1
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Kamble A, Michavila S, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Redkar A. Shared infection strategy of a fungal pathogen across diverse lineages of land plants, the Fusarium example. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2024; 77:102498. [PMID: 38142620 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants engage with a wide variety of microorganisms either in parasitic or mutualistic relationships, which have helped them to adapt to terrestrial ecosystems. Microbial interactions have driven plant evolution and led to the emergence of complex interaction outcomes via suppression of host defenses by evolving pathogens. The evolution of plant-microbe interactions is shaped by conserved host and pathogen gene modules and fast-paced lineage-specific adaptability which determines the interaction outcome. Recent findings from different microbes ranging from bacteria, oomycetes, and fungi suggest recurrent concepts in establishing interactions with evolutionarily distant plant hosts, but also clade-specific adaptation that ultimately contributes to pathogenicity. Here, we revisit some of the latest features that illustrate shared colonization strategies of the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum on distant plant lineages and lineage-specific adaptability of mini-chromosomal units encoding effectors, for shaping host-specific pathogenicity in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kamble
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Santiago Michavila
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología CSIC, Campus Universidad Autonoma, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología CSIC, Campus Universidad Autonoma, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Amey Redkar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (NCBS-TIFR), GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India.
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2
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Gimenez-Ibanez S, Espinosa-Cores L, Solano R. Reversible acetylation fine-tunes plant hormone signaling and immunity. Mol Plant 2022; 15:1415-1417. [PMID: 35927952 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Loreto Espinosa-Cores
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Solano
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Redkar A, Sabale M, Schudoma C, Zechmann B, Gupta YK, López-Berges MS, Venturini G, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Turrà D, Solano R, Di Pietro A. Conserved secreted effectors contribute to endophytic growth and multihost plant compatibility in a vascular wilt fungus. Plant Cell 2022; 34:3214-3232. [PMID: 35689625 PMCID: PMC9421472 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungal interactions with plant roots, either beneficial or detrimental, have a crucial impact on agriculture and ecosystems. The cosmopolitan plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) provokes vascular wilts in more than a hundred different crops. Isolates of this fungus exhibit host-specific pathogenicity, which is conferred by lineage-specific Secreted In Xylem (SIX) effectors encoded on accessory genomic regions. However, such isolates also can colonize the roots of other plants asymptomatically as endophytes or even protect them against pathogenic strains. The molecular determinants of endophytic multihost compatibility are largely unknown. Here, we characterized a set of Fo candidate effectors from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) root apoplastic fluid; these early root colonization (ERC) effectors are secreted during early biotrophic growth on main and alternative plant hosts. In contrast to SIX effectors, ERCs have homologs across the entire Fo species complex as well as in other plant-interacting fungi, suggesting a conserved role in fungus-plant associations. Targeted deletion of ERC genes in a pathogenic Fo isolate resulted in reduced virulence and rapid activation of plant immune responses, while ERC deletion in a nonpathogenic isolate led to impaired root colonization and biocontrol ability. Strikingly, some ERCs contribute to Fo infection on the nonvascular land plant Marchantia polymorpha, revealing an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for multihost colonization by root infecting fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mugdha Sabale
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Bernd Zechmann
- Baylor University, Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
| | - Yogesh K Gupta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | | | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologıa-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Turrà
- Department of Agriculture and Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-enviromental Technology, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Roberto Solano
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologıa-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Pardal AJ, Piquerez SJM, Dominguez-Ferreras A, Frungillo L, Mastorakis E, Reilly E, Latrasse D, Concia L, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Spoel SH, Benhamed M, Ntoukakis V. Immunity onset alters plant chromatin and utilizes EDA16 to regulate oxidative homeostasis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009572. [PMID: 34015058 PMCID: PMC8171942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Perception of microbes by plants leads to dynamic reprogramming of the transcriptome, which is essential for plant health. The appropriate amplitude of this transcriptional response can be regulated at multiple levels, including chromatin. However, the mechanisms underlying the interplay between chromatin remodeling and transcription dynamics upon activation of plant immunity remain poorly understood. Here, we present evidence that activation of plant immunity by bacteria leads