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Xiang J, Cheng J, Wei L, Li M, Wu J. Functional analysis of the Nep1-like proteins from Plasmopara viticola. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2000791. [PMID: 35152834 PMCID: PMC9176246 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.2000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1) -like proteins (NLP) are secreted by multiple taxonomically unrelated plant pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and oomycete) and are best known for inducing cell death and immune responses in dicotyledonous plants. A group of putative NLP genes from obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola were predicted by RNA-Seq in our previous study, but their activity has not been established. Therefore, we analyzed the P. viticola NLP (PvNLP) family and identified seven PvNLP genes. They all belong to type 1 NLP genes and form a P. viticola-specific cluster when compared with other pathogen NLP genes. The expression of PvNLPs was induced during early infection process and the expression patterns could be categorized into two groups. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression assays revealed that only PvNLP7 was cytotoxic and could induce Phytophthora capsici resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Functional analysis showed that PvNLP4, PvNLP5, PvNLP7, and PvNLP10 significantly improved disease resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Moreover, the four genes caused an inhibition of plant growth which is typically associated with enhanced immunity when over-expressed in Arabidopsis. Further research found that PvNLP7 could activate the expression of defense-related genes and its conserved NPP1 domain was critical for cell death- and immunity-inducing activity. This record of NLP genes from P. viticola showed a functional diversification, laying a foundation for further study on pathogenic mechanism of the devastating pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xiang
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Cheng
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingzhu Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingshan Li
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Concerted actions of PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:501-511. [PMID: 35762737 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Plants utilise cell-surface immune receptors (functioning as pattern recognition receptors, PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) to detect pathogens. Perception of pathogens by these receptors activates immune signalling and resistance to infections. PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity have primarily been considered parallel processes contributing to disease resistance. Recent studies suggest that these two pathways are interdependent and converge at multiple nodes. This review summarises and provides a perspective on these convergent points.
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3
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Yang G, Yang J, Zhang Q, Wang W, Feng L, Zhao L, An B, Wang Q, He C, Luo H. The Effector Protein CgNLP1 of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Affects Invasion and Disrupts Nuclear Localization of Necrosis-Induced Transcription Factor HbMYB8-Like to Suppress Plant Defense Signaling. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911479. [PMID: 35770165 PMCID: PMC9234567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi secrete numerous effectors to modulate host defense systems. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which fungal effectors regulate plant defense is of great importance for the development of novel strategies for disease control. In this study, we identified necrosis- and ethylene-inducing protein 1 (Nep1)-like protein (NLP) effector gene, CgNLP1, which contributed to conidial germination, appressorium formation, invasive growth, and virulence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides to the rubber tree. Transient expression of CgNLP1 in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana induced ethylene production in plants. Ectopic expression of CgNLP1 in Arabidopsis significantly enhanced the resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola. An R2R3 type transcription factor HbMYB8-like of rubber tree was identified as the target of CgNLP1.HbMYB8-like, localized on the nucleus, and induced cell death in N. benthamiana. CgNLP1 disrupted nuclear accumulation of HbMYB8-like and suppressed HbMYB8-like induced cell death, which is mediated by the salicylic acid (SA) signal pathway. This study suggested a new strategy whereby C. gloeosporioides exploited the CgNLP1 effector to affect invasion and suppress a host defense regulator HbMYB8-like to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Wenfeng Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Liping Feng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Bang An
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Hongli Luo
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4
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Cordelier S, Crouzet J, Gilliard G, Dorey S, Deleu M, Dhondt-Cordelier S. Deciphering the role of plant plasma membrane lipids in response to invasion patterns: how could biology and biophysics help? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2765-2784. [PMID: 35560208 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to constantly face pathogen attacks. To cope with diseases, they have to detect the invading pathogen as early as possible via the sensing of conserved motifs called invasion patterns. The first step of perception occurs at the plasma membrane. While many invasion patterns are perceived by specific proteinaceous immune receptors, several studies have highlighted the influence of the lipid composition and dynamics of the plasma membrane in the sensing of invasion patterns. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on how some microbial invasion patterns could interact with the lipids of the plasma membrane, leading to a plant immune response. Depending on the invasion pattern, different mechanisms are involved. This review outlines the potential of combining biological with biophysical approaches to decipher how plasma membrane lipids are involved in the perception of microbial invasion patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Crouzet
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Guillaume Gilliard
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, TERRA Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, TERRA Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Dhondt-Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
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5
