Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo (IML), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Andrés Sebastián Quinteros
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA, Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Romina Valeria Semhan
- Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) – Unidad ejecutora Lillo (UEL), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Ana Lucia Bulacios Arroyo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) – Unidad ejecutora Lillo (UEL), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - James Schulte
- Department of Biology, Center for the Sciences, Beloit College, Beloit, WI, USA
| | - Marcos Maximiliano Paz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) – Unidad ejecutora Lillo (UEL), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Mario Ricardo Ruiz-Monachesi
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA, Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Laspiur
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales (FCEFyN) – Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (EUCS) – Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Alvaro Juan Aguilar-Kirigin
- Área de Herpetología, Colección Boliviana de Fauna, Campus Universitario de Cota Cota, Facultad de Ciencias Puras y Naturales, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia
| | | | - Pablo Valladares Faundez
- Laboratorio de Zoología Integrativa, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Julián Valdés
- Cátedra Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Portelli
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA, Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Roy Santa Cruz
- Área de Herpetología, Colección Boliviana de Fauna, Campus Universitario de Cota Cota, Facultad de Ciencias Puras y Naturales, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia
| | - James Aparicio
- Área de Herpetología, Colección Boliviana de Fauna, Campus Universitario de Cota Cota, Facultad de Ciencias Puras y Naturales, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia
- Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (MNHN), Cota Cota (Ovidio Suárez), La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Noelia Garcia
- Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) – Unidad ejecutora Lillo (UEL), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Robert Langstroth
- Área de Herpetología, Colección Boliviana de Fauna, Campus Universitario de Cota Cota, Facultad de Ciencias Puras y Naturales, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia
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4
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Portelli SN, Quinteros AS. Phylogeny, time divergence, and historical biogeography of the South American Liolaemus alticolor-bibronii group (Iguania: Liolaemidae). PeerJ 2018; 6:e4404. [PMID: 29479502 PMCID: PMC5824678 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Liolaemus comprises more than 260 species and can be divided in two subgenera: Eulaemus and Liolaemus sensu stricto. In this paper, we present a phylogenetic analysis, divergence times, and ancestral distribution ranges of the Liolaemus alticolor-bibronii group (Liolaemus sensu stricto subgenus). We inferred a total evidence phylogeny combining molecular (Cytb and 12S genes) and morphological characters using Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference. Divergence times were calculated using Bayesian MCMC with an uncorrelated lognormal distributed relaxed clock, calibrated with a fossil record. Ancestral ranges were estimated using the Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis (DEC-Lagrange). Effects of some a priori parameters of DEC were also tested. Distribution ranged from central Perú to southern Argentina, including areas at sea level up to the high Andes. The L. alticolor-bibronii group was recovered as monophyletic, formed by two clades: L. walkeri and L. gracilis, the latter can be split in two groups. Additionally, many species candidates were recognized. We estimate that the L. alticolor-bibronii group diversified 14.5 Myr ago, during the Middle Miocene. Our results suggest that the ancestor of the Liolaemus alticolor-bibronii group was distributed in a wide area including Patagonia and Puna highlands. The speciation pattern follows the South-North Diversification Hypothesis, following the Andean uplift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N. Portelli
- UNSa-CONICET, Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA, Rosario de Lerma, Salta, Argentina
| | - Andrés S. Quinteros
- UNSa-CONICET, Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA, Rosario de Lerma, Salta, Argentina
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5
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Filatova OA, Samarra FIP, Barrett-Lennard LG, Miller PJO, Ford JKB, Yurk H, Matkin CO, Hoyt E. Physical constraints of cultural evolution of dialects in killer whales. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:3755. [PMID: 27908070 DOI: 10.1121/1.4967369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Odontocete sounds are produced by two pairs of phonic lips situated in soft nares below the blowhole; the right pair is larger and is more likely to produce clicks, while the left pair is more likely to produce whistles. This has important implications for the cultural evolution of delphinid sounds: the greater the physical constraints, the greater the probability of random convergence. In this paper the authors examine the call structure of eight killer whale populations to identify structural constraints and to determine if they are consistent among all populations. Constraints were especially pronounced in two-voiced calls. In the calls of all eight populations, the lower component of two-voiced (biphonic) calls was typically centered below 4 kHz, while the upper component was typically above that value. The lower component of two-voiced calls had a narrower frequency range than single-voiced calls in all populations. This may be because some single-voiced calls are homologous to the lower component, while others are homologous to the higher component of two-voiced calls. Physical constraints on the call structure reduce the possible variation and increase the probability of random convergence, producing similar calls in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Filatova
