1
|
Hammad M, Meshoul S, Dziwiński P, Pławiak P, Elgendy IA. Efficient Lightweight Multimodel Deep Fusion Based on ECG for Arrhythmia Classification. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9347. [PMID: 36502049 PMCID: PMC9736761 DOI: 10.3390/s22239347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An arrhythmia happens when the electrical signals that organize the heartbeat do not work accurately. Most cases of arrhythmias may increase the risk of stroke or cardiac arrest. As a result, early detection of arrhythmia reduces fatality rates. This research aims to provide a lightweight multimodel based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that can transfer knowledge from many lightweight deep learning models and decant it into one model to aid in the diagnosis of arrhythmia by using electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. Thus, we gained a multimodel able to classify arrhythmia from ECG signals. Our system's effectiveness is examined by using a publicly accessible database and a comparison to the current methodologies for arrhythmia classification. The results we achieved by using our multimodel are better than those obtained by using a single model and better than most of the previous detection methods. It is worth mentioning that this model produced accurate classification results on small collection of data. Experts in this field can use this model as a guide to help them make decisions and save time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hammad
- Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Souham Meshoul
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Piotr Dziwiński
- Department of Intelligent Computer Systems, Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 36, 42-218 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Paweł Pławiak
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Telecommunications, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Baltycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ibrahim A. Elgendy
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom 32511, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Palacio LC, Pachajoa DC, Durango-Giraldo G, Zapata-Hernandez C, Ugarte JP, Saiz J, Buitrago-Sierra R, Tobón C. Atrial proarrhythmic effect of lead as one of the PM10 metal components of air pollution. An in-silico study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258313. [PMID: 34637464 PMCID: PMC8509962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is considered the most severe environmental pollution problem due to its serious effects on human health associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this work, a physicochemical characterization of PM10 from the city of Medellin was developed. The results evince that lead (Pb) is one of the most abundant elements since it is present in all analyzed samples. Therefore, Pb was chosen to perform an in-silico study to assess its effects on atrial arrhythmias generation. For this purpose, we developed a model representing the Pb2+ blocking effect on the L-type calcium channel. This formulation was incorporated in a human atrial cell mathematical model and in 2D and 3D models of human atria. The simulations showed a proarrhythmic effect at high Pb2+ concentrations, through shortening of action potential duration inducing the generation of reentrant activity and atrial flutter. The results contribute to the knowledge about the cardiac physiopathological processes, triggered by lead as one of the main PM10 metal components of air pollution, that yields the generation of arrhythmias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juan P. Ugarte
- GIMSC, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Javier Saiz
- CIB, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Air pollutants pose a serious worldwide health hazard, causing respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Pollutants perturb the autonomic nervous system, whose function is critical to cardiopulmonary homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that pollutants can stimulate defensive sensory nerves within the cardiopulmonary system, thus providing a possible mechanism for pollutant-induced autonomic dysfunction. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved would likely improve the management and treatment of pollution-related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Taylor-Clark
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hooper JS, Stanford KR, Alencar PA, Alves NG, Breslin JW, Dean JB, Morris KF, Taylor-Clark TE. Nociceptive pulmonary-cardiac reflexes are altered in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Physiol 2019; 597:3255-3279. [PMID: 31077371 DOI: 10.1113/jp278085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We investigated the cardiovascular and respiratory responses of the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat and the spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rat to inhalation and intravenous injection of the noxious stimuli allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). AITC inhalation evoked atropine-sensitive bradycardia in conscious WKY rats, and evoked atropine-sensitive bradycardia and atenolol-sensitive tachycardia with premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in conscious SH rats. Intravenous injection of AITC evoked bradycardia but no tachycardia/PVCs in conscious SHs, while inhalation and injection of AITC caused similar bradypnoea in conscious SH and WKY rats. Anaesthesia (inhaled isoflurane) inhibited the cardiac reflexes evoked by inhaled AITC but not injected AITC. Data indicate the presence of a de novo nociceptive pulmonary-cardiac reflex triggering sympathoexcitation in SH rats, and this reflex is dependent on vagal afferents but is not due to steady state blood pressure or due to remodelling of vagal efferent function. ABSTRACT Inhalation of noxious irritants/pollutants activates airway nociceptive afferents resulting in reflex bradycardia in healthy animals. Nevertheless, noxious pollutants evoke sympathoexcitation (tachycardia, hypertension) in cardiovascular disease patients. We hypothesize that cardiovascular disease alters nociceptive pulmonary-cardiac reflexes. Here, we studied reflex responses to irritants in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. Inhaled allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) evoked atropine-sensitive bradycardia with atrial-ventricular (AV) block in conscious WKY rats, thus indicating a parasympathetic reflex. Conversely, inhaled AITC in conscious SH rats evoked complex brady-tachycardia with both AV block and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). Atropine abolished the bradycardia and AV block, but the atropine-insensitive tachycardia and PVCs were abolished by the β1 -adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol. The aberrant AITC-evoked reflex in SH rats was not reduced by acute blood pressure reduction by captopril. Surprisingly, intravenous AITC only evoked bradycardia in conscious SH and WKY rats. Furthermore, anaesthesia reduced the cardiac reflexes evoked by inhaled but not injected AITC. Nevertheless, anaesthesia had little effect on AITC-evoked respiratory reflexes. Such data suggest distinct differences in nociceptive reflex pathways dependent on cardiovascular disease, administration route and downstream effector. AITC-evoked tachycardia in decerebrate SH rats was abolished by vagotomy. Finally, there was no difference in the cardiac responses of WKY and SH rats to vagal efferent electrical stimulation. Our data suggest that AITC inhalation in SH rats evokes de novo adrenergic reflexes following vagal afferent activation. This aberrant reflex is independent of steady state hypertension and is not evoked by intravenous AITC. We conclude that pre-existing hypertension aberrantly shifts nociceptive pulmonary-cardiac reflexes towards sympathoexcitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Shane Hooper
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Katherine R Stanford
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Pierina A Alencar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Natascha G Alves
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jay B Dean
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kendall F Morris
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Thomas E Taylor-Clark
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Air pollution has a compelling history in the development of human cultures. Fossil fuels opened a new human cultural chapter of extraordinary technical and economic growth while bringing about noxious and unhealthful combustion byproducts to breathe. Toxicology saw its birth in the modern world with demonstrating the potential harmful effects of breathing smoke in its various forms. The empirical nature of toxicology provided insights and underpinnings to epidemiological studies providing biological plausibility and relative risk attributions. As toxicology evolves with its sister sciences, there will be gains in fundamental understandings of susceptibility and potential long-term risks of air pollution with revelation of potential interventions and remedies for those affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Costa
- University of North Carolina, U.S. Environmental Protection Emeritus, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Biomarkers of Human Cardiopulmonary Response After Short-Term Exposures to Medical Laser-Generated Particulate Matter From Simulated Procedures: A Pilot Study. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 58:940-5. [PMID: 27465102 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted an exposure chamber study in humans using a simulated clinical procedure lasing porcine tissue to demonstrate evidence of effects of exposure to laser-generated particulate matter (LGPM). METHODS We measured pre- and post-exposure changes in exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), spirometry, heart rate variability (HRV), and blood markers of inflammation in five volunteers. RESULTS Change in pre- and post-exposure measurements of eNO and spirometry was unremarkable. Neutrophil and lymphocyte counts increased and fibrinogen levels decreased in four of the five subjects. Measures of HRV showed decreases in the standard deviation of normal between beat intervals and sequential 5-minute intervals. CONCLUSION These data represent the first evidence of human physiologic response to LGPM exposure. Further exploration of coagulation effects and HRV is warranted.
Collapse
|
7
|
Temple IP, Logantha SJRJ, Absi M, Zhang Y, Pervolaraki E, Yanni J, Atkinson A, Petkova M, Quigley GM, Castro S, Drinkhill M, Schneider H, Monfredi O, Cartwright E, Zi M, Yamanushi TT, Mahadevan VS, Gurney AM, White E, Zhang H, Hart G, Boyett MR, Dobrzynski H. Atrioventricular Node Dysfunction and Ion Channel Transcriptome in Pulmonary Hypertension. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2017; 9:CIRCEP.115.003432. [PMID: 27979911 DOI: 10.1161/circep.115.003432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart block is associated with pulmonary hypertension, and the aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the heart block is the result of a change in the ion channel transcriptome of the atrioventricular (AV) node. METHODS AND RESULTS The most commonly used animal model of pulmonary hypertension, the monocrotaline-injected rat, was used. The functional consequences of monocrotaline injection were determined by echocardiography, ECG recording, and electrophysiological experiments on the Langendorff-perfused heart and isolated AV node. The ion channel transcriptome was measured by quantitative PCR, and biophysically detailed computer modeling was used to explore the changes observed. After monocrotaline injection, echocardiography revealed the pattern of pulmonary artery blood flow characteristic of pulmonary hypertension and right-sided hypertrophy and failure; the Langendorff-perfused heart and isolated AV node revealed dysfunction of the AV node (eg, 50% incidence of heart block in isolated AV node); and quantitative PCR revealed a widespread downregulation of ion channel and related genes in the AV node (eg, >50% downregulation of Cav1.2/3 and HCN1/2/4 channels). Computer modeling predicted that the changes in the transcriptome if translated into protein and function would result in heart block. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary hypertension results in a derangement of the ion channel transcriptome in the AV node, and this is the likely cause of AV node dysfunction in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Temple
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Sunil Jit R J Logantha
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Mais Absi
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Eleftheria Pervolaraki
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Joseph Yanni
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Andrew Atkinson
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Maria Petkova
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Gillian M Quigley
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Simon Castro
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Mark Drinkhill
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Heiko Schneider
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Oliver Monfredi
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Elizabeth Cartwright
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Min Zi
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Tomoko T Yamanushi
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Vaikom S Mahadevan
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Alison M Gurney
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Ed White
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Henggui Zhang
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - George Hart
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| | - Mark R Boyett
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.).