to nucleosome repositioning, which correlates with altered transcription. Nucleosome remodeling follows distinct patterns of nucleosome repositioning at different loci. Using a reverse genetic screen, we identify multiple chromatin remodeling ATPases with previously undescribed roles in immunity, including EMBRYO SAC DEVELOPMENT ARREST 16, EDA16. Functional characterization of the immune-inducible chromatin remodeling ATPase EDA16 revealed a mechanism to negatively regulate immunity activation and limit changes in redox homeostasis. Our transcriptomic data combined with MNase-seq data for EDA16 functional knock-out and over-expressor mutants show that EDA16 selectively regulates a defined subset of genes involved in redox signaling through nucleosome repositioning. Thus, collectively, chromatin remodeling ATPases fine-tune immune responses and provide a previously uncharacterized mechanism of immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso J. Pardal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie J. M. Piquerez
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Orsay, France
| | | | - Lucas Frungillo
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Reilly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - David Latrasse
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Orsay, France
| | - Lorenzo Concia
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Orsay, France
| | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Steven H. Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Orsay, France
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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5
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Gimenez-Ibanez S, Zamarreño AM, García-Mina JM, Solano R. An Evolutionarily Ancient Immune System Governs the Interactions between Pseudomonas syringae and an Early-Diverging Land Plant Lineage. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2270-2281.e4. [PMID: 31303486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) is an emerging field bridging the gap between molecular phytopathology and evolutionary studies. EvoMPMI research is currently challenging due to the scarcity of pathogenic model systems in early-diverging land plants. Liverworts are among the earliest diverging land-plant lineages, and Marchantia polymorpha has emerged as a liverwort model for evolutionary studies. However, bacterial pathogens of Marchantia have not yet been discovered, and the molecular mechanisms controlling plant-pathogen interactions in this early-diverging land plant remain unknown. Here, we describe a robust experimental plant-bacterial pathosystem for EvoMPMI studies and discover that an ancient immune system governs plant-microbe interactions between M. polymorpha and the hemi-biotrophic pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae. We show that P. syringae pv tomato (Pto) DC3000, causal agent of tomato bacterial speck disease, colonizes M. polymorpha and activates typical hallmarks of plant innate immunity. Virulence of Pto DC3000 on M. polymorpha relies on effector activities inside liverwort cells, including conserved AvrPto and AvrPtoB functions. Host specificity analyses uncovered pathogenic differences among P. syringae strains, suggesting that M. polymorpha-P. syringae interactions are controlled by the genetic backgrounds of both host and pathogen. Finally, we show that ancient phytohormone defensive networks govern M. polymorpha-P. syringae interactions. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the basic structure of the plant immune system of extant angiosperms is evolutionarily ancient and conserved in early-diverging land plants. This basic immune system may have been instrumental for land colonization by the common ancestor of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Angel M Zamarreño
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, Navarra 31008, Spain
| | - Jose M García-Mina
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, Navarra 31008, Spain
| | - Roberto Solano
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain.
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6
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Gimenez-Ibanez S, Hann DR, Chang JH, Segonzac C, Boller T, Rathjen JP. Differential Suppression of Nicotiana benthamiana Innate Immune Responses by Transiently Expressed Pseudomonas syringae Type III Effectors. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:688. [PMID: 29875790 PMCID: PMC5974120 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae injects about 30 different virulence proteins, so-called effectors, via a type III secretion system into plant cells to promote disease. Although some of these effectors are known to suppress either pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) or effector-triggered immunity (ETI), the mode of action of most of them remains unknown. Here, we used transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, to test the abilities of type III effectors of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Pta) 11528 to interfere with plant immunity. We monitored the sequential and rapid bursts of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS), the subsequent induction of defense gene expression, and promotion of cell death. We found that several effector proteins caused cell death, but independently of the known plant immune regulator NbSGT1, a gene essential for ETI. Furthermore, many effectors delayed or blocked the cell death-promoting activity of other effectors, thereby potentially contributing to pathogenesis. Secondly, a large number of effectors were able to suppress PAMP-induced defense responses. In the majority of cases, this resulted in suppression of all studied PAMP responses, suggesting that these effectors target common elements of PTI. However, effectors also targeted different steps within defense pathways and could be divided into three major groups based on their suppressive activities. Finally, the abilities of effectors of both Pto DC3000 and Pta 11528 to suppress plant immunity was conserved in most but not all cases. Overall, our data present a comprehensive picture of the mode of action of these effectors and indicate that most of them suppress plant defenses in various ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dagmar R Hann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeff H Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Thomas Boller
