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Dura O AF, Muñoz-Muñoz F, Ventura J. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the humerus: Comparative postweaning ontogeny between fossorial and semiaquatic water voles (Arvicola). J Morphol 2020; 281:1679-1692. [PMID: 33037838 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Different types of locomotion in phylogenetically close rodent species can lead to significantly different growth patterns of certain skeletal structures. In the present study, we compared the allometric and phenotypic trajectories of the humerus in semiaquatic (Arvicola sapidus) and fossorial (Arvicola scherman) water vole taxa, using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, to investigate the relationships between functional and ontogenetic differences. Results revealed shared humerus traits between A. sapidus and A. scherman, specifically an expansion of the epicondylar and deltopectoral crests along postnatal ontogeny. In both species, the humerus of young specimens is more robust than in adults, possibly as a compensatory response for lower bone stiffness. However, significant interspecific differences were detected in all components of allometric and phenotypic trajectories. Noticeably divergent allometric trajectories were observed, probably as a result of different functional pressures exerted on this bone. Important differences in the form of the adult humerus between taxa were also found, particularly in features located in muscle insertion zones. Furthermore, the allometric regression revealed certain shape variation not associated with size in A. scherman, suggesting mechanical stress produced by the persistent digging activity during adulthood. A. scherman is a chisel-tooth digger that shares several traits in the humerus morphology with scratch-digger rodent species. Nevertheless, these shared characteristics are less pronounced in fossorial water voles, which is congruent with the different implications of the forelimb in the digging activity in these two types of diggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Dura O
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Muñoz-Muñoz
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacint Ventura
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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YANO WATARU, EGI NAOKO, TAKANO TOMO, OGIHARA NAOMICHI. Subspecies and sexual craniofacial size and shape variations in Japanese macaques ( Macaca fuscata). ANTHROPOL SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.2005052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- WATARU YANO
- Laboratory of Biology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa
| | - NAOKO EGI
- Phylogeny and Systematics section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama
| | | | - NAOMICHI OGIHARA
- Laboratory of Human Evolutionary Biomechanics, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
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Landi F, O’Higgins P. Applying Geometric Morphometrics to Digital Reconstruction and Anatomical Investigation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1171:55-71. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-24281-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Joel D, Persico A, Salhov M, Berman Z, Oligschläger S, Meilijson I, Averbuch A. Analysis of Human Brain Structure Reveals that the Brain "Types" Typical of Males Are Also Typical of Females, and Vice Versa. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:399. [PMID: 30405373 PMCID: PMC6204758 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings of average differences between females and males in the structure of specific brain regions are often interpreted as indicating that the typical male brain is different from the typical female brain. An alternative interpretation is that the brain types typical of females are also typical of males, and sex differences exist only in the frequency of rare brain types. Here we contrasted the two hypotheses by analyzing the structure of 2176 human brains using three analytical approaches. An anomaly detection analysis showed that brains from females are almost as likely to be classified as “normal male brains,” as brains from males are, and vice versa. Unsupervised clustering algorithms revealed that common brain “types” are similarly common in females and in males and that a male and a female are almost as likely to have the same brain “type” as two females or two males are. Large sex differences were found only in the frequency of some rare brain “types.” Last, supervised clustering algorithms revealed that the brain “type(s)” typical of one sex category in one sample could be typical of the other sex category in another sample. The present findings demonstrate that even when similarity and difference are defined mathematically, ignoring biological or functional relevance, sex category (i.e., whether one is female or male), is not a major predictor of the variability of human brain structure. Rather, the brain types typical of females are also typical of males, and vice versa, and large sex differences are found only in the prevalence of some rare brain types. We discuss the implications of these findings to studies of the structure and function of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Joel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariel Persico
- School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Salhov
- School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zohar Berman
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sabine Oligschläger
- Max Planck Research Group for Neuroanatomy and Connectivity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Faculty of Life Sciences, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School NeuroCom, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isaac Meilijson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Averbuch
