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Ang B, Yang T, Jiang H, Cheng Y, Chen Y, Qie X, Yin L, Wang T, Chen Q, Wang Z, Zeng M, Adhikari B, He Z, Chen J. Enzymatic Synthesis and Evaluation of Eight Methylated Quercetin Products: In Vitro Chemical Properties and Adipogenesis Regulation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2025. [PMID: 40393977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2025]
Abstract
The methoxylated modification of flavonoids has been reported to enhance stability and permeability; however, its effect on the improvement of activity is not clear. In this study, Citrus depressa flavonoid O-methyltransferase 5 and Sorghum vulgare 7-O-methyltransferase were recombinantly expressed and successfully converted quercetin (QUE) into eight methoxylated products, which were isolated and identified with a purity exceeding 95%. All products except rhamnetin (RHA) showed improved stability, while only 5,7,3',4'-EMQ, 7,3',4'-TMQ, and 3,7,3',4'-EMQ had higher uptake ratios. Compared to QUE, 5,7,3',4'-EMQ and RHA significantly reduced the intracellular triglyceride level, while 3,5,7,3',4'-PMQ, 3,3',4'-TMQ and 3,7,3',4'-EMQ increased it. 5,7,3',4'-EMQ and RHA also significantly downregulated both the mRNA and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, while 3,5,7,3',4'-PMQ and 3,7,3',4'-EMQ upregulated PPARγ at the transcriptional level to about ten times higher than that of QUE. The structure-activity relationship analysis highlighted the importance of C3-OH retention and dual methoxylation of the A-ring. In summary, this study efficiently produced eight structurally well-defined QUE methoxylation products via biotransformation, established an in vitro initial structure-activity relationship for regulating adipogenesis, and provided a potential structure for PPARγ regulation, a central target of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beijun Ang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hongtao Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xuejiao Qie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health across Life Cycle/School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Liduan Yin
- Yantai New Era Health Industry Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong 264000, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Yantai New Era Health Industry Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong 264000, China
| | - Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Maomao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Zhiyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Wang Q, Zhao Z, Li X, Gao X. The Involvement of Glycerophospholipids in Susceptibility of Maize to Gibberella Root Rot Revealed by Comparative Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Imaging Joint Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 14:1376. [PMID: 40364405 PMCID: PMC12073750 DOI: 10.3390/plants14091376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2025] [Revised: 04/28/2025] [Accepted: 04/29/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
Abstract
Gibberella root rot (GRR), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the major threats to maize production. However, the mechanism underlying maize's response to GRR is not fully understood. Multi-omics study incorporating metabolomics reveals insights into maize-pathogen interactions. Using metabolomics and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), maize inbred lines with GRR resistance (W438) and susceptibility (335M) were deployed to characterize specific metabolites associated with GRR. Analysis of significantly altered metabolites suggested that glycerophospholipid metabolism was highly associated with GRR resistance or susceptibility. Furthermore, the distinct accumulation of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lysoPE) and lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) from glycerophospholipid metabolism, along with the significant up-regulation of phospholipase (PLA) gene in the susceptible line, suggested that high levels of lysoPC and lysoPE contributed to GRR susceptibility. Meanwhile, genes encoding lysophospholipase (LPLA), the detoxification enzymes of lysoPC, were significantly activated in both genotypes. However, the significantly higher expression of LPLAs in the resistant line corresponded to a significant increase in the content of non-toxic sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, whereas this increase was not observed in the susceptible line. MSI analysis revealed the involvement of other potential phospholipids in GRR susceptibility. Taken together, maintaining an appropriate concentration of lysophospholipids is crucial for their role in the signaling pathway that triggers GRR resistance without causing damage to maize roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.W.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.)
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zi’an Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.W.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.)
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.W.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.)
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiquan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.W.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.)
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Cairone F, Angiolella L, Bertini F, Iazzetti A, Fabrizi G, Petralito S, Cesa S, Simonetti G. Ripening-Related Changes in Color and Bioactive Compounds of Diospyros kaki: Preliminary Insights on Its Antifungal Activity. Foods 2025; 14:1332. [PMID: 40282733 PMCID: PMC12026941 DOI: 10.3390/foods14081332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2025] [Revised: 04/08/2025] [Accepted: 04/09/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Diospyros kaki L. is acknowledged for its extraordinary phytotherapeutic properties due to the presence of polyphenols, carotenoids, and flavonoids such as β-cryptoxanthin and rutin. These compounds are largely distributed in the skin and flesh of the fruit. In this study, the different parts of persimmons were analyzed (whole fruit, peels, and flesh), aiming at determining total carotenoid and flavonoid content through selective extraction and HPLC-DAD analysis. Obtained by a one-pot double phase extraction, organic and aqueous extracts were submitted to colorimetric analyses and tested for their antifungal activity. Results indicated that carotenoid and flavonoid content varied with sample maturity, and colorimetry proved to be an effective predictor of pigments' composition. The strongest antifungal and antibiofilm activity has been demonstrated for the hydroalcoholic extracts of the unripe whole fruit and flesh. Preliminary results suggest their potential application in preventing Candida infections by inhibiting their establishment. Although further studies are needed, these results open the way to the possible use of the extracts as additives in foods or in the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations for the prevention of infections caused by Candida albicans, helping to reduce the use of synthetic biocidal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cairone
- Department Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, University “La Sapienza” of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (F.B.); (G.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Letizia Angiolella
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University “La Sapienza” of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Bertini
- Department Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, University “La Sapienza” of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (F.B.); (G.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Antonia Iazzetti
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giancarlo Fabrizi
- Department Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, University “La Sapienza” of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (F.B.); (G.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Stefania Petralito
- Department Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, University “La Sapienza” of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (F.B.); (G.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Stefania Cesa
- Department Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, University “La Sapienza” of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (F.B.); (G.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Giovanna Simonetti
- Department of Environmental Biology, University “La Sapienza” of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Liu H, Gorman Z, Sorg A, Maurer H, Shinde S, Kaler E, Basset GJ, Louis J, Block AK. The herbivore-inducible coumarate-CoA ligase 5 (Zm4CL5) in maize contributes to the production of non-lignin phenylpropanoids. PLANTA 2025; 261:101. [PMID: 40175858 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-025-04680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2025] [Accepted: 03/27/2025] [Indexed: 04/04/2025]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Maize coumarate-CoA ligase gene expression is differentially regulated by different biotic stresses, and Zm4CL5 is induced by fall armyworm herbivory and impacts plant growth. The phenylpropanoid pathway is important for the synthesis of numerous compounds involved in plant growth and stress resilience, including lignin and flavonoids. The last common step in the core phenylpropanoid pathway is the enzyme 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL). Maize (Zea mays) has five 4CL genes, four of which (Zm4CL1-4) are type I (lignin-associated 4CLs), while one (Zm4CL5) is a type II (non-lignin-associated 4CL). In maize, it is not known which, if any, 4CL genes are involved in plant defense. Here we show that infection with the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus alters the expression of the type I genes, while herbivory by Spodoptera frugiperda induces the type II gene Zm4CL5. A knock-down mutant of Zm4CL5 displayed altered accumulation of flavonoids and other non-lignin phenylpropanoids, as well as increased plant height, revealing a role for Zm4CL5 both in plant growth and in non-lignin phenylpropanoid production. These data indicate that 4CL genes in maize play differential roles in growth and in the defense against different biotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Chemistry Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Ariel Sorg
- Chemistry Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hailey Maurer
- Chemistry Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sanket Shinde
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Esha Kaler
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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5