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Freitas CSA, Maciel LF, Corrêa Dos Santos RA, Costa OMMM, Maia FCB, Rabelo RS, Franco HCJ, Alves E, Consonni SR, Freitas RO, Persinoti GF, Oliveira JVDC. Bacterial volatile organic compounds induce adverse ultrastructural changes and DNA damage to the sugarcane pathogenic fungus Thielaviopsis ethacetica. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:1430-1453. [PMID: 34995419 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to an increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices, the adoption of microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as antagonists against phytopathogens has emerged as an eco-friendly alternative to the use of agrochemicals. Here, we identified three Pseudomonas strains that were able to inhibit, in vitro, up to 80% of mycelial growth of the phytopathogenic fungus Thielaviopsis ethacetica, the causal agent of pineapple sett rot disease in sugarcane. Using GC/MS, we found that these bacteria produced 62 different VOCs, and further functional validation revealed compounds with high antagonistic activity to T. ethacetica. Transcriptomic analysis of the fungal response to VOCs indicated that these metabolites downregulated genes related to fungal central metabolism, such as those involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Interestingly, genes related to the DNA damage response were upregulated, and micro-FTIR analysis corroborated our hypothesis that VOCs triggered DNA damage. Electron microscopy analysis showed critical morphological changes in mycelia treated with VOCs. Altogether, these results indicated that VOCs hampered fungal growth and could lead to cell death. This study represents the first demonstration of the molecular mechanisms involved in the antagonism of sugarcane phytopathogens by VOCs and reinforces that VOCs can be a sustainable alternative for use in phytopathogen biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Sant Anna Freitas
- Brazilian Biorenewable National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ferreira Maciel
- Brazilian Biorenewable National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Augusto Corrêa Dos Santos
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ohanna Maria Menezes Medeiro Costa
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Barbosa Maia
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rabelo
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Alves
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Ultrastructural Analysis, Plant Pathology Department, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sílvio Roberto Consonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raul Oliveira Freitas
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Felix Persinoti
- Brazilian Biorenewable National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira
- Brazilian Biorenewable National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Duhan D, Gajbhiye S, Jaswal R, Singh RP, Sharma TR, Rajarammohan S. Functional Characterization of the Nep1-Like Protein Effectors of the Necrotrophic Pathogen - Alternaria brassicae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:738617. [PMID: 34764943 PMCID: PMC8576325 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.738617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria brassicae is an important necrotrophic pathogen that infects the Brassicaceae family. A. brassicae, like other necrotrophs, also secretes various proteinaceous effectors and metabolites that cause cell death to establish itself in the host. However, there has been no systematic study of A. brassicae effectors and their roles in pathogenesis. The availability of the genome sequence of A. brassicae in public domain has enabled the search for effectors and their functional characterization. Nep1-like proteins (NLPs) are a superfamily of proteins that induce necrosis and ethylene biosynthesis. They have been reported from a variety of microbes including bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. In this study, we identified two NLPs from A. brassicae viz. AbrNLP1 and AbrNLP2 and functionally characterized them. Although both AbrNLPs were found to be secretory in nature, they localized differentially inside the plant. AbrNLP2 was found to induce necrosis in both host and non-host species, while AbrNLP1 could not induce necrosis in both species. Additionally, AbrNLP2 was shown to induce pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity in both host and non-host species. Overall, our study indicates that AbrNLPs are functionally and spatially (subcellular location) distinct and may play different but important roles during the pathogenesis of A. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Duhan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Shivani Gajbhiye
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Rajdeep Jaswal
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Ravindra Pal Singh
- Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Division of Crop Science, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, India
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7
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Cloning, characterization, in vitro and in planta expression of a necrosis-inducing Phytophthora protein 1 gene npp1 from Phytophthora cinnamomi. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6453-6462. [PMID: 31571106 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The soil-borne oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is a highly destructive Phytophthora species associated with the decline of forest. This pathogen secretes a novel class of necrosis-inducing proteins known as Nep1-like proteins (NLPs). In this work, we report the sequencing and molecular characterization of one of these proteins, more specifically the necrosis-inducing Phytophthora protein 1 (NPP1). The ORF of the npp1 gene (EMBL database AM403130) has 768 bp encoding a putative peptide of 256 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 25 kD. In order to understand its function, in vitro gene expression was studied during growth in different carbon sources (glucose, cellulose, and sawdust), and at different times of infection, in vivo by RT-qPCR. The highest expression of the npp1 gene occurred in glucose medium followed by sawdust. In vivo infection of Castanea sativa roots with P. cinnamomi revealed a decrease in npp1 expression from 12 to 24 h; at 36 h its expression increased suggesting the existence of a complex mechanism of defense/attack interaction between the pathogen and the host. Expression of recombinant npp1 gene was achieved in Pichia pastoris and assessed by SDS-PAGE analysis of the protein secreted into the culture supernatant, revealing the presence of the NPP1 protein.