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John P Rathjen
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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7
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Gimenez-Ibanez S, Boter M, Ortigosa A, García-Casado G, Chini A, Lewsey MG, Ecker JR, Ntoukakis V, Solano R. JAZ2 controls stomata dynamics during bacterial invasion. New Phytol 2017; 213:1378-1392. [PMID: 28005270 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Coronatine (COR) facilitates entry of bacteria into the plant apoplast by stimulating stomata opening. COR-induced signaling events at stomata remain unclear. We found that the COR and jasmonate isoleucine (JA-Ile) co-receptor JAZ2 is constitutively expressed in guard cells and modulates stomatal dynamics during bacterial invasion We analyzed tissue expression patterns of AtJAZ genes and measured stomata opening and pathogen resistance in loss- and gain-of-function mutants. Arabidopsis jaz2 mutants are partially impaired in pathogen-induced stomatal closing and more susceptible to Pseudomonas. Gain-of-function mutations in JAZ2 prevent stomatal reopening by COR and are highly resistant to bacterial penetration. The JAZ2 targets MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4 directly regulate the expression of ANAC19, ANAC55 and ANAC72 to modulate stomata aperture. Due to the antagonistic interactions between the salicylic acid (SA) and JA defense pathways, efforts to increase resistance to biotrophs result in enhanced susceptibility to necrotrophs, and vice versa. Remarkably, dominant jaz2Δjas mutants are resistant to Pseudomonas syringae but retain unaltered resistance against necrotrophs. Our results demonstrate the existence of a COI1-JAZ2-MYC2,3,4-ANAC19,55,72 module responsible for the regulation of stomatal aperture that is hijacked by bacterial COR to promote infection. They also provide novel strategies for crop protection against biotrophs without compromising resistance to necrotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Marta Boter
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Andrés Ortigosa
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Gloria García-Casado
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Andrea Chini
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Mathew G Lewsey
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Joseph R Ecker
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Roberto Solano
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
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8
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Üstün S, Sheikh A, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Jones A, Ntoukakis V, Börnke F. The Proteasome Acts as a Hub for Plant Immunity and Is Targeted by Pseudomonas Type III Effectors. Plant Physiol 2016; 172:1941-1958. [PMID: 27613851 PMCID: PMC5100764 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in several aspects of plant immunity and that a range of plant pathogens subvert the ubiquitin-proteasome system to enhance their virulence. Here, we show that proteasome activity is strongly induced during basal defense in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Mutant lines of the proteasome subunits RPT2a and RPN12a support increased bacterial growth of virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst) and Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola ES4326. Both proteasome subunits are required for pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity responses. Analysis of bacterial growth after a secondary infection of systemic leaves revealed that the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is impaired in proteasome mutants, suggesting that the proteasome also plays an important role in defense priming and SAR In addition, we show that Pst inhibits proteasome activity in a type III secretion-dependent manner. A screen for type III effector proteins from Pst for their ability to interfere with proteasome activity revealed HopM1, HopAO1, HopA1, and HopG1 as putative proteasome inhibitors. Biochemical characterization of HopM1 by mass spectrometry indicates that HopM1 interacts with several E3 ubiquitin ligases and proteasome subunits. This supports the hypothesis that HopM1 associates with the proteasome, leading to its inhibition. Thus, the proteasome is an essential component of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and SAR, which is targeted by multiple bacterial effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suayib Üstün
- Plant Metabolism Group, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany (S.Ü., F.B.);
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (A.S., S.G.-I., A.J., V.N.);
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain (S.G.-I.); and
- Institut of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (F.B.)
| | - Arsheed Sheikh
- Plant Metabolism Group, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany (S.Ü., F.B.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (A.S., S.G.-I., A.J., V.N.)
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain (S.G.-I.); and
- Institut of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (F.B.)
| | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Plant Metabolism Group, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany (S.Ü., F.B.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (A.S., S.G.-I., A.J., V.N.)
