1
|
Adams WW, Stewart JJ, Polutchko SK, Cohu CM, Muller O, Demmig-Adams B. Foliar Phenotypic Plasticity Reflects Adaptation to Environmental Variability. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2041. [PMID: 37653958 PMCID: PMC10224448 DOI: 10.3390/plants12102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes adapted to native habitats with different daylengths, temperatures, and precipitation were grown experimentally under seven combinations of light intensity and leaf temperature to assess their acclimatory phenotypic plasticity in foliar structure and function. There were no differences among ecotypes when plants developed under moderate conditions of 400 µmol photons m-2 s-1 and 25 °C. However, in response to more extreme light or temperature regimes, ecotypes that evolved in habitats with pronounced differences in either the magnitude of changes in daylength or temperature or in precipitation level exhibited pronounced adjustments in photosynthesis and transpiration, as well as anatomical traits supporting these functions. Specifically, when grown under extremes of light intensity (100 versus 1000 µmol photons m-2 s-1) or temperature (8 °C versus 35 °C), ecotypes from sites with the greatest range of daylengths and temperature over the growing season exhibited the greatest differences in functional and structural features related to photosynthesis (light- and CO2-saturated capacity of oxygen evolution, leaf dry mass per area or thickness, phloem cells per minor vein, and water-use efficiency of CO2 uptake). On the other hand, the ecotype from the habitat with the lowest precipitation showed the greatest plasticity in features related to water transport and loss (vein density, ratio of water to sugar conduits in foliar minor veins, and transpiration rate). Despite these differences, common structure-function relationships existed across all ecotypes and growth conditions, with significant positive, linear correlations (i) between photosynthetic capacity (ranging from 10 to 110 µmol O2 m-2 s-1) and leaf dry mass per area (from 10 to 75 g m-2), leaf thickness (from 170 to 500 µm), and carbohydrate-export infrastructure (from 6 to 14 sieve elements per minor vein, from 2.5 to 8 µm2 cross-sectional area per sieve element, and from 16 to 82 µm2 cross-sectional area of sieve elements per minor vein); (ii) between transpiration rate (from 1 to 17 mmol H2O m-2 s-1) and water-transport infrastructure (from 3.5 to 8 tracheary elements per minor vein, from 13.5 to 28 µm2 cross-sectional area per tracheary element, and from 55 to 200 µm2 cross-sectional area of tracheary elements per minor vein); (iii) between the ratio of transpirational water loss to CO2 fixation (from 0.2 to 0.7 mol H2O to mmol-1 CO2) and the ratio of water to sugar conduits in minor veins (from 0.4 to 1.1 tracheary to sieve elements, from 4 to 6 µm2 cross-sectional area of tracheary to sieve elements, and from 2 to 6 µm2 cross-sectional area of tracheary elements to sieve elements per minor vein); (iv) between sugar conduits and sugar-loading cells; and (v) between water conducting and sugar conducting cells. Additionally, the proportion of water conduits to sugar conduits was greater for all ecotypes grown experimentally under warm-to-hot versus cold temperature. Thus, developmental acclimation to the growth environment included ecotype-dependent foliar structural and functional adjustments resulting in multiple common structural and functional relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William W. Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA; (J.J.S.); (S.K.P.); (B.D.-A.)
| | - Jared J. Stewart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA; (J.J.S.); (S.K.P.); (B.D.-A.)
| | - Stephanie K. Polutchko
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA; (J.J.S.); (S.K.P.); (B.D.-A.)
| | - Christopher M. Cohu
- Environmental Science and Technology, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81502, USA;
| | - Onno Muller
- Pflanzenwissenschaften (IBG-2), Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany;
| | - Barbara Demmig-Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA; (J.J.S.); (S.K.P.); (B.D.-A.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lei Z, Han J, Chen Y, Zhang W, Cai X, Liu F, Zhang Y. The effect of shift in physiological and anatomical traits on light use efficiency under cotton domestication. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13884. [PMID: 36852897 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of crop domestication on photosynthetic productivity has been well-studied, but at present, none examines its impacts on leaf anatomy and, consequently, light use efficiency in cotton. We investigated leaf and vein anatomy traits, light use efficiency (LUE) and gas exchange in 26 wild and 30 domesticated genotypes of cotton grown under field conditions. The results showed that domestication resulted in a higher photosynthetic rate, higher stomatal conductance, and lower lamina mass per area. Higher LUE was underpinned by the thicker leaves, greater vein volume, elongated palisade and higher chlorophyll content, although there was no difference in the apparent quantum yield. The lower vein mass per area in domesticated genotypes contributed to the reduction of lamina mass per area, but there was no decrease in vein length per area. Our study suggests that domestication has triggered a considerable shift in physiological and anatomical traits to support the increase in LUE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangying Lei
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jimei Han
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People's Republic of China
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Science Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yunrui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rooney R, Ishii HR, Cavaleri MA. Intra‐crown variation of leaf mass per area of
Fagus crenata
is driven by light acclimation of leaf thickness and hydraulic acclimation of leaf density. Ecol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rooney
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Michigan Technological University Houghton Michigan USA
- Department of Biology University of Minnesota Duluth Duluth Minnesota USA
| | - H. Roaki Ishii
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science Kobe University Kobe Japan
| | - Molly A. Cavaleri
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Michigan Technological University Houghton Michigan USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bartholomew DC, Banin LF, Bittencourt PRL, Suis MAF, Mercado LM, Nilus R, Burslem DFRP, Rowland LR. Differential nutrient limitation and tree height control leaf physiology, supporting niche partitioning in tropical dipterocarp forests. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. C. Bartholomew
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - L. F. Banin
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik Midlothian UK
| | | | - M. A. F. Suis
- Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, P.O. Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan Sabah Malaysia
| | - L. M. Mercado
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Wallingford UK