- School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Simonsen MK, Siwertsson A, Adams CE, Amundsen PA, Præbel K, Knudsen R. Allometric trajectories of body and head morphology in three sympatric Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) morphs. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7277-7289. [PMID: 28944016 PMCID: PMC5606865 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A study of body and head development in three sympatric reproductively isolated Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) morphs from a subarctic lake (Skogsfjordvatn, northern Norway) revealed allometric trajectories that resulted in morphological differences. The three morphs were ecologically assigned to a littoral omnivore, a profundal benthivore and a profundal piscivore, and this was confirmed by genetic analyses (microsatellites). Principal component analysis was used to identify the variables responsible for most of the morphological variation of the body and head shape. The littoral omnivore and the profundal piscivore morph had convergent allometric trajectories for the most important head shape variables, developing bigger mouths and relatively smaller eyes with increasing head size. The two profundal morphs shared common trajectories for the variables explaining most of the body and head shape variation, namely head size relative to body size, placement of the dorsal and pelvic fins, eye size and mouth size. In contrast, the littoral omnivore and the profundal benthivore morphs were not on common allometric trajectories for any of the examined variables. The findings suggest that different selective pressures could have been working on traits related to their trophic niche such as habitat and diet utilization of the three morphs, with the two profundal morphs experiencing almost identical environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Knutsdotter Simonsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Anna Siwertsson
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Colin Ean Adams
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment IBAHCM, University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Per-Arne Amundsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Kim Præbel
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics The Norwegian College of Fishery Science UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Rune Knudsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
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Simons EA, Frost SR. Constructing cranial ontogenetic trajectories: A comparison of growth, development, and chronological age proxies using a known-age sample ofMacaca mulatta. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:296-308. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Simons
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oregon; Eugene OR 97402
| | - Stephen R. Frost
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oregon; Eugene OR 97402
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Mechanical evidence that Australopithecus sediba was limited in its ability to eat hard foods. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10596. [PMID: 26853550 PMCID: PMC4748115 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Australopithecus sediba has been hypothesized to be a close relative of the genus Homo. Here we show that MH1, the type specimen of A. sediba, was not optimized to produce high molar bite force and appears to have been limited in its ability to consume foods that were mechanically challenging to eat. Dental microwear data have previously been interpreted as indicating that A. sediba consumed hard foods, so our findings illustrate that mechanical data are essential if one aims to reconstruct a relatively complete picture of feeding adaptations in extinct hominins. An implication of our study is that the key to understanding the origin of Homo lies in understanding how environmental changes disrupted gracile australopith niches. Resulting selection pressures led to changes in diet and dietary adaption that set the stage for the emergence of our genus. Dietary adaptations of extinct early humans are often inferred from dental microwear data. Here, the authors employ mechanical analyses to show that Australopithecus sediba had limited ability to consume hard foods.
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Hallgrimsson B, Percival CJ, Green R, Young NM, Mio W, Marcucio R. Morphometrics, 3D Imaging, and Craniofacial Development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:561-97. [PMID: 26589938 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown how volumetric imaging and morphometrics can add significantly to our understanding of morphogenesis, the developmental basis for variation, and the etiology of structural birth defects. On the other hand, the complex questions and diverse imaging data in developmental biology present morphometrics with more complex challenges than applications in virtually any other field. Meeting these challenges is necessary in order to understand the mechanistic basis for variation in complex morphologies. This chapter reviews the methods and theory that enable the application of modern landmark-based morphometrics to developmental biology and craniofacial development, in particular. We discuss the theoretical foundations of morphometrics as applied to development and review the basic approaches to the quantification of morphology. Focusing on geometric morphometrics, we discuss the principal statistical methods for quantifying and comparing morphological variation and covariation structure within and among groups. Finally, we discuss the future directions for morphometrics in developmental biology that will be required for approaches that enable quantitative integration across the genotype-phenotype map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Christopher J Percival
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rebecca Green
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nathan M Young
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Washington Mio
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Ralph Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Freidline SE, Gunz P, Hublin JJ. Ontogenetic and static allometry in the human face: contrasting Khoisan and Inuit. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:116-31. [PMID: 26146938 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regional differences in modern human facial features are present at birth, and ontogenetic allometry contributes to variation in adults. However, details regarding differential rates of growth and timing among regional groups are lacking. We explore ontogenetic and static allometry in a cross-sectional sample spanning Africa, Europe and North America, and evaluate tempo and mode in two regional groups with very different adult facial morphology, the Khoisan and Inuit. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semilandmark geometric morphometric methods, multivariate statistics and growth simulations were used to quantify and compare patterns of facial growth and development. RESULTS Regional-specific facial morphology develops early in ontogeny. The Inuit has the most distinct morphology and exhibits heterochronic differences in development compared to other regional groups. Allometric patterns differ during early postnatal development, when significant increases in size are coupled with large amounts of shape changes. All regional groups share a common adult static allometric trajectory, which can be attributed to sexual dimorphism, and the corresponding allometric shape changes resemble developmental patterns during later ontogeny. DISCUSSION The amount and pattern of growth and development may not be shared between regional groups, indicating that a certain degree of flexibility is allowed for in order to achieve adult size. In early postnatal development the face is less constrained compared to other parts of the cranium allowing for greater evolvability. The early development of region-specific facial features combined with heterochronic differences in timing or rate of growth, reflected in differences in facial size, suggest different patterns of postnatal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Freidline
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Philipp Gunz
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
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Watanabe A, Slice DE. The utility of cranial ontogeny for phylogenetic inference: a case study in crocodylians using geometric morphometrics. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1078-92. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; Tallahassee FL USA
| | - D. E. Slice
- Department of Scientific Computing; Florida State University; Tallahassee FL USA
- Department of Anthropology; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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11
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Singh N. Ontogenetic study of allometric variation in Homo and Pan mandibles. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:261-72. [PMID: 24347386 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Investigating ontogenetic variation and allometry in the mandible can provide valuable insight and aid in addressing questions related to the ontogeny of the skull. Here, patterns of ontogenetic shape change and allometric trajectories were examined in the mandible of 187 sub-adult and adult humans, bonobos, and chimpanzees. Procrustes-based geometric morphometrics was employed to quantify and analyze mandibular form. Thirty three-dimensional landmarks were used to capture the overall morphology of the mandible, and the landmarks were analyzed as a whole and subdivided into separate anterior and posterior units. Principal component analyses in Procrustes shape-space and form-space, and multivariate regressions were used to examine patterns of ontogenetic and allometric shape change. Results suggest that humans are distinct from Pan both in their mandibular morphology, particularly in the anterior-alveolar region, and direction of allometric trajectory. Chimpanzees and bonobos have parallel ontogenetic trajectories, but also show differences in mandibular shape. Species-specific features and adult mandibular shape are established before or by the eruption of the deciduous dentition. This suggests that developmental processes prior to deciduous teeth eruption have a stronger effect establishing taxa-specific phenotypes than later postnatal effects. This additionally implies that divergent trajectories between Pan and Homo do not contribute much to the adult mandibular shape after deciduous teeth eruption. Separate analyses of the anterior-alveolar region and ascending ramus show that these regions are semi-independent in their developmental pattern of shape change and allometry. This implies that allometric variation and ontogenetic shape change in the hominoid mandible is decoupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Singh
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Freidline SE, Gunz P, Harvati K, Hublin JJ. Evaluating developmental shape changes in Homo antecessor subadult facial morphology. J Hum Evol 2013; 65:404-23. [PMID: 23998458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The fossil ATD6-69 from Atapuerca, Spain, dated to ca. 900 ka (thousands of years ago) has been suggested to mark the earliest appearance of modern human facial features. However, this specimen is a subadult and the interpretation of its morphology remains controversial, because it is unclear how developmental shape changes would affect the features that link ATD6-69 to modern humans. Here we analyze ATD6-69 in an evolutionary and developmental context. Our modern human sample comprises cross-sectional growth series from four populations. The fossil sample covers human specimens from the Pleistocene to the Upper Paleolithic, and includes several subadult Early Pleistocene humans and Neanderthals. We digitized landmarks and semilandmarks on surface and CT scans and analyzed the Procrustes shape coordinates using multivariate statistics. Ontogenetic allometric trajectories and developmental simulations were employed in order to identify growth patterns and to visualize potential adult shapes of ATD6-69. We show that facial differences between modern and archaic humans are not exclusively allometric. We find that while postnatal growth further accentuates the differences in facial features between Neanderthals and modern humans, those features that have been suggested to link ATD6-69's morphology to modern humans would not have been significantly altered in the course of subsequent development. In particular, the infraorbital depression on this specimen would have persisted into adulthood. However, many of the facial features that ATD6-69 shares with modern humans can be considered to be part of a generalized pattern of facial architecture. Our results present a complex picture regarding the polarity of facial features and demonstrate that some modern human-like facial morphology is intermittently present in Middle Pleistocene humans. We suggest that some of the facial features that characterize recent modern humans may have developed multiple times in human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Freidline
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany; City University of New York Graduate School, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, USA; Paleoanthropology, Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen and Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoecology, Rümelinstrasse 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.