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain (S.G.-I.); and
- Institut of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (F.B.)
| | - Alexandra Jones
- Plant Metabolism Group, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany (S.Ü., F.B.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (A.S., S.G.-I., A.J., V.N.)
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain (S.G.-I.); and
- Institut of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (F.B.)
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- Plant Metabolism Group, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany (S.Ü., F.B.);
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (A.S., S.G.-I., A.J., V.N.);
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain (S.G.-I.); and
- Institut of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (F.B.)
| | - Frederik Börnke
- Plant Metabolism Group, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany (S.Ü., F.B.);
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (A.S., S.G.-I., A.J., V.N.);
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain (S.G.-I.); and
- Institut of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (F.B.)
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9
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Chini A, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Goossens A, Solano R. Redundancy and specificity in jasmonate signalling. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2016; 33:147-156. [PMID: 27490895 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are essential phytohormones regulating plant development and environmental adaptation. Many components of the JA-signalling pathway have been identified. However, our insight into the mechanisms by which a single bioactive JA hormone can regulate a myriad of physiological processes and provide specificity in the response remains limited. Recent findings on molecular components suggest that, despite apparent redundancy, specificity is achieved by (1) distinct protein-protein interactions forming unique JAZ/transcription factor complexes, (2) discrete spatiotemporal expression of specific components, (3) variable hormone thresholds for the formation of multiple JA receptor complexes and (4) integration of several signals by JA-pathway components. The molecular modularity that is thereby created enables a single bioactive hormone to specifically modulate multiple JA-outputs in response to different environmental and developmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chini
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Roberto Solano
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardis Ntoukakis
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Fonseca S, Fernández-Calvo P, Fernández GM, Díez-Díaz M, Gimenez-Ibanez S, López-Vidriero I, Godoy M, Fernández-Barbero G, Van Leene J, De Jaeger G, Franco-Zorrilla JM, Solano R. bHLH003, bHLH013 and bHLH017 are new targets of JAZ repressors negatively regulating JA responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86182. [PMID: 24465948 PMCID: PMC3900477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell reprogramming in response to jasmonates requires a tight control of transcription that is achieved by the activity of JA-related transcription factors (TFs). Among them, MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4 have been described as activators of JA responses. Here we characterized the function of bHLH003, bHLH013 and bHLH017 that conform a phylogenetic clade closely related to MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4. We found that these bHLHs form homo- and heterodimers and also interact with JAZ repressors in vitro and in vivo. Phenotypic analysis of JA-regulated processes, including root and rosette growth, anthocyanin accumulation, chlorophyll loss and resistance to Pseudomonas syringae, on mutants and overexpression lines, suggested that these bHLHs are repressors of JA responses. bHLH003, bHLH013 and bHLH017 are mainly nuclear proteins and bind DNA with similar specificity to that of MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4, but lack a conserved activation domain, suggesting that repression is achieved by competition for the same cis-regulatory elements. Moreover, expression of bHLH017 is induced by JA and depends on MYC2, suggesting a negative feed-back regulation of the activity of positive JA-related TFs. Our results suggest that the competition between positive and negative TFs determines the output of JA-dependent transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fonseca
- Departamento de Genetica Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Departamento de Genetica Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo M. Fernández
- Departamento de Genetica Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Díez-Díaz
- Departamento de Genetica Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Departamento de Genetica Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene López-Vidriero
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Godoy
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Fernández-Barbero
- Departamento de Genetica Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jelle Van Leene
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - José Manuel Franco-Zorrilla
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Solano
- Departamento de Genetica Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Gimenez-Ibanez S, Solano R. Nuclear jasmonate and salicylate signaling and crosstalk in defense against pathogens. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:72. [PMID: 23577014 PMCID: PMC3617366 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An extraordinary progress has been made over the last two decades on understanding the components and mechanisms governing plant innate immunity. After detection of a pathogen, effective plant resistance depends on the activation of a complex signaling network integrated by small signaling molecules and hormonal pathways, and the balance of these hormone systems determines resistance to particular pathogens. The discovery of new components of hormonal signaling pathways, including plant nuclear hormone receptors, is providing a picture of complex crosstalk and induced hormonal changes that modulate disease and resistance through several protein families that perceive hormones within the nucleus and lead to massive gene induction responses often achieved by de-repression. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of positive and negative regulators of these hormones signaling pathways that are crucial regulatory targets of hormonal crosstalk in disease and defense. We focus on the most recent discoveries on the jasmonate and salicylate pathway components that explain their crosstalk with other hormonal pathways in the nucleus. We discuss how these components fine-tune defense responses to build a robust plant immune system against a great number of different microbes and, finally, we summarize recent discoveries on specific nuclear hormonal manipulation by microbes which exemplify the ingenious ways by which pathogens can take control over the plant's hormone signaling network to promote disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Solano
- *Correspondence: Roberto Solano, Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin, 3. Campus Cantoblanco. Ctra. Colmenar Km 15.5, 28049 Madrid, Spain. e-mail: .