| | - R. Nilus
- Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, P.O. Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan Sabah Malaysia
| | | | - L. R. Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Leaf Age Matters in Remote Sensing: Taking Ground Truth for Spectroscopic Studies in Hemiboreal Deciduous Trees with Continuous Leaf Formation. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13071353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the seasonal changes in biophysical, anatomical, and optical traits of young leaves, formed throughout the vegetative season due to sylleptic growth, and mature leaves formed by proleptic growth in spring. Leaf developmental categories contribute to the top-of-canopy reflectance and should be considered when taking ground truth for remote sensing studies (RS). Deciduous tree species, Betula pendula, Populus tremula, and Alnus incana, were sampled from May to October 2018 in an Estonian hemiboreal forest. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content were detected biochemically; leaf anatomical traits (leaf, palisade, and spongy mesophyll thickness) were measured on leaf cross-sections; leaf reflectance was measured by a spectroradiometer with an integrating sphere (350–2500 nm). Biophysical and anatomical leaf traits were related to 64 vegetation indices (VIs). Linear models based on VIs for all tested leaf traits were more robust if both juvenile and mature leaves were included. This study provides information on which VIs are interchangeable or independent. Pigment and leaf thickness sensitive indices formed PC1; water and structural trait related VIs formed an independent group associated with PC3. Type of growth and leaf age could affect the validation of biophysical and anatomical leaf trait retrieval from the optical signal. It is, therefore, necessary to sample both leaf developmental categories—young and mature—in RS, especially if sampling is only once within the vegetation season.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kenzo T, Yoneda R, Azani MA. Artificial shade shelters mitigate harsh microclimate conditions and enhance growth in tropical tree seedlings planted in degraded land. TROPICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.ms20-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reiji Yoneda
- Shikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang J, Deng L, Jiang H, Peng C, Huang C, Zhang M, Zhang X. The effects of elevated CO 2, elevated O 3, elevated temperature, and drought on plant leaf gas exchanges: a global meta-analysis of experimental studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:15274-15289. [PMID: 33236300 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global change significantly influences plant leaf gas exchange, which affects the carbon-water cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the magnitudes of the effects of multiple global change factors on leaf gas exchanges are currently lacking. Therefore, a global meta-analysis of 337 published articles was conducted to determine the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2), elevated O3 (eO3), elevated temperature (eT), and drought on plant leaf gas exchanges. The results indicated that (1) the overall responses of photosynthesis rate (Pn) and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi) to eCO2 increased by 28.6% and 58.6%. But transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (gs) responded negatively to eCO2 (- 17.5% and - 17.2%, respectively). Furthermore, all Pn, gs, and WUEi responded negatively to eO3 (- 32.7%, - 24.6%, and - 27.1%), eT (- 23.2%, - 10.8%, and - 28.9%), and drought (- 53.6%, - 59.3%, and - 4.6%, respectively), regardless of functional groups and various complex experimental conditions. (2) Elevated CO2 increased WUEi combined with eO3, eT, and drought (26.6%, 36.0%, and 58.6%, respectively, for eCO2 + eO3, eCO2 + eT, and eCO2 + drought) and mitigated their negative impacts on Pn to some extent. (3) Plant form and foliage type play an important role in the responses of leaf gas exchanges. Trees responded mostly to eCO2, but responded least to eT in Pn, Tr, gs, and WUEi compared with shrubs and herbs. Evergreen broad-leaved species were more responsive to eCO2 and drought. (4) The stress level of each factor can also significantly influence the responses of leaf gas exchanges to environment change. Hopefully, the quantitative results are helpful for the further assessments of the terrestrial carbon-water cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinmeng Zhang
- School of Urban and Environment Science, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, 211200, China
- International Institutes for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Center of CEF/ESCER, Department of Biological Science, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- International Institutes for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Changhui Peng
- Center of CEF/ESCER, Department of Biological Science, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chunbo Huang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minxia Zhang
- International Institutes for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- International Institutes for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kitaoka S, Laiye Q, Watanabe Y, Watanabe M, Watanabe T, Koike T. Heterophyllous Shoots of Japanese Larch Trees: The Seasonal and Yearly Variation in CO 2 Assimilation Capacity of the Canopy Top with Changing Environment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1278. [PMID: 32998352 PMCID: PMC7601333 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi = L. leptolepis) is often characterized by its high growth rate with heterophyllous shoots, but the functional differences of heterophyllous shoots still remain unclear. Recently, abrupt high temperature and drought during spring induced high photosynthetic rate via change in leaf morphology of the deciduous habit. In order to reveal the photosynthetic characteristics of both short and long-shoot needles of sunny canopy of the larch trees using a canopy tower, we calculated the seasonal change of gas exchange characters and leaf mass per area (LMA) and foliar nitrogen content (N) of heterophyllous needles: short and long-shoot needles over 3 years. No marked difference in light-saturated photosynthetic rates (Psat) was observed between short and long shoots after leaf maturation to yellowing, although the difference was obvious in a specific year, which only shows that seasonal change in temperature and soil moisture determines the in situ photosynthetic capacity of needles. The large annual and seasonal variations in Psat in both shoots were found to be mainly determined by climatic variations, while shoot types determined the strategy of their photosynthetic N utilization as well as the stomatal regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kitaoka
- Faculty of Earth Environmental Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan;
| | - Qu Laiye
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yoko Watanabe
- Research Facultyof Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (Y.W.); (M.W.); (T.W.)