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8
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Seidl MF, Van den Ackerveken G. Activity and Phylogenetics of the Broadly Occurring Family of Microbial Nep1-Like Proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:367-386. [PMID: 31283435 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLP) have an extremely broad taxonomic distribution; they occur in bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. NLPs come in two forms, those that are cytotoxic to eudicot plants and those that are noncytotoxic. Cytotoxic NLPs bind to glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramide (GIPC) sphingolipids that are abundant in the outer leaflet of plant plasma membranes. Binding allows the NLP to become cytolytic in eudicots but not monocots. The function of noncytotoxic NLPs remains enigmatic, but the expansion of NLP genes in oomycete genomes suggests they are important. Several plant species have evolved the capacity to recognize NLPs as molecular patterns and trigger plant immunity, e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana detects nlp peptides via the receptor-like protein RLP23. In this review, we provide a historical perspective from discovery to understanding of molecular mechanisms and describe the latest developments in the NLP field to shed light on these fascinating microbial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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9
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Xing Y, Guo S, Chen X, Du D, Liu M, Xiao Y, Zhang T, Zhu M, Zhang Y, Sang X, He G, Wang N. Nitrogen Metabolism is Affected in the Nitrogen-Deficient Rice Mutant esl4 with a Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase Gene Mutation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2512-2525. [PMID: 30165687 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases are involved in various biological processes, including hormone response, growth and development, abiotic stress response, disease resistance, and nitrogen metabolism. We identified a novel mutant of a calcium-dependent protein-kinase-encoding gene, esl4, by performing map cloning. The esl4 mutant was nitrogen deficient, and expression and enzyme activities of genes related to nitrogen metabolism were down-regulated. ESL4 was mainly expressed in the vascular bundles of roots, stems, leaves, and sheaths. The ESL4 protein was localized in the cell membranes. Enzyme activity and physiological index analyzes and analysis of the expression of nitrogen metabolism and senescence-related genes indicated that ESL4 was involved in nitrogen metabolism. ESL4 overexpression in transgenic homozygous T2 plants increased nitrogen-use efficiency, improving yields when little nitrogen was available. The seed-set rates, yields per plant, numbers of grains per plant, grain nitrogen content ratios, and total nitrogen content per plant were significantly or very significantly higher for two ESL4 overexpression lines than for the control plants. These results suggest that ESL4 may function upstream of nitrogen-metabolism genes. The results will allow ESL4 to be used to breed novel cultivars for growing in low-nitrogen conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Xing
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Rice Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinlong Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Du
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanhua Xiao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianquan Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maodi Zhu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianchun Sang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanghua He
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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10
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GhKLCR1, a kinesin light chain-related gene, induces drought-stress sensitivity in Arabidopsis. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 62:63-75. [PMID: 29987502 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Drought stress results in significant losses in agricultural production, and especially that of cotton. The molecular mechanisms that coordinate drought tolerance remain elusive in cotton. Here, we isolated a drought-response gene GhKLCR1, which is a close homolog of AtKLCR1, which encodes a kinesin light chain-related protein enriched with a tetratrico peptide-repeat region. A subcellular localization assay showed that GhKLCR1 is associated with the cell membrane. A tissue-specific expression profile analysis demonstrated that GhKLCR1 is a cotton root-specific gene. Further abiotic and hormonal stress treatments showed that GhKLCR1 was upregulated during abiotic stresses, especially after polyethylene glycol treatments. In addition, the glucuronidase (GUS) staining activity increased as the increment of mannitol concentration in transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring the fusion construct PGhKLCR1::GUS. The root lengths of 35S::GhKLCR1 lines were significantly reduced compared with that of wild type. Additionally, seed germination was strongly inhibited in 35S::GhKLCR1 lines after 300-mmol L-1 mannitol treatments as compared with Columbia-0, indicating the sensitivity of GhKLCR1 to drought. These findings provide a better understanding of the structural, physiological and functional mechanisms of kinesin light chain-related proteins.
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11
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Wu S, Shan L, He P. Microbial signature-triggered plant defense responses and early signaling mechanisms. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 228:118-26. [PMID: 25438792 PMCID: PMC4254448 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It has long been observed that microbial elicitors can trigger various cellular responses in plants. Microbial elicitors have recently been referred to as pathogen or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs) and remarkable progress has been made on research of their corresponding receptors, signaling mechanisms and critical involvement in disease resistance. Plants also generate endogenous signals due to the damage or wounds caused by microbes. These signals were originally called endogenous elicitors and subsequently renamed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that serve as warning signals for infections. The cellular responses induced by PAMPs and DAMPs include medium alkalinization, ion fluxes across the membrane, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ethylene production. They collectively contribute to plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and play an important role in plant basal defense against a broad spectrum of microbial infections. In this review, we provide an update on multiple PTI responses and early signaling mechanisms and discuss its potential applications to improve crop disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Laboratory of Apple Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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12