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Luo Y, Chen J, Li J, Zhou L, Wei X, Xue J. The distribution of catechins and their derivatives among 114 Camellia plants and their correlation in different species and tea-processing suitability. Food Chem X 2025; 27:102461. [PMID: 40276233 PMCID: PMC12020909 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2025] [Revised: 04/10/2025] [Accepted: 04/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
China is rich in tea germplasm resources. Catechins and their derivatives were analyzed regarding their associations among species and tea-processing suitability using 114 representative Camellia plants. GCG, ECG, EGC, ECG3″Me, and EGCG were revealed as potentially useful markers for identifying different tea species, while three O-methylated catechins may be appropriate markers for determining the tea-processing suitability of oolong tea. A correlation analysis indicated that the EGCG3″Me content was significantly higher in varieties suitable for oolong tea than in varieties suitable for black and green teas. Catechin (C, GC, CG, and GCG) contents were significantly higher in Camellia ptilophylla Chang than in Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, and Camellia sinensis var. pubilimba Chang. Furthermore, 14 specific tea tree resources with a high catechin index and high EGCG, GCG, and EGCG3″Me contents were screened. This research enhances our understanding of associations among catechins and tea germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science & Nanling Research Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Linghong Zhou
- Chenzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jinghua Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
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6
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Lipps S, Bohn M, Rutkoski J, Butts-Wilmsmeyer C, Mideros S, Jamann T. Comparative Review of Fusarium graminearum Infection in Maize and Wheat: Similarities in Resistance Mechanisms and Future Directions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2025; 38:142-159. [PMID: 39700336 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-24-0083-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most important plant-pathogenic fungi that causes disease on wheat and maize, as it decreases yield in both crops and produces mycotoxins that pose a risk to human and animal health. Resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat is well studied and documented. However, resistance to Gibberella ear rot (GER) in maize is less understood, despite several similarities to FHB. In this review, we synthesize existing literature on the colonization strategies, toxin accumulation, genetic architecture, and potential mechanisms of resistance to GER in maize and compare it with what is known regarding FHB in wheat. There are several similarities in the infection and colonization strategies of F. graminearum in maize and wheat. We describe multiple types of GER resistance in maize and identify distinct genetic regions for each resistance type. We discuss the potential of phenylpropanoids for biochemical resistance to F. graminearum. Phenylpropanoids are well characterized, and there are many similarities in their functional roles for resistance between wheat and maize. These insights can be utilized to improve maize germplasm for GER resistance and are also useful for FHB resistance breeding and management. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lipps
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, U.S.A
| | - Martin Bohn
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, U.S.A
| | - Jessica Rutkoski
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, U.S.A
| | - Carolyn Butts-Wilmsmeyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, U.S.A
- Center for Predictive Analytics, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, U.S.A
| | - Santiago Mideros
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, U.S.A
| | - Tiffany Jamann
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, U.S.A
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7
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Jahan T, Huda MN, Zhang K, He Y, Lai D, Dhami N, Quinet M, Ali MA, Kreft I, Woo SH, Georgiev MI, Fernie AR, Zhou M. Plant secondary metabolites against biotic stresses for sustainable crop protection. Biotechnol Adv 2025; 79:108520. [PMID: 39855404 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 12/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025]
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture practices are indispensable for achieving a hunger-free world, especially as the global population continues to expand. Biotic stresses, such as pathogens, insects, and pests, severely threaten global food security and crop productivity. Traditional chemical pesticides, while effective, can lead to environmental degradation and increase pest resistance over time. Plant-derived natural products such as secondary metabolites like alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and phytoalexins offer promising alternatives due to their ability to enhance plant immunity and inhibit pest activity. Recent advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have improved our understanding of how these natural compounds function at the cellular level, activating specific plant defense through complex biochemical pathways regulated by various transcription factors (TFs) such as MYB, WRKY, bHLH, bZIP, NAC, and AP2/ERF. Advancements in multi-omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have significantly improved the understanding of the regulatory networks that govern PSM synthesis. These integrative approaches have led to the discovery of novel insights into plant responses to biotic stresses, identifying key regulatory genes and pathways involved in plant defense. Advanced technologies like CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing allow precise manipulation of PSM pathways, further enhancing plant resistance. Understanding the complex interaction between PSMs, TFs, and biotic stress responses not only advances our knowledge of plant biology but also provides feasible strategies for developing crops with improved resistance to pests and diseases, contributing to sustainable agriculture and food security. This review emphasizes the crucial role of PSMs, their biosynthetic pathways, the regulatory influence of TFs, and their potential applications in enhancing plant defense and sustainability. It also highlights the astounding potential of multi-omics approaches to discover gene functions and the metabolic engineering of genes associated with secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Taken together, this review provides new insights into research opportunities for enhancing biotic stress tolerance in crops through utilizing plant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzim Jahan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory for Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Md Nurul Huda
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory for Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory for Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuqi He
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory for Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dili Lai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory for Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Namraj Dhami
- School of Health and Allied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pokhara University, Dhungepatan, Pokhara-30, Kaski, Nepal
| | - Muriel Quinet
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 45, boîte L7.07.13, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Md Arfan Ali
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Ivan Kreft
- Nutrition Institute, Koprska Ulica 98, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sun-Hee Woo
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Blvd, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 139 Ruski Blvd, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Key Laboratory for Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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8
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Sonkar P, Purwar S, Bhargva P, Singh RP, Alkahtani J, Al-Hashimi A, Dwiningsih Y, Khan S. In silico profiling, docking analysis, and protein interactions of secondary metabolites in Musa spp. Against the SGE1 protein of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 113:108230. [PMID: 39418820 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Banana Fusarium Wilt (BFW), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), threatens banana crops globally, with the pathogen's virulence partially regulated by the Sge1 transcription factor, which enhances disease severity. Certain Musa species display resistance to Foc, suggesting inherent genetic traits that confer immunity against Sge1Foc. This study utilized bioinformatics tools to investigate the mechanisms underlying this resistance in Musa accuminata subsp. aalaccensis. Through in silico analyses, we explored interactions between Musa spp. and Foc, focusing on the Sge1 protein. Tools such as Anti-SMASH, AutoDockVina 4.0, STRING, and Phoenix facilitated the profiling of secondary metabolites in Musa spp. and the identification of biosynthetic gene clusters involved in defense. Our results indicate that secondary metabolites, including saccharides, terpenes, and polyketides, are crucial to the plant's immune response. Molecular docking studies of selected Musa metabolites, such as 3-Phenylphenol, Catechin, and Epicatechin, revealed 3-Phenylphenol as having the highest binding affinity to the Sge1Foc protein (-6.7 kcal/mol).Further analysis of gene clusters associated with secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Musa spp. identified key domains like Chalcone synthase, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, Aminotran 1-2, and CoA-ligase, which are integral to phenylpropanoid production-a critical pathway for secondary metabolites. The study highlights that the phenylpropanoid pathway and secondary metabolite biosynthesis are vital for Musa spp. resistance to Foc. Flavonoids and lignin may inhibit Sge1 protein formation, potentially disrupting Foc's cellular processes. These findings emphasize the role of phenylpropanoid pathways and secondary metabolites in combating BFW and suggest that targeting these pathways could offer innovative strategies for enhancing resistance and controlling BFW in banana crops. This research lays the groundwork for developing sustainable methods to protect banana cultivation and ensure food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Sonkar
- Department of Basic and Social Science, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh 210001, India
| | - Shalini Purwar
- Department of Basic and Social Science, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh 210001, India.