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Research Facultyof Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (Y.W.); (M.W.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Research Facultyof Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (Y.W.); (M.W.); (T.W.)
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Research Facultyof Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (Y.W.); (M.W.); (T.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yoshifuji N, Kumagai T, Ichie T, Kume T, Tateishi M, Inoue Y, Yoneyama A, Nakashizuka T. Limited stomatal regulation of the largest-size class of Dryobalanops aromatica in a Bornean tropical rainforest in response to artificial soil moisture reduction. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:175-191. [PMID: 31858360 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The physiological response of trees to drought is crucial for understanding the risk of mortality and its feedbacks to climate under the increase in droughts due to climate change, especially for the largest trees in tropical rainforests because of their large contribution to total carbon storage and water use. We determined the response of the mean canopy stomatal conductance per unit leaf area (gs) and whole-tree hydraulic conductance (Gp) of the largest individuals (38-53 m in height) of a typical canopy tree species in a Bornean tropical rainforest, Dryobalanops aromatica C.F.Gaertn., to soil moisture reduction by a 4-month rainfall exclusion experiment (REE) based on the measurements of sap flux and leaf water potentials at midday and dawn. In the mesic condition, the gs at vapor pressure deficit (D) = 1 kPa (gsref) was small compared with the reported values in various biomes. The sensitivity of gs to D (m) at a given gsref (m/gsref) was ≥ 0.6 irrespective of soil moisture conditions, indicating intrinsically sensitive stomatal control with increasing D. The REE caused greater soil drought and decreased the mean leaf water potentials at midday and dawn to the more negative values than the control under the relatively dry conditions due to natural reduction in rainfall. However, the REE did not cause a greater decrease in gs nor any clear alteration in the sensitivity of gs to D compared with the control, and induced greater decreases in Gp during REE than the control. Thus, though the small gs and the sensitive stomatal response to D indicate the water saving characteristics of the studied trees under usual mesic conditions, their limited stomatal regulation in response to soil drought by REE and the resulting decline in Gp might suggest a poor resistance to the unusually severe drought expected in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Yoshifuji
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan.
- Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, Sasaguri, Fukuoka, 811-2415, Japan.
| | - Tomo'omi Kumagai
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ichie
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kume
- Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, Sasaguri, Fukuoka, 811-2415, Japan
| | - Makiko Tateishi
- Kyoto University Research Administration Office, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Inoue
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Aogu Yoneyama
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Tohru Nakashizuka
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yoneyama A, Ichie T. Relationship between leaf flushing phenology and defensive traits of canopy trees of five dipterocarp species in a tropical rain forest. TROPICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.ms18-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aogu Yoneyama
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Inoue Y, Ichie T, Kenzo T, Yoneyama A, Kumagai T, Nakashizuka T. Effects of rainfall exclusion on leaf gas exchange traits and osmotic adjustment in mature canopy trees of Dryobalanops aromatica (Dipterocarpaceae) in a Malaysian tropical rain forest. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1301-1311. [PMID: 28541561 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate change exposes vegetation to unusual levels of drought, risking a decline in productivity and an increase in mortality. It still remains unclear how trees and forests respond to such unusual drought, particularly Southeast Asian tropical rain forests. To understand leaf ecophysiological responses of tropical rain forest trees to soil drying, a rainfall exclusion experiment was conducted on mature canopy trees of Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn.f. (Dipterocarpaceae) for 4 months in an aseasonal tropical rain forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. The rainfall was intercepted by using a soft vinyl chloride sheet. We compared the three control and three treatment trees with respect to leaf water use at the top of the crown, including stomatal conductance (gsmax), photosynthesis (Amax), leaf water potential (predawn: Ψpre; midday: Ψmid), leaf water potential at turgor loss point (πtlp), osmotic potential at full turgor (π100) and a bulk modulus of elasticity (ε). Measurements were taken using tree-tower and canopy-crane systems. During the experiment, the treatment trees suffered drought stress without evidence of canopy dieback in comparison with the control trees; e.g., Ψpre and Ψmid decreased with soil drying. Minimum values of Ψmid in the treatment trees decreased during the experiment, and were lower than πtlp in the control trees. However, the treatment trees also decreased their πtlp by osmotic adjustment, and the values were lower than the minimum values of their Ψmid. In addition, the treatment trees maintained gs and Amax especially in the morning, though at midday, values decreased to half those of the control trees. Decreasing leaf water potential by osmotic adjustment to maintain gs and Amax under soil drying in treatment trees was considered to represent anisohydric behavior. These results suggest that D. aromatica may have high leaf adaptability to drought by regulating leaf water consumption and maintaining turgor pressure to improve its leaf water relations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Inoue
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Ehime, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Ibaraki, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ichie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Kochi, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan
| | - Tanaka Kenzo
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Ibaraki, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Aogu Yoneyama