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Foth C, Bona P, Desojo JB. Intraspecific variation in the skull morphology of the black caimanMelanosuchus niger(Alligatoridae, Caimaninae). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Foth
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Richard-Wagner-Str. 10 München 80333 Germany
| | - Paula Bona
- CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Av. Rivadavia 1917 C1033AAJ Buenos Aires Argentina
- División Paleontología Vertebrados; Museo de La Plata; Paseo del Bosque s/n. 1900 La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Julia B. Desojo
- CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Av. Rivadavia 1917 C1033AAJ Buenos Aires Argentina
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados; Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DRJ Buenos Aires Argentina
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Modularity and integration in ontogeny of the middle facial skeleton in two West African monkey species: collared mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus) and olive colobus (Procolobus verus). RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.15298/rusjtheriol.12.1.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hill CA, Martínez-Abadías N, Motch SM, Austin JR, Wang Y, Jabs EW, Richtsmeier JT, Aldridge K. Postnatal brain and skull growth in an Apert syndrome mouse model. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:745-57. [PMID: 23495236 PMCID: PMC3606655 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial and neural tissues develop in concert throughout prenatal and postnatal growth. FGFR-related craniosynostosis syndromes, such as Apert syndrome (AS), are associated with specific phenotypes involving both the skull and the brain. We analyzed the effects of the FGFR P253R mutation for AS using the Fgfr2(+/P253R) Apert syndrome mouse to evaluate the effects of this mutation on these two tissues over the course of development from day of birth (P0) to postnatal day 2 (P2). Three-dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy and computed tomography images were acquired from Fgfr2(+/P253R) mice and unaffected littermates at P0 (N = 28) and P2 (N = 20).Three-dimensional coordinate data for 23 skull and 15 brain landmarks were statistically compared between groups. Results demonstrate that the Fgfr2(+/P253R) mice show reduced growth in the facial skeleton and the cerebrum, while the height and width of the neurocranium and caudal regions of the brain show increased growth relative to unaffected littermates. This localized correspondence of differential growth patterns in skull and brain point to their continued interaction through development and suggest that both tissues display divergent postnatal growth patterns relative to unaffected littermates. However, the change in the skull-brain relationship from P0 to P2 implies that each tissue affected by the mutation retains a degree of independence, rather than one tissue directing the development of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A. Hill
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix AZ 85004
| | - Neus Martínez-Abadías
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susan M. Motch
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Jordan R. Austin
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Yingli Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Joan T. Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kristina Aldridge
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
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Freidline SE, Gunz P, Harvati K, Hublin JJ. Middle Pleistocene human facial morphology in an evolutionary and developmental context. J Hum Evol 2012; 63:723-40. [PMID: 22981042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neanderthals and modern humans exhibit distinct facial architectures. The patterning of facial morphology of their predecessors, the Middle Pleistocene humans, is more mosaic showing a mix of archaic and modern morphologies. Significant changes in facial size and robusticity occurred throughout Pleistocene human evolution, resulting in temporal trends in both facial reduction and enlargement. However, the allometric patterning in facial morphology in archaic humans is not well understood. This study explores temporal trends in facial morphology in order to gain a clearer understanding of the polarity of features, and describes the allometric patterning of facial shape. The modern human sample comprises cross-sectional growth series of four morphologically distinct human populations. The fossil sample covers specimens from the Middle Pleistocene to the Upper Paleolithic. We digitized landmarks and semilandmarks on surface and computed tomography scans and analyzed the Procrustes shape coordinates. Principal component analyses were performed, and Procrustes distances were used to identify phenetic similarities between fossil hominins. In order to explore the influence of size on facial features, allometric trajectories were calculated for fossil and modern human groups, and developmental simulations were performed. We show that facial features can be used to separate Pleistocene humans into temporal clusters. The distinctly modern human pattern of facial morphology is already present around 170 ka. Species- and population-specific facial features develop before two years of age, and several of the large-scale facial differences between Neanderthals and Middle Pleistocene humans are due to scaling along a shared allometric trajectory. These features include aspects of the frontal bone, browridge morphology, nasal aperture size and facial prognathism. Infraorbital surface topography and orientation of the midface in the European Middle Pleistocene hominins is intermediate between the African Middle Pleistocene and Neanderthal condition. This could suggest that the European Middle Pleistocene hominins display incipient Neanderthal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Freidline