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Monshausen GB, Haswell ES. A force of nature: molecular mechanisms of mechanoperception in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4663-80. [PMID: 23913953 PMCID: PMC3817949 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense and respond to a wide variety of mechanical stimuli-gravity, touch, osmotic pressure, or the resistance of the cell wall-is a critical feature of every plant cell, whether or not it is specialized for mechanotransduction. Mechanoperceptive events are an essential part of plant life, required for normal growth and development at the cell, tissue, and whole-plant level and for the proper response to an array of biotic and abiotic stresses. One current challenge for plant mechanobiologists is to link these physiological responses to specific mechanoreceptors and signal transduction pathways. Here, we describe recent progress in the identification and characterization of two classes of putative mechanoreceptors, ion channels and receptor-like kinases. We also discuss how the secondary messenger Ca(2+) operates at the centre of many of these mechanical signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth S. Haswell
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Zhou BJ, Jia PS, Gao F, Guo HS. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of a necrosis- and ethylene-inducing, protein-encoding gene family from Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:964-75. [PMID: 22414440 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-11-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is a hemibiotrophic, phytopathogenic fungus that causes wilt disease in a wide range of crops, including cotton. Successful host colonization by hemibiotrophic pathogens requires the induction of plant cell death to provide the saprophytic nutrition for the transition from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic stage. In this study, we identified a necrosis-inducing Phytophthora protein (NPP1) domain-containing protein family containing nine genes in a virulent, defoliating isolate of V. dahliae (V592), named the VdNLP genes. Functional analysis demonstrated that only two of these VdNLP genes, VdNLP1 and VdNLP2, encoded proteins that were capable of inducing necrotic lesions and triggering defense responses in Nicotiana benthamiana, Arabidopsis, and cotton plants. Both VdNLP1 and VdNLP2 induced the wilting of cotton seedling cotyledons. However, gene-deletion mutants targeted by VdNLP1, VdNLP2, or both did not affect the pathogenicity of V. dahliae V592 in cotton infection. Similar expression and induction patterns were found for seven of the nine VdNLP transcripts. Through a comparison of the conserved amino acid residues of VdNLP with different necrosis-inducing activities, combined with mutagenesis-based analyses, we identified several novel conserved amino acid residues, in addition to the known conserved heptapeptide GHRHDWE motif and the cysteine residues of the NPP domain-containing protein, that are indispensable for the necrosis-inducing activity of the VdNLP2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Daudi A, Cheng Z, O’Brien JA, Mammarella N, Khan S, Ausubel FM, Bolwell GP. The apoplastic oxidative burst peroxidase in Arabidopsis is a major component of pattern-triggered immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:275-87. [PMID: 22247251 PMCID: PMC3289579 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.093039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In plants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with the response to pathogen attack are generated by NADPH oxidases or apoplastic peroxidases. Antisense expression of a heterologous French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) peroxidase (FBP1) cDNA in Arabidopsis thaliana was previously shown to diminish the expression of two Arabidopsis peroxidases (peroxidase 33 [PRX33] and PRX34), block the oxidative burst in response to a fungal elicitor, and cause enhanced susceptibility to a broad range of fungal and bacterial pathogens. Here we show that mature leaves of T-DNA insertion lines with diminished expression of PRX33 and PRX34 exhibit reduced ROS and callose deposition in response to microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), including the synthetic peptides Flg22 and Elf26 corresponding to bacterial flagellin and elongation factor Tu, respectively. PRX33 and PRX34 knockdown lines also exhibited diminished activation of Flg22-activated genes after Flg22 treatment. These MAMP-activated genes were also downregulated in unchallenged leaves of the peroxidase knockdown lines, suggesting that a low level of apoplastic ROS production may be required to preprime basal resistance. Finally, the PRX33 knockdown line is more susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae than wild-type plants. In aggregate, these data demonstrate that the peroxidase-dependent oxidative burst plays an important role in Arabidopsis basal resistance mediated by the recognition of MAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Daudi
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Zhenyu Cheng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Jose A. O’Brien
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Mammarella
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Safina Khan
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick M. Ausubel
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - G. Paul Bolwell
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to
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15
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Segonzac C, Feike D, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Hann DR, Zipfel C, Rathjen JP. Hierarchy and roles of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:687-99. [PMID: 21478366 PMCID: PMC3177268 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.171249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Our current understanding of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity signaling pathways in plants is limited due to the redundancy of several components or the lethality of mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). To overcome this, we used a virus-induced gene silencing-based approach in combination with pharmacological studies to decipher links between early PAMP-triggered immunity events and their roles in immunity following PAMP perception in Nicotiana benthamiana. Two different calcium influx inhibitors suppressed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst: activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and PAMP-induced gene expression. The calcium burst was unaffected in plants specifically silenced for components involved in ROS generation or for MAPKs activated by PAMP treatment. Importantly, the ROS burst still occurred in plants silenced for the two major defense-associated MAPK genes NbSIPK (for salicylic acid-induced protein kinase) and NbWIPK (for wound-induced protein kinase) or for both genes simultaneously, demonstrating that these MAPKs are dispensable for ROS production. We further show that NbSIPK silencing is sufficient to prevent PAMP-induced gene expression but that both MAPKs are required for bacterial immunity against two virulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae and their respective nonpathogenic mutants. These results suggest that the PAMP-triggered calcium burst is upstream of separate signaling branches, one leading to MAPK activation and then gene expression and the other to ROS production. In addition, this study highlights the essential roles of NbSIPK and NbWIPK in antibacterial immunity. Unexpectedly, negative regulatory mechanisms controlling the intensity of the PAMP-triggered calcium and ROS bursts were also revealed by this work.