| | - Halina Dobrzynski
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.P.T., S.J.R.J.L., M.A., Y.Z., J.Y., A.A., M.P., G.M.Q., H.S., O.M., E.C., M.Z., A.M.G., G.H., M.R.B., H.D.) and School of Physics and Astronomy (S.C., H.Z.), University of Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (E.P., M.D., E.W.); Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan (T.T.Y.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (V.S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hooper JS, Hadley SH, Morris KF, Breslin JW, Dean JB, Taylor-Clark TE. Characterization of cardiovascular reflexes evoked by airway stimulation with allylisothiocyanate, capsaicin, and ATP in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 120:580-91. [PMID: 26718787 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00944.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inhalation of airborne pollutants alters cardiovascular function and evidence suggests that pollutant-induced activation of airway sensory nerves via the gating of ion channels is critical to these systemic responses. Here, we have investigated the effect of capsaicin [transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonist], AITC [TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) agonist], and ATP (P2X2/3 agonist) on bronchopulmonary sensory activity and cardiovascular responses of conscious Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Single fiber recordings show that allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and capsaicin selectively activate C fibers, whereas subpopulations of both A and C fibers are activated by stimulation of P2X2/3 receptors. Inhalation of the agonists by conscious rats caused significant bradycardia, atrioventricular (AV) block, and prolonged PR intervals, although ATP-induced responses were lesser than those evoked by AITC or capsaicin. Responses to AITC were inhibited by the TRP channel blocker ruthenium red and the muscarinic antagonist atropine. AITC inhalation also caused a biphasic blood pressure response: a brief hypertensive phase followed by a hypotensive phase. Atropine accentuated the hypertensive phase, while preventing the hypotension. AITC-evoked bradycardia was not abolished by terazosin, the α1-adrenoceptor inhibitor, which prevented the hypertensive response. Anesthetics had profound effects on AITC-evoked bradycardia and AV block, which was abolished by urethane, ketamine, and isoflurane. Nevertheless, AITC inhalation caused bradycardia and AV block in paralyzed and ventilated rats following precollicular decerebration. In conclusion, we provide evidence that activation of ion channels expressed on nociceptive airway sensory nerves causes significant cardiovascular effects in conscious SD rats via reflex modulation of the autonomic nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Hooper
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - S H Hadley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - K F Morris
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - J W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - J B Dean
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - T E Taylor-Clark
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Farraj AK, Walsh L, Haykal-Coates N, Malik F, McGee J, Winsett D, Duvall R, Kovalcik K, Cascio WE, Higuchi M, Hazari MS. Cardiac effects of seasonal ambient particulate matter and ozone co-exposure in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:12. [PMID: 25944145 PMCID: PMC4419498 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential for seasonal differences in the physicochemical characteristics of ambient particulate matter (PM) to modify interactive effects with gaseous pollutants has not been thoroughly examined. The purpose of this study was to compare cardiac responses in conscious hypertensive rats co-exposed to concentrated ambient particulates (CAPs) and ozone (O3) in Durham, NC during the summer and winter, and to analyze responses based on particle mass and chemistry. Methods Rats were exposed once for 4 hrs by whole-body inhalation to fine CAPs alone (target concentration: 150 μg/m3), O3 (0.2 ppm) alone, CAPs plus O3, or filtered air during summer 2011 and winter 2012. Telemetered electrocardiographic (ECG) data from implanted biosensors were analyzed for heart rate (HR), ECG parameters, heart rate variability (HRV), and spontaneous arrhythmia. The sensitivity to triggering of arrhythmia was measured in a separate cohort one day after exposure using intravenously administered aconitine. PM elemental composition and organic and elemental carbon fractions were analyzed by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and thermo-optical pyrolytic vaporization, respectively. Particulate sources were inferred from elemental analysis using a chemical mass balance model. Results Seasonal differences in CAPs composition were most evident in particle mass concentrations (summer, 171 μg/m3; winter, 85 μg/m3), size (summer, 324 nm; winter, 125 nm), organic:elemental carbon ratios (summer, 16.6; winter, 9.7), and sulfate levels (summer, 49.1 μg/m3; winter, 16.8 μg/m3). Enrichment of metals in winter PM resulted in equivalent summer and winter metal exposure concentrations. Source apportionment analysis showed enrichment for anthropogenic and marine salt sources during winter exposures compared to summer exposures, although only 4% of the total PM mass was attributed to marine salt sources. Single pollutant cardiovascular effects with CAPs and O3 were present during both summer and winter exposures, with evidence for unique effects of co-exposures and associated changes in autonomic tone. Conclusions These findings provide evidence for a pronounced effect of season on PM mass, size, composition, and contributing sources, and exposure-induced cardiovascular responses. Although there was inconsistency in biological responses, some cardiovascular responses were evident only in the co-exposure group during both seasons despite variability in PM physicochemical composition. These findings suggest that a single ambient PM metric alone is not sufficient to predict potential for interactive health effects with other air pollutants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-015-0087-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Leon Walsh
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Najwa Haykal-Coates
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Fatiha Malik
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - John McGee
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Darrell Winsett
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Rachelle Duvall
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Kasey Kovalcik
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Wayne E Cascio
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Mark Higuchi
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Mehdi S Hazari
- Environmental Public Health Division, US EPA, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kisin ER, Yanamala N, Farcas MT, Gutkin DW, Shurin MR, Kagan VE, Bugarski AD, Shvedova AA. Abnormalities in the male reproductive system after exposure to diesel and biodiesel blend. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:265-76. [PMID: 25327512 PMCID: PMC4946425 DOI: 10.1002/em.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Altering the fuel source from petroleum-based ultralow sulfur diesel to biodiesel and its blends is considered by many to be a sustainable choice for controlling exposures to particulate material. As the exhaust of biodiesel/diesel blends is composed of a combination of combustion products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fatty acid methyl esters, we hypothesize that 50% biodiesel/diesel blend (BD50) exposure could induce harmful outcomes because of its ability to trigger oxidative damage. Here, adverse effects were compared in murine male reproductive organs after pharyngeal aspiration with particles generated by engine fueled with BD50 or neat petroleum diesel (D100). When compared with D100, exposure to BD50 significantly altered sperm integrity, including concentration, motility, and morphological abnormalities, as well as increasing testosterone levels in testes during the time course postexposure. Serum level of luteinizing hormone was significantly depleted only after BD50 exposure. Moreover, we observed that exposure to BD50 significantly increased sperm DNA fragmentation and the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in the serum and testes on Day 7 postexposure when compared with D100. Histological evaluation of testes sections from BD50 exposure indicated more noticeable interstitial edema, degenerating spermatocytes, and dystrophic seminiferous tubules with arrested spermatogenesis. Significant differences in the level of oxidative stress assessed by accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and depletion of glutathione were detected on exposure to respirable BD50 and D100. Taken together, these results indicate that exposure of mice to inhalable BD50 caused more pronounced adverse effects on male reproductive function than diesel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena R. Kisin
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, and Exposure Assessment Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, and Exposure Assessment Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Mariana T. Farcas
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, and Exposure Assessment Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Dmitriy W. Gutkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Anna A. Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, and Exposure Assessment Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Biokinetically-based in vitro cardiotoxicity of residual oil fly ash: hazard identification and mechanisms of injury. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2014; 13:426-37. [PMID: 24048980 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-013-9225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have associated air pollution particulate matter (PM) exposure with adverse cardiovascular effects. Identification of causal PM sources is critically needed to support regulatory decisions to protect public health. This research examines the in vitro cardiotoxicity of bioavailable constituents of residual oil fly ash (ROFA) employing in vivo, biokinetically-based, concentrations determined from their pulmonary deposition. Pulmonary deposition of ROFA led to a rapid increase in plasma vanadium (V) levels that were prolonged in hypertensive animals without systemic inflammation. ROFA cardiotoxicity was evaluated using neonatal rat cardiomyocyte (RCM) cultures exposed to particle-free leachates of ROFA (ROFA-L) at levels present in exposed rat plasma. Cardiotoxicity was observed at low levels (3.13 μg/mL) of ROFA-L 24 h post-exposure. Dimethylthiourea (28 mM) inhibited ROFA-L-induced cytotoxicity at high (25-12.5 μg/mL) doses, suggesting that oxidative stress is responsible at high ROFA-L doses. Cardiotoxicity could not be reproduced using a V + Ni + Fe mixture or a ROFA-L depleted of these metals, suggesting that ROFA-L cardiotoxicity requires the full complement of bioavailable constituents. Susceptibility of RCMs to ROFA-L-induced cytotoxicity was increased following tyrosine phosphorylation inhibition, suggesting that phosphotyrosine signaling pathways play a critical role in regulating ROFA-L-induced cardiotoxicity. These data demonstrate that bioavailable constituents of ROFA are capable of direct adverse cardiac effects.