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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Postnatal Cranial Development in Papionin Primates: An Alternative Model for Hominin Evolutionary Development. Evol Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-011-9153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Weiss KM. Marry a quean and be merry: how objective are our notions of causation? Evol Anthropol 2011; 20:164-8. [PMID: 22034234 DOI: 10.1002/evan.20321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gonzalez PN, Perez SI, Bernal V. Ontogeny of robusticity of craniofacial traits in modern humans: a study of South American populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 142:367-79. [PMID: 20013868 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To date, differences in craniofacial robusticity among modern and fossil humans have been primarily addressed by analyzing adult individuals; thus, the developmental basis of such differentiation remains poorly understood. This article aims to analyze the ontogenetic development of craniofacial robusticity in human populations from South America. Geometric morphometric methods were used to describe cranial traits in lateral view by using landmarks and semilandmarks. We compare the patterns of variation among populations obtained with subadults and adults to determine whether population-specific differences are evident at early postnatal ontogeny, compare ontogenetic allometric trajectories to ascertain whether changes in the ontogeny of shape contribute to the differentiation of adult morphologies, and estimate the amount of size change that occurs during growth along each population-specific trajectory. The results obtained indicate that the pattern of interpopulation variation in shape and size is already established at the age of 5 years, meaning that processes acting early during ontogeny contribute to the adult variation. The ontogenetic allometric trajectories are not parallel among all samples, suggesting the divergence in the size-related shape changes. Finally, the extension of ontogenetic trajectories also seems to contribute to shape variation observed among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula N Gonzalez
- División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
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Yano W, Egi N, Takano T, Ogihara N. Prenatal ontogeny of subspecific variation in the craniofacial morphology of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata). Primates 2010; 51:263-71. [PMID: 20361348 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-010-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We cross-sectionally investigated prenatal ontogeny of craniofacial shape in the two subspecies of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata fuscata and Macaca fuscata yakui) using a geometric morphometric technique to explore the process of morphogenetic divergence leading to the adult morphological difference between the subspecies. The sample comprised a total of 32 formalin-fixed fetal specimens of the two subspecies, in approximately the second and third trimesters. Each fetal cranium was scanned using computed tomography to generate a three-dimensional surface model, and 68 landmarks were digitized on the external and internal surface of each cranium to trace the growth-related changes in craniofacial shape of the two subspecies. The results of our study demonstrated that the two subspecies generally shared the same craniofacial growth pattern. Both crania tend to exhibit relative contraction of the neurocranium in the mediolateral and superoinferior directions, a more superiorly positioned cranial base, a more vertically oriented occipital squama, and a more anteriorly positioned viscerocranium as the cranial size increased. However, distinctive subspecific differences, for example relatively narrower orbital breadth, higher orbit, higher position of the nuchal crest, and more protrudent snout found in Macaca fuscata yakui were already present during the prenatal period. This study demonstrated that morphological differentiation in the craniofacial shape may occur at a very early stage of the fetal period even between closely related subspecies of the Japanese macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yano
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Singleton M, Mcnulty KP, Frost SR, Soderberg J, Guthrie EH. Bringing Up Baby: Developmental Simulation of the Adult Cranial Morphology of Rungwecebus Kipunji. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 293:388-401. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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KLINGENBERG CHRISTIANPETER. Heterochrony and allometry: the analysis of evolutionary change in ontogeny. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1997.tb00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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McNulty KP, Frost SR, Strait DS. Examining affinities of the Taung child by developmental simulation. J Hum Evol 2006; 51:274-96. [PMID: 16797056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 03/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As a well-preserved juvenile and the type specimen of Australopithecus africanus, the Taung child figures prominently in taxonomic, ontogenetic, and phylogenetic analyses of fossil hominins. Despite general agreement about allocation of Sterkfontein and Makapansgat fossils to this species, limited morphological comparisons have been possible between these adult specimens and the juvenile Taung. Here, we used developmental simulation to estimate the adult form of the Taung child, and directly compare its morphology to that of other fossil hominins. Specimens were represented by 50 three-dimensional landmarks superimposed by generalized Procrustes analysis. The simulation process applied developmental trajectories from extant hominine species to the Taung fossil in order to generate its adult form. Despite differences found in the developmental patterns of these modern species, simulations tested on extant juveniles-transforming them into "adults" using trajectories from other species-revealed that these differences have negligible impact on adult morphology. This indicates that morphology already present by occlusion of the first permanent molar is the primary determinant of adult form, thereby supporting use of extant trajectories to estimate the morphology of an extinct species. The simulated Taung adult was then compared to other adult fossils. As these comparisons required assumptions about the pattern and magnitude of developmental change, additional analyses were performed to evaluate these two parameters separately. Results of all analyses overwhelmingly rejected the possibility that the Taung child was a juvenile robust australopith, but were consistent with the hypothesis that the Taung and Sterkfontein fossils are conspecific. Between Sts 5 and Sts 71, the latter is more likely to resemble the adult form of the Taung child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran P McNulty
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97173, Waco, TX 76798-7173, USA.