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16
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Lippert DN, Ralph SG, Phillips M, White R, Smith D, Hardie D, Gershenzon J, Ritland K, Borchers CH, Bohlmann J. Quantitative iTRAQ proteome and comparative transcriptome analysis of elicitor-induced Norway spruce (Picea abies) cells reveals elements of calcium signaling in the early conifer defense response. Proteomics 2009; 9:350-67. [PMID: 19105170 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived conifer trees depend on both constitutive and induced defenses for resistance against a myriad of potential pathogens and herbivores. In species of spruce (Picea spp.), several of the late events of pathogen-, insect-, or elicitor-induced defense responses have previously been characterized at the anatomical, biochemical, transcriptome, and proteome levels in stems and needles. However, accurately measuring the early events of induced cellular responses in a conifer is technically challenging due to limitations in the precise timing of induction and tissue sampling from intact trees following insect or fungal treatment. In the present study, we used the advantages of Norway spruce (Picea abies) cell suspensions combined with chitosan elicitation to investigate the early proteome response in a conifer. A combination of iTRAQ labeling and a new design of iterative sample analysis employing data-dependent exclusion lists were used for proteome analysis. This approach improved the coverage of the spruce proteome beyond that achieved in any prior study in a conifer system. Comparison of elicitor-induced proteome and transcriptome responses in Norway spruce cells consistently identified features associated with calcium-mediated signaling and response to oxidative stress that have not previously been observed in the response of intact trees to fungal attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin N Lippert
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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17
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Motteram J, Küfner I, Deller S, Brunner F, Hammond-Kosack KE, Nürnberger T, Rudd JJ. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of MgNLP, the sole NPP1 domain-containing protein, from the fungal wheat leaf pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:790-9. [PMID: 19522561 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-7-0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the fully sequenced genome of the wheat leaf-specific fungal pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola identified only a single gene encoding a member of the necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like protein family (NLP). NLP proteins have frequently been shown to trigger cell death and the activation of defense signaling reactions in dicotyledonous plants. However, complete loss-of-function reverse genetics analyses for their importance in the virulence of eukaryotic plant pathogens are generally lacking. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction on MgNLP demonstrated the gene to be specifically expressed in planta. Peak expression was observed during the immediate presymptomatic phase of colonization of a susceptible host genotype. This was followed by a dramatic decrease during disease lesion formation which, in this system, exhibits characteristics of host programmed cell death (PCD). No comparable peak in transcript levels was seen during an incompatible interaction with a host genotype exhibiting gene-for-gene-based disease resistance. Heterologously expressed MgNLP protein induced necrotic cell death and the activation of defense-related genes when infiltrated into Arabidopsis leaves but not in leaves of a susceptible wheat genotype. MgNLP infiltration also failed to stimulate wheat mitogen-activated protein kinase activities. Finally, targeted deletion of M. graminicola MgNLP caused no detectable reduction in plant pathogenicity or virulence, suggesting that this protein is not a major virulence determinant during fungal infection of its host plant. To our knowledge, this represents the first complete loss-of-function analysis of NLP in a eukaryotic plant pathogen and we discuss our findings in the context of possible functions for NLP in pathogens which only infect monocotyledonous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Motteram
- Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
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18
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Hu X, Neill SJ, Yang Y, Cai W. Fungal elicitor Pep-25 increases cytosolic calcium ions, H2O2 production and activates the octadecanoid pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2009; 229:1201-8. [PMID: 19259697 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing the protein aequorin were used to investigate the transient change in cytosolic calcium ions caused by stimulation through the fungal elicitor Pep-25. Our results show that the elicitor Pep-25 derived from Phytophthora sojae can induce H(2)O(2) production and an increase in cytosolic calcium ions. The transcription of LOX, OPR3, PED, AOS, AOC genes and the protein accumulation of AOS were induced by Pep-25 treatment. Pep-25 also induced an accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA). Blocking the production of H(2)O(2) and the increase of cytosolic calcium ions both suppressed the transcription of LOX, OPR3, PED, AOS, AOC genes, the accumulation of AOS, and the accumulation of JA. These results indicated that the production of H(2)O(2) derived from the plasma-membrane NADPH oxidase and the subsequently increase of cytosolic calcium ions are both required for the activation of the octadecanoid pathway by Pep-25 treatment in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Hu
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Institute of Tibet Plateau Research at Kunming, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650204, China.
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19
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Bolwell GP, Daudi A. Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant–Pathogen Interactions. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN PLANT SIGNALING 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00390-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Halim VA, Altmann S, Ellinger D, Eschen-Lippold L, Miersch O, Scheel D, Rosahl S. PAMP-induced defense responses in potato require both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:230-42. [PMID: 18801014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-induced defense responses in potato (Solanum tuberosum), the role of the signaling compounds salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) was analyzed. Pep-13, a PAMP from Phytophthora, induces the accumulation of SA, JA and hydrogen peroxide, as well as the activation of defense genes and hypersensitive-like cell death. We have previously shown that SA is required for Pep-13-induced defense responses. To assess the importance of JA, RNA interference constructs targeted at the JA biosynthetic genes, allene oxide cyclase and 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductase, were expressed in transgenic potato plants. In addition, expression of the F-box protein COI1 was reduced by RNA interference. Plants expressing the RNA interference constructs failed to accumulate the respective transcripts in response to wounding or Pep-13 treatment, neither did they contain significant amounts of JA after elicitation. In response to infiltration of Pep-13, the transgenic plants exhibited a highly reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species as well as reduced hypersensitive cell death. The ability of the JA-deficient plants to accumulate SA suggests that SA accumulation is independent or upstream of JA accumulation. These data show that PAMP responses in potato require both SA and JA and that, in contrast to Arabidopsis, these compounds act in the same signal transduction pathway. Despite their inability to fully respond to PAMP treatment, the transgenic RNA interference plants are not altered in their basal defense against Phytophthora infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincentius A Halim