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Segonzac C, Feike D, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Hann DR, Zipfel C, Rathjen JP. Hierarchy and roles of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant Physiol 2011; 156:687-99. [PMID: 21478366 PMCID: PMC3177268 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.171249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Our current understanding of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity signaling pathways in plants is limited due to the redundancy of several components or the lethality of mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). To overcome this, we used a virus-induced gene silencing-based approach in combination with pharmacological studies to decipher links between early PAMP-triggered immunity events and their roles in immunity following PAMP perception in Nicotiana benthamiana. Two different calcium influx inhibitors suppressed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst: activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and PAMP-induced gene expression. The calcium burst was unaffected in plants specifically silenced for components involved in ROS generation or for MAPKs activated by PAMP treatment. Importantly, the ROS burst still occurred in plants silenced for the two major defense-associated MAPK genes NbSIPK (for salicylic acid-induced protein kinase) and NbWIPK (for wound-induced protein kinase) or for both genes simultaneously, demonstrating that these MAPKs are dispensable for ROS production. We further show that NbSIPK silencing is sufficient to prevent PAMP-induced gene expression but that both MAPKs are required for bacterial immunity against two virulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae and their respective nonpathogenic mutants. These results suggest that the PAMP-triggered calcium burst is upstream of separate signaling branches, one leading to MAPK activation and then gene expression and the other to ROS production. In addition, this study highlights the essential roles of NbSIPK and NbWIPK in antibacterial immunity. Unexpectedly, negative regulatory mechanisms controlling the intensity of the PAMP-triggered calcium and ROS bursts were also revealed by this work.
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Fernández-Calvo P, Chini A, Fernández-Barbero G, Chico JM, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Geerinck J, Eeckhout D, Schweizer F, Godoy M, Franco-Zorrilla JM, Pauwels L, Witters E, Puga MI, Paz-Ares J, Goossens A, Reymond P, De Jaeger G, Solano R. The Arabidopsis bHLH transcription factors MYC3 and MYC4 are targets of JAZ repressors and act additively with MYC2 in the activation of jasmonate responses. Plant Cell 2011; 23:701-15. [PMID: 21335373 PMCID: PMC3077776 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.080788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 716] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) trigger an important transcriptional reprogramming of plant cells to modulate both basal development and stress responses. In spite of the importance of transcriptional regulation, only one transcription factor (TF), the Arabidopsis thaliana basic helix-loop-helix MYC2, has been described so far as a direct target of JAZ repressors. By means of yeast two-hybrid screening and tandem affinity purification strategies, we identified two previously unknown targets of JAZ repressors, the TFs MYC3 and MYC4, phylogenetically closely related to MYC2. We show that MYC3 and MYC4 interact in vitro and in vivo with JAZ repressors and also form homo- and heterodimers with MYC2 and among themselves. They both are nuclear proteins that bind DNA with sequence specificity similar to that of MYC2. Loss-of-function mutations in any of these two TFs impair full responsiveness to JA and enhance the JA insensitivity of myc2 mutants. Moreover, the triple mutant myc2 myc3 myc4 is as impaired as coi1-1 in the activation of several, but not all, JA-mediated responses such as the defense against bacterial pathogens and insect herbivory. Our results show that MYC3 and MYC4 are activators of JA-regulated programs that act additively with MYC2 to regulate specifically different subsets of the JA-dependent transcriptional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Chini
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Fernández-Barbero
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Manuel Chico
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Geerinck
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Eeckhout
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabian Schweizer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marta Godoy
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Franco-Zorrilla
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erwin Witters
- Department of Biology, EBT-CEPROMA, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, VITO-MANT, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - María Isabel Puga
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Paz-Ares
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roberto Solano
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Address correspondence to