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Bulygina E, Mitteroecker P, Aiello L. Ontogeny of facial dimorphism and patterns of individual development within one human population. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2006; 131:432-43. [PMID: 16596605 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Based on a longitudinal study of radiographs of the Denver Growth Study, we investigated the morphological development of individual and gender differences in the anterior neurocranium, face, and basicranium. In total, 500 X-rays of 14 males and 14 females, each with 18 landmarks and semilandmarks, were digitized and analyzed using geometric morphometric methods. Sexual dimorphism in shape and form is already present at the earliest age stage included in the analysis. However, the nature of dimorphism changes with age. Four factors apper to contribute to cranial sexual dimorphism in human postnatal development: 1) initial, possibly prenatal, differences in shape; 2) differences in the association of size and shape; 3) male hypermorphosis; and 4) some degree of difference in the direction of male and female growth trajectories. Studying changes in individuals, we find a low correlation between newborn and adult morphology, while 3-year-olds already show a high correlation with their adult form. We conclude that the adult pattern of interindividual difference in facial form in a single human population is established within the first few years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bulygina
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
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Mitteroecker P, Gunz P, Bookstein FL. Heterochrony and geometric morphometrics: a comparison of cranial growth inPan paniscusversusPan troglodytes. Evol Dev 2005; 7:244-58. [PMID: 15876197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2005.05027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterochrony, the classic framework in which to study ontogeny and phylogeny, in essence relies on a univariate concept of shape. Though principal component (PC) plots of multivariate shape data seem to resemble classical bivariate allometric plots, the language of heterochrony cannot be translated directly into general multivariate methodology. We simulate idealized multivariate ontogenetic trajectories and explore their appearance in PC plots of shape space and size-shape space. Only if the trajectories of two related species lie along exactly the same path in shape space can the classic terminology of heterochrony apply and pure dissociation of size change against shape change be detected. Regional heterochrony--the variation of apparent heterochrony by region--implies a dissociation of local growth fields and cannot be identified in an overall PC analysis. We exemplify a geometric morphometric approach to these issues using adult and subadult crania of 48 Pan paniscus and 47 Pan troglodytes specimens. On each specimen, we digitized 47 landmarks and 144 semilandmarks on facial curves and the external neurocranial surface. We reject the hypothesis of global heterochrony in the cranium of Pan as well as regional heterochrony for the lower face, the upper face, and the neurocranium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mitteroecker
- Institute for Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1091 Vienna, Austria.