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Saale, Germany
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21
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Li A, Wang X, Leseberg CH, Jia J, Mao L. Biotic and abiotic stress responses through calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) signaling in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:654-6. [PMID: 19704816 PMCID: PMC2634547 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.9.5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) sense the calcium concentration changes in plant cells and play important roles in signaling pathways for disease resistance and various stress responses as indicated by emerging evidences. Among the 20 wheat CDPK genes studied, 10 were found to respond to drought, salinity and ABA treatments. Consistent with previous observations, one CDPK gene was shown to respond to multiple abiotic stresses in wheat suggesting that CDPKs could be converging points for multiple signaling pathways. Among the 12 wheat CDPK genes that were responsive to Blumeria graminis tritici (Bgt) infection or the treatment of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), eight also responded to abiotic stresses, suggesting a cross-talk between biotic and abiotic stress signaling pathways. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that some of these genes were closely related to CDPKs from other species, whose functions have been partially studied, suggesting similar functions wheat CDPK genes. Combining the up-to-date knowledge of CDPK functions and our observations, a model was developed to project the possible roles of wheat CDPK genes in the signaling of biotic and abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Li
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) and Institute of Crop Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS); Beijing, P. R. China
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22
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Schouten A, Van Baarlen P, Van Kan JAL. Phytotoxic Nep1-like proteins from the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea associate with membranes and the nucleus of plant cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 177:493-505. [PMID: 18028294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nep1-like proteins (NLPs), produced by an array of unrelated microorganisms, are phytotoxic for dicotyledonous plant cells but their mode of action has not yet been established. Two paralogous NLPs from the necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea were characterized, designated BcNEP1 and BcNEP2. Both proteins were produced in the heterologous host Pichia pastoris and purified to homogeneity. The localization of fluorescently labelled proteins was studied and mechanisms of cell death were investigated in protoplasts and suspension cells. Purified BcNEP1 and BcNEP2 caused necrosis in all dicotyledonous plant species tested, but not in monocotyledons. A synthetic heptapeptide comprising a sequence (GHRHDWE) that is conserved in all NLPs did not cause symptoms and was unable to interfere with necrosis induction by BcNEP1 and BcNEP2 proteins. Fluorescently labelled BcNEP1 and BcNEP2 proteins were associated with plasma membranes and the nuclear envelope, as well as in the nucleolus of responding plant cells. A strong hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation was observed in chloroplasts. The death process was characterized by TUNEL assays as apoptosis, necrosis or intermediate forms of both. BcNEP1- and BcNEP2-induced cell death execution could not be abolished by specific inhibitors. These results provide further information on mechanisms of NLP-inflicted cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schouten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8025, NL-6700 EE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Van Baarlen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8025, NL-6700 EE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A L Van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8025, NL-6700 EE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Abstract
In plant cells, the calcium ion is a ubiquitous intracellular second messenger involved in numerous signalling pathways. Variations in the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) couple a large array of signals and responses. Here we concentrate on calcium signalling in plant defence responses, particularly on the generation of the calcium signal and downstream calcium-dependent events participating in the establishment of defence responses with special reference to calcium-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lecourieux
- UMR CNRS 5546 Université Paul Sabatier, Signaux et Messages Cellulaires chez les Végétaux, Pôle de Biotechnologies Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP 17, Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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24
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Girardin H, Morris CE, Albagnac C, Dreux N, Glaux C, Nguyen-The C. Behaviour of the pathogen surrogates Listeria innocua and Clostridium sporogenes during production of parsley in fields fertilized with contaminated amendments. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2005; 54:287-95. [PMID: 16332327 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsec.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival and transfer of Listeria innocua and Clostridium sporogenes, used as surrogates of the food borne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum, were quantitatively assessed under field conditions. In the soil, spores of C. sporogenes declined by less than 0.7 log cycles within 16 months and were detected on parsley leaves throughout the experiment. In contrast, L. innocua in the soil declined by 7 log cycles in 90 days and was detected on leaves in low numbers (>0.04 MPN g(-1)) during the first 30 days. Rates of decline in soil were similar in the laboratory at 20 degrees C for two strains of L. innocua and L. monocytogenes ; and in the field for L. innocua over two different years. L. innocua survived better in winter, indicating an important influence of temperature. The major cause of transfer of L. innocua from soil to parsley leaves was splashing due to rain and irrigation. As few as 1 CFU g(-1) Listeria in soil led to contamination of parsley leaves. Internalisation of Listeria through parsley roots was not observed. Under the conditions of soil and climate studied, a delay of 90 days between application of potentially contaminated fertilizer and harvest should be sufficient to eliminate L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Girardin
- Safety and Quality of Fresh and Processed Produce Research Unit, INRA, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon cedex 9, France
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25