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chiarella SE, Soberanes S, Urich D, Morales-Nebreda L, Nigdelioglu R, Green D, Young JB, Gonzalez A, Rosario C, Misharin AV, Ghio AJ, Wunderink RG, Donnelly HK, Radigan KA, Perlman H, Chandel NS, Budinger GRS, Mutlu GM. β₂-Adrenergic agonists augment air pollution-induced IL-6 release and thrombosis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2935-46. [PMID: 24865431 DOI: 10.1172/jci75157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution causes thrombotic cardiovascular events, leading to increased mortality rates; however, the link between PM and cardiovascular dysfunction is not completely understood. We have previously shown that the release of IL-6 from alveolar macrophages is required for a prothrombotic state and acceleration of thrombosis following exposure to PM. Here, we determined that PM exposure results in the systemic release of catecholamines, which engage the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) on murine alveolar macrophages and augment the release of IL-6. In mice, β2AR signaling promoted the development of a prothrombotic state that was sufficient to accelerate arterial thrombosis. In primary human alveolar macrophages, administration of a β2AR agonist augmented IL-6 release, while the addition of a beta blocker inhibited PM-induced IL-6 release. Genetic loss or pharmacologic inhibition of the β2AR on murine alveolar macrophages attenuated PM-induced IL-6 release and prothrombotic state. Furthermore, exogenous β2AR agonist therapy further augmented these responses in alveolar macrophages through generation of mitochondrial ROS and subsequent increase of adenylyl cyclase activity. Together, these results link the activation of the sympathetic nervous system by β2AR signaling with metabolism, lung inflammation, and an enhanced susceptibility to thrombotic cardiovascular events.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclases/biosynthesis
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists/adverse effects
- Animals
- Antithrombin III/biosynthesis
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry
- Catecholamines/biosynthesis
- Colforsin/administration & dosage
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects
- Macrophages, Alveolar/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Particulate Matter/administration & dosage
- Particulate Matter/adverse effects
- Peptide Hydrolases/biosynthesis
- Propranolol/administration & dosage
- Propranolol/adverse effects
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Thrombosis/etiology
Collapse
|
13
|
Biodiesel versus diesel exposure: enhanced pulmonary inflammation, oxidative stress, and differential morphological changes in the mouse lung. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:373-83. [PMID: 23886933 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of biodiesel (BD) or its blends with petroleum diesel (D) is considered to be a viable approach to reduce occupational and environmental exposures to particulate matter (PM). Due to its lower particulate mass emissions compared to D, use of BD is thought to alleviate adverse health effects. Considering BD fuel is mainly composed of unsaturated fatty acids, we hypothesize that BD exhaust particles could induce pronounced adverse outcomes, due to their ability to readily oxidize. The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of particles generated by engine fueled with neat BD and neat petroleum-based D. Biomarkers of tissue damage and inflammation were significantly elevated in lungs of mice exposed to BD particulates. Additionally, BD particulates caused a significant accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins and an increase in 4-hydroxynonenal. The up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines/growth factors was higher in lungs upon BD particulate exposure. Histological evaluation of lung sections indicated presence of lymphocytic infiltrate and impaired clearance with prolonged retention of BD particulate in pigment laden macrophages. Taken together, these results clearly indicate that BD exhaust particles could exert more toxic effects compared to D.
Collapse
|
14
|
Watkins A, Danilewitz M, Kusha M, Massé S, Urch B, Quadros K, Spears D, Farid T, Nanthakumar K. Air pollution and arrhythmic risk: the smog is yet to clear. Can J Cardiol 2012; 29:734-41. [PMID: 23219609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence has demonstrated that air pollution may impair cardiovascular health, leading to potentially life-threatening arrhythmias. Efforts have been made, with the use of epidemiologic data and controlled exposures in diverse animal and human populations, to verify the relationship between air pollution and arrhythmias. The purpose of this review is to examine and contrast the epidemiologic and toxicologic evidence to date that relates airborne pollutants with cardiac arrhythmia. We have explored the potential biological mechanisms driving this association. Using the PubMed database, we conducted a literature search that included the terms "air pollution" and "arrhythmia" and eventually divergent synonyms such as "particulate matter," "bradycardia," and "atrial fibrillation." We reviewed epidemiologic studies and controlled human and animal exposures independently to determine whether observational conclusions were corroborated by toxicologic results. Numerous pollutants have demonstrated some arrhythmic capacity among healthy and health-compromised populations. However, some exposure studies have shown no significant correlation of air pollutants with arrhythmia, which suggests some uncertainty about the arrhythmogenic potential of air pollution and the mechanisms involved in arrhythmogenesis. While data from an increasing number of controlled exposures with human volunteers suggest a potential mechanistic link between air pollution and altered cardiac electrophysiology, definite conclusions regarding air pollution and arrhythmia are elusive as the direct arrhythmic effects of air pollutants are not entirely consistent across all studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Watkins
- Department of Environmental Services, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution is associated with adverse effects on health. In particular, a strong epidemiologic association is observed between acute and chronic exposures to particulate matter and the occurrence of cardiovascular events, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and venous thromboembolism, especially among older people and people with diabetes and previous cardiovascular conditions. Multiple mechanisms have been postulated to cause the increase in atherothrombotic and thromboembolic events, including the activation by particulate matter of inflammatory pathways and hemostasis factors, production of reactive oxygen species through the oxidative stress pathway, alterations in vascular tone, and decreased heart rate variability (a marker of cardiac autonomic dysfunction and a predictor of sudden cardiac death and arrhythmias). Current knowledge on the biologic mechanisms and the clinical effect of short- and long-term exposure to particulate air pollutants is discussed, emphasizing that life expectancy improved significantly in sites where air pollutants were controlled.
Collapse
|
16
|
Erdely A, Salmen-Muniz R, Liston A, Hulderman T, Zeidler-Erdely PC, Antonini JM, Simeonova PP. Relationship between pulmonary and systemic markers of exposure to multiple types of welding particulate matter. Toxicology 2011; 287:153-9. [PMID: 21708214 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Welding results in a unique and complex occupational exposure. Recent epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of cardiovascular disease following welding fume exposure. In this study, we compared the induction of pulmonary and systemic inflammation following exposure to multiple types of welding fumes. Mice were exposed to 340μg of manual metal arc stainless steel (MMA-SS), gas metal arc-SS (GMA-SS) or GMA-mild steel (GMA-MS) by pharyngeal aspiration. Mice were sacrificed at 4 and 24h post-exposure to evaluate various parameters of pulmonary and systemic inflammation. Alterations in pulmonary gene expression by a custom designed TaqMan array showed minimal differences between the fumes at 4h. Conversely at 24h, gene expression changes were further increased by SS but not GMA-MS exposure. These findings were associated with the surrogate marker of systemic inflammation, liver acute phase gene induction. Interestingly, stress response genes in cardiovascular tissues were only increased following MMA-SS exposure. These effects were related to the initial level of pulmonary cytotoxicity, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase activity, which was greatest following MMA-SS exposure. In conclusion, varying types of welding fumes elicit quantitatively different systemic inflammatory and/or stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Erdely
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stanek LW, Brown JS, Stanek J, Gift J, Costa DL. Air pollution toxicology--a brief review of the role of the science in shaping the current understanding of air pollution health risks. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120 Suppl 1:S8-27. [PMID: 21147959 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal toxicology has had a profound impact on our historical and current understanding of air pollution health effects. Early animal toxicological studies of air pollution had distinctively military or workplace themes. With the discovery that ambient air pollution episodes led to excess illness and death, there became an emergence of toxicological studies that focused on industrial air pollution encountered by the general public. Not only did the pollutants investigated evolve from ambient mixtures to individual pollutants but also the endpoints and outcomes evaluated became more sophisticated, resulting in our present state of the science. Currently, a large toxicological database exists for the effects of particulate matter and ozone, and we provide a focused review of some of the major contributions to the biological understanding for these two "criteria" air pollutants. A limited discussion of the toxicological advancements in the scientific knowledge of two hazardous air pollutants, formaldehyde and phosgene, is also included. Moving forward, the future challenge of air pollution toxicology lies in the health assessment of complex mixtures and their interactions, given the projected impacts of climate change and altered emissions on ambient conditions. In the coming years, the toxicologist will need to be flexible and forward thinking in order to dissect the complexity of the biological system itself, as well as that of air pollution in all its varied forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Wichers Stanek