| | - Prachi Bhargva
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Shri Ramswroop Memorial University, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh 225003, India
| | - Ravindra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry (School of Sciences), Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211021, India
| | - Jawaher Alkahtani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Hashimi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yheni Dwiningsih
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences; University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Salim Khan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Gao J, Zhang N, Liu G, Tian J, Chen M, Wang Y, Xing Y, Zhang Y, Zhao C, Mu X, Yu Y, Niu H, Li J, Tang J, Gou M. Regulation of maize growth and immunity by ZmSKI3-mediated RNA decay and post-transcriptional gene silencing. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:2561-2577. [PMID: 39360899 PMCID: PMC11583846 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/24/2024]
Abstract
Disease resistance is often associated with compromised plant growth and yield due to defense-growth tradeoffs. However, key components and mechanisms underlying the defense-growth tradeoffs are rarely explored in maize. In this study, we find that ZmSKI3, a putative subunit of the SUPERKILLER (SKI) complex that mediates the 3'-5' degradation of RNA, regulates both plant development and disease resistance in maize. The Zmski3 mutants showed retarded plant growth and constitutively activated defense responses, while the ZmSKI3 overexpression lines are more susceptible to Curvularia lunata and Bipolaris maydis. Consistently, the expression of defense-related genes was generally up-regulated, while expressions of growth-related genes were mostly down-regulated in leaves of the Zmski3-1 mutant compared to that of wild type. In addition, 223 differentially expressed genes that are up-regulated in Zmski3-1 mutant but down-regulated in the ZmSKI3 overexpression line are identified as potential target genes of ZmSKI3. Moreover, small interfering RNAs targeting the transcripts of the defense- and growth-related genes are differentially accumulated, likely to combat the increase of defense-related transcripts but decrease of growth-related transcripts in Zmski3-1 mutant. Taken together, our study indicates that plant growth and immunity could be regulated by both ZmSKI3-mediated RNA decay and post-transcriptional gene silencing in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Guohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Jinjun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Mengyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Ye Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Xiaohuan Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
- The Shennong LaboratoryZhengzhou450002China
| | - Yanwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
- The Shennong LaboratoryZhengzhou450002China
| | - Hongbin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Jiankun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
- The Shennong LaboratoryZhengzhou450002China
| | - Jihua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
- The Shennong LaboratoryZhengzhou450002China
| | - Mingyue Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
- The Shennong LaboratoryZhengzhou450002China
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10
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de Freitas MD, Dantas Lima Junior R, Freitas da Silva FE, Inokuti EM, Hansen Oster A, Zampieri D, Souza Lima C, Pacheco Fill T, Gomes de Lemos TL. Unraveling the antifungal composition of bitter orange decoction against the melon pathogen Fusarium jinanense. Food Chem 2024; 455:139769. [PMID: 38843716 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) is an important source of essential oils with high antimicrobial activities, however the composition and antifungal potential of the decoction peels is little explored. This study assessed the peel decoction's chemical profile at the secondary metabolism level and its antifungal activity against the melon phytopathogen Fusarium jinanense. The decoction's antifungal potential was investigated using a bioassay-guided fractionation approach based on Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) and LC-HRMS/MS analysis. Coumarins and flavones were the most abundant classes of compounds in the high-value fractions responsible for up to 61% of the mycelial inhibition of F. jinanense. Overall, this study has presented for the first time the chemical composition, the antifungal potential of the decoction of C. aurantium peels and the compounds associated with these results. This strategy can guide the exploration of under-explored food sources and add value to compounds or fractions enriched with bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daiane de Freitas
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60021-940, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eliane Mayumi Inokuti
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60440-554, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Andréia Hansen Oster
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, 95701-008, Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Davila Zampieri
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60021-940, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Souza Lima
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60440-554, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Taicia Pacheco Fill
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Telma Leda Gomes de Lemos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60021-940, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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11
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Li J, Chen Y, Zhao G, Chen Y, Zhang N, Yu D, Li X. Herbal materials used as soil amendments alleviate root rot of Panax ginseng. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23825. [PMID: 39394247 PMCID: PMC11470044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-74304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Root rot is a serious soil-borne fungal disease that seriously affects the yield and quality of Panxa ginseng. To develop a sustainable strategy for alleviating ginseng root rot, an herb-based soil amendment is suggested in this study. Mixed powers of medicinal herbs (MP) and corn stalks (CS) were used as soil amendments, respectively, along with a control group (CK) without treatment. The application of MP and CS led to significant relief from ginseng root rot. The disease index (%) represents both the incidence rate and symptom severity of the disease. The disease index of the MP and CS group was 18.52% and 25.93%, respectively, lower than that of CK (40.74%). Correspondingly, three soil enzyme activities improved; the antifungal components in the soil increased; and the relative abundances of root rot pathogens decreased in response to MP Soil enzyme activities were negatively correlated with disease grades. MP group also led to possible interactive changes in the communities of soil fungi and chemical components. In conclusion, our results suggest that the use of herb-based soil amendments has significant potential as an ecological and effective approach to controlling root rot disease of ginseng by the changing rhizosphere fungal community and soil compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Dongzhimen Nanxiao Rd, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Dongzhimen Nanxiao Rd, Beijing, 100700, China
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1076, Yuhua Rd, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Dongzhimen Nanxiao Rd, Beijing, 100700, China
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1076, Yuhua Rd, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yanguo Chen
- China Medico corporation, No. 18, Gaofu Rd, Tianjin, 300301, China
| | - Naiwu Zhang
- China Medico corporation, No. 18, Gaofu Rd, Tianjin, 300301, China
| | - Dade Yu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Dongzhimen Nanxiao Rd, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Xiwen Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Dongzhimen Nanxiao Rd, Beijing, 100700, China.
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12
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Yasmin F, Cowie AE, Zerbe P. Understanding the chemical language mediating maize immunity and environmental adaptation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:2093-2101. [PMID: 39049575 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Diverse networks of specialized metabolites promote plant fitness by mediating beneficial and antagonistic environmental interactions. In maize (Zea mays), constitutive and dynamically formed cocktails of terpenoids, benzoxazinoids, oxylipins, and phenylpropanoids contribute to plant defense and ecological adaptation. Recent research has highlighted the multifunctional nature of many specialized metabolites, serving not only as elaborate chemical defenses that safeguard against biotic and abiotic stress but also as regulators in adaptive developmental processes and microbiome interactions. Great strides have also been made in identifying the modular pathway networks that drive maize chemical diversity. Translating this knowledge into strategies for enhancing stress resilience traits has the potential to address climate-driven yield losses in one of the world's major food, feed, and bioenergy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Yasmin
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anna E Cowie
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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13
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Wei J, Hu X, Yin H, Liu W, Li D, Tian W, Hao Y, He Z, Fernie AR, Chen W. Beyond pathways: Accelerated flavonoids candidate identification and novel exploration of enzymatic properties using combined mapping populations of wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2033-2050. [PMID: 38408119 PMCID: PMC11182594 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Although forward-genetics-metabolomics methods such as mGWAS and mQTL have proven effective in providing myriad loci affecting metabolite contents, they are somehow constrained by their respective constitutional flaws such as the hidden population structure for GWAS and insufficient recombinant rate for QTL. Here, the combination of mGWAS and mQTL was performed, conveying an improved statistical power to investigate the flavonoid pathways in common wheat. A total of 941 and 289 loci were, respectively, generated from mGWAS and mQTL, within which 13 of them were co-mapped using both approaches. Subsequently, the mGWAS or mQTL outputs alone and their combination were, respectively, utilized to delineate the metabolic routes. Using this approach, we identified two MYB transcription factor encoding genes and five structural genes, and the flavonoid pathway in wheat was accordingly updated. Moreover, we have discovered some rare-activity-exhibiting flavonoid glycosyl- and methyl-transferases, which may possess unique biological significance, and harnessing these novel catalytic capabilities provides potentially new breeding directions. Collectively, we propose our survey illustrates that the forward-genetics-metabolomics approaches including multiple populations with high density markers could be more frequently applied for delineating metabolic pathways in common wheat, which will ultimately contribute to metabolomics-assisted wheat crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Yazhouwan National LaboratorySanyaChina
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Huanran Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Wei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Dongqin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wenfei Tian
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuanfeng Hao
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhonghu He
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
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14
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Saberi Riseh R, Gholizadeh Vazvani M, Vatankhah M, Kennedy JF. Chitin-induced disease resistance in plants: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131105. [PMID: 38531527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Chitin is composed of N-acetylglucosamine units. Chitin a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, can elicit a potent defense response in plants. Through the activation of defense genes, stimulation of defensive compound production, and reinforcement of physical barriers, chitin enhances the plant's ability to defend against pathogens. Chitin-based treatments have shown efficacy against various plant diseases caused by fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode pathogens, and have been integrated into sustainable agricultural practices. Furthermore, chitin treatments have demonstrated additional benefits, such as promoting plant growth and improving tolerance to abiotic stresses. Further research is necessary to optimize treatment parameters, explore chitin derivatives, and conduct long-term field studies. Continued efforts in these areas will contribute to the development of innovative and sustainable strategies for disease management in agriculture, ultimately leading to improved crop productivity and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Vatankhah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom.