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Bastir M, Rosas A. Facial heights: evolutionary relevance of postnatal ontogeny for facial orientation and skull morphology in humans and chimpanzees. J Hum Evol 2004; 47:359-81. [PMID: 15530353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Facial heights, i.e. the vertical distances between the superior and inferior limits of facial compartments, contribute to the orientation of the viscerocranium in the primate skull. In humans, vertical facial variation is among the main sources of diversity and frequently associated with an integrated suite of other cranio-mandibular traits. Facial heights and kyphosis are also important factors in interspecific variation and models of hominoid evolution. The ontogenetic determination of adult facial orientation and its relation to phylogenetic variation are unclear, but crucial in all previously mentioned respects. We addressed these issues in a sample of 175 humans and chimpanzees with Procrustes based geometric morphometrics, testing hypotheses of interspecific similarity in postnatal ontogenetic trajectories, early versus later ontogenetic facial pattern determination, and a developmental model of morphological integration. We analyzed the contribution of postnatal morphogenesis to adult vertical facial variation by partitioning morphological variation into a portion of pure growth allometry and a non-allometric fraction. A statistically significant difference of growth-allometries revealed that in both species growth established the adult skull proportions by vertical facial expansion, but while in chimpanzees the complete viscerocranium showed reorientation, in humans only the lower face was modified. In both species the results support a hypothesis of early facial pattern determination. A coincident emergence of morphological traits favors a hypothesis of developmental integration of the face, excluding traits of the basi- and neurocranium. Interspecific differences in integration may have implications for evolutionary studies. The present findings indicate that growth establishes the adult skull proportions and integrates principal facial orientation patterns, already there in early postnatal ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Mitteroecker P, Gunz P, Bernhard M, Schaefer K, Bookstein FL. Comparison of cranial ontogenetic trajectories among great apes and humans. J Hum Evol 2004; 46:679-97. [PMID: 15183670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2003] [Accepted: 03/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular data suggest that humans are more closely related to chimpanzees than either is to the gorillas, yet one finds the closest similarity in craniofacial morphology to be among the great apes to the exclusion of humans. To clarify how and when these differences arise in ontogeny, we studied ontogenetic trajectories for Homo sapiens, Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla and Pongo pygmaeus. A total of 96 traditional three-dimensional landmarks and semilandmarks on the face and cranial base were collected on 268 adult and sub-adult crania for a geometric morphometric analysis. The ontogenetic trajectories are compared by various techniques, including a new method, relative warps in size-shape space. We find that adult Homo sapiens specimens are clearly separated from the great apes in shape space and size-shape space. Around birth, Homo sapiens infants are already markedly different from the great apes, which overlap at this age but diverge among themselves postnatally. The results suggest that the small genetic differences between Homo and Pan affect early human ontogeny to induce the distinct adult human craniofacial morphology. Pure heterochrony does not sufficiently explain the human craniofacial morphology nor the differences among the African apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mitteroecker
- Institute for Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1091 Vienna, Austria.
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Zollikofer CPE, Ponce De León MS. Visualizing patterns of craniofacial shape variation in Homo sapiens. Proc Biol Sci 2002; 269:801-7. [PMID: 11958711 PMCID: PMC1690963 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2002.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometric morphometric analysis of shape variation in complex biological structures such as the human skull poses a number of specific challenges: the registration of homologous morphologies, the treatment of bilateral symmetry, the graphical representation of form variability in three dimensions and the interpretation of the results in terms of differential growth processes. To visualize complex patterns of shape change, we propose an alternative to classical Cartesian deformation grids in the style of D'Arcy W. Thompson. Reference to the surface structures of the organism under investigation permits a comprehensive visual grasp of shape change and its tentative interpretation in terms of differential growth. The application of this method to the analysis of human craniofacial shape variation reveals distinct modes of growth and development of the neurocranial and viscerocranial regions of the skull. Our data further indicate that variations in the orientation of the viscerocranium relative to the neurocranium impinge on the shapes of the face and the cranial vault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph P E Zollikofer