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carll AP, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Rowan WH, Hazari MS, Ledbetter AD, Nyska A, Cascio WE, Watkinson WP, Costa DL, Farraj AK. Particulate matter inhalation exacerbates cardiopulmonary injury in a rat model of isoproterenol-induced cardiomyopathy. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:355-68. [PMID: 20121584 DOI: 10.3109/08958370903365692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure is linked to cardiovascular events and death, especially among individuals with heart disease. A model of toxic cardiomyopathy was developed in Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure (SHHF) rats to explore potential mechanisms. Rats were infused with isoproterenol (ISO; 2.5 mg/kg/day subcutaneous [sc]), a beta-adrenergic agonist, for 28 days and subsequently exposed to PM by inhalation. ISO induced tachycardia and hypotension throughout treatment followed by postinfusion decrements in heart rate, contractility, and blood pressures (systolic, diastolic, pulse), and fibrotic cardiomyopathy. Changes in heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) 17 days after ISO cessation indicated parasympathetic dominance with concomitantly altered ventilation. Rats were subsequently exposed to filtered air or Harvard Particle 12 (HP12) (12 mg/m(3))--a metal-rich oil combustion-derived PM--at 18 and 19 days (4 h/day) after ISO infusion via nose-only inhalation to determine if cardio-impaired rats were more responsive to the effects of PM exposure. Inhalation of PM among ISO-pretreated rats significantly increased pulmonary lactate dehydrogenase, serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and heart-to-body mass ratio. PM exposure increased the number of ISO-pretreated rats that experienced bradyarrhythmic events, which occurred concomitantly with acute alterations of HRV. PM, however, did not significantly affect mean HRV in the ISO- or saline-pretreated groups. In summary, subchronic ISO treatment elicited some pathophysiologic and histopathological features of heart failure, including cardiomyopathy. The enhanced sensitivity to PM exposure in SHHF rats with ISO-accelerated cardiomyopathy suggests that this model may be useful for elucidating the mechanisms by which PM exposure exacerbates heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Carll
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, Holguin F, Hong Y, Luepker RV, Mittleman MA, Peters A, Siscovick D, Smith SC, Whitsel L, Kaufman JD. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010; 121:2331-78. [PMID: 20458016 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e3181dbece1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3765] [Impact Index Per Article: 268.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In 2004, the first American Heart Association scientific statement on "Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease" concluded that exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In the interim, numerous studies have expanded our understanding of this association and further elucidated the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved. The main objective of this updated American Heart Association scientific statement is to provide a comprehensive review of the new evidence linking PM exposure with cardiovascular disease, with a specific focus on highlighting the clinical implications for researchers and healthcare providers. The writing group also sought to provide expert consensus opinions on many aspects of the current state of science and updated suggestions for areas of future research. On the basis of the findings of this review, several new conclusions were reached, including the following: Exposure to PM <2.5 microm in diameter (PM(2.5)) over a few hours to weeks can trigger cardiovascular disease-related mortality and nonfatal events; longer-term exposure (eg, a few years) increases the risk for cardiovascular mortality to an even greater extent than exposures over a few days and reduces life expectancy within more highly exposed segments of the population by several months to a few years; reductions in PM levels are associated with decreases in cardiovascular mortality within a time frame as short as a few years; and many credible pathological mechanisms have been elucidated that lend biological plausibility to these findings. It is the opinion of the writing group that the overall evidence is consistent with a causal relationship between PM(2.5) exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This body of evidence has grown and been strengthened substantially since the first American Heart Association scientific statement was published. Finally, PM(2.5) exposure is deemed a modifiable factor that contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
|
20
|
Farraj AK, Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates N, Lamb C, Winsett DW, Ge Y, Ledbetter AD, Carll AP, Bruno M, Ghio A, Costa DL. ST depression, arrhythmia, vagal dominance, and reduced cardiac micro-RNA in particulate-exposed rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:185-96. [PMID: 20378750 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0456oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, investigators demonstrated associations between fine particulate matter (PM)-associated metals and adverse health effects. Residual oil fly ash (ROFA), a waste product of fossil fuel combustion from boilers, is rich in the transition metals Fe, Ni, and V, and when released as a fugitive particle, is an important contributor to ambient fine particulate air pollution. We hypothesized that a single-inhalation exposure to transition metal-rich PM will cause concentration-dependent cardiovascular toxicity in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. Rats implanted with telemeters to monitor heart rate and electrocardiogram were exposed once by nose-only inhalation for 4 hours to 3.5 mg/m(3), 1.0 mg/m(3), or 0.45 mg/m(3) of a synthetic PM (dried salt solution), similar in composition to a well-studied ROFA sample consisting of Fe, Ni, and V. Exposure to the highest concentration of PM decreased T-wave amplitude and area, caused ST depression, reduced heart rate (HR), and increased nonconducted P-wave arrhythmias. These changes were accompanied by increased pulmonary inflammation, lung resistance, and vagal tone, as indicated by changes in markers of HR variability (increased root of the mean of squared differences of adjacent RR intervals [RMSSD], low frequency [LF], high frequency [HF], and decreased LF/HF), and attenuated myocardial micro-RNA (RNA segments that suppress translation by targeting messenger RNA) expression. The low and intermediate concentrations of PM had less effect on the inflammatory, HR variability, and micro-RNA endpoints, but still caused significant reductions in HR. In addition, the intermediate concentration caused ST depression and increased QRS area, whereas the low concentration increased the T-wave parameters. Thus, PM-induced cardiac dysfunction is mediated by multiple mechanisms that may be dependent on PM concentration and myocardial vulnerability (this abstract does not reflect the policy of the United States Environmental Protection Agency).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao J, Xie Y, Qian X, Jiang R, Song W. Acute effects of fine particles on cardiovascular system: Differences between the spontaneously hypertensive rats and wistar kyoto rats. Toxicol Lett 2010; 193:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
22
|
Lippmann M, Chen LC. Health effects of concentrated ambient air particulate matter (CAPs) and its components. Crit Rev Toxicol 2009; 39:865-913. [DOI: 10.3109/10408440903300080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
23
|
Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Costa DL, Farraj AK. A single exposure to particulate or gaseous air pollution increases the risk of aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmia in hypertensive rats. Toxicol Sci 2009; 112:532-42. [PMID: 19748997 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrate an association between arrhythmias and air pollution. Aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmia is widely used experimentally to examine factors that alter the risk of arrhythmogenesis. In this study, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats acutely exposed to synthetic residual oil fly ash (s-ROFA) particles (450 mug/m(3)) were "challenged" with aconitine to examine whether a single exposure could predispose to arrhythmogenesis. Separately, SH rats were exposed to varied particulate matter (PM) concentrations (0.45, 1.0, or 3.5 mg/m(3) s-ROFA), or the irritant gas acrolein (3 ppm), to better assess the generalization of this challenge response. Rather than directly cause arrhythmias, we hypothesized that inhaled air pollutants sensitize the heart to subsequent dysrhythmic stimuli. Twenty-four hour postexposure, urethane-anesthetized rats were monitored for heart rate (HR), electrocardiogram, and blood pressure (BP). SH rats had higher baseline HR and BP and significantly longer PR intervals, QRS duration, QTc, and JTc than WKY rats. PM exposure caused a significant increase in the PR interval, QRS duration, and QTc in WKY rats but not in SH rats. Heart rate variability was significantly decreased in WKY rats after PM exposure but increased in SH rats. Cumulative dose of aconitine that triggered arrhythmias in air-exposed SH rats was lower than WKY rats and even lower for each strain postexposure. SH rats exposed to varied concentrations of PM or acrolein developed arrhythmia at significantly lower doses of aconitine than controls; however, there was no PM concentration-dependent response. In conclusion, a single exposure to air pollution may increase the sensitivity of cardiac electrical conduction to disruption. Moreover, there seem to be host factors (e.g., cardiovascular disease) that increase vulnerability to triggered arrhythmias regardless of the pollutant or its concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi S Hazari
- Environmental Public Health Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 Alexander Drive, B143-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Merolla L, Richards RJ. IN VITRO EFFECTS OF WATER-SOLUBLE METALS PRESENT IN UK PARTICULATE MATTER. Exp Lung Res 2009; 31:671-83. [PMID: 16203622 DOI: 10.1080/01902140591007128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The water-soluble metal content of 1950s London smogs and modern particulate matter (PM) are associated with adverse health effects. This study aimed to elucidate the bioreactivity of these metals alone and in mixtures and to investigate the comparative bioreactivities of a surrogate mixture and a PM sample. These revealed similar bioreactivities. A bioreactivity hierarchy of these metals was established: Fe2+ > Cu2+ > Fe3+ > VO2+ > Zn2+ > As3+ = Pb2+ = Mn2+ = VO3-. Secondary components (i.e., chlorides, sulfates, nitrates) did not affect metal bioreactivity, whereas oxidation state was important. Synergism was observed between zinc and various metal ions (Cu2+, Fe3+, VO2+). In conclusion, low-valence transition metals are key to PM bioreactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Merolla