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15
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Mikšovsky P, Kornpointner C, Parandeh Z, Goessinger M, Bica-Schröder K, Halbwirth H. Enzyme-Assisted Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Flavonoids from Apple Pomace (Malus×domestica). CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301094. [PMID: 38084785 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Herein an enzyme-assisted supercritical fluid extraction (EA-SFE) was developed using the enzyme mix snailase to obtain flavonols and dihydrochalcones, subgroups of flavonoids, from globally abundant waste product apple pomace. Snailase, a commercially available mix of 20-30 enzymes, was successfully used to remove the sugar moieties from quercetin glycosides, kaempferol glycosides, phloridzin and 3-hydroxyphloridzin. The resulting flavonoid aglycones quercetin, kaempferol, phloretin and 3-hydroxyphloretin were extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and minimum amounts of polar cosolvents. A sequential process of enzymatic hydrolysis and supercritical fluid extraction was developed, and the influence of the amount of snailase, pre-treatment of apple pomace, the time for enzymatic hydrolysis, the amount and type of cosolvent and the time for extraction, was studied. This revealed that even small amounts of snailase (0.25 %) provide a successful cleavage of sugar moieties up to 96 % after 2 h of enzymatic hydrolysis followed by supercritical fluid extraction with small amounts of methanol as cosolvent, leading up to 90 % of the total extraction yields after 1 h extraction time. Ultimately, a simultaneous process of EA-SFE successfully demonstrates the potential of snailase in scalable scCO2 extraction processes for dry and wet apple pomace with satisfactory enzyme activity, even under pressurized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mikšovsky
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry (E163), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kornpointner
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (E166), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zahra Parandeh
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry (E163), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Goessinger
- Department of Fruit Processing, Federal College and Institute for Viticulture and Pomology, Wiener Strasse 74, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Katharina Bica-Schröder
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry (E163), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (E166), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Lam LPY, Lui ACW, Bartley LE, Mikami B, Umezawa T, Lo C. Multifunctional 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde O-methyltransferases (CAldOMTs) in plant metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1671-1695. [PMID: 38198655 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Lignin, flavonoids, melatonin, and stilbenes are plant specialized metabolites with diverse physiological and biological functions, supporting plant growth and conferring stress resistance. Their biosynthesis requires O-methylations catalyzed by 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde O-methyltransferase (CAldOMT; also called caffeic acid O-methyltransferase, COMT). CAldOMT was first known for its roles in syringyl (S) lignin biosynthesis in angiosperm cell walls and later found to be multifunctional. This enzyme also catalyzes O-methylations in flavonoid, melatonin, and stilbene biosynthetic pathways. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the convergent evolution of enzymes with OMT activities towards the monolignol biosynthetic pathway intermediates in some gymnosperm species that lack S-lignin and Selaginella moellendorffii, a lycophyte which produces S-lignin. Furthermore, neofunctionalization of CAldOMTs occurred repeatedly during evolution, generating unique O-methyltransferases (OMTs) with novel catalytic activities and/or accepting novel substrates, including lignans, 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene, and phenylpropenes. This review summarizes multiple aspects of CAldOMTs and their related proteins in plant metabolism and discusses their evolution, molecular mechanism, and roles in biorefineries, agriculture, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Pui Ying Lam
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Tegata Gakuen-machi 1-1, Akita City, Akita 010-0852, Japan
| | - Andy C W Lui
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Laura E Bartley
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Bunzo Mikami
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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17
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Zhao W, Huang L, Xu S, Wu J, Wang F, Li P, Li L, Tian M, Feng X, Chen Y. Identification of One O-Methyltransferase Gene Involved in Methylated Flavonoid Biosynthesis Related to the UV-B Irradiation Response in Euphorbia lathyris. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:782. [PMID: 38255854 PMCID: PMC10815478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are ubiquitous polyphenolic compounds that play a vital role in plants' defense response and medicinal efficacy. UV-B radiation is a vital environmental regulator governing flavonoid biosynthesis in plants. Many plants rapidly biosynthesize flavonoids as a response to UV-B stress conditions. Here, we investigated the effects of flavonoid biosynthesis via UV-B irradiation in Euphorbia lathyris. We found that exposure of the E. lathyris callus to UV-B radiation sharply increased the level of one O-methyltransferase (ElOMT1) transcript and led to the biosynthesis of several methylated flavonoids. The methyltransferase ElOMT1 was expressed heterologously in E. coli, and we tested the catalytic activity of recombinant ElOMT1 with possible substrates, including caffeic acid, baicalin, and luteolin, in vitro. ElOMT1 could efficiently methylate when the hydroxyl groups were contained in the core nucleus of the flavonoid. This molecular characterization identifies a methyltransferase responsible for the chemical modification of the core flavonoid structure through methylation and helps reveal the mechanism of methylated flavonoid biosynthesis in Euphorbiaceae. This study identifies the O-methyltransferase that responds to UV-B irradiation and helps shed light on the mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis in Euphorbia lathyris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xu Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; (W.Z.)
| | - Yu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; (W.Z.)