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Filipa I P Samarra
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Skúlagata 4, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Patrick J O Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY168LB, Scotland
| | - John K B Ford
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T1K6, Canada
| | - Harald Yurk
- JASCO Research Ltd., 2305-4464 Markham Street, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z7X8, Canada
| | | | - Erich Hoyt
- Whale and Dolphin Conservation, Park House, Allington Park, Bridport, Dorset DT65DD, United Kingdom
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6
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Richards LR, Rambau RV, Goodman SM, Taylor PJ, Schoeman MC, Yang F, Lamb JM. Karyotypic Evolution in Malagasy Flying Foxes (Pteropodidae, Chiroptera) and Their Hipposiderid Relatives as Determined by Comparative Chromosome Painting. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 148:185-98. [PMID: 27256929 DOI: 10.1159/000446297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pteropodidae and Hipposideridae are 2 of the 9 chiropteran families that occur on Madagascar. Despite major advancements in the systematic study of the island's bat fauna, few karyotypic data exist for endemic species. We utilized G- and C-banding in combination with chromosome painting with Myotismyotis probes to establish a genome-wide homology among Malagasy species belonging to the families Pteropodidae (Pteropus rufus 2n = 38; Rousettus madagascariensis, 2n = 36), Hipposideridae (Hipposideros commersoni s.s., 2n = 52), and a single South African representative of the Rhinolophidae (Rhinolophus clivosus, 2n = 58). Painting probes of M. myotis detected 26, 28, 28, and 29 regions of homology in R. madagascariensis, P. rufus, H. commersoni s.s, and R. clivosus, respectively. Translocations, pericentric inversions, and heterochromatin additions were responsible for karyotypic differences amongst the Malagasy pteropodids. Comparative chromosome painting revealed a novel pericentric inversion on P. rufus chromosome 4. Chromosomal characters suggest a close evolutionary relationship between Rousettus and Pteropus. H. commersoni s.s. shared several chromosomal characters with extralimital congeners but did not exhibit 2 chromosomal synapomorphies proposed for Hipposideridae. This study provides further insight into the ancestral karyotypes of pteropodid and hipposiderid bats and corroborates certain molecular phylogenetic hypotheses.
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7
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Cunhaalmeida F, Giannini NP, Simmons NB. The Evolutionary History of the African Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2016.18.1.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Filatova OA, Samarra FI, Deecke VB, Ford J, Miller PJ, Yurk H. Cultural evolution of killer whale calls: background, mechanisms and consequences. BEHAVIOUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cultural evolution is a powerful process shaping behavioural phenotypes of many species including our own. Killer whales are one of the species with relatively well-studied vocal culture. Pods have distinct dialects comprising a mix of unique and shared call types; calves adopt the call repertoire of their matriline through social learning. We review different aspects of killer whale acoustic communication to provide insights into the cultural transmission and gene-culture co-evolution processes that produce the extreme diversity of group and population repertoires. We argue that the cultural evolution of killer whale calls is not a random process driven by steady error accumulation alone: temporal change occurs at different speeds in different components of killer whale repertoires, and constraints in call structure and horizontal transmission often degrade the phylogenetic signal. We discuss the implications from bird song and human linguistic studies, and propose several hypotheses of killer whale dialect evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Filatova
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY168LB, Scotland
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Filipa I.P. Samarra
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY168LB, Scotland
- Marine Research Institute, Skulagata 4, 121 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Volker B. Deecke
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Lake District Campus, University of Cumbria, Rydal Road, Ambleside, Cumbria LA229BB, UK
| | - John K.B. Ford
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC Canada V9T1K6
| | - Patrick J.O. Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY168LB, Scotland
| | - Harald Yurk
- JASCO Research Ltd, 2305-4464 Markham Street, Victoria, BC, Canada V8Z7X8
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9
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Is killer whale dialect evolution random? Behav Processes 2013; 99:34-41. [PMID: 23796775 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The killer whale is among the few species in which cultural change accumulates over many generations, leading to cumulative cultural evolution. Killer whales have group-specific vocal repertoires which are thought to be learned rather than being genetically coded. It is supposed that divergence between vocal repertoires of sister groups increases gradually over time due to random learning mistakes and innovations. In this case, the similarity of calls across groups must be correlated with pod relatedness and, consequently, with each other. In this study we tested this prediction by comparing the patterns of call similarity between matrilines of resident killer whales from Eastern Kamchatka. We calculated the similarity of seven components from three call types across 14 matrilines. In contrast to the theoretical predictions, matrilines formed different clusters on the dendrograms made by different calls and even by different components of the same call. We suggest three possible explanations for this phenomenon. First, the lack of agreement between similarity patterns of different components may be the result of constraints in the call structure. Second, it is possible that call components change in time with different speed and/or in different directions. Third, horizontal cultural transmission of call features may occur between matrilines.