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Farraj AK, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Hazari MS, Carll AP, Rowan WH, Ledbetter AD, Cascio WE, Costa DL. Increased non-conducted P-wave arrhythmias after a single oil fly ash inhalation exposure in hypertensive rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:709-15. [PMID: 19479011 PMCID: PMC2685831 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to combustion-derived fine particulate matter (PM) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality especially in individuals with cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. PM inhalation causes several adverse changes in cardiac function that are reflected in the electrocardiogram (ECG), including altered cardiac rhythm, myocardial ischemia, and reduced heart rate variability (HRV). The sensitivity and reliability of ECG-derived parameters as indicators of the cardiovascular toxicity of PM in rats are unclear. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats are more susceptible to the development of PM-induced arrhythmia, altered ECG morphology, and reduced HRV than are Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, a related strain with normal blood pressure. METHODS We exposed rats once by nose-only inhalation for 4 hr to residual oil fly ash (ROFA), an emission source particle rich in transition metals, or to air and then sacrificed them 1 or 48 hr later. RESULTS ROFA-exposed SH rats developed non-conducted P-wave arrhythmias but no changes in ECG morphology or HRV. We found no ECG effects in ROFA-exposed WKY rats. ROFA-exposed SH rats also had greater pulmonary injury, neutrophil infiltration, and serum C-reactive protein than did ROFA-exposed WKY rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cardiac arrhythmias may be an early sensitive indicator of the propensity for PM inhalation to modify cardiovascular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Farraj
- Experimental Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Costa DL, Farraj AK. Continuous Electrocardiogram Reveals Differences in the Short-Term Cardiotoxic Response of Wistar-Kyoto and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats to Doxorubicin. Toxicol Sci 2009; 110:224-34. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
27
|
Lo HM, Lin KC, Liu MH, Pai TZ, Lin CY, Liu WF, Fang GC, Lu C, Chiang CF, Wang SC, Chen PH, Chen JK, Chiu HY, Wu KC. Solubility of heavy metals added to MSW. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 161:294-299. [PMID: 18457918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 01/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the six heavy metal levels (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn) in municipal solid waste (MSW) at different pHs. It intends to provide the baseline information of metals solubility in MSW co-disposed or co-digested with MSW incinerator ashes in landfill or anaerobic bioreactors or heavy metals contaminated in anaerobic digesters. One milliliter (equal to 1mg) of each metal was added to the 100ml MSW and the batch reactor test was carried out. The results showed that higher HNO3 and NaOH were consumed at extreme pH of 1 and 13 compared to those from pH 2 to 11 due to the comparably higher buffer capacity. Pb was found to have the least soluble level, highest metal adsorption (%) and highest partitioning Kd (lg(-1)) between pH 3 and 12. In contrast, Ni showed the highest soluble level, lowest metal adsorption (%) and lowest Kd (lg(-1)) between pH 4 and 12. Except Ni and Cr, other four metals seemed to show the amphibious properties as comparative higher solubility was found in the acidic and basic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Lo
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Gifong E. Road, Wufong, Taichung County 41349, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen LC, Lippmann M. Effects of Metals within Ambient Air Particulate Matter (PM) on Human Health. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:1-31. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370802105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
29
|
Nadadur SS, Haykal-Coates N, Mudipalli A, Costa DL. Endothelial effects of emission source particles: acute toxic response gene expression profiles. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 23:67-77. [PMID: 19000753 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution epidemiology has established a strong association between exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and cardiovascular outcomes. Experimental studies in both humans and laboratory animals support varied biological mechanisms including endothelial dysfunction as potentially a central step to the elicitation of cardiovascular events. We therefore hypothesized that relevant early molecular alterations on endothelial cells should be assessable in vitro upon acute exposure to PM components previously shown to be involved in health outcomes. Using a model emission PM, residual oil fly ash and one of its predominant constituents (vanadium-V), we focused on the development of gene expression profiles to fingerprint that particle and its constituents to explore potential biomarkers for PM-induced endothelial dysfunction. Here we present differential gene expression and transcription factor activation profiles in human vascular endothelial cells exposed to a non-cytotoxic dose of fly ash or V following semi-global gene expression profiling of approximately 8000 genes. Both fly ash and it's prime constituent, V, induced alterations in genes involved in passive and active transport of solutes across the membrane; voltage-dependent ion pumps; induction of extracellular matrix proteins and adhesion molecules; and activation of numerous kinases involved in signal transduction pathways. These preliminary data suggest that cardiovascular effects associated with exposure to PM may be mediated by perturbations in endothelial cell permeability, membrane integrity; and ultimately endothelial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth S Nadadur
- Pulmonary Toxicology Branch, Experimental Toxicology Division, National Health Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, ORD, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yokota S, Furuya M, Seki T, Marumo H, Ohara N, Kato A. Delayed Exacerbation of Acute Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Arrhythmia by Tracheal Instillation of Diesel Exhaust Particles. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 16:319-31. [PMID: 15371183 DOI: 10.1080/08958370490428454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
For understanding the relationship between the increased incidence of sudden cardiac death and air pollution, we examined the effects of intratracheal instillation of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced arrhythmia in rats. The animals received 1 mg DEP 24-48 h before the ischemia/reperfusion (DEP-pretreated group, DEP-PRE), and were subjected to 3 successive brief ischemia/reperfusion (3 min ischemia followed by 5 min reperfusion) procedures. These were to make the animals tolerant to ischemia/reperfusion-related myocardial deterioration. Thereafter the animals were subjected to a 10-min ischemia followed by a 30-min reperfusion. In the experiments, an increased mortality was observed in the DEP-PRE group compared to the vehicle (0.05% Tween 80-PBS)-treated group. Forty-six percent of the animals in DEP-PRE died during the first 3-min reperfusion period. The animals of other groups were intratracheally instilled with DEP at the beginning of ischemia/reperfusion experiment, or were pretreated with polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase (1000 IU kg(-1), iv). In these animals, incidences of both arrhythmia and mortality were similar to those in the animals treated with the vehicle. In experiments to investigate the effects of DEP on the biochemical and hematological parameters, neutrophil count was elevated by a higher dose (5 mg) of DEP at 24 h after the intratracheal instillation, and oxygen radical production, which was induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, was enhanced at 72 h. These results indicate that intratracheal DEP instillation exacerbates short-period ischemia/reperfusion-induced arrhythmia. Delivery and activation of peripheral neutrophils and oxygen radicals produced in neutrophils might participate in this exacerbation. This is the first article that demonstrates the arrhythmogenicity of DEP using intratracheal instillation in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syunji Yokota
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Pathology, Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tankersley CG, Campen M, Bierman A, Flanders SE, Broman KW, Rabold R. Particle Effects on Heart-Rate Regulation in Senescent Mice. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 16:381-90. [PMID: 15204754 DOI: 10.1080/08958370490439551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Because epidemiology studies consistently identify the elderly at risk for air pollution-related morbidity and mortality, we developed a model of senescent-dependent susceptibility based on indices of physiological aging. In the current study, we hypothesized that heart-rate regulation during particulate matter (PM) exposure differs with senescence-dependent susceptibility owing to variation in autonomic nervous control. Heart rate (HR) and heart-rate variability (HRV) parameters were measured from 162 samples of 2-min electrocardiograph (ECG) recordings in age-matched healthy (n = 5) and terminally senescent (n = 3) AKR mice during 3-h exposures to filtered-air (FA, day 1) and carbon black (CB, day 4; <200 microg/m(3)). On day 1, HR was significantly (p <.01) depressed during FA in terminally senescent mice. By day 4, HR was further slowed significantly (p <.01) due to the effects of CB exposure for 3 days. The combined effects of terminal senescence and CB exposure acted to depress HR to an average (+/-SEM) 445 +/- 40 bpm, or approximately 80 bpm lower compared to healthy HR responses. The change in rMSSD, an HRV parameter corresponding to relative influences of parasympathetic tone on HR, was significantly (p <.01) greater on day 1 and day 4 in terminally senescent mice compared to healthy mice. In contrast, the LF/HF ratio, an HRV parameter derived from spectral analysis indicating relative changes in cardiac sympathetic tone, was significantly (p <.01) depressed in terminally senescent mice on day 1. By day 4, significant increases in LF/HF were evident in healthy mice during CB exposure, suggesting that HR regulation was associated with an increase in sympathetic tone. Alternatively, terminally senescent mice appeared to modulate a lower HR without change in LF/HF ratio during CB exposure, suggesting an absence of sympathetic tone. In conclusion, older healthy mice increase cardiac sympathetic tone during PM exposure while terminally senescent mice show a greater PM-induced parasympathetic tone in regulating HR. The significance of the current results suggest that PM-induced HR regulatory changes may ultimately depend on the degree of physiological aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarke G Tankersley