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Ehime, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tomo'omi Kumagai
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tohru Nakashizuka
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8047 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Coble AP, Cavaleri MA. Vertical leaf mass per area gradient of mature sugar maple reflects both height-driven increases in vascular tissue and light-driven increases in palisade layer thickness. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1337-1351. [PMID: 28338906 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A key trait used in canopy and ecosystem function modeling, leaf mass per area (LMA), is influenced by changes in both leaf thickness and leaf density (LMA = Thickness × Density). In tall trees, LMA is understood to increase with height through two primary mechanisms: (i) increasing palisade layer thickness (and thus leaf thickness) in response to light and/or (ii) reduced cell expansion and intercellular air space in response to hydrostatic constraints, leading to increased leaf density. Our objective was to investigate within-canopy gradients in leaf anatomical traits in order to understand environmental factors that influence leaf morphology in a sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) forest canopy. We teased apart the effects of light and height on anatomical traits by sampling at exposed and closed canopies that had different light conditions at similar heights. As expected, palisade layer thickness responded strongly to cumulative light exposure. Mesophyll porosity, however, was weakly and negatively correlated with light and height (i.e., hydrostatic gradients). Reduced mesophyll porosity was not likely caused by limitations on cell expansion; in fact, epidermal cell width increased with height. Palisade layer thickness was better related to LMA, leaf density and leaf thickness than was mesophyll porosity. Vein diameter and fraction of vascular tissue also increased with height and LMA, density and thickness, revealing that greater investment in vascular and support tissue may be a third mechanism for increased LMA with height. Overall, decreasing mesophyll porosity with height was likely due to palisade cells expanding into the available air space and also greater investments in vascular and support tissue, rather than a reduction of cell expansion due to hydrostatic constraints. Our results provide evidence that light influences both palisade layer thickness and mesophyll porosity and indicate that hydrostatic gradients influence leaf vascular and support tissues in mature Acer saccharum trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Coble
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Rd, James Hall, Room 114, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Molly A Cavaleri
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He N, Liu C, Tian M, Li M, Yang H, Yu G, Guo D, Smith MD, Yu Q, Hou J. Variation in leaf anatomical traits from tropical to cold‐temperate forests and linkage to ecosystem functions. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Miao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Meiling Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Guirui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Dali Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Qiang Yu
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional PlanningChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jihua Hou
- The Key Laboratory for Forest Resources & Ecosystem Processes of BeijingBeijing Forestry University Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ichie T, Inoue Y, Takahashi N, Kamiya K, Kenzo T. Ecological distribution of leaf stomata and trichomes among tree species in a Malaysian lowland tropical rain forest. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:625-635. [PMID: 26879931 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The vertical structure of a tropical rain forest is complex and multilayered, with strong variation of micro-environment with height up to the canopy. We investigated the relation between morphological traits of leaf surfaces and tree ecological characteristics in a Malaysian tropical rain forest. The shapes and densities of stomata and trichomes on the abaxial leaf surfaces and their relation with leaf characteristics such as leaf area and leaf mass per area (LMA) were studied in 136 tree species in 35 families with different growth forms in the tropical moist forest. Leaf physiological properties were also measured in 50 canopy and emergent species. Most tree species had flat type (40.4 %) or mound type (39.7 %) stomata. In addition, 84 species (61.76 %) in 22 families had trichomes, including those with glandular (17.65 %) and non-glandular trichomes (44.11 %). Most leaf characteristics significantly varied among the growth form types: species in canopy and emergent layers and canopy gap conditions had higher stomatal density, stomatal pore index (SPI), trichome density and LMA than species in understory and subcanopy layers, though the relation of phylogenetically independent contrasts to each characteristic was not statistically significant, except for leaf stomatal density, SPI and LMA. Intrinsic water use efficiency in canopy and emergent tree species with higher trichome densities was greater than in species with lower trichome densities. These results suggest that tree species in tropical rain forests adapt to a spatial difference in their growth forms, which are considerably affected by phylogenetic context, by having different stomatal and trichome shapes and/or densities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Ichie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, B200, Monobe, Nankoku, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Yuta Inoue
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Narumi Takahashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, B200, Monobe, Nankoku, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Koichi Kamiya
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tanaka Kenzo