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O'Brien J. Bats of the Western Indian Ocean Islands. Animals (Basel) 2011; 1:259-90. [PMID: 26486500 PMCID: PMC4513465 DOI: 10.3390/ani1030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural colonisation of many remote oceanic islands by bats, including those of the western Indian Ocean, has been facilitated by their unique capability among mammals for powered flight. In the western Indian Ocean region, only the Malagasy islands of Madagascar and the Comoros archipelago have been naturally colonised by non-volant mammals. Despite their greater potential for inter-island dispersal, and thus gene transfer, endemicity of Chiroptera in the western Indian Ocean islands is high. Given their vulnerability to stochastic and anthropogenic disturbances, greater focus needs to be placed on investigating the demographic and ecological history of bats on Western Indian Ocean islands to safeguard not only their future, but also the ecosystem functioning on these islands, for which they are undoubtedly such an integral part. Here, I summarise the taxonomic and life history information available on bats from Western Indian Ocean islands and highlight knowledge gaps and conservation issues that threaten the continued persistence of some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O'Brien
- Department of Zoology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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11
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Goodman SM, Chan LM, Nowak MD, Yoder AD. Phylogeny and biogeography of western Indian Ocean Rousettus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). J Mammal 2010; 91:593-606. [PMID: 32287379 PMCID: PMC7108659 DOI: 10.1644/09-mamm-a-283.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined patterns of genetic variation in Rousettus madagascariensis from Madagascar and R. obliviosus from the Comoros (Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Mohéli). Genetic distances among individuals on the basis of 1,130 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) locus were estimated from specimens collected from 17 sites on Madagascar, 3 sites on Grande Comore, 3 sites on Anjouan, and 2 sites on Mohéli. We observed little variation in Madagascar and nearshore island samples (maximum 1.1%) and interisland Comoros samples (maximum 1.8%). In contrast, pairwise distances between different sampled sites on Madagascar and the Comoros varied from 8.5% to 13.2%. For 131 Malagasy animals, 69 unique haplotypes were recovered with 86 variable sites, and for 44 Comorian individuals, 17 unique haplotypes were found with 30 variable sites. No haplotype was shared between Madagascar and the Comoros, adding to previous morphological evidence that these 2 populations should be considered separate species. Cytb data showed that Rousettus populations of Madagascar (including nearshore islands) and the Comoros are respectively monophyletic and display no geographic structure in haplotype diversity, and that R. madagascariensis and R. obliviosus are strongly supported as sister to each other relative to other Rousettus species. Genotypic data from 6 microsatellite loci confirm lack of geographic structure in either of the 2 species. In pairwise tests of population differentiation, the only significant values were between samples from the Comoro Islands and Madagascar (including nearshore islands). Estimates of current and historical demographic parameters support population expansion in both the Comoros and Madagascar. These data suggest a more recent and rapid demographic expansion in Madagascar in comparison with greater population stability on the Comoros. On the basis of available evidence, open-water crossings approaching 300 km seem rarely traversed by Rousettus, and, if successful, can result in genetic isolation and subsequent differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Goodman
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA, and Vahatra, BP 3972, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Lauren M. Chan
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Michael D. Nowak
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Anne D. Yoder
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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12
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A First Assessment of Home Range and Foraging Behaviour of the African Long-Tongued Bat Megaloglossus woermanni (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in a Heterogeneous Landscape within the Lama Forest Reserve, Benin. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2009. [DOI: 10.3161/150811009x485558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Multiple colonisations of the western Indian Ocean by Pteropus fruit bats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae): The furthest islands were colonised first. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 51:294-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Christiansen P. Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters. Cladistics 2008; 24:977-992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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15