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18
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Kumar GA, Kumar S, Bhardwaj R, Swapnil P, Meena M, Seth CS, Yadav A. Recent advancements in multifaceted roles of flavonoids in plant-rhizomicrobiome interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1297706. [PMID: 38250451 PMCID: PMC10796613 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1297706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The rhizosphere consists of a plethora of microbes, interacting with each other as well as with the plants present in proximity. The root exudates consist of a variety of secondary metabolites such as strigolactones and other phenolic compounds such as coumarin that helps in facilitating communication and forming associations with beneficial microbes in the rhizosphere. Among different secondary metabolites flavonoids (natural polyphenolic compounds) continuously increasing attention in scientific fields for showing several slews of biological activities. Flavonoids possess a benzo-γ-pyrone skeleton and several classes of flavonoids have been reported on the basis of their basic structure such as flavanones, flavonols, anthocyanins, etc. The mutualistic association between plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and plants have been reported to help the host plants in surviving various biotic and abiotic stresses such as low nitrogen and phosphorus, drought and salinity stress, pathogen attack, and herbivory. This review sheds light upon one such component of root exudate known as flavonoids, which is well known for nodulation in legume plants. Apart from the well-known role in inducing nodulation in legumes, this group of compounds has anti-microbial and antifungal properties helping in establishing defensive mechanisms and playing a major role in forming mycorrhizal associations for the enhanced acquisition of nutrients such as iron and phosphorus. Further, this review highlights the role of flavonoids in plants for recruiting non-mutualistic microbes under stress and other important aspects regarding recent findings on the functions of this secondary metabolite in guiding the plant-microbe interaction and how organic matter affects its functionality in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Anil Kumar
- School of Basic Science, Department of Botany, Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Plant Pathology, B.M. College of Agriculture, Khandwa, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior, India
| | - Rupesh Bhardwaj
- School of Basic Science, Department of Botany, Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda, Punjab, India
| | - Prashant Swapnil
- School of Basic Science, Department of Botany, Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda, Punjab, India
| | - Mukesh Meena
- Laboratory of Phytopathology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Ankush Yadav
- School of Basic Science, Department of Botany, Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda, Punjab, India
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19
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Lahari Z, van Boerdonk S, Omoboye OO, Reichelt M, Höfte M, Gershenzon J, Gheysen G, Ullah C. Strigolactone deficiency induces jasmonate, sugar and flavonoid phytoalexin accumulation enhancing rice defense against the blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:827-844. [PMID: 37974472 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived phytohormones that regulate plant growth and development. While root-secreted SLs are well-known to facilitate plant symbiosis with beneficial microbes, the role of SLs in plant interactions with pathogenic microbes remains largely unexplored. Using genetic and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate a negative role of SLs in rice (Oryza sativa) defense against the blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae). We found that SL biosynthesis and perception mutants, and wild-type (WT) plants after chemical inhibition of SLs, were less susceptible to P. oryzae. Strigolactone deficiency also resulted in a higher accumulation of jasmonates, soluble sugars and flavonoid phytoalexins in rice leaves. Likewise, in response to P. oryzae infection, SL signaling was downregulated, while jasmonate and sugar content increased markedly. The jar1 mutant unable to synthesize jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine, and the coi1-18 RNAi line perturbed in jasmonate signaling, both accumulated lower levels of sugars. However, when WT seedlings were sprayed with glucose or sucrose, jasmonate accumulation increased, suggesting a reciprocal positive interplay between jasmonates and sugars. Finally, we showed that functional jasmonate signaling is necessary for SL deficiency to induce rice defense against P. oryzae. We conclude that a reduction in rice SL content reduces P. oryzae susceptibility by activating jasmonate and sugar signaling pathways, and flavonoid phytoalexin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobaida Lahari
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sarah van Boerdonk
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Olumide Owolabi Omoboye
- Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Monica Höfte
- Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | | | - Chhana Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
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20
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Liu G, Fu J, Wang L, Fang M, Zhang W, Yang M, Yang X, Xu Y, Shi L, Ma X, Wang Q, Chen H, Yu C, Yu D, Chen F, Jiang Y. Diverse O-methyltransferases catalyze the biosynthesis of floral benzenoids that repel aphids from the flowers of waterlily Nymphaea prolifera. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad237. [PMID: 38156285 PMCID: PMC10753166 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Nymphaea is a key genus of the ANA grade (Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales) of basal flowering plants, which serve as a key model to study the early evolution of floral traits. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the emission, biosynthesis, and biological function of the floral scent in a night-blossoming waterlily Nymphaea prolifera. The headspace volatile collection combined with GC-MS analysis showed that the floral scent of N. prolifera is predominately comprised by methylated benzenoids including anisole, veratrole, guaiacol, and methoxyanisole. Moreover, the emission of these floral benzenoids in N. prolifera exhibited temporal and spatial pattern with circadian rhythm and tissue specificity. By creating and mining transcriptomes of N. prolifera flowers, 12 oxygen methyltransferases (NpOMTs) were functionally identified. By in vitro enzymatic assay, NpOMT3, 6, and 7 could produce anisole and NpOMT5, 7, 9, produce guaiacol, whereas NpOMT3, 6, 9, 11 catalyzed the formation of veratrole. Methoxyanisole was identified as the universal product of all NpOMTs. Expression patterns of NpOMTs provided implication for their roles in the production of the respective benzenoids. Phylogenetic analysis of OMTs suggested a Nymphaea-specific expansion of the OMT family, indicating the evolution of lineage-specific functions. In bioassays, anisole, veratrole, and guaiacol in the floral benzenoids were revealed to play the critical role in repelling waterlily aphids. Overall, this study indicates that the basal flowering plant N. prolifera has evolved a diversity and complexity of OMT genes for the biosynthesis of methylated benzenoids that can repel insects from feeding the flowers. These findings provide new insights into the evolutional mechanism and ecological significance of the floral scent from early-diverged flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jianyu Fu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Aquatic Vegetable Breeding and Cultivation, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Zhejiang Institute of Agricultural Machinery), Zhejiang Province 321000, China
| | - Mingya Fang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Aquatic Vegetable Breeding and Cultivation, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Zhejiang Institute of Agricultural Machinery), Zhejiang Province 321000, China
| | - Wanbo Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xuemin Yang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Lin Shi
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Aquatic Vegetable Breeding and Cultivation, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Zhejiang Institute of Agricultural Machinery), Zhejiang Province 321000, China
| | - Xiaoying Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Cuiwei Yu
- Hangzhou Tianjing Aquatic Botanical Garden, Zhejiang Humanities Landscape Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Dongbei Yu
- Hangzhou Tianjing Aquatic Botanical Garden, Zhejiang Humanities Landscape Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Yifan Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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21
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Wu M, Northen TR, Ding Y. Stressing the importance of plant specialized metabolites: omics-based approaches for discovering specialized metabolism in plant stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1272363. [PMID: 38023861 PMCID: PMC10663375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1272363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a diverse range of specialized metabolites that play pivotal roles in mediating environmental interactions and stress adaptation. These unique chemical compounds also hold significant agricultural, medicinal, and industrial values. Despite the expanding knowledge of their functions in plant stress interactions, understanding the intricate biosynthetic pathways of these natural products remains challenging due to gene and pathway redundancy, multifunctionality of proteins, and the activity of enzymes with broad substrate specificity. In the past decade, substantial progress in genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics has made the exploration of plant specialized metabolism more feasible than ever before. Notably, recent advances in integrative multi-omics and computational approaches, along with other technologies, are accelerating the discovery of plant specialized metabolism. In this review, we present a summary of the recent progress in the discovery of plant stress-related specialized metabolites. Emphasis is placed on the application of advanced omics-based approaches and other techniques in studying plant stress-related specialized metabolism. Additionally, we discuss the high-throughput methods for gene functional characterization. These advances hold great promise for harnessing the potential of specialized metabolites to enhance plant stress resilience in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Wu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Trent R. Northen
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yezhang Ding
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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22