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fini A, Loreto F, Tattini M, Giordano C, Ferrini F, Brunetti C, Centritto M. Mesophyll conductance plays a central role in leaf functioning of Oleaceae species exposed to contrasting sunlight irradiance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 157:54-68. [PMID: 26537749 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to modify mesophyll conductance (gm ) in response to changes in irradiance may be a component of the acclimation of plants to shade-sun transitions, thus influencing species-specific distributions along light-gradients, and the ecological niches for the different species. To test this hypothesis we grew three woody species of the Oleaceae family, the evergreen Phillyrea latifolia (sun-requiring), the deciduous Fraxinus ornus (facultative sun-requiring) and the hemi-deciduous Ligustrum vulgare (shade tolerant) at 30 or 100% sunlight irradiance. We show that neither mesophyll conductance calculated with combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence techniques (gm) nor CO2 assimilation significantly varied in F. ornus because of sunlight irradiance. This corroborates previous suggestions that species with high plasticity for light requirements, do not need to undertake extensive reorganization of leaf conductances to CO2 diffusion to adapt to different light environments. On the other hand, gm steeply declined in L. vulgare and increased in P. latifolia exposed to full-sun conditions. In these two species, leaf anatomical traits are in part responsible for light-driven changes in gm , as revealed by the correlation between gm and mesophyll conductance estimated by anatomical parameters (gmA). Nonetheless, gm was greatly overestimated by gmA when leaf metabolism was impaired because of severe light stress. We show that gm is maximum at the light intensity at which plant species have evolved and we conclude that gm actually plays a key role in the sun and shade adaptation of Mediterranean species. The limits of gmA in predicting mesophyll conductance are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.le Aldo Moro 7, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Cristiana Giordano
- Centro di Microscopie Elettroniche "Laura Bonzi", Istituto dei Composti Organometallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- Istituto per la Valorizzazione del Legno e delle Specie Arboree, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Istituto per la Valorizzazione del Legno e delle Specie Arboree, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leaf morphological and anatomical traits from tropical to temperate coniferous forests: Mechanisms and influencing factors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19703. [PMID: 26796339 PMCID: PMC4726163 DOI: 10.1038/srep19703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leaf traits may reflect the adaptation mechanisms of plants to the environment. In this study, we investigated leaf morphological and anatomical traits in nine cold-temperate to tropical forests along a 4,200-km transect to test how they vary across latitudinal gradients. The results showed that leaf dry weight decreased (P < 0.05), while specific leaf area (SLA) increased (P < 0.05) with increasing latitude. Stomatal length and stomatal density did not change significantly, while stomatal pore area index increased (P < 0.05) with increasing latitude. The palisade-leaf mesophyll thickness ratio increased (P < 0.01), while the spongy-leaf mesophyll thickness ratio decreased, with increasing latitude (P < 0.01). Climate and leaf nutrients were the main factors that regulated leaf morphological and anatomical traits. Furthermore, we identified positive correlations between leaf area and leaf dry weight, leaf thickness and palisade mesophyll thickness, but negative correlations between stomatal length and stomatal density (all P < 0.01). The observed negative correlations represented the adaptive mechanisms of leaves through their morphological and anatomical traits. These findings provided new insights into the responses of leaf morphological and anatomical traits to climate changes and important parameters for future model optimization.
Collapse
|
17
|
Scoffoni C, Kunkle J, Pasquet-Kok J, Vuong C, Patel AJ, Montgomery RA, Givnish TJ, Sack L. Light-induced plasticity in leaf hydraulics, venation, anatomy, and gas exchange in ecologically diverse Hawaiian lobeliads. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:43-58. [PMID: 25858142 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) quantifies the capacity of a leaf to transport liquid water and is a major constraint on light-saturated stomatal conductance (gs ) and photosynthetic rate (Amax ). Few studies have tested the plasticity of Kleaf and anatomy across growth light environments. These provided conflicting results. The Hawaiian lobeliads are an excellent system to examine plasticity, given the striking diversity in the light regimes they occupy, and their correspondingly wide range of Amax , allowing maximal carbon gain for success in given environments. We measured Kleaf , Amax , gs and leaf anatomical and structural traits, focusing on six species of lobeliads grown in a common garden under two irradiances (300/800 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1) ). We tested hypotheses for light-induced plasticity in each trait based on expectations from optimality. Kleaf , Amax , and gs differed strongly among species. Sun/shade plasticity was observed in Kleaf , Amax, and numerous traits relating to lamina and xylem anatomy, venation, and composition, but gs was not plastic with growth irradiance. Species native to higher irradiance showed greater hydraulic plasticity. Our results demonstrate that a wide set of leaf hydraulic, stomatal, photosynthetic, anatomical, and structural traits tend to shift together during plasticity and adaptation to diverse light regimes, optimizing performance from low to high irradiance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Justin Kunkle
- Office of Research, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11026, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
| | - Jessica Pasquet-Kok
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christine Vuong
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Amish J Patel
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rebecca A Montgomery
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Avenue North, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Thomas J Givnish