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Hayman DTS, Suu-Ire R, Breed AC, McEachern JA, Wang L, Wood JLN, Cunningham AA. Evidence of henipavirus infection in West African fruit bats. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2739. [PMID: 18648649 PMCID: PMC2453319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Henipaviruses are emerging RNA viruses of fruit bat origin that can cause fatal encephalitis in man. Ghanaian fruit bats (megachiroptera) were tested for antibodies to henipaviruses. Using a Luminex multiplexed microsphere assay, antibodies were detected in sera of Eidolon helvum to both Nipah (39%, 95% confidence interval: 27–51%) and Hendra (22%, 95% CI: 11–33%) viruses. Virus neutralization tests further confirmed seropositivity for 30% (7/23) of Luminex positive serum samples. Our results indicate that henipavirus is present within West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. S. Hayman
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew C. Breed
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. McEachern
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linfa Wang
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A. Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Cantrell MA, Scott L, Brown CJ, Martinez AR, Wichman HA. Loss of LINE-1 activity in the megabats. Genetics 2008; 178:393-404. [PMID: 18202382 PMCID: PMC2206088 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.080275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons are the most abundant type of mammalian retroelement. They have profound effects on genome plasticity and have been proposed to fulfill essential host functions, yet it remains unclear where they lie on the spectrum from parasitism to mutualism. Their ubiquity makes it difficult to determine the extent of their effects on genome evolution and gene expression because of the relative dearth of animal models lacking L1 activity. We have isolated L1 sequences from 11 megabat species by a method that enriches for recently inserted L1s and have done a bioinformatic examination of L1 sequences from a 12th species whose genome was recently shotgun sequenced. An L1 extinction event appears to have occurred at least 24 million years ago (MYA) in an ancestor of the megabats. The ancestor was unusual in having maintained two highly divergent long-term L1 lineages with different levels of activity, which appear, on an evolutionary scale, to have simultaneously lost that activity. These megabat species can serve as new animal models to ask what effect loss of L1 activity has on mammalian genome evolution and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cantrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051, USA
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Helgen KM, Kock D, Gomez RKSC, Ingle NR, Sinaga MH. Taxonomy and Natural History of the Southeast Asian Fruit-Bat GenusDyacopterus. J Mammal 2007. [DOI: 10.1644/06-mamm-a-276r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Leader N, Mokady O, Yom-Tov Y. Indirect flight of an African bat to Israel: an example of the potential for zoonotic pathogens to move between continents. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2006; 6:347-50. [PMID: 17187568 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2006.6.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of harmful pathogens during commercial air flights is an increasing health concern. A potential, yet relatively overlooked source of zoonotic infectious diseases involves collisions of birds and bats with aircraft and long distance transport of their carcasses. We report a case of aerial transportation of the remains of an African fruit bat over three continents, following a collision with an aircraft, and demonstrate the relative ease with which zoonotic pathogens, such as rabies virus or other viruses associated with bats, may cross national boundaries and continents even. Improper handling and disposal of animal remains by airport personnel, may lead to exposure of both humans and local fauna to exotic pathogens. This in turn may trigger an epidemic with potentially devastating results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Leader
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Gaubert P, Wozencraft WC, Cordeiro-Estrela P, Veron G. Mosaics of convergences and noise in morphological phylogenies: what's in a viverrid-like carnivoran? Syst Biol 2006; 54:865-94. [PMID: 16282167 DOI: 10.1080/10635150500232769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive convergence in morphological characters has not been thoroughly investigated, and the processes by which phylogenetic relationships may be misled by morphological convergence remains unclear. We undertook a case study on the morphological evolution of viverrid-like feliformians (Nandinia, Cryptoprocta, Fossa, Eupleres, Prionodon) and built the largest morphological matrix concerning the suborder Feliformia to date. A total of 349 characters grouped into four anatomical partitions were used for all species of Viverridae and viverrid-like taxa plus representatives of the Felidae, Hyaenidae, Herpestidae, and one Malagasy mongoose. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that viverrid-like morphotypes appeared independently at least three times during feliformian evolution. We thus used a synthetic molecular tree to assess morphological evolutionary patterns characterizing the viverrid-like taxa. We examined phylogenetic signal, convergence and noise in morphological characters using (a) tree-length distribution (g1), (b) partitioned Bremer support, (c) RI values and their distribution, (d) respective contributions of diagnostic synapomorphies at the nodes for each partition, (e) patterns of shared convergences among viverrid-like taxa and other feliformian lineages, (f) tree-length differences among alternative hypotheses, and (g) the successive removal of convergent character states from the original matrix. In addition, the lability of complex morphological structures was assessed by mapping them onto the synthetic molecular tree. The unconstrained morphological analysis yielded phylogenetic groupings that closely reflected traditional classification. The use of a synthetic molecular tree (constraint) combined with our thorough morphological investigations revealed the mosaics of convergences likely to have contributed to part of the historical uncertainty over viverrid classification. It also showed that complex morphological structures could be subjected to reversible evolutionary trends. The morphological matrix proved useful in characterizing several feliformian clades with diagnostic synapomorphies. These results support the removal from the traditionally held Viverridae of several viverrid-like taxa into three distinct families: Nandiniidae (Nandinia), Prionodontidae (Prionodon), and the newly defined Eupleridae (including Cryptoprocta, Fossa, Eupleres plus all "mongoose-like" Malagasy taxa). No clearly "phylogenetically misleading" data subsets could be identified, and the great majority of morphological convergences appeared to be nonadaptive. The multiple approaches used in this study revealed that the most disruptive element with regards to morphological phylogenetic reconstruction was noise, which blured the expression of phylogenetic signal. This study demonstrates the crucial need to consider independent (molecular) phylogenies in order to produce reliable evolutionary hypotheses and should promote a new approach to the definition of morphological characters in mammals. [Constrained analysis; convergence; evolutionary scenario; Feliformia; morphology; noise; phylogenetic signal; phylogeny; Viverridae.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gaubert
- Unité Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversité, CNRS UMR 5202, Département Systématique et Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Zoologie: Mammifères et Oiseaux, CP 51, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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20
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Giannini NP, Simmons NB. Conflict and congruence in a combined DNA-morphology analysis of megachiropteran bat relationships (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Cladistics 2005; 21:411-437. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Stoks R, Nystrom JL, May ML, McPeek MA. PARALLEL EVOLUTION IN ECOLOGICAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS TO PRODUCE CRYPTIC DAMSELFLY SPECIES ACROSS THE HOLARCTIC. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Giannini NP, Simmons NB. A phylogeny of megachiropteran bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) based on direct optimization analysis of one nuclear and four mitochondrial genes. Cladistics 2005; 19:496-511. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Stoks R, Nystrom JL, May ML, McPeek MA. PARALLEL EVOLUTION IN ECOLOGICAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS TO PRODUCE CRYPTIC DAMSELFLY SPECIES ACROSS THE HOLARCTIC. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1554/05-192.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Current knowledge of flower visitors and pollination in the Oriental Region is summarised. Much less is known about pollination than seed dispersal and the coverage of habitats and taxa in the region is very uneven. The available evidence suggests that pollination in lowland forests is dominated by highly social bees (mainly Trigona and Apis species), with beetles probably the next most important group, followed by other bees and flies. In comparison with the better-studied Neotropics, large solitary bees, moths, Lepidoptera and vertebrates are relatively less important. These differences are greatest in the canopy of the lowland dipterocarp forests of Southeast Asia, where they probably reflect the unique temporal pattern of floral resource availability resulting from 'general flowering' at supra-annual intervals. Apis bees (but not Trigona species) are also important in most montane, subtropical and non-forest habitats. Apart from the figs (Ficus spp.), there are few well-documented examples of plant species visited by a single potential pollinator and most plant-pollinator relationships in the region appear to be relatively generalised. The small sizes of most pollinators and the absence of direct human exploitation probably make pollination mutualisms less vulnerable to failure as a result of human impacts than dispersal mutualisms, but more subtle impacts, as a result of altered gene flows, are likely to be widespread. On current evidence, pollination systems in the Oriental Region do not require any specific conservation action, but this review reinforces arguments for making the preservation (or restoration) of habitat connectivity the major focus of Oriental conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Corlett
- Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Hoofer SR, Bussche RAVD. Molecular Phylogenetics of the Chiropteran Family Vespertilionidae. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2003. [DOI: 10.3161/001.005.s101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Simmons NB, Geisler JH. Sensitivity analysis of different methods of coding taxonomic polymorphism: an example from higher-level bat phylogeny. Cladistics 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2002.tb00293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Jones KE, Purvis A, MacLarnon A, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Simmons NB. A phylogenetic supertree of the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2002; 77:223-59. [PMID: 12056748 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793101005899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present the first estimate of the phylogenetic relationships among all 916 extant and nine recently extinct species of bats Mammalia: Chiroptera), a group that accounts for almost one-quarter of extant mammalian diversity. This phylogeny was derived by combining 105 estimates of bat phylogenetic relationships published since 1970 using the supertree construction technique of Matrix Representation with Parsimony (MRP). Despite the explosive growth in the number of phylogenetic studies of bats since 1990, phylogenetic relationships in the order have been studied non-randomly. For example, over one-third of all bat systematic studies to date have locused on relationships within Phyllostomidae, whereas relationships within clades such as Kerivoulinae and Murinae have never been studied using cladistic methods. Resolution in the supertree similarly differs among clades: overall resolution is poor (46.4%, of a fully bifurcating solution) but reaches 100% in some groups (e.g. relationships within Mormoopidae). The supertree analysis does not support a recent proposal that Microchiroptera is paraphyletic with respect to Megachiroptera, as the majority of source topologies support microbat monophyly. Although it is not a substitute for comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of primary molecular and morphological data, the bat supertree provides a useful tool for future phylogenetic comparative and macroevolutionary studies. Additionally, it identifies clades that have been little studied, highlights groups within which relationships are controversial, and like all phylogenetic studies, provides preliminary hypotheses that can form starting points for future phylogenetic studies of bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Jones
- Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, UK.
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Juste J, López-González C, Strauss RE. Analysis of asymmetries in the African fruit bats Eidolon helvum and Rousettus egyptiacus (Mammalia: Megachiroptera) from the islands of the Gulf of Guinea. I. Variance and size components of bilateral variation. J Evol Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Juste J, López-González C, Strauss RE. Analysis of asymmetries in the African fruit bats Eidolon helvum and Rousettus egyptiacus (Mammalia: Megachiroptera) from the islands of the Gulf of Guinea. II. Integration and levels of multivariate fluctuating asymmetry across a geographical range. J Evol Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ruedi M, Mayer F. Molecular systematics of bats of the genus Myotis (Vespertilionidae) suggests deterministic ecomorphological convergences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2001; 21:436-48. [PMID: 11741385 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.2001.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on extensive phenetic analyses, bats of the genus Myotis have been classically subdivided into four major subgenera each of which comprise many species with similar morphological and ecological adaptations. Each subgenus thus corresponds to a distinct "ecomorph" encompassing bat species exploiting their environment in a similar fashion. As three of these subgenera are cosmopolitan, regional species assemblages of Myotis usually include sympatric representatives of each ecomorph. If species within these ecomorphs are monophyletic, such assemblages would suggest extensive secondary dispersal across geographic areas. Conversely, these ecomorphological adaptations may have evolved independently through deterministic processes, such as adaptive radiation. In this case, phylogenetic reconstructions are not expected to sort species of the same ecomorph into monophyletic clades. To test these predictions, we reconstructed the phylogenetic history of 13 American, 11 Palaearctic, and 6 other Myotis species, using sequence data obtained from