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205 USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Veronesi B, Makwana O, Pooler M, Chen LC. Effects of Subchronic Exposures to Concentrated Ambient Particles: VII. Degeneration of Dopaminergic Neurons in Apo E−/−Mice. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 17:235-41. [PMID: 15804941 DOI: 10.1080/08958370590912888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study reports that subchronic exposure of Tuxedo, NY concentrated ambient particulates (CAPs) produces neuropathological damage in the brains of Apo E-deficient mice (Apo E-/-). These genetically modified mice are characterized by elevated levels of oxidative stress (OS) in the brain. Microscopic examination of coronal sections of the brain, immunocytochemically stained for dopamineric neurons, indicated that neurons from the substantia nigral nucleus compacta were significantly reduced by 29% in CAPs-exposed Apo E-/- mice relative to air-exposed Apo E-/- controls. In addition, statistically significant increases (p < .05) in immunocytochemically stained astrocytes were noted. The dopaminergic neurons of the nucleus compact are specifically targeted in Parkinson's disease. The present study expands the systems affected by particulate matter to include the brain, and supports an environmental role for the development of neurodegeneration in OS-susceptible individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bellina Veronesi
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Neurotoxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen Y, Yang Q, Krewski D, Burnett RT, Shi Y, McGrail KM. The Effect of Coarse Ambient Particulate Matter on First, Second, and Overall Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Disease Among the Elderly. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 17:649-55. [PMID: 16087571 DOI: 10.1080/08958370500189420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this article is to examine differences in the effect of ambient particulate matter on first, second, and overall hospital admissions for respiratory disease among the elderly. We studied 8989 adults 65 yr of age or older living in the greater Vancouver area who were admitted to hospital for any acute respiratory disease (ICD-9 codes 460-519) between June 1, 1995, and March 31, 1999. Time-series analysis was used to evaluate the association between respiratory admissions and daily measures of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and PM10 - 2.5) in urban air, after adjustment for gaseous copollutants (CO, O3, NO2, and SO2) and meteorological variables. Repeated admissions for respiratory disease were common among the elderly. Approximately 30% of the subjects were readmitted to hospital after the first admission; 9% had more than 2 admissions for respiratory disease during the 4-yr study period. PM10 - 2.5 was significantly associated with the second and overall admissions for respiratory disease, but not with the first admission. The adjusted relative risks for an increment of 4.2 microg/m(3) in -day average PM10 - 2.5 concentrations were 1.03 (95% confidence interval: 0.98-1.09) for the first admission, 1.22 (1.10-1.36) for the second admission, and 1.06 (1.02, 1.11) for overall admissions. There was no significant association between PM2.5 and hospital admissions for respiratory disease among the elderly. Our data suggest that (1) people with a history of respiratory admissions are at a higher risk of respiratory disease in relation to particulate air pollution in urban areas, (2) analyses based on overall rather than repeated hospital admissions lead to lower estimates of the risk of respiratory disease associated with particulate air pollution, and (3) PM10 - 2.5 has a larger effect on respiratory admissions than PM2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The acute electrocardiographic (ECG) changes induced by 4 different doses of piperazine citrate (15, 30, 60, and 100 mg/kg) were determined in the anesthetized Wistar rat. A dose-dependent reduction in heart rate occurred, from 9.03%+/-2.97% at a dose of 15 mg/kg to 30.84%+/-3.4% at 100 mg/kg body weight. The P-R interval showed dose-dependent increases over values at equilibration, increasing from 10.69% +/-2.82% at 15 mg/kg to 24.79%+/-2.71% at 100 mg/kg. Similarly, the Q-T interval corrected for heart rate (Q-Tc) showed dose-dependent increases, from 4.7%+/-1.89% at 15 mg/kg to 29.40%+/-6.09% at 100 mg/kg. In comparison with values for controls, all these changes except those associated with 15 mg/kg were statistically significant (P<0.05). Piperazine did not have any effect on the duration of the QRS complex except at 100 mg/kg, the dose at which marked widening occurred in 3 of the 7 rats. Dysrhythmic phenomena, including various forms of atrioventricular (AV) block, sometimes with idioventricular rhythms, were also evident in the 3 rats. Severe bradycardia from sino-atrial depression and AV block was also observed. At this concentration (100 mg/kg), 3 of 7 rats died of complete heart block within 30 minutes of drug administration. It was concluded that piperazine citrate at the suggested antiarrhythmic dose (15 mg/kg intravenously) and even at four times that dose was associated with no ECG abnormality suggestive of cardiotoxicity. However, at 100 mg/kg very serious ECG aberrations can occur, with severe heart block and death.
Collapse
|
35
|
Franchini M, Mannucci PM. Short-term effects of air pollution on cardiovascular diseases: outcomes and mechanisms. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:2169-74. [PMID: 17958737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of air pollution on health have been intensively studied in recent years. Acute exposure to environmental pollutants such as particulate and gaseous matters (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and ozone) was associated with an increased rate of events and mortality because of cardiovascular diseases. These effects were investigated in short-term studies, which related day-to-day variations in air pollution to disease, and in long-term studies, which have followed cohorts of exposed individuals over time. The evidence from the literature on the short-term cardiovascular effects of air pollutants is discussed from clinical and mechanistic points of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Franchini
- Transfusion and Hemophilia Center, City Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chang CC, Hwang JS, Chan CC, Wang PY, Cheng TJ. Effects of concentrated ambient particles on heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac contractility in spontaneously hypertensive rats during a dust storm event. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19:973-8. [PMID: 17849281 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701515399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested that cardiovascular mortality and morbidity increased during Asian dust events. The findings were still inconclusive though. We have shown an increased pulmonary toxicity in diseased animals during a dust storm event. However, the toxicity nature of dust storm particles remains unclear. It is our objective in this study to further investigate the cardiovascular effects of concentrated PM(2.5) on spontaneously hypertensive rats during the same dust storm event. Four spontaneously hypertensive rats were implanted with radiotelemetry transmitters at the age of 10 wk. Baseline heart rate, mean blood pressure, and cardiac contractility (measured as QA interval, QAI) data were collected 4 wk before. Exposure group received concentrated ambient particles inhalation for 6 h during a dust storm event, while the control group received room air inhalation at the same time. Self-control data were collected 4 wk after the event during the same clock hours while there was no dust storm. Gravimetric analysis showed a particle mass concentration of 315.55 microg/m(3) during the 6 h of exposure. A linear mixed-effects model revealed sigmoid increases in heart rate (to a maximum of 93.8 +/- 18.8 bpm) and mean blood pressure (to a maximum of 14.8 +/- 5.4 mm Hg), and a sigmoid decrease of QAI (to a maximum of - 3.5 +/- 1.5 ms) during the exposure after an initial incubation period. We conclude that concentrated dust storm particles, which are different from products of automobile combustion process, may cause adverse cardiovascular effects on diseased animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Chau Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rowan WH, Campen MJ, Wichers LB, Watkinson WP. Heart rate variability in rodents: uses and caveats in toxicological studies. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2007; 7:28-51. [PMID: 17646680 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-007-0004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of cardiac pacing dynamics that has recently garnered a great deal of interest in environmental health studies. While the use of these measures has become popular, much uncertainty remains in the interpretation of results, both in terms of human and animal research. In humans, HRV endpoints, specifically chronic alterations in baseline HRV patterns, have been reasonably well characterized as prognostic indicators of adverse outcomes for a variety of diseases. However, such information is lacking for reversible HRV changes that may be induced by short-term exposures to environmental toxicants. Furthermore, there are minimal substantive data, either acute or chronic, regarding the pathological interpretation or prognostic value of toxicant-induced changes in HRV in rodents. The present report summarizes the physiological and clinical aspects of HRV, the methodological processes for obtaining these endpoints, and previous human and animal studies in the field of environmental health. Furthermore, we include a discussion of important caveats and recommendations for the interpretation of HRV data in animal research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William H Rowan
- Pulmonary Toxicology Branch, Experimental Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schlesinger RB. The health impact of common inorganic components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ambient air: a critical review. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19:811-32. [PMID: 17687714 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701402382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ambient air particulate matter (PM) originates as either primary particles emitted directly into the atmosphere from a specific source or as secondary particles produced from atmospheric chemical reactions between precursor gases or between these gases and primary particles. PM can derive from both natural and anthropogenic sources, resulting in a complex chemical mix. The "fine" size mode of ambient PM, designated as PM(2.5), is defined as comprising those particles having aerodynamic diameters below 2.5 microm. While the total mass of PM(2.5) has been associated with adverse human health outcomes, the relationship between these and specific chemical components has not been resolved. This article provides a perspective on the current state of the science concerning health effects from a major group of chemical species found within PM(2.5), namely common inorganic constituents. The specific chemical classes discussed herein are secondary inorganic species, namely, sulfate, nitrate, and acidity, and generally crustal-derived species, namely, phosphate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, and aluminum. The article discusses evidence for adverse health effects from inorganic PM(2.5) components within the framework of various caveats surrounding both epidemiology and toxicology assessments. The largest database exists for sulfate, but conclusions that attribute sulfate to health outcomes have not been consistent across all epidemiology studies, and there is a lack of coherence with toxicology studies, which show biological responses only at high levels of exposure. Limited epidemiological and toxicological data for nitrate suggests little or no adverse health effects at current levels. Epidemiological studies specifically identifying crustal components of PM(2.5) suggest that they are not likely, by themselves, to produce a significant health risk, and these components do not have unequivocal biological plausibility from toxicological studies for being significant contributors to adverse health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Schlesinger