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Serrano M, Guzmán P. Isolation and gene expression analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with constitutive expression of ATL2, an early elicitor-response RING-H2 zinc-finger gene. Genetics 2005; 167:919-29. [PMID: 15238540 PMCID: PMC1470891 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.104.028043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes with unstable transcripts often encode proteins that play important regulatory roles. ATL2 is a member of a multigene family coding highly related RING-H2 zinc-finger proteins that may function as E3 ubiquitin ligases. ATL2 mRNA accumulation occurs rapidly and transiently after incubation with elicitors of pathogen response. We screened 50,000 M(2) families from a line that carries a fusion of pATL2 to the GUS reporter gene and isolated five mutants, which we named eca (expresión constitutiva de ATL2), that showed constitutive expression of the reporter gene. One mutant exhibits a drastic stunted phenotype while the other four grow similarly to wild type. Two early chitin-induced genes and known pathogenesis-related genes such as NPR1, PAL, and CHS are activated in all the mutants whereas members of the ATL family and PR-1 and PDF2.1, which are markers of the salicylic acid (SA) jasmonate (JA) defense-response pathways, display differential expression between the mutants. These observations indicate that the ECA gene products may function in the early steps of an elicitor-response pathway, although some of them may function at other stages on the SA or JA defense-response pathways. Likewise, the fact that ATL2 and other members of the ATL family are activated in eca mutants links the induction of this putative class of ubiquitin ligases to plant defense signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Serrano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36500, México
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26
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Mattinen L, Tshuikina M, Mäe A, Pirhonen M. Identification and characterization of Nip, necrosis-inducing virulence protein of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2004; 17:1366-75. [PMID: 15597742 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.12.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora is a gram-negative bacterium that causes soft rot disease of many cultivated crops. When a collection of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora isolates was analyzed on a Southern blot using the harpin-encoding gene hrpN as probe, several harpinless isolates were found. Regulation of virulence determinants in one of these, strain SCC3193, has been characterized extensively. It is fully virulent on potato and in Arabidopsis thaliana. An RpoS (SigmaS) mutant of SCC3193, producing elevated levels of secreted proteins, was found to cause lesions resembling the hypersensitive response when infiltrated into tobacco leaf tissue. This phenotype was evident only when bacterial cells had been cultivated on solid minimal medium at low pH and temperature. The protein causing'the cell death was purified and sequenced, and the corresponding gene was cloned. The deduced sequence of the necrosis-inducing protein (Nip) showed homology to necrosis- and ethylene-inducing elicitors of fungi and oomycetes. A mutant strain of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora lacking the nip gene showed reduced virulence in potato tuber assay but was unaffected in virulence in potato stem or on other tested host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mattinen
- Department of Applied Biology, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Fellbrich G, Romanski A, Varet A, Blume B, Brunner F, Engelhardt S, Felix G, Kemmerling B, Krzymowska M, Nürnberger T. NPP1, a Phytophthora-associated trigger of plant defense in parsley and Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 32:375-90. [PMID: 12410815 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Activation of non-cultivar-specific plant defense against attempted microbial infection is mediated through the recognition of pathogen-derived elicitors. Previously, we have identified a peptide fragment (Pep-13) within a 42-kDa cell wall transglutaminase from various Phytophthora species that triggers a multifacetted defense response in parsley cells. Many of these oomycete species have now been shown to possess another cell wall protein (24 kDa), that evoked the same pattern of responses in parsley as Pep-13. Unlike Pep-13, necrosis-inducing Phytophthora protein 1 (NPP1) purified from P. parasitica also induced hypersensitive cell death-like lesions in parsley. NPP1 structural homologs were found in oomycetes, fungi, and bacteria, but not in plants. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed the intact protein as well as two cysteine residues to be essential for elicitor activity. NPP1-mediated activation of pathogen defense in parsley does not employ the Pep-13 receptor. However, early induced cellular responses implicated in elicitor signal transmission (increased levels of cytoplasmic calcium, production of reactive oxygen species, MAP kinase activation) were stimulated by either elicitor, suggesting the existence of converging signaling pathways in parsley. Infiltration of NPP1 into leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants resulted in transcript accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, production of ROS and ethylene, callose apposition, and HR-like cell death. NPP1-mediated induction of the PR1 gene is salicylic acid-dependent, and, unlike the P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000(avrRpm1)-induced PR1 gene expression, requires both functional NDR1 and PAD4. In summary, Arabidopsis plants infiltrated with NPP1 constitute an experimental system that is amenable to forward genetic approaches aiming at the dissection of signaling pathways implicated in the activation of non-cultivar-specific plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Fellbrich
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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28
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Cheng SH, Willmann MR, Chen HC, Sheen J. Calcium signaling through protein kinases. The Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase gene family. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:469-85. [PMID: 12068094 PMCID: PMC1540234 DOI: 10.1104/pp.005645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In plants, numerous Ca(2+)-stimulated protein kinase activities occur through calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs). These novel calcium sensors are likely to be crucial mediators of responses to diverse endogenous and environmental cues. However, the precise biological function(s) of most CDPKs remains elusive. The Arabidopsis genome is predicted to encode 34 different CDPKs. In this Update, we analyze the Arabidopsis CDPK gene family and review the expression, regulation, and possible functions of plant CDPKs. By combining emerging cellular and genomic technologies with genetic and biochemical approaches, the characterization of Arabidopsis CDPKs provides a valuable opportunity to understand the plant calcium-signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Cheng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, MA 02114, USA