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Yactayo-Chang JP, Block AK. The impact of climate change on maize chemical defenses. Biochem J 2023; 480:1285-1298. [PMID: 37622733 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is increasingly affecting agriculture, both at the levels of crops themselves, and by altering the distribution and damage caused by insect or microbial pests. As global food security depends on the reliable production of major crops such as maize (Zea mays), it is vital that appropriate steps are taken to mitigate these negative impacts. To do this a clear understanding of what the impacts are and how they occur is needed. This review focuses on the impact of climate change on the production and effectiveness of maize chemical defenses, including volatile organic compounds, terpenoid phytoalexins, benzoxazinoids, phenolics, and flavonoids. Drought, flooding, heat stress, and elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, all impact the production of maize chemical defenses, in a compound and tissue-specific manner. Furthermore, changes in stomatal conductance and altered soil conditions caused by climate change can impact environmental dispersal and effectiveness certain chemicals. This can alter both defensive barrier formation and multitrophic interactions. The production of defense chemicals is controlled by stress signaling networks. The use of similar networks to co-ordinate the response to abiotic and biotic stress can lead to complex integration of these networks in response to the combinatorial stresses that are likely to occur in a changing climate. The impact of multiple stressors on maize chemical defenses can therefore be different from the sum of the responses to individual stressors and challenging to predict. Much work remains to effectively leverage these protective chemicals in climate-resilient maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Yactayo-Chang
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Chemistry Research Unit, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - Anna K Block
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Chemistry Research Unit, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
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23
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Li Y, Li R, Ren X, Wang T, Yu H, Liu Q. Nano-Fe promotes accumulation of phytoestrogens and volatile compounds in Trifolium pratense flowers. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 35:247-262. [DOI: 10.1007/s40626-023-00280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
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24
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Lui ACW, Pow KC, Lin N, Lam LPY, Liu G, Godwin ID, Fan Z, Khoo CJ, Tobimatsu Y, Wang L, Hao Q, Lo C. Regioselective stilbene O-methylations in Saccharinae grasses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3462. [PMID: 37308495 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
O-Methylated stilbenes are prominent nutraceuticals but rarely produced by crops. Here, the inherent ability of two Saccharinae grasses to produce regioselectively O-methylated stilbenes is reported. A stilbene O-methyltransferase, SbSOMT, is first shown to be indispensable for pathogen-inducible pterostilbene (3,5-bis-O-methylated) biosynthesis in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Phylogenetic analysis indicates the recruitment of genus-specific SOMTs from canonical caffeic acid O-methyltransferases (COMTs) after the divergence of Sorghum spp. from Saccharum spp. In recombinant enzyme assays, SbSOMT and COMTs regioselectively catalyze O-methylation of stilbene A-ring and B-ring respectively. Subsequently, SOMT-stilbene crystal structures are presented. Whilst SbSOMT shows global structural resemblance to SbCOMT, molecular characterizations illustrate two hydrophobic residues (Ile144/Phe337) crucial for substrate binding orientation leading to 3,5-bis-O-methylations in the A-ring. In contrast, the equivalent residues (Asn128/Asn323) in SbCOMT facilitate an opposite orientation that favors 3'-O-methylation in the B-ring. Consistently, a highly-conserved COMT is likely involved in isorhapontigenin (3'-O-methylated) formation in wounded wild sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum). Altogether, our work reveals the potential of Saccharinae grasses as a source of O-methylated stilbenes, and rationalize the regioselectivity of SOMT activities for bioengineering of O-methylated stilbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C W Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kah Chee Pow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nan Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lydia Pui Ying Lam
- Center for Crossover Education, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Tegata Gakuen-machi 1-1, Akita City, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
| | - Guoquan Liu
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ian D Godwin
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhuming Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen Jing Khoo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Lanxiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan Hao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- China Spallation Neutron Source, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523000, China.
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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25
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Nabil-Adam A, E. Elnosary M, L. Ashour M, M. Abd El-Moneam N, A. Shreadah M. Flavonoids Biosynthesis in Plants as a Defense Mechanism: Role and Function Concerning Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetic Properties. FLAVONOID METABOLISM - RECENT ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS IN CROP BREEDING 2023. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.108637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a major class of secondary metabolites that comprises more than 6000 compounds that have been identified. They are biosynthesized via the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway that involves groups of enzymes such as isomerases, hydroxylases, and reductases that greatly affect the determination of the flavonoid skeleton. For example, transferase enzymes responsible for the modification of sugar result in changes in the physiological activity of the flavonoids and changes in their physical properties, such as solubility, reactivity, and interaction with cellular target molecules, which affect their pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, flavonoids have diverse biological activities such as antioxidants, anticancer, and antiviral in managing Alzheimer’s disease. However, most marine flavonoids are still incompletely discovered because marine flavonoid biosynthesis is produced and possesses unique substitutions that are not commonly found in terrestrial bioactive compounds. The current chapter will illustrate the importance of flavonoids’ role in metabolism and the main difference between marine and terrestrial flavonoids.
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26
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Serag A, Salem MA, Gong S, Wu JL, Farag MA. Decoding Metabolic Reprogramming in Plants under Pathogen Attacks, a Comprehensive Review of Emerging Metabolomics Technologies to Maximize Their Applications. Metabolites 2023; 13:424. [PMID: 36984864 PMCID: PMC10055942 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In their environment, plants interact with a multitude of living organisms and have to cope with a large variety of aggressions of biotic or abiotic origin. What has been known for several decades is that the extraordinary variety of chemical compounds the plants are capable of synthesizing may be estimated in the range of hundreds of thousands, but only a fraction has been fully characterized to be implicated in defense responses. Despite the vast importance of these metabolites for plants and also for human health, our knowledge about their biosynthetic pathways and functions is still fragmentary. Recent progress has been made particularly for the phenylpropanoids and oxylipids metabolism, which is more emphasized in this review. With an increasing interest in monitoring plant metabolic reprogramming, the development of advanced analysis methods should now follow. This review capitalizes on the advanced technologies used in metabolome mapping in planta, including different metabolomics approaches, imaging, flux analysis, and interpretation using bioinformatics tools. Advantages and limitations with regards to the application of each technique towards monitoring which metabolite class or type are highlighted, with special emphasis on the necessary future developments to better mirror such intricate metabolic interactions in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Serag
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Salem
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr st., Shibin Elkom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Shilin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
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27
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Dastmalchi M, Dhaubhadel S. Editorial: Untapped metabolic diversity in legume-characteristic pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1117833. [PMID: 36704153 PMCID: PMC9872555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1117833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Dastmalchi
- Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Dhaubhadel
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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28
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Liao G, Mi C, Yang L, Zhang H, Ding X, Cai M, Wang H, Mei W, Dai H, Tang X. p-Quinone Methide-Mediated Nonenzymatic Formation of Chalcane-Containing Dimers in Dragon's Blood. Org Lett 2022; 24:9275-9280. [PMID: 36512336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chalcane-containing dimers are major compounds identified from dragon's blood, the red resin that accumulates in Dracaena trees after injury. The key step for the formation of these dimers was a p-quinone methide (p-QM, 3) mediated nonenzymatic Michael addition. Compound 3 is derived from the spontaneous dehydration of chalcane alcohol-M274 (2). Two dihydroflavonol-4-reductases, discovered in D. cambodiana, reduce dihydrochalcone-M272 (7) to 2. Moreover, the application potential of p-QMs was demonstrated using a 3-like p-QM to synthesize diverse dimeric derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Liao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.,Institute of Molecular Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Chengneng Mi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.,College of Pharmacy, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Li Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Haili Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Xupo Ding
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Mingwei Cai
- Institute of Molecular Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wenli Mei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Haofu Dai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Institute of Molecular Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
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29
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Metabolite Profiling and Bioassay-Guided Fractionation of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Hydroethanolic Leaf Extracts for Identification of Broad-Spectrum Pre and Postharvest Antifungal Agents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248903. [PMID: 36558036 PMCID: PMC9785509 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydroethanolic leaf extracts of 14 Iranian Zataria multiflora Boiss. populations were screened for their antifungal activity against five plant pathogenic fungi and metabolically profiled using a non-targeted workflow based on UHPLC/ESI-QTOFMS. Detailed tandem mass-spectrometric analyses of one of the most active hydroethanolic leaf extracts led to the annotation of 68 non-volatile semi-polar secondary metabolites, including 33 flavonoids, 9 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, 14 terpenoids, and 12 other metabolites. Rank correlation analyses using the abundances of the annotated metabolites in crude leaf extracts and their antifungal activity revealed four O-methylated flavones, two flavanones, two dihydroflavonols, five thymohydroquinone glycoconjugates, and five putative phenolic diterpenoids as putative antifungal metabolites. After bioassay-guided fractionation, a number of mono-, di- and tri-O-methylated flavones, as well as three of unidentified phenolic diterpenoids, were found in the most active subfractions. These metabolites are promising candidates for the development of new natural fungicides for the protection of agro-food crops.