- Department of Biology and Health Sciences, Pace University, New York, New York 10038, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chang CC, Hwang JS, Chan CC, Cheng TJ. Interaction effects of ultrafine carbon black with iron and nickel on heart rate variability in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1012-7. [PMID: 17637915 PMCID: PMC1913579 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate matter (PM) has been reported to be associated with alterations in heart rate variability (HRV); however, the results are inconsistent. We propose that different components of PM cause the discrepancy. OBJECTIVE In this study, our goal was to determine whether different types of exposure would cause different HRV effects, and to verify the interactions between co-exposing components. METHODS Ultrafine carbon black (ufCB; 14 nm; 415 microg and 830 microg), ferric sulfate [Fe(2)(SO(4))(3); 105 microg and 210 microg], nickel sulfate (NiSO(4); 263 mug and 526 microg), and a combination of high-dose ufCB and low-dose Fe(2)(SO(4))(3) or NiSO(4) were intratracheally instilled into spontaneously hypertensive rats. Radiotelemetry data were collected in rats for 72 hr at baseline and for 72 hr the following week to determine the response to exposure. Effects of exposure on 5-min average of normal-to-normal intervals (ANN), natural logarithm-transformed standard deviation of the normal-to-normal intervals (LnSDNN), and root mean square of successive differences of adjacent normal-to-normal intervals (LnRMSSD) were analyzed using self-control experimental designs. RESULTS Both high- and low-dose ufCB decreased ANN marginally around hour 30, with concurrent increases of LnSDNN. LnRMSSD returned to baseline levels after small initial increases. We observed minor effects after low-dose Fe and Ni instillation, whereas biphasic changes were noted after high-dose instillations. Combined exposures of ufCB and either Fe or Ni resulted in HRV trends different from values estimated from individual-component effects. CONCLUSIONS Components in PM may induce different cardioregulatory responses, and a single component may induce different responses during different phases. Concurrent exposure to ufCB and Fe or Ni might introduce interactions on cardioregulatory effects. Also, the effect of PM may be mediated through complex interaction between different components of PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Chau Chang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Jen Cheng
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Address correspondence to T.J. Cheng, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Rd., Rm 720, Taipei, Taiwan 10055. Telephone and Fax: +886-2-3322-8090. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wellenius GA, Coull BA, Batalha JRF, Diaz EA, Lawrence J, Godleski JJ. Effects of ambient particles and carbon monoxide on supraventricular arrhythmias in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 18:1077-82. [PMID: 17050344 DOI: 10.1080/08958370600945473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The association between short-term increases in particulate air pollution and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is well documented. Recent studies suggest an association between particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 microm (PM2.5) and supraventricular arrhythmias (SVA), but the results have been inconsistent. We evaluated this hypothesis in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Diazepam-sedated Sprague-Dawley rats with AMI were exposed (1 h) to either filtered air (n = 16), concentrated ambient fine particles (CAPS; mean = 645.7 microg/m3; n = 23), carbon monoxide (CO; 35 ppm; n = 19), or CAPs and CO (n = 24). Each exposure was immediately preceded and followed by a 1-h exposure to filtered air (baseline and postexposure periods, respectively). Surface electrocardiograms were recorded and the frequency of supraventricular premature beats was quantified. Among rats in the CAPS group, the probability of observing any SVA decreased from baseline to the exposure and postexposure periods. This pattern was significantly different than that observed for the filtered air group during the exposure period (p = .048) only. In the subset of rats with one or more SVA during the baseline period, the change in SVA rate from baseline to exposure period was significantly lower in the CAPS (p = .04) and CO (p = .007) groups only, as compared to the filtered air group. No significant effects were observed in the group simultaneously exposed to CAPS and CO. Thus, the results of this study do not support the hypothesis that exposure to ambient air pollution increases the risk or frequency of supraventricular arrhythmias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Wellenius
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Berger A, Zareba W, Schneider A, Rückerl R, Ibald-Mulli A, Cyrys J, Wichmann HE, Peters A. Runs of ventricular and supraventricular tachycardia triggered by air pollution in patients with coronary heart disease. J Occup Environ Med 2007; 48:1149-58. [PMID: 17099451 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000245921.15916.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors conducted an investigation of the association between air pollution and arrhythmia. METHODS A prospective panel study (October 2000-April 2001) was conducted in Erfurt, Germany. Fifty-seven men with coronary heart disease were subjected to six 24-hour electrocardiogram recordings. Runs of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia were associated with continuous ultrafine particle counts (UFP), accumulation mode particle counts (ACP), PM2.5, and gaseous pollutants. Poisson and linear regression models were applied adjusting for trend, weekday, and meteorologic data. RESULTS Elevated concentrations of UFP, ACP, PM2.5, and nitrogen dioxide increased the risk for supraventricular runs and the number of ventricular runs at almost all lags. Statistically significant associations were found predominantly in the previous 24 to 71 hours and with the 5-day moving average. CONCLUSION Elevated concentrations of fine and ultrafine particle increased the risk of arrhythmia in men with coronary heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Costa DL. A Tribute to Dr. William Penn Watkinson. Inhal Toxicol 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370701266027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
43
|
McQueen DS, Donaldson K, Bond SM, McNeilly JD, Newman S, Barton NJ, Duffin R. Bilateral vagotomy or atropine pre-treatment reduces experimental diesel-soot induced lung inflammation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 219:62-71. [PMID: 17239416 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of the vagus nerve in acute inflammatory and cardiorespiratory responses to diesel particulate (DP) in the rat airway, we measured changes in respiration, blood pressure and neutrophils in lungs of urethane anesthetized Wistar rats 6-h post-instillation of DP (500 microg) and studied the effect of mid-cervical vagotomy or atropine (1 mg kg(-1)) pre-treatment. In conscious rats, we investigated DP, with and without atropine pre-treatment. DP increased neutrophil level in BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) fluid from intact anesthetized rats to 2.5+/-0.7x10(6) cells (n=8), compared with saline instillation (0.3+/-0.1x10(6), n=7; P<0.05). Vagotomy reduced DP neutrophilia to 0.8+/-0.2x10(6) cells (n=8; P<0.05 vs. intact); atropine reduced DP-induced neutrophilia to 0.3+/-0.2x10(6) (n=4; P<0.05). In conscious rats, DP neutrophilia of 8.5+/-1.8x10(6), n=4, was reduced by pre-treatment with atropine to 2.2+/-1.2x10(6) cells, n=3. Hyperventilation occurred 6 h after DP in anesthetized rats with intact vagi, but not in bilaterally vagotomized or atropine pre-treated animals and was abolished by vagotomy (P<0.05, paired test). There were no significant differences in the other variables (mean blood pressure, heart rate and heart rate variability) measured before and 360 min after DP. In conclusion, DP activates a pro-inflammatory vago-vagal reflex which is reduced by atropine. Muscarinic ACh receptors in the rat lung are involved in DP-induced neutrophilia, and hence muscarinic antagonists may reduce airway and/or cardiovascular inflammation evoked by inhaled atmospheric DP in susceptible individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S McQueen
- University of Edinburgh, School of Biomedical Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Anselme F, Loriot S, Henry JP, Dionnet F, Napoleoni JG, Thuillez C, Morin JP. Inhalation of diluted diesel engine emission impacts heart rate variability and arrhythmia occurrence in a rat model of chronic ischemic heart failure. Arch Toxicol 2006; 81:299-307. [PMID: 17024498 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both increase in cardiac arrhythmia incidence and decrease in heart rate variability (HRV) have been described following human and experimental animal exposures to air pollutants. However, the potential causal relationship between these two factors remains unclear. Incidence of ventricular arrhythmia and HRV were evaluated during and after a 3 h period of Diesel engine exhaust exposure in ten healthy and ten chronic ischemic heart failure (CHF, 3 months after coronary ligation) Wistar rats using implantable ECG telemetry. Air pollutants were delivered to specifically designed whole body individual exposure chambers at particulate matter concentrations similar to those measured inside cabins of cars inserted in congested urban traffic. Recordings were obtained from unrestrained and unsedated vigil rats. Immediate decrease in RMSSD was observed in both healthy (6.64 +/- 2.62 vs. 4.89 +/- 1.67 ms, P < 0.05) and CHF rats (8.01 +/- 0.89 vs. 6.6 +/- 1.37 ms, P < 0.05) following exposure. An immediate 200-500% increase in ventricular premature beats was observed in CHF rats only. Whereas HRV progressively returned to baseline values within 2.5 h after exposure start, the proarrhythmic effect persisted as late as 5 h after exposure termination in CHF rats. Persistence of ventricular proarrhythmic effects after HRV normalization suggests that HRV reduction is not the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias in this model. Our methodological approach, closely reflecting the real clinical situations, appeared to be a unique tool to provide further insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of traffic related airborne pollution health impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Anselme
