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Baird AS, Taylor SH, Reddi S, Pasquet-Kok J, Vuong C, Zhang Y, Watcharamongkol T, John GP, Scoffoni C, Osborne CP, Sack L. Allometries of cell and tissue anatomy and photosynthetic rate across leaves of C 3 and C 4 grasses. Plant Cell Environ 2024; 47:156-173. [PMID: 37876323 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Allometric relationships among the dimensions of leaves and their cells hold across diverse eudicotyledons, but have remained untested in the leaves of grasses. We hypothesised that geometric (proportional) allometries of cell sizes across tissues and of leaf dimensions would arise due to the coordination of cell development and that of cell functions such as water, nutrient and energy transport, and that cell sizes across tissues would be associated with light-saturated photosynthetic rate. We tested predictions across 27 globally distributed C3 and C4 grass species grown in a common garden. We found positive relationships among average cell sizes within and across tissues, and of cell sizes with leaf dimensions. Grass leaf anatomical allometries were similar to those of eudicots, with exceptions consistent with the fewer cell layers and narrower form of grass leaves, and the specialised roles of epidermis and bundle sheath in storage and leaf movement. Across species, mean cell sizes in each tissue were associated with light-saturated photosynthetic rate per leaf mass, supporting the functional coordination of cell sizes. These findings highlight the generality of evolutionary allometries within the grass lineage and their interlinkage with coordinated development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec S Baird
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Samuel H Taylor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Sachin Reddi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jessica Pasquet-Kok
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christine Vuong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Teera Watcharamongkol
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Kanchanaburi Rajabhat University, Kanchanaburi, Thailand
| | - Grace P John
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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2
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Trujillo-Peralta C, Ashcraft A, Señas-Cuesta R, Coles M, Hernandez-Velasco X, Selby C, Forga A, Tellez-Isaias G, Vuong C, Bielke L, Barta J, Hargis B, Graham D. Research Note: Isolation, speciation, and anticoccidial sensitivity of Eimeria spp. recovered from wild turkey feces in the United States. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102819. [PMID: 37331218 PMCID: PMC10404749 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 2018 and 2020, over 100 wild turkey fecal samples were collected from the Eastern and Central thirds of the United States, where commercial turkey production is uncommon. We hypothesized that anticoccidial-sensitive Eimeria spp. would be present in wild turkey fecal samples. Samples containing Eimeria spp. oocysts were amplified in vivo. If propagation was successful, the samples were PCR-speciated and subjected to anticoccidial sensitivity testing (AST) for key members of both ionophore and chemical categories of anticoccidial drugs. The purpose of this study was to isolate Eimeria spp. relevant to commercial turkey production that possessed sensitivity to monensin, zoalene, and amprolium. Future research would evaluate the efficacy of wild turkey Eimeria spp. as vaccine candidates for reducing coccidiosis in commercial turkey flocks utilizing single oocyst-derived stocks obtained in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Trujillo-Peralta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Aaron Ashcraft
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Roberto Señas-Cuesta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Makenly Coles
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Callie Selby
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Aaron Forga
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Christine Vuong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Lisa Bielke
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - John Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Billy Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA
| | - Danielle Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville AR, 72701, USA.