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30
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Castano-Duque L, Lebar MD, Carter-Wientjes C, Ambrogio D, Rajasekaran K. Flavonoids Modulate Aspergillus flavus Proliferation and Aflatoxin Production. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1211. [PMID: 36422032 PMCID: PMC9693025 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. They contaminate major food crops, particularly corn, and pose a worldwide health concern. Flavonoid production has been correlated to resistance to aflatoxin accumulation in corn. The effects of flavonoids on fungal proliferation and aflatoxin production are not well understood. In this study, we performed bioassays, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy, and total antioxidant analysis to determine the effects of three flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin) on proliferation and aflatoxin production in A. flavus NRRL 3357. Results showed that concentrations of apigenin and luteolin modulated fungal proliferation and aflatoxin production in a dose-dependent manner, leading to inhibition or promotion of proliferation and toxin production. Microscopy studies of fungi exposed to flavonoids showed mycelial cell wall disruption, abnormal cell wall invaginations, and tears. Fluorescent enhancement of apigenin and luteolin using Naturstoff reagent A showed that these chemicals localized in sphere-like structures on the mycelia surface. Fungi exposed to low concentrations of apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin lowered the total antioxidant capacity in the environment compared to controls. Our results indicate that flavonoids disrupt cell wall integrity and may localize in vesicle-like structures. We hypothesize that flavonoids could act as potential signaling molecules at low concentrations and change the oxidative state of the microenvironment, either or both of which may lead to reduction of fungal proliferation and aflatoxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Castano-Duque
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agriculture Research Services, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
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31
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Akohoue F, Miedaner T. Meta-analysis and co-expression analysis revealed stable QTL and candidate genes conferring resistances to Fusarium and Gibberella ear rots while reducing mycotoxin contamination in maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1050891. [PMID: 36388551 PMCID: PMC9662303 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium (FER) and Gibberella ear rots (GER) are the two most devastating diseases of maize (Zea mays L.) which reduce yield and affect grain quality worldwide, especially by contamination with mycotoxins. Genetic improvement of host resistance to effectively tackle FER and GER diseases requires the identification of stable quantitative trait loci (QTL) to facilitate the application of genomics-assisted breeding for improving selection efficiency in breeding programs. We applied improved meta-analysis algorithms to re-analyze 224 QTL identified in 15 studies based on dense genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in order to identify meta-QTL (MQTL) and colocalized genomic loci for fumonisin (FUM) and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation, silk (SR) and kernel (KR) resistances of both FER and GER, kernel dry-down rate (KDD) and husk coverage (HC). A high-resolution genetic consensus map with 36,243 loci was constructed and enabled the projection of 164 of the 224 collected QTL. Candidate genes (CG) mining was performed within the most refined MQTL, and identified CG were cross-validated using publicly available transcriptomic data of maize under Fusarium graminearum infection. The meta-analysis revealed 40 MQTL, of which 29 were associated each with 2-5 FER- and/or GER-related traits. Twenty-eight of the 40 MQTL were common to both FER and GER resistances and 19 MQTL were common to silk and kernel resistances. Fourteen most refined MQTL on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 harbored a total of 2,272 CG. Cross-validation identified 59 of these CG as responsive to FER and/or GER diseases. MQTL ZmMQTL2.2, ZmMQTL9.2 and ZmMQTL9.4 harbored promising resistance genes, of which GRMZM2G011151 and GRMZM2G093092 were specific to the resistant line for both diseases and encoded "terpene synthase21 (tps21)" and "flavonoid O-methyltransferase2 (fomt2)", respectively. Our findings revealed stable refined MQTL harboring promising candidate genes for use in breeding programs for improving FER and GER resistances with reduced mycotoxin accumulation. These candidate genes can be transferred into elite cultivars by integrating refined MQTL into genomics-assisted backcross breeding strategies.
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Comparative Analysis of Multiple GWAS Results Identifies Metabolic Pathways Associated with Resistance to A. flavus Infection and Aflatoxin Accumulation in Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110738. [PMID: 36355988 PMCID: PMC9695789 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by several species of Aspergillus, including Aspergillus flavus, an important ear rot pathogen in maize. Most commercial corn hybrids are susceptible to infection by A. flavus, and aflatoxin contaminated grain causes economic damage to farmers. The creation of inbred lines resistant to Aspergillus fungal infection or the accumulation of aflatoxins would be aided by knowing the pertinent alleles and metabolites associated with resistance in corn lines. Multiple Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) and association mapping studies have uncovered several dozen potential genes, but each with a small effect on resistance. Metabolic pathway analysis, using the Pathway Association Study Tool (PAST), was performed on aflatoxin accumulation resistance using data from four Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS). The present research compares the outputs of these pathway analyses and seeks common metabolic mechanisms underlying each. Genes, pathways, metabolites, and mechanisms highlighted here can contribute to improving phenotypic selection of resistant lines via measurement of more specific and highly heritable resistance-related traits and genetic gain via marker assisted or genomic selection with multiple SNPs linked to resistance-related pathways.
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Zhou S, Ma Y, Shang Y, Qi X, Huang S, Li J. Functional diversity and metabolic engineering of plant-specialized metabolites. LIFE METABOLISM 2022; 1:109-121. [PMID: 39872355 PMCID: PMC11749740 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/loac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2025]
Abstract
Plants are talented biochemists that produce a broad diversity of small molecules. These so-called specialized metabolites (SMs) play critical roles in the adaptive evolution of plants to defend against biotic and abiotic stresses, attract pollinators, and modulate soil microbiota for their own benefits. Many plant SMs have been used as nutrition and flavor compounds in our daily food, as well as drugs for treatment of human diseases. Current multi-omics tools have significantly accelerated the process of biosynthetic pathway elucidation in plants through correlation analyses, genetic mapping, and de novo biosynthetic gene cluster predictions. Understanding the biosynthesis of plant SMs has enabled reconstitution of naturally occurring specialized metabolic pathways in microbial hosts, providing a sustainable supply of these high-value molecules. In this review, we illustrate the general functions of several typical plant SMs in natural ecosystems and for human societies. We then provide an overview of current methods elucidating the biosynthetic pathways of plant SMs, and synthetic biology strategies that optimize the efficiency of heterologous biosynthetic pathways in microbial hosts. Moving forward, dissection of the functions and application of plant SMs by using current multidiscipline approaches would be greatly benefit to the scientific community and human societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqun Zhou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Yongshuo Ma
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yi Shang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, The CAAS-YNNU-YINMORE Joint Academy of Potato Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunan 650500, China
| | - Xiaoquan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Ullah C, Schmidt A, Reichelt M, Tsai CJ, Gershenzon J. Lack of antagonism between salicylic acid and jasmonate signalling pathways in poplar. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:701-717. [PMID: 35489087 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) often play distinct roles in plant defence against pathogens. Research from Arabidopsis thaliana has established that SA- and JA-mediated defences are more effective against biotrophs and necrotrophs, respectively. These two hormones often interact antagonistically in response to particular attackers, with the induction of one leading to suppression of the other. Here, we report a contrasting pattern in the woody perennial Populus: positive SA-JA interplay. Using genetically engineered high SA lines of black poplar and wild-type lines after exogenous hormone application, we quantified SA and JA metabolites, signalling gene transcripts, antifungal flavonoids and resistance to rust (Melampsora larici-populina). Salicylic acid and JA metabolites were induced concurrently upon rust infection in poplar genotypes with varying resistance levels. Analysis of SA-hyperaccumulating transgenic poplar lines showed increased jasmonate levels, elevated flavonoid content and enhanced rust resistance, but no discernible reduction in growth. Exogenous application of either SA or JA triggered the accumulation of the other hormone. Expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, frequently used as markers for SA signalling, was not correlated with SA content, but rather activated in proportion to pathogen infection. We conclude that SA and JA pathways interact positively in poplar resulting in the accumulation of flavonoid phytoalexins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhana Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Murphy KM, Poretsky E, Liu H, Micic N, Nyhuis A, Bohlmann J, Schmelz EA, Zerbe P, Huffaker A, Bjarnholt N. Shielding the oil reserves: the scutellum as a source of chemical defenses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1944-1949. [PMID: 35139208 PMCID: PMC8968280 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cereal scutellum is a hub for diverse specialized defense metabolism and pathway discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Nikola Micic