- Anthropologisches Institut and Institut für Informatik, MultiMedia Laboratorium, Universität Zürich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Facial growth and the ontogeny of morphological variation within and between the primates Cebus apella and Cercocebus torquatus. J Zool (1987) 2001. [DOI: 10.1017/s095283690100084x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Burrows AM, Richtsmeier JT, Mooney MP, Smith TD, Losken HW, Siegel MI. Three-dimensional analysis of craniofacial form in a familial rabbit model of nonsyndromic coronal suture synostosis using Euclidean distance matrix analysis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1999; 36:196-206. [PMID: 10342607 DOI: 10.1597/1545-1569_1999_036_0196_taocfi_2.3.co_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Simple craniosynostoses produce predictable morphologies of the cranial vault, with growth deficits in a direction parallel to the synostosed suture and compensatory growth at sutures that are perpendicular to and attached to the synostosed one. In coronal suture synostosis, anteroposterior growth is inhibited, with compensatory growth in a transverse direction. Information on growth patterns and influence on other craniofacial regions are not as clear. This study tested the hypotheses that (1), both juvenile and adult rabbits with familial, nonsyndromic coronal suture synostosis exhibit significant size and shape differences of the entire craniofacial region relative to normal rabbits as a result of altered growth patterns and that (2), shape differences of the calvaria will precede those of the basicranium. DESIGN Fifty anatomic landmarks were located on 94 New Zealand white rabbit crania. The crania were divided into a juvenile, six-week-old age category (n = 53) and an adult, 18-week-old category (n = 41) in order to assess shape differences at different ages. Each age category was sorted into three groups based on growth at the coronal suture: normal sutural growth, delayed onset synostosis, and complete synostosis. Landmarks were digitized in three-dimensions, and statistical analyses on shape differences were carried out using Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Results showed that delayed onset synostosis did not produce craniofacial morphology that was different from normal at any age. However, complete synostosis yielded predictable and global craniofacial shape differences at both ages relative to normal skulls, producing an overall shorter, wider cranium with the most markedly compensating regions in a posterosuperior position of the skull. In addition, delayed onset synostosed crania showed no shape differences in the basicranium, relative to normal crania, suggesting primacy of the calvaria in this model of coronal synostosis. However, further investigations are necessary to verify primacy of the calvaria in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Burrows
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Pennsylvania 16057, USA.
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Singh GD, McNamara JA, Lozanoff S. Finite element analysis of the cranial base in subjects with Class III malocclusion. BRITISH JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS 1997; 24:103-12. [PMID: 9218107 DOI: 10.1093/ortho/24.2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The association between cranial base morphology and Class III malocclusion is poorly understood. This study analyses local shape- and size differences in cranial base configurations of Class I and Class III subjects, employing finite element (FEM) analysis. Seventy-three prepubertal European-American children with Class III malocclusion were compared to their counterparts with a normal, Class I molar occlusion. Lateral cephalographs were traced, checked and subdivided into age- and sex-matched groups. Thirteen points on the cranial base were identified and digitized, providing a geometrical cranial base representation. Average cranial geometries were scaled to an equivalent size and a FEM analysis, capable of depicting and quantifying local shape- and size-change, employed to highlight regionalized, morphological differences. While the anterior cranial base was more homogeneous for shape-change, significant, localized anisotropy in the posterior regions of the cranial base and around sella turcica was evident. For size-change, areas of negative allometry were located posteriorly, but dilations in the mid- and anterior cranial base also were apparent. It is concluded that morphological alterations within the petro-occipital complex accompanied by changes in the sphenoidal and ethmoidal regions induce deviation from a normal cranial base configuration to one associated with deficient orthocephalization and an appearance of Class III malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Singh
- Department of Dental Surgery & Periodontology, Dundee Dental Hospital & School, University of Dundee, UK
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Monteiro L, Cavalcanti M, Sommer H. Comparative ontogenetic shape changes in the skull ofCaiman species (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae). J Morphol 1997; 231:53-62. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199701)231:1<53::aid-jmor5>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Richtsmeier JT, Paik CH, Elfert PC, Cole TM, Dahlman HR. Precision, repeatability, and validation of the localization of cranial landmarks using computed tomography scans. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1995; 32:217-27. [PMID: 7605789 DOI: 10.1597/1545-1569_1995_032_0217_pravot_2.3.co_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) has brought to the craniofacial surgeon a three-dimensional representation of internal structures. CT scans provide visualization of anatomy for preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation. Beyond visualization, however, a CT scan enables assessment of measurements useful to clinicians and basic scientists. All measurement systems used with CT require the ability to accurately locate regions of interest on the image (i.e., areas, volumes, outlines, curves, surfaces, points). This study evaluates the precision and repeatability of locating anatomic landmarks in three dimensions on CT slice images, and validates these locations using an established measurement system. The average error of landmark position is always less than 0.5 mm and for some landmarks error is negligible. Repeatability studies show that less than 2% of the total variance in our data is due to measurement inaccuracy. Although data collected from CT scans are internally consistent, validation results caution the use of CT data in combination with data collected using calipers or other direct means of measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Richtsmeier
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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