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Chaparro-Garcia A, Wilkinson RC, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Findlay K, Coffey MD, Zipfel C, Rathjen JP, Kamoun S, Schornack S. The receptor-like kinase SERK3/BAK1 is required for basal resistance against the late blight pathogen phytophthora infestans in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16608. [PMID: 21304602 PMCID: PMC3029390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filamentous oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans causes late blight, an economically important disease, on members of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the crop plants potato and tomato. The related plant Nicotiana benthamiana is a model system to study plant-pathogen interactions, and the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to Phytophthora species varies from susceptible to resistant. Little is known about the extent to which plant basal immunity, mediated by membrane receptors that recognise conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), contributes to P. infestans resistance. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found that different species of Phytophthora have varying degrees of virulence on N. benthamiana ranging from avirulence (incompatible interaction) to moderate virulence through to full aggressiveness. The leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) BAK1/SERK3 is a major modulator of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) in Arabidopsis thaliana and N. benthamiana. We cloned two NbSerk3 homologs, NbSerk3A and NbSerk3B, from N. benthamiana based on sequence similarity to the A. thaliana gene. N. benthamiana plants silenced for NbSerk3 showed markedly enhanced susceptibility to P. infestans infection but were not altered in resistance to Phytophthora mirabilis, a sister species of P. infestans that specializes on a different host plant. Furthermore, silencing of NbSerk3 reduced the cell death response triggered by the INF1, a secreted P. infestans protein with features of PAMPs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrated that N. benthamiana NbSERK3 significantly contributes to resistance to P. infestans and regulates the immune responses triggered by the P. infestans PAMP protein INF1. In the future, the identification of novel surface receptors that associate with NbSERK3A and/or NbSERK3B should lead to the identification of new receptors that mediate recognition of oomycete PAMPs, such as INF1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael D. Coffey
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Rathjen
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Hann DR, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Rathjen JP. Bacterial virulence effectors and their activities. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2010; 13:388-393. [PMID: 20466583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The major virulence strategy for plant pathogenic bacteria is deployment of effector molecules within the host cytoplasm. Each bacterial strain possesses a set of 20-30 effectors which have overlapping activities, are functionally interchangeable, and diverge in composition between strains. Effectors target host molecules to suppress immunity. Two main strategies are apparent. Effectors that target host proteins seem to attack conserved structural domains but otherwise lack specificity. On the other hand, those that influence host gene transcription directly do so with extreme specificity. In both cases, examples are known where the host has exploited effector-target affinities to establish immune recognition of effectors. The molecular activity of each effector links virulence and immune outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar R Hann
- Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Section of Plant Physiology, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Gimenez-Ibanez S, Rathjen JP. The case for the defense: plants versus Pseudomonas syringae. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:428-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gutierrez JR, Balmuth AL, Ntoukakis V, Mucyn TS, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Jones AME, Rathjen JP. Prf immune complexes of tomato are oligomeric and contain multiple Pto-like kinases that diversify effector recognition. Plant J 2010; 61:507-18. [PMID: 19919571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic recognition of pathogen virulence effectors by plant NB-LRR proteins leads to strong induction of defence responses termed effector triggered immunity (ETI). In tomato, a protein complex containing the NB-LRR protein Prf and the protein kinase Pto confers recognition of the Pseudomonas syringae effectors AvrPto and AvrPtoB. Although structurally unrelated, AvrPto and AvrPtoB interact with similar residues in the Pto catalytic cleft to activate ETI via an unknown mechanism. Here we show that the Prf complex is oligomeric, containing at least two molecules of Prf. Within the complex, Prf can associate with Pto or one of several Pto family members including Fen, Pth2, Pth3, or Pth5. The dimerization surface for Prf is the novel N-terminal domain, which also coordinates an intramolecular interaction with the remainder of the molecule, and binds Pto kinase or a family member. Thus, association of two Prf N-terminal domains brings the associated kinases into close promixity. Tomato lines containing Prf complexed with Pth proteins but not Pto possessed greater immunity against P. syringae than tomatoes lacking Prf. This demonstrates that incorporation of non-Pto kinases into the Prf complex extends the number of effector proteins that can be recognized.