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Annika Nyhuis
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161, USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161, USA
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Förster C, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG. Evolution of DIMBOA-Glc O-Methyltransferases from Flavonoid O-Methyltransferases in the Grasses. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27031007. [PMID: 35164272 PMCID: PMC8839659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
O-Methylated benzoxazinoids (BXs) and flavonoids are widespread defenses against herbivores and pathogens in the grasses (Poaceae). Recently, two flavonoid O-methyltransferases (FOMTs), ZmFOMT2 and ZmFOMT3, have been reported to produce phytoalexins in maize (Zea mays). ZmFOMT2 and ZmFOMT3 are closely related to the BX O-methyltransferases (OMTs) ZmBX10-12 and ZmBX14, suggesting a common evolutionary origin in the Poaceae. Here, we studied the evolution and enzymatic requirements of flavonoid and BX O-methylation activities in more detail. Using BLAST searches and phylogenetic analyses, we identified enzymes homologous to ZmFOMT2 and ZmFOMT3, ZmBX10-12, and ZmBX14 in several grasses, with the most closely related candidates found almost exclusively in species of the Panicoideae subfamily. Biochemical characterization of candidate enzymes from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sugar cane (Saccharum spp.), and teosinte (Zea nicaraguensis) revealed either flavonoid 5-O-methylation activity or DIMBOA-Glc 4-O-methylation activity. However, DIMBOA-Glc 4-OMTs from maize and teosinte also accepted flavonols as substrates and converted them to 3-O-methylated derivatives, suggesting an evolutionary relationship between these two activities. Homology modeling, sequence comparisons, and site-directed mutagenesis led to the identification of active site residues crucial for FOMT and BX OMT activity. However, the full conversion of ZmFOMT2 activity into BX OMT activity by switching these residues was not successful. Only trace O-methylation of BXs was observed, indicating that amino acids outside the active site cavity are also involved in determining the different substrate specificities. Altogether, the results of our study suggest that BX OMTs have evolved from the ubiquitous FOMTs in the PACMAD clade of the grasses through a complex series of amino acid changes.
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Kaur S, Samota MK, Choudhary M, Choudhary M, Pandey AK, Sharma A, Thakur J. How do plants defend themselves against pathogens-Biochemical mechanisms and genetic interventions. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:485-504. [PMID: 35400890 PMCID: PMC8943088 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In agro-ecosystem, plant pathogens hamper food quality, crop yield, and global food security. Manipulation of naturally occurring defense mechanisms in host plants is an effective and sustainable approach for plant disease management. Various natural compounds, ranging from cell wall components to metabolic enzymes have been reported to protect plants from infection by pathogens and hence provide specific resistance to hosts against pathogens, termed as induced resistance. It involves various biochemical components, that play an important role in molecular and cellular signaling events occurring either before (elicitation) or after pathogen infection. The induction of reactive oxygen species, activation of defensive machinery of plants comprising of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative components, secondary metabolites, pathogenesis-related protein expression (e.g. chitinases and glucanases), phytoalexin production, modification in cell wall composition, melatonin production, carotenoids accumulation, and altered activity of polyamines are major induced changes in host plants during pathogen infection. Hence, the altered concentration of biochemical components in host plants restricts disease development. Such biochemical or metabolic markers can be harnessed for the development of "pathogen-proof" plants. Effective utilization of the key metabolites-based metabolic markers can pave the path for candidate gene identification. This present review discusses the valuable information for understanding the biochemical response mechanism of plants to cope with pathogens and genomics-metabolomics-based sustainable development of pathogen proof cultivars along with knowledge gaps and future perspectives to enhance sustainable agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simardeep Kaur
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manoj Choudhary
- ICAR-National Research Center for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, India
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Mukesh Choudhary
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, PAU Campus, Ludhiana, India
| | - Abhay K. Pandey
- Department of Mycology and Microbiology, Tea Research Association-North Bengal Regional R & D Center, Nagrakata, West Bengal 735225 India
| | - Anshu Sharma
- Department of FST, Dr. YS Parmar UHF Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Julie Thakur
- Department of Botany, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Calla B. Diverse defenses: O-methylated flavonoids contribute to the maize arsenal against fungal pathogens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:24-25. [PMID: 34747476 PMCID: PMC8774709 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernarda Calla
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Plaszkó T, Szűcs Z, Cziáky Z, Ács-Szabó L, Csoma H, Géczi L, Vasas G, Gonda S. Correlations Between the Metabolome and the Endophytic Fungal Metagenome Suggests Importance of Various Metabolite Classes in Community Assembly in Horseradish ( Armoracia rusticana, Brassicaceae) Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:921008. [PMID: 35783967 PMCID: PMC9247618 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.921008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant microbiome is an increasingly intensive research area, with significance in agriculture, general plant health, and production of bioactive natural products. Correlations between the fungal endophytic communities and plant chemistry can provide insight into these interactions, and suggest key contributors on both the chemical and fungal side. In this study, roots of various horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) accessions grown under the same conditions were sampled in two consecutive years and chemically characterized using a quality controlled, untargeted metabolomics approach by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Sinigrin, gluconasturtiin, glucoiberin, and glucobrassicin were also quantified. Thereafter, a subset of roots from eight accessions (n = 64) with considerable chemical variability was assessed for their endophytic fungal community, using an ITS2 amplicon-based metagenomic approach using a custom primer with high coverage on fungi, but no amplification of host internal transcribed spacer (ITS). A set of 335 chemical features, including putatively identified flavonoids, phospholipids, peptides, amino acid derivatives, indolic phytoalexins, a glucosinolate, and a glucosinolate downstream product was detected. Major taxa in horseradish roots belonged to Cantharellales, Glomerellales, Hypocreales, Pleosporales, Saccharomycetales, and Sordariales. Most abundant genera included typical endophytes such as Plectosphaerella, Thanatephorus, Podospora, Monosporascus, Exophiala, and Setophoma. A surprising dominance of single taxa was observed for many samples. In summary, 35.23% of reads of the plant endophytic fungal microbiome correlated with changes in the plant metabolome. While the concentration of flavonoid kaempferol glycosides positively correlated with the abundance of many fungal strains, many compounds showed negative correlations with fungi including indolic phytoalexins, a putative glucosinolate but not major glucosinolates and a glutathione isothiocyanate adduct. The latter is likely an in vivo glucosinolate decomposition product important in fungal arrest. Our results show the potency of the untargeted metabolomics approach in deciphering plant-microbe interactions and depicts a complex array of various metabolite classes in shaping the endophytic fungal community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Plaszkó
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szűcs
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Cziáky
- Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Nyíregyháza, Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - Lajos Ács-Szabó
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Csoma
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Géczi
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Sándor Gonda, ,
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