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Bolwell GP, Bindschedler LV, Blee KA, Butt VS, Davies DR, Gardner SL, Gerrish C, Minibayeva F. The apoplastic oxidative burst in response to biotic stress in plants: a three-component system. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2002. [PMID: 11997382 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/53.372.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative burst, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to microbial pathogen attack, is a ubiquitous early part of the resistance mechanisms of plant cells. It has also become apparent from the study of a number of plant-pathogen interactions and those modelled by elicitor treatment of cultured cells that there may be more than one mechanism operating. However, one mechanism may be dominant in any given species. NADPH oxidases have been implicated in a number of systems and have been cloned and characterized. However, the enzyme system which is the major source of ROS in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cells treated with a cell wall elicitor from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, appears to be dependent on an exocellular peroxidase. The second component, the extracellular alkalinization, occurs as a result of the Ca(2+) and proton influxes and the K(+) efflux common to most elicitation systems as one of the earliest responses. The third component, the actual reductant/substrate, has remained elusive. The low molecular weight compound composition of apoplastic fluid was compared before and after elicitation. The substrate only becomes available some min after elicitation and can be extracted, so that by comparing the profiles by LC-MS it has been possible to identify possible substrates. The mechanism has proved to be complex and may involve a number of low molecular weight components. Stimulation of H(2)O(2) production was observed with saturated fatty acids such as palmitate and stearate without concomitant oxylipin production. This biochemical evidence is supported by immunolocalization studies on papillae forming at bacterial infection sites that show the peroxidase isoform present at sites of H(2)O(2) production revealed by cerium chloride staining together with the cross-linked wall proteins and callose and callose synthase. The peroxidase has been cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris and has been shown to catalyse the oxidation reaction with the same kinetics as the purified enzyme. Furthermore, Arabidopsis plants transformed heterologously using the French bean peroxidase in antisense orientation have proved to be highly susceptible to bacterial and fungal pathogens. Thus it is possible that Arabidopsis is another species with the potential to mount an apoplastic oxidative burst and these transformed plant lines may be useful to identify the peroxidase that is responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Paul Bolwell
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
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Bindschedler LV, Minibayeva F, Gardner SL, Gerrish C, Davies DR, Bolwell GP. Early signalling events in the apoplastic oxidative burst in suspension cultured French bean cells involve cAMP and Ca 2. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2001; 151:185-194. [PMID: 33873377 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
• Modulators of cAMP, calcium and G proteins were used to treat bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cells before addition of an elicitor from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in order to elucidate the early steps of signal transduction leading to the production of the apoplastic oxidative burst. • Hydrogen peroxide production by elicited bean cells was monitored with luminol-or xylenol-orange-based assays. • Pretreatment with forskolin, dibutyryl cAMP or the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The Ca2+ channel blocker, verapamil, and the calmodulin antagonist W7 led to a decreased oxidative burst and cancelled the dibutyryl cAMP effect. The production of ROS was increased by cholera toxin (CTX), an activator of G proteins. • Thus, an increase of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+ ]cyt ) mediated through an increased level of cAMP is required for ROS production. The data support a role for G proteins and cAMP in extracellular alkalinization and Ca2+ influx, possibly in the provision of a reductant, which with the extracellular peroxidase, are required for the apoplastic oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence V Bindschedler
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK; Present address
| | - Farida Minibayeva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, PO Box 30, Kazan 420503, Russia
| | - Sarah L Gardner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Chris Gerrish
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK; Present address
| | - Dewi R Davies
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK; Present address
| | - G Paul Bolwell
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK; Present address
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Rudd JJ, Franklin-Tong VE. Unravelling response-specificity in Ca 2+ signalling pathways in plant cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2001; 151:7-33. [PMID: 33873376 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made, both in the technologies available to study changes in intracellular cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]i ), and in our understanding of Ca2+ signalling cascades in plant cells, but how specificity can be generated from such a ubiquitous component as Ca2+ is questionable. Recently the concept of 'Ca2+ signatures' has been formulated; tight control of the temporal and spatial characteristics of alterations in [Ca2+ ]i signals is thought to be responsible, at least in part, for the specificity of the response. However, the way in which Ca2+ signatures are decoded, which depends on the nature and location of the targets of the Ca2+ signals, has received little attention. In a few key systems, progress is being made on how diverse Ca2+ signatures might be transduced within cells in response to specific signals. Valuable pieces of the signal-specificity puzzle are being put together and this is illustrated here using some key examples; these emphasize the global importance of Ca2+ -mediated signal-transduction cascades in the responses of plants to a wide diversity of extracellular signals. However, the way in which signal specificity is encoded and transduced is still far from clear. Contents Summary 7 I. Introduction: Ca2+ as a signal transducer 8 II. Alterations in intracellular [Ca2+ ] 8 1. Measuring alterations in [Ca2+ ] 8 Imaging [Ca2+ ]i using Ca2+ -sensitive dyes 8 Measuring [Ca2+ ]i using aequorin 9 Imaging [Ca2+ ]i using cameleon 10 2. The concept of the 'Ca2+ signature 10 3. How might specific Ca2+ signatures be generated? 11 Control of intracellular Ca2+ release 11 Control of influx of extracellular Ca2+ 12 4. Examples of Ca2+ signatures and cellular responses to increases in [Ca2+ ] 13 Ca2+ signatures in stomatal guard cells in response to abscisic acid signals 14 Ca2+ signals in response to abiotic stimuli1 8 Ca2+ signatures involved in plant-pathogen responses 19 Ca2+ signatures in control of plant reproduction 20 Ca2+ signatures in root hairs in response to nodulation signals 23 III. Decoding the [Ca2+ ]i signatures 24 1. Coupling Ca2+ signals to responses through CaM 26 2. Coupling Ca2+ signals to responses through CDPK 27 3. Novel Ca2+ binding proteins as primary Ca2+ sensors 28 Conclusions and Perspective 28 References 29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Rudd
- Institut fur Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Vernonica E Franklin-Tong
- Wolfson Laboratory for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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