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3
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Gomila A, Carratalà J, Eliakim-Raz N, Shaw E, Wiegand I, Vallejo-Torres L, Gorostiza A, Vigo JM, Morris S, Stoddart M, Grier S, Vank C, Cuperus N, Van den Heuvel L, Vuong C, MacGowan A, Leibovici L, Addy I, Pujol M. Risk factors and prognosis of complicated urinary tract infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitalized patients: a retrospective multicenter cohort study. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:2571-2581. [PMID: 30588040 PMCID: PMC6302800 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s185753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) are among the most frequent health-care-associated infections. In patients with cUTI, Pseudomonas aeruginosa deserves special attention, since it can affect patients with serious underlying conditions. Our aim was to gain insight into the risk factors and prognosis of P. aeruginosa cUTIs in a scenario of increasing multidrug resistance (MDR). Methods This was a multinational, retrospective, observational study at 20 hospitals in south and southeastern Europe, Turkey, and Israel including consecutive patients with cUTI hospitalized between January 2013 and December 2014. A mixed-effect logistic regression model was performed to assess risk factors for P. aeruginosa and MDR P. aeruginosa cUTI. Results Of 1,007 episodes of cUTI, 97 (9.6%) were due to P. aeruginosa. Resistance rates of P. aeruginosa were: antipseudomonal cephalosporins 35 of 97 (36.1%), aminoglycosides 30 of 97 (30.9%), piperacillin-tazobactam 21 of 97 (21.6%), fluoroquinolones 43 of 97 (44.3%), and carbapenems 28 of 97 (28.8%). The MDR rate was 28 of 97 (28.8%). Independent risk factors for P. aeruginosa cUTI were male sex (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.60-4.27), steroid therapy (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.10-5.27), bedridden functional status (OR 1.79, 95% CI 0.99-3.25), antibiotic treatment within the previous 30 days (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.38-3.94), indwelling urinary catheter (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.43-4.08), and procedures that anatomically modified the urinary tract (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.04-3.87). Independent risk factors for MDR P. aeruginosa cUTI were age (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.99) and anatomical urinary tract modification (OR 4.75, 95% CI 1.06-21.26). Readmission was higher in P. aeruginosa cUTI patients than in other etiologies (23 of 97 [23.7%] vs 144 of 910 [15.8%], P=0.04), while 30-day mortality was not significantly different (seven of 97 [7.2%] vs 77 of 910 [8.5%], P=0.6). Conclusion Patients with P. aeruginosa cUTI had characteristically a serious baseline condition and manipulation of the urinary tract, although their mortality was not higher than that of patients with cUTI caused by other etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Gomila
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut Català de la Salut (ICS-HUB), Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain, .,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain,
| | - J Carratalà
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut Català de la Salut (ICS-HUB), Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain, .,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain, .,Infectious Diseases Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Eliakim-Raz
- Department of Medicine E, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - E Shaw
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut Català de la Salut (ICS-HUB), Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain, .,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain,
| | - I Wiegand
- AiCuris Anti-infective Cures, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - L Vallejo-Torres
- UCL Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Gorostiza
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain,
| | - J M Vigo
- Informatics Unit, Fundació Institut Català de Farmacologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Morris
- UCL Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Stoddart
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - S Grier
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - C Vank
- AiCuris Anti-infective Cures, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - N Cuperus
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L Van den Heuvel
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C Vuong
- AiCuris Anti-infective Cures, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A MacGowan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - L Leibovici
- Department of Medicine E, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - I Addy
- AiCuris Anti-infective Cures, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Pujol
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut Català de la Salut (ICS-HUB), Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain, .,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain,
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4
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Miller M, Vuong C, Garcia MF, Rosenthal P, Das S, Weng N, Pham A, Kim YJ, Broide DH. Does reduced zona pellucida binding protein 2 (ZPBP2) expression on chromosome 17q21 protect against asthma? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:706-709.e4. [PMID: 29709669 PMCID: PMC6078789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Christine Vuong
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | | | - Peter Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Sudipta Das
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Ning Weng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Alexa Pham
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - David H Broide
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
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5