- Service de Cardiologie, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Timonen KL, Vanninen E, de Hartog J, Ibald-Mulli A, Brunekreef B, Gold DR, Heinrich J, Hoek G, Lanki T, Peters A, Tarkiainen T, Tiittanen P, Kreyling W, Pekkanen J. Effects of ultrafine and fine particulate and gaseous air pollution on cardiac autonomic control in subjects with coronary artery disease: the ULTRA study. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2006; 16:332-41. [PMID: 16205787 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown an association between elevated concentrations of particulate air pollution and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the association between daily variation of ultrafine and fine particulate air pollution and cardiac autonomic control measured as heart rate variability (HRV) was studied in a large multicenter study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Erfurt, Germany, and Helsinki, Finland. Elderly subjects (n=37 in Amsterdam, n=47 in both Erfurt and Helsinki) with stable coronary artery disease were followed for 6 months with biweekly clinical visits. During the visits, ambulatory electrocardiogram was recorded during a standardized protocol including a 5-min period of paced breathing. Time and frequency domain analyses of HRV were performed. A statistical model was built for each center separately. The mean 24-h particle number concentration (NC) (1,000/cm(3)) of ultrafine particles (diameter 0.01-0.1 microm) was 17.3 in Amsterdam, 21.1 in Erfurt, and 17.0 in Helsinki. The corresponding values for PM2.5 were 20.0, 23.1, and 12.7 microg/m(3). During paced breathing, ultrafine particles, NO(2), and CO were at lags of 0-2 days consistently and significantly associated with decreased low-to-high frequency ratio (LF/HF), a measure of sympathovagal balance. In a pooled analysis across the centers, LF/HF decreased by 13.5% (95% confidence interval: -20.1%, -7.0%) for each 10,000/cm(3) increase in the NC of ultrafine particles (2-day lag). PM2.5 was associated with reduced HF and increased LF/HF in Helsinki, whereas the opposite was true in Erfurt, and in Amsterdam, there were no clear associations between PM2.5 and HRV. The results suggest that the cardiovascular effects of ambient ultrafine and PM2.5 can differ from each other and that their effect may be modified by the characteristics of the exposed subjects and the sources of PM2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi L Timonen
- Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Corey LM, Baker C, Luchtel DL. Heart-rate variability in the apolipoprotein E knockout transgenic mouse following exposure to Seattle particulate matter. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2006; 69:953-65. [PMID: 16728373 DOI: 10.1080/15287390500362105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that the elderly and/or people with preexisting cardiovascular disease (CVD) are more susceptible to the adverse effects of ambient air pollution. Heart-rate variability (HRV) measured through electrocardiogram (ECG) is a sensitive and effective tool for monitoring the adverse effects of particulate matter (PM). Common HRV parameters used include the standard deviation of the interval between normal beats (SDNN), square root of the mean of the squared differences between normal beats (rMSSD), and distinct high, low, and very low components of frequency. Aged apolipoprotein E knockout transgenic mice, a model of CVD, were implanted with miniaturized ECG telemetry devices and intranasally exposed to saline, 50 microg Seattle PM(2.5) (PM having a mean aerodynamic diameter of < or = 2.5 microm), or silica. They were monitored for a 1-d baseline prior to and for 4 d following exposure. After an initial increase in both heart rate and activity in all groups, there was delayed bradycardia with no change in activity of the animals in the PM- and silica-exposed groups. In addition, with PM and silica exposure there was a decrease in HRV parameters, suggesting a decrease in parasympathetic tone, which may lead to cardiac arrhythmia and mortality. Seattle PM is a toxic species that modulates the autonomic nervous system in a mouse model of CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Corey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rodriguez Ferreira Rivero DH, Sassaki C, Lorenzi-Filho G, Nascimento Saldiva PH. PM(2.5) induces acute electrocardiographic alterations in healthy rats. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2005; 99:262-6. [PMID: 16194676 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Revised: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that changes of the autonomic control of the heart are among the potential mechanisms responsible for pollution-related cardiac mortality. The objective of this work is to assess the acute effects of urban particulate matter of 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) particles on heart rate (HR) and HR variability. Forty-seven healthy Wistar rats were anesthetized, submitted to tracheal intubation, and instilled with 1 mL of four different solutions: saline, blank filter, and 50 or 100 microg of PM(2.5). PM(2.5) was collected in glass fiber filters using a high-volume sampler. Electrodes for obtaining electrocardiograms were implanted subcutaneously in a Lead II configuration. HR and the standard deviation of the intervals between normal beats (SDNN) were assessed immediately before and 30 and 60 min after instillation. HR decreased significantly (P<0.001) with time, but no significant effect of treatment or interaction between time and treatment was observed. In contrast, there was a significant SDNN interaction between time and treatment (P=0.025). The SDNN decreased 60 min after instillation with a PM(2.5) of 50 and 100 microg. In conclusion, the injection of an aqueous suspension of PM(2.5) induced a reduction of SDNN in healthy rats. The effect was observed 1h after instillation and in a concentration of <100 microg.
Collapse
|
48
|
Gunnison A, Chen LC. Effects of subchronic exposures to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) in mice. VI. Gene expression in heart and lung tissue. Inhal Toxicol 2005; 17:225-33. [PMID: 15804940 DOI: 10.1080/08958370590912851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this exploratory study within the integrated subchronic inhalation exposure study (Lippmann et al., 2005) was to identify genes in heart and lung tissue that changed in expression level as a result of subchronic exposure to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs). Identification of CAPs exposure-related changes in gene expression could serve in the formulation of mechanistic hypotheses and/or to suggest possible biomarkers of exposure. In this exploratory study undertaken here, tissues from multiple replicates of ApoE/low-density-lipoprotein double knockout (DK) mice were examined for relative exposure-related changes in gene expression. Due to limited resources, the number of replicates was three for each tissue (lung and heart) of each exposure condition (CAPs or air control). A rigorous comparison of exposure versus control data using the "significance analysis of microarrays" (SAM) method indicated that only one gene was differentially expressed at a significant level. However, when using a less restrictive, nonstatistical analytical treatment of the data, several genes that might be involved in PM-related heart or lung pathology, and/or the circadian rhythm of physiological processes, were identified. A more comprehensive study is required to mre definitively assess differences in gene expression in heart and lung resulting from exposure to CAPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gunnison
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lippmann M, Gordon T, Chen LC. Effects of subchronic exposures to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) in mice. I. Introduction, objectives, and experimental plan. Inhal Toxicol 2005; 17:177-87. [PMID: 15804935 DOI: 10.1080/08958370590912716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This subchronic (6-mo) inhalation study of the effects of concentrated ambient air fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in normal mice (C57) and a murine model of humans with an advanced level of aortic plaque (ApoE-/- or ApoE-/- LDLr-/-) was designed to determine the presence and extent of a variety of health-related responses. The animals were exposed for 6 h/day, 5 day/wk during the spring and summer of 2003 to concentrations that were elevated 10-fold in Tuxedo, NY, a regional background site that is upwind and approximately 50 km west-northwest of New York City. The average PM2.5 concentration during exposure was 110 microgram/m3, and the long-term average was 19.7 microg/m3. There were substantial daily variations in concentration, and we sought evidence both for the influence of peak exposures on acute responses and for the cumulative effects of the prolonged series of exposures. Acute responses were characterized in terms of: (1) short-term electrocardiographic (EKG), core body temperature, and physical activity differences between PM and sham-exposed mice; and (2) in vitro toxicity of a simultaneously collected PM2.5 sample to lung epithelial cells. Cumulative responses to PM2.5 were characterized in terms of changes in heart rate, heart-rate variability, heart-rate variance, aortic plaque density, genetic marker expression, and brain cell distributions. There were no significant changes in the normal mice. The nature and extent of the exposure-related responses that were seen in the ApoE-/- as well as ApoE-/- LDLr-/- mice are described in the articles that follow in this special issue of Inhalation Toxicology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morton Lippmann
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Henneberger A, Zareba W, Ibald-Mulli A, Rückerl R, Cyrys J, Couderc JP, Mykins B, Woelke G, Wichmann HE, Peters A. Repolarization changes induced by air pollution in ischemic heart disease patients. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:440-6. [PMID: 15811835 PMCID: PMC1278484 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies report associations between particulate air pollution and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms are still unclear. We tested the hypothesis that patients with preexisting coronary heart disease experience changes in the repolarization parameters in association with rising concentrations of air pollution. A prospective panel study was conducted in Erfurt, East Germany, with 12 repeated electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings in 56 males with ischemic heart disease. Hourly particulate and gaseous air pollution and meteorologic data were acquired. The following ECG parameters reflecting myocardial substrate and vulnerability were measured: QT duration, T-wave amplitude, T-wave complexity, and variability of T-wave complexity. Fixed effect regression analysis was used adjusting for subject, trend, weekday, and meteorology. The analysis showed a significant increase in QT duration in response to exposure to organic carbon; a significant decrease in T-wave amplitude with exposure to ultrafine, accumulation mode, and PM2.5 particles (particles < 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter); and a corresponding significant increase of T-wave complexity in association with PM2.5 particles for the 24 hr before ECG recordings. Variability of T-wave complexity showed a significant increase with organic and elemental carbon in the same time interval. This study provides evidence suggesting an immediate effect of air pollution on repolarization duration, morphology, and variability representing myocardial substrate and vulnerability, key factors in the mechanisms of cardiac death.
Collapse
|