nearly 2 kb of mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and nd1). Separate or combined analyses of these sequences clearly demonstrate the existence of several pairs of morphologically very similar species (i.e., sibling species) which are phylogenetically not closely related. None of the three tested subgenera constitute monophyletic units. For instance, Nearctic and Neotropical species currently classified into the three subgenera were clustered in a single, well-supported monophyletic clade. These species thus evolved independently of their ecological equivalents from the Palaearctic region. Independent adaptive radiations among species of the genus Myotis therefore produced strikingly similar evolutionary solutions in different parts of the world. Furthermore, all phylogenetic reconstructions based on mtDNA strongly supported the existence of an unsuspected monophyletic clade which included all assayed New World species plus M. brandtii (from the Palaearctic Region). This "American" clade thus radiated into a morphologically diverse species assemblage which evolved after the first Myotis species colonized the Americas. Molecular reconstructions support paleontological evidence that species of the genus Myotis had a burst of diversification during the late Miocene-early Pliocene epoch.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruedi
- Natural History Museum, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland
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Bastian, Jr. ST, Tanaka K, Anunciado RVP, Natural NG, Sumalde AC, Namikawa T. Phylogenetic relationships among megachiropteran species from the two major islands of the Philippines, deduced from DNA sequences of the cytochrome b gene. CAN J ZOOL 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/z01-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complete cytochrome b gene sequences (1140 base pairs) in species of Megachiroptera were ascertained in order to deduce their phylogenetic relationships, using samples of Cynopterus brachyotis, Eonycteris spelaea, Ptenochirus jagori, Pteropus vampyrus, and Rousettus amplexicaudatus collected from the islands of Luzon and Mindanao in the Philippines. Genetic divergence between samples of R. amplexicaudatus, E. spelaea, and C. brachyotis was very small. On the other hand, a large genetic distance was detected between species of Megachiroptera. The phylogenetic tree using neighbor-joining, parsimony, and maximum-likelihood methods generated similar topologies, reflecting the evolutionary associations among megachiropteran species. We estimated that Megachiroptera separated from Microchiroptera 50.2 million years ago (MYA), and split further approximately 32.4 MYA, forming three lineages: E. spelaea, R. amplexicaudatus, and P. vampyrus and the P. jagori C. brachyotis cluster. The third lineage, composed of P. vampyrus and the P. jagori C. brachyotis cluster, branched out 31.9 MYA. We hypothesize that R. amplexi caudatus diverged from the three members of the subfamily Pteropodinae examined, and its phylogenetic relationship with E. spelaea remains unclear.
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Javier Juste B, Alvarez Y, Tabarés E, Garrido-Pertierra A, Ibáñez C, Bautista JM. Phylogeography of African fruitbats (Megachiroptera). Mol Phylogenet Evol 1999; 13:596-604. [PMID: 10620416 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1999.0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Joint sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome b and 16S rRNA genes of a wide representation of Megachiroptera were employed to evaluate the traditional taxonomic arrangement of African fruitbats and to examine their origins and evolutionary relationships. The resulting phylogenetic hypotheses are inconsistent with the previously established morphology-based subdivisions of Megachiroptera at the suprageneric level. Findings indicate the existence of an African clade, which appears to be formed by two endemic clades: the epomophorines and the myonycterines. According to our topologies, the genus Rousettus is monospecific in mainland Africa. Its traditional subgenera Stenonycteris and Lissonycteris appear closer to the myonycterines than to Rousettus. Topologies also indicate that the African genus Eidolon is not phylogenetically related to any other African fruitbat. It would seem that the arrival of fruitbats in Africa was a complex process involving at least three independent colonization events. One event took place probably in the Miocene via forested corridors that connected the African and Asian rain forest blocks, as for other groups of mammals. The resulting lineage diversified into most of the extant African fruitbats. Related to this clade, the Rousettus species group is thought to have arrived in Africa in more recent times, possibly by progressive displacement from the East through India. Finally, the present topologies suggest an independent colonization of Africa by ancestors of Eidolon.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Javier Juste
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Cludad Universitaria, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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