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Song DJ, Miller M, Beppu A, Rosenthal P, Das S, Karta M, Vuong C, Mehta AK, Croft M, Broide DH. Rhinovirus Infection of ORMDL3 Transgenic Mice Is Associated with Reduced Rhinovirus Viral Load and Airway Inflammation. J Immunol 2017; 199:2215-2224. [PMID: 28827284 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Orosomucoid like 3 (ORMDL3), a gene localized to chromosome 17q21, has been linked in epidemiologic studies to childhood asthma and rhinovirus (RV) infections. As the single nucleotide polymorphisms linking ORMDL3 to asthma are associated with increased expression of ORMDL3, we have used hORMDL3zp3-Cre mice (which have universal increased expression of human ORMDL3) to determine whether infection of these transgenic mice with RV influences levels of airway inflammation or RV viral load. RV infection of hORMDL3zp3-Cre mice resulted in reduced RV viral load assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (lung and airway epithelium), as well as reduced airway inflammation (total bronchoalveolar lavage cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes) compared with RV-infected wild-type mice. Levels of the antiviral pathways including IFNs (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ) and RNAse L were significantly increased in the lungs of RV-infected hORMDL3zp3-Cre mice. Levels of the antiviral mouse oligoadenylate synthetase (mOas)1g pathway and RNAse L were upregulated in the lungs of unchallenged hORMDL3zp3-Cre mice. In addition, levels of mOas2, but not mOas1 (mOas1a, mOas1b, mOas1g), or mOas3 pathways were significantly more upregulated by IFNs (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ) in epithelial cells from hORMDL3zp3-Cre mice compared with RV-infected wild-type mouse epithelial cells. RNAse L-deficient mice infected with RV had increased RV viral load. Overall, these studies suggest that increased levels of ORMDL3 contribute to antiviral defense to RV infection in mice through pathways that may include IFNs (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ), OAS, and RNAse L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Jin Song
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; and
| | - Marina Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Andrew Beppu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Peter Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sudipta Das
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Maya Karta
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christine Vuong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Amit Kumar Mehta
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - David H Broide
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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6
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Miller M, Tam AB, Mueller JL, Rosenthal P, Beppu A, Gordillo R, McGeough MD, Vuong C, Doherty TA, Hoffman HM, Niwa M, Broide DH. Cutting Edge: Targeting Epithelial ORMDL3 Increases, Rather than Reduces, Airway Responsiveness and Is Associated with Increased Sphingosine-1-Phosphate. J Immunol 2017; 198:3017-3022. [PMID: 28275141 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used cre-lox techniques to generate mice selectively deficient in ORMDL3 in airway epithelium (Ormdl3Δ2-3/Δ2-3/CC10) to simulate an inhaled therapy that effectively inhibited ORMDL3 expression in the airway. In contrast to the anticipated reduction in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), OVA allergen-challenged Ormdl3Δ2-3/Δ2-3/CC10 mice had a significant increase in AHR compared with wild-type mice. Levels of airway inflammation, mucus, fibrosis, and airway smooth muscle were no different in Ormdl3Δ2-3/Δ2-3/CC10 and wild-type mice. However, levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) were significantly increased in Ormdl3Δ2-3/Δ2-3/CC10 mice as well as in airway epithelial cells in which ORMDL3 was inhibited with small interfering RNA. Incubation of S1P with airway smooth muscle cells significantly increased contractility. Overall, Ormdl3Δ2-3/Δ2-3/CC10 mice exhibit increased allergen-induced AHR independent of inflammation and associated with increased S1P generation. These studies raise concerns for inhaled therapies that selectively and effectively inhibit ORMDL3 in airway epithelium in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Arvin B Tam
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - James L Mueller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Peter Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Andrew Beppu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ruth Gordillo
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Matthew D McGeough
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Christine Vuong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Taylor A Doherty
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Maho Niwa
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - David H Broide
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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7
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Kostyanev T, Bonten MJM, O'Brien S, Steel H, Ross S, François B, Tacconelli E, Winterhalter M, Stavenger RA, Karlén A, Harbarth S, Hackett J, Jafri HS, Vuong C, MacGowan A, Witschi A, Angyalosi G, Elborn JS, deWinter R, Goossens H. The Innovative Medicines Initiative's New Drugs for Bad Bugs programme: European public-private partnerships for the development of new strategies to tackle antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:290-5. [PMID: 26568581 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a global public health threat. Despite the emergence of highly resistant organisms and the huge medical need for new drugs, the development of antibacterials has slowed to an unacceptable level worldwide. Numerous government and non-government agencies have called for public-private partnerships and innovative funding mechanisms to address this problem. To respond to this public health crisis, the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking programme has invested more than €660 million, with a goal of matched contributions from the European Commission and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations, in the development of new antibacterial strategies. The New Drugs for Bad Bugs (ND4BB) programme, an Innovative Medicines Initiative, has the ultimate goal to boost the fight against ABR at every level from basic science and drug discovery, through clinical development to new business models and responsible use of antibiotics. Seven projects have been launched within the ND4BB programme to achieve this goal. Four of them will include clinical trials of new anti-infective compounds, as well as epidemiological studies on an unprecedented scale, which will increase our knowledge of ABR and specific pathogens, and improve the designs of the clinical trials with new investigational drugs. The need for rapid concerted action has driven the funding of seven topics, each of which should add significantly to progress in the fight against ABR. ND4BB unites expertise and provides a platform where the commitment and resources required by all parties are streamlined into a joint public-private partnership initiative of unprecedented scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kostyanev
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M J M Bonten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S O'Brien
- Infection Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - H Steel
- Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK
| | - S Ross
- Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK
| | - B François
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France
| | - E Tacconelli
- Internal Medicine 1, Infectious Diseases, DZIF-TTU-HAARBI, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Winterhalter
- School of Engineering & Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - R A Stavenger