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Aguraijuja K, Klõšeiko J, Ots K, Lukjanova A. Effect of wood ash on leaf and shoot anatomy, photosynthesis and carbohydrate concentrations in birch on a cutaway peatland. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:444. [PMID: 26092243 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trees in cutaway peatland are growing in difficult conditions. Fertilization with nutrient-rich wood ash helps improve growth conditions. Photosynthesis and carbohydrate concentration along leaf anatomy were studied on plots treated with 10 and 5 t ha(-1) wood ash (WA10 and WA5) and on untreated (Control) plot to explain the physiological background of the differences in tree growth. The leaves from WA10 had the largest leaf area, total thickness, the thickest mesophyll and also significantly larger average values of all anatomical parameters of the shoots. The photosynthetic assimilation was significantly higher on treated plots at 200 and 400 ppm CO2 levels. In leaves on the treated plots, the sucrose concentration was lower while that of starch was higher than in trees on untreated soil. The differences in the maximum photosynthesis were relatively small. At unit ground, the leaf area provided for a wood ash-treated tree an efficient surface for CO2 assimilation, light interception and some starch storage during the growing period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Aguraijuja
- Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kröber W, Heklau H, Bruelheide H. Leaf morphology of 40 evergreen and deciduous broadleaved subtropical tree species and relationships to functional ecophysiological traits. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:373-83. [PMID: 25441614 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We explored potential of morphological and anatomical leaf traits for predicting ecophysiological key functions in subtropical trees. We asked whether the ecophysiological parameters stomatal conductance and xylem cavitation vulnerability could be predicted from microscopy leaf traits. We investigated 21 deciduous and 19 evergreen subtropical tree species, using individuals of the same age and from the same environment in the Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning experiment at Jiangxi (BEF-China). Information-theoretic linear model selection was used to identify the best combination of morphological and anatomical predictors for ecophysiological functions. Leaf anatomy and morphology strongly depended on leaf habit. Evergreen species tended to have thicker leaves, thicker spongy and palisade mesophyll, more palisade mesophyll layers and a thicker subepidermis. Over 50% of all evergreen species had leaves with multi-layered palisade parenchyma, while only one deciduous species (Koelreuteria bipinnata) had this. Interactions with leaf habit were also included in best multi-predictor models for stomatal conductance (gs ) and xylem cavitation vulnerability. In addition, maximum gs was positively related to log ratio of palisade to spongy mesophyll thickness. Vapour pressure deficit (vpd) for maximum gs increased with the log ratio of palisade to spongy mesophyll thickness in species having leaves with papillae. In contrast, maximum specific hydraulic conductivity and xylem pressure at which 50% loss of maximum specific xylem hydraulic conductivity occurred (Ψ50 ) were best predicted by leaf habit and density of spongy parenchyma. Evergreen species had lower Ψ50 values and lower maximum xylem hydraulic conductivities. As hydraulic leaf and wood characteristics were reflected in structural leaf traits, there is high potential for identifying further linkages between morphological and anatomical leaf traits and ecophysiological responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Kröber
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kenzo T, Inoue Y, Yoshimura M, Yamashita M, Tanaka-Oda A, Ichie T. Height-related changes in leaf photosynthetic traits in diverse Bornean tropical rain forest trees. Oecologia 2014; 177:191-202. [PMID: 25362582 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of variations in morphophysiological leaf traits with forest height is essential for quantifying carbon and water fluxes from forest ecosystems. Here, we examined changes in leaf traits with forest height in diverse tree species and their role in environmental acclimation in a tropical rain forest in Borneo that does not experience dry spells. Height-related changes in leaf physiological and morphological traits [e.g., maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax), stomatal conductance (gs), dark respiration rate (Rd), carbon isotope ratio (δ(13)C), nitrogen (N) content, and leaf mass per area (LMA)] from understory to emergent trees were investigated in 104 species in 29 families. We found that many leaf area-based physiological traits (e.g., A(max-area), Rd, gs), N, δ(13)C, and LMA increased linearly with tree height, while leaf mass-based physiological traits (e.g., A(max-mass)) only increased slightly. These patterns differed from other biomes such as temperate and tropical dry forests, where trees usually show decreased photosynthetic capacity (e.g., A(max-area), A(max-mass)) with height. Increases in photosynthetic capacity, LMA, and δ(13)C are favored under bright and dry upper canopy conditions with higher photosynthetic productivity and drought tolerance, whereas lower R d and LMA may improve shade tolerance in lower canopy trees. Rapid recovery of leaf midday water potential to theoretical gravity potential during the night supports the idea that the majority of trees do not suffer from strong drought stress. Overall, leaf area-based photosynthetic traits were associated with tree height and the degree of leaf drought stress, even in diverse tropical rain forest trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanaka Kenzo
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ishida A, Yamazaki JY, Harayama H, Yazaki K, Ladpala P, Nakano T, Adachi M, Yoshimura K, Panuthai S, Staporn D, Maeda T, Maruta E, Diloksumpun S, Puangchit L. Photoprotection of evergreen and drought-deciduous tree leaves to overcome the dry season in monsoonal tropical dry forests in Thailand. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:15-28. [PMID: 24336612 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In tropical dry forests, uppermost-canopy leaves of evergreen trees possess the ability to use water more conservatively compared with drought-deciduous trees, which may result from significant differences in the photoprotective mechanisms between functional types. We examined the seasonal variations in leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and the amounts of photosynthetic pigments within lamina of the uppermost-canopy leaves of three drought-deciduous trees (Vitex peduncularis Wall., Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W. Theob., Shorea siamensis Miq.), a semi-deciduous tree (Irvingia malayana Miq.) and two evergreen trees (Hopea ferrea Lanessan and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) in Thailand. Area-based maximum carbon assimilation rates (Amax) decreased during the dry season, except in S. siamensis. The electron transport rate (ETR) remained unchanged in deciduous trees, but decreased during the dry season in evergreen and semi-deciduous trees. In the principal component analysis, the first axis (Axis 1) accounted for 44.3% of the total variation and distinguished deciduous from evergreen trees. Along Axis 1, evergreen trees were characterized by a high Stern-Volmer non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ), high xanthophyll cycle pigments/chlorophyll and a high de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle, whereas the deciduous trees were characterized by a high ETR, a high quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII = (Fm(') -F)/Fm(')) and a high mass-based Amax under high-light conditions. These findings indicate that drought-deciduous trees showing less conservative water use tend to dissipate a large proportion of electron flow through photosynthesis or alternative pathways. In contrast, the evergreens showed more conservative water use, reduced Amax and ETR and enhanced NPQ and xanthophyll cycle pigments/chlorophyll during the dry season, indicating that down-regulated photosynthesis with enhanced thermal dissipation of excess light energy played an important role in photoprotection. Trees with different water uses and leaf lifespans appear to employ different photoprotective mechanisms to overcome the unfavorable dry-season drought. Our data may suggest that future changes in precipitation will strongly impinge on forest structure and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishida
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 2 Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kobayashi MJ, Takeuchi Y, Kenta T, Kume T, Diway B, Shimizu KK. Mass flowering of the tropical tree Shorea beccariana was preceded by expression changes in flowering and drought-responsive genes. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:4767-82. [PMID: 23651119 PMCID: PMC3817532 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Community-level mass flowering, known as general flowering, which occurs in South-East Asia at supra-annual irregular intervals, is considered a particularly spectacular phenomenon in tropical ecology. Recent studies have proposed several proximate factors inducing general flowering, such as drought and falls in minimum temperature. However, limited empirical data on the developmental and physiological processes have been available to test the significance of such factors. To overcome this limitation and test the hypotheses that general flowering is triggered by the proposed factors, we conducted an 'ecological transcriptome' study of a mass flowering species, Shorea beccariana, comparing meteorological data with genome-wide expression patterns obtained using next-generation sequencing. Among the 98 flowering-related genes identified, the homologs of a floral pathway integrator, SbFT, and a floral repressor, SbSVP, showed dramatic transcriptional changes before flowering, and their flowering functions were confirmed using transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression in drought-responsive and sucrose-induced genes also changed before flowering. All these expression changes occurred when the flowering-inducing level of drought was reached, as estimated using data from the preceding 10 years. These genome-wide expression data support the hypothesis that drought is a trigger for general flowering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki J Kobayashi
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Institute of Plant Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kosugi Y, Takanashi S, Yokoyama N, Philip E, Kamakura M. Vertical variation in leaf gas exchange parameters for a Southeast Asian tropical rainforest in Peninsular Malaysia. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2012; 125:735-748. [PMID: 22644315 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-012-0495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vertical variation in leaf gas exchange characteristics of trees grown in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia was investigated. Maximum net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and electron transport rate of leaves at the upper canopy, lower canopy, and forest floor were studied in situ with saturated condition photosynthetic photon flux density. The dark respiration rate of leaves at the various heights was also studied. Relationships among gas exchange characteristics, and also with nitrogen content per unit leaf area and leaf dry matter per area were clearly detected, forming general equations representing the vertical profile of several important parameters related to gas exchange. Numerical analysis revealed that the vertical distribution of gas exchange parameters was well determined showing both larger carbon gain for the whole canopy and at the same time positive carbon gain for the leaves of the lowest layer. For correct estimation of gas exchange at both leaf and canopy scales using multi-layer models, it is essential to consider the vertical distribution of gas exchange parameters with proper scaling coefficients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Kosugi
- Laboratory of Forest Hydrology, Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wittich B, Horna V, Homeier J, Leuschner C. Altitudinal Change in the Photosynthetic Capacity of Tropical Trees: A Case Study from Ecuador and a Pantropical Literature Analysis. Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
25
|
Asner GP, Martin RE, Suhaili AB. Sources of Canopy Chemical and Spectral Diversity in Lowland Bornean Forest. Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
26
|