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Gimenez-Ibanez S, Ntoukakis V, Rathjen JP. The LysM receptor kinase CERK1 mediates bacterial perception in Arabidopsis. Plant Signal Behav 2009; 4:539-41. [PMID: 19816132 PMCID: PMC2688306 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.6.8697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to perceive pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) and initiate defence responses. PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) plays an important role in general resistance, and constrains the growth of most microbes on plants. Despite the importance of PRRs in plant immunity, the vast majority of them remain to be identified. We recently showed that the Arabidopsis LysM receptor kinase CERK1 is required not only for chitin signalling and fungal resistance, but plays an essential role in restricting bacterial growth on plants. We proposed that CERK1 may mediate the perception of a bacterial PAMP, or an endogenous plant cell wall component released during infection, through its extracellular carbohydrate-binding LysM-motifs. Here we report reduced activation of a PAMP-induced defence response on plants lacking the CERK1 gene after treatment with crude bacterial extracts. This demonstrates that CERK1 mediates perception of an unknown bacterial PAMP in Arabidopsis.
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Ntoukakis V, Mucyn TS, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Chapman HC, Gutierrez JR, Balmuth AL, Jones AME, Rathjen JP. Host inhibition of a bacterial virulence effector triggers immunity to infection. Science 2009; 324:784-7. [PMID: 19423826 DOI: 10.1126/science.1169430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria secrete effector proteins that attack the host signaling machinery to suppress immunity. Effectors can be recognized by hosts leading to immunity. One such effector is AvrPtoB of Pseudomonas syringae, which degrades host protein kinases, such as tomato Fen, through an E3 ligase domain. Pto kinase, which is highly related to Fen, recognizes AvrPtoB in conjunction with the resistance protein Prf. Here we show that Pto is resistant to AvrPtoB-mediated degradation because it inactivates the E3 ligase domain. AvrPtoB ubiquitinated Fen within the catalytic cleft, leading to its breakdown and loss of the associated Prf protein. Pto avoids this by phosphorylating and inactivating the AvrPtoB E3 domain. Thus, inactivation of a pathogen virulence molecule is one mechanism by which plants resist disease.
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Gimenez-Ibanez S, Hann DR, Ntoukakis V, Petutschnig E, Lipka V, Rathjen JP. AvrPtoB Targets the LysM Receptor Kinase CERK1 to Promote Bacterial Virulence on Plants. Curr Biol 2009; 19:423-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Heese A, Hann DR, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Jones AME, He K, Li J, Schroeder JI, Peck SC, Rathjen JP. The receptor-like kinase SERK3/BAK1 is a central regulator of innate immunity in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12217-22. [PMID: 17626179 PMCID: PMC1924592 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705306104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 795] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI), plant cell surface receptors sense potential microbial pathogens by recognizing elicitors called PAMPs. Although diverse PAMPs trigger PTI through distinct receptors, the resulting intracellular responses overlap extensively. Despite this, a common component(s) linking signal perception with transduction remains unknown. In this study, we identify SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK)3/brassinosteroid-associated kinase (BAK)1, a receptor-like kinase previously implicated in hormone signaling, as a component of plant PTI. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AtSERK3/BAK1 rapidly enters an elicitor-dependent complex with FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2), the receptor for the bacterial PAMP flagellin and its peptide derivative flg22. In the absence of AtSERK3/BAK1, early flg22-dependent responses are greatly reduced in both A. thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, N. benthamiana Serk3/Bak1 is required for full responses to unrelated PAMPs and, importantly, for restriction of bacterial and oomycete infections. Thus, SERK3/BAK1 appears to integrate diverse perception events into downstream PAMP responses, leading to immunity against a range of invading microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Heese
- *Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 540G Bond Life Sciences Center,1201 Rollins Road, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Dagmar R. Hann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M. E. Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kai He
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019; and
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019; and
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0346
| | - Scott C. Peck
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Rathjen
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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