Kitaoka S, Watanabe Y, Koike T. The effects of cleared larch canopy and nitrogen supply on gas exchange and leaf traits in deciduous broad-leaved tree seedlings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:1503-1511. [PMID: 19793730 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To understand the leaf-level responses of successional tree species to forest gap formation and nitrogen deposition, we performed canopy clearing and nitrogen-amendment treatments in larch plantations and investigated the changes in the light-use characteristics and the leaf structure of the invading deciduous broad-leaved tree seedlings. We hypothesized that the responses of the tree seedlings to clearing and nitrogen input would reflect specific traits in the shoot development that would be related to the species-specific successional characteristics. The gap phase species Magnolia hyporeuca Siebold et Zucc. and the mid-late successional tree species Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Ledeb. var. crispula (Blume) Ohashi., which grow in or near the forest gaps, had higher light-saturated photosynthetic rates (Psat), enhanced mesophyll surface area (Smes) and increased leaf mass per area (LMA) under both the clearing treatment and the clearing with nitrogen-amendment treatment. These two species therefore increased their Psat via an increase in Smes and LMA. The LMA values of the late successional tree species Prunus ssiori F. Schmidt and Carpinus cordata Blume, which grow in the forest understory, were enhanced by the clearing treatment. However, they displayed lesser responses to the clearing treatment under which there were no marked increases in Psat or Smes values in the second year. These results indicate distinct and varied responses to disturbance regimes among the four seral tree seedlings. The Psat value largely increased in line with the increase in Smes value during the second year in M. hyporeuca and Q. mongolica. The nitrogen supply accelerated the change in LMA and increased the Smes value in the leaves of Q. mongolica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kitaoka
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Toyohira, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang JL, Meng LZ, Cao KF. Sustained diurnal photosynthetic depression in uppermost-canopy leaves of four dipterocarp species in the rainy and dry seasons: does photorespiration play a role in photoprotection? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:217-28. [PMID: 19203947 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpn018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal and seasonal changes in gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of the uppermost-canopy leaves of four evergreen dipterocarp species were measured on clear days. The trees, that were growing in a plantation stand in southern Yunnan, China, had canopy heights ranging from 17 to 22 m. In the rainy season, Dipterocarpus retusus Bl. had higher photosynthetic capacity (A(max)) than Hopea hainanensis Merr. et Chun, Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie and Vatica xishuangbannaensis G.D. Tao et J.H. Zhang (17.7 versus 13.9, 11.8 and 7.7 micromol m(-2) s(-1), respectively). In the dry season, A(max) in all species decreased by 52-64%, apparent quantum yield and dark respiration rate decreased in three species, and light saturation point decreased in two species. During the diurnal courses, all species exhibited sustained photosynthetic depression from midmorning onward in both seasons. The trees were able to regulate light energy allocation dynamically between photochemistry and heat dissipation during the day, with reduced actual photochemistry and increased heat dissipation in the dry season. Photorespiration played an important role in photoprotection in all species in both seasons, as indicated by a continuous increase in photorespiration rate in the morning toward midday and a high proportion of electron flow (about 30-65% of total electron flow) allocated to oxygenation for most of the day. None of the species suffered irreversible photoinhibition, even in the dry season. The sustained photosynthetic depression in the uppermost-canopy leaves of these species could be a protective response to prevent excessive water loss and consequent catastrophic leaf hydraulic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-L Zhang
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
KENZO T, ICHIE T, OGAWA T, KASHIMURA S, HATTORI D, IRINO KO, KENDAWANG JJ, SAKURAI K, NINOMIYA I. Leaf physiologycal and morphological responses of seven dipterocarp seedlings to degraded forest environments in Sarawak, Malaysia: A case study of forest rehabilitation practice. TROPICS 2007. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.17.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
29
|
Sack L, Frole K. Leaf structural diversity is related to hydraulic capacity in tropical rain forest trees. Ecology 2006; 87:483-91. [PMID: 16637372 DOI: 10.1890/05-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The hydraulic resistance of the leaf (R1) is a major bottleneck in the whole plant water transport pathway and may thus be linked with the enormous variation in leaf structure and function among tropical rain forest trees. A previous study found that R1 varied by an order of magnitude across 10 tree species of Panamanian tropical lowland rain forest. Here, correlations were tested between R1 and 24 traits relating to leaf venation and mesophyll structure, and to gross leaf form. Across species, R1 was related to both venation architecture and mesophyll structure. R1 was positively related to the theoretical axial resistivity of the midrib, determined from xylem conduit numbers and dimensions, and R1 was negatively related to venation density in nine of 10 species. R1 was also negatively related to both palisade mesophyll thickness and to the ratio of palisade to spongy mesophyll. By contrast, numerous leaf traits were independent of R1, including area, shape, thickness, and density, demonstrating that leaves can be diverse in gross structure without intrinsic trade-offs in hydraulic capacity. Variation in both R1-linked and R1-independent traits related strongly to regeneration irradiance, indicating the potential importance of both types of traits in establishment ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawren Sack
- Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Mănoa, Honolulu 96822, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kumagai T, Ichie T, Yoshimura M, Yamashita M, Kenzo T, Saitoh TM, Ohashi M, Suzuki M, Koike T, Komatsu H. Modeling CO2exchange over a Bornean tropical rain forest using measured vertical and horizontal variations in leaf-level physiological parameters and leaf area densities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomo`omi Kumagai
- Shiiba Research Forest; Kyushu University; Shiiba-son, Miyazaki Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ichie
- Faculty of Agriculture; Kochi University; Nankoku Japan
| | | | | | - Tanaka Kenzo
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Taku M. Saitoh
- River Basin Research Center; Gifu University; Gifu Japan
| | - Mizue Ohashi
- Joensuu Research Center; Finnish Forest Research Institute; Joensuu Finland
| | - Masakazu Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Hikaru Komatsu
- Institute of Industrial Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|