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - A Karlén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Harbarth
- University of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J Hackett
- Infection Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - C Vuong
- AiCuris GmbH & Co. KG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A MacGowan
- Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research & Evaluation, Department of Infection Sciences, North Bristol NHS Trust and Public Health England, Bristol, UK
| | - A Witschi
- Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - J S Elborn
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - R deWinter
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Goossens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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8
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Miller M, Beppu A, Rosenthal P, Pham A, Das S, Karta M, Song DJ, Vuong C, Doherty T, Croft M, Zuraw B, Zhang X, Gao X, Aceves S, Chouiali F, Hamid Q, Broide DH. Fstl1 Promotes Asthmatic Airway Remodeling by Inducing Oncostatin M. J Immunol 2015; 195:3546-56. [PMID: 26355153 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic asthma is associated with airway remodeling and decline in lung function. In this article, we show that follistatin-like 1 (Fstl1), a mediator not previously associated with asthma, is highly expressed by macrophages in the lungs of humans with severe asthma. Chronic allergen-challenged Lys-Cre(tg) /Fstl1(Δ/Δ) mice in whom Fstl1 is inactivated in macrophages/myeloid cells had significantly reduced airway remodeling and reduced levels of oncostatin M (OSM), a cytokine previously not known to be regulated by Fstl1. The importance of the Fstl1 induction of OSM to airway remodeling was demonstrated in murine studies in which administration of Fstl1 induced airway remodeling and increased OSM, whereas administration of an anti-OSM Ab blocked the effect of Fstl1 on inducing airway remodeling, eosinophilic airway inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness, all cardinal features of asthma. Overall, these studies demonstrate that the Fstl1/OSM pathway may be a novel pathway to inhibit airway remodeling in severe human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Andrew Beppu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Peter Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alexa Pham
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sudipta Das
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Maya Karta
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Dae Jin Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Christine Vuong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Taylor Doherty
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bruce Zuraw
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Seema Aceves
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Fazila Chouiali
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories of McGill University and McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2p2, Canada
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories of McGill University and McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2p2, Canada
| | - David H Broide
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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9
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Scoffoni C, Kunkle J, Pasquet-Kok J, Vuong C, Patel AJ, Montgomery RA, Givnish TJ, Sack L. Light-induced plasticity in leaf hydraulics, venation, anatomy, and gas exchange in ecologically diverse Hawaiian lobeliads. New Phytol 2015; 207:43-58. [PMID: 25858142 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) quantifies the capacity of a leaf to transport liquid water and is a major constraint on light-saturated stomatal conductance (gs ) and photosynthetic rate (Amax ). Few studies have tested the plasticity of Kleaf and anatomy across growth light environments. These provided conflicting results. The Hawaiian lobeliads are an excellent system to examine plasticity, given the striking diversity in the light regimes they occupy, and their correspondingly wide range of Amax , allowing maximal carbon gain for success in given environments. We measured Kleaf , Amax , gs and leaf anatomical and structural traits, focusing on six species of lobeliads grown in a common garden under two irradiances (300/800 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1) ). We tested hypotheses for light-induced plasticity in each trait based on expectations from optimality. Kleaf , Amax , and gs differed strongly among species. Sun/shade plasticity was observed in Kleaf , Amax, and numerous traits relating to lamina and xylem anatomy, venation, and composition, but gs was not plastic with growth irradiance. Species native to higher irradiance showed greater hydraulic plasticity. Our results demonstrate that a wide set of leaf hydraulic, stomatal, photosynthetic, anatomical, and structural traits tend to shift together during plasticity and adaptation to diverse light regimes, optimizing performance from low to high irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Justin Kunkle
- Office of Research, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11026, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
| | - Jessica Pasquet-Kok
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christine Vuong
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Amish J Patel
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rebecca A Montgomery
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Avenue North, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Thomas J Givnish
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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10
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Scoffoni C, Vuong C, Diep S, Cochard H, Sack L. Leaf shrinkage with dehydration: coordination with hydraulic vulnerability and drought tolerance. Plant Physiol 2014; 164:1772-88. [PMID: 24306532 PMCID: PMC3982740 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.221424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Leaf shrinkage with dehydration has attracted attention for over 100 years, especially as it becomes visibly extreme during drought. However, little has been known of its correlation with physiology. Computer simulations of the leaf hydraulic system showed that a reduction of hydraulic conductance of the mesophyll pathways outside the xylem would cause a strong decline of leaf hydraulic conductance (K(leaf)). For 14 diverse species, we tested the hypothesis that shrinkage during dehydration (i.e. in whole leaf, cell and airspace thickness, and leaf area) is associated with reduction in K(leaf) at declining leaf water potential (Ψ(leaf)). We tested hypotheses for the linkage of leaf shrinkage with structural and physiological water relations parameters, including modulus of elasticity, osmotic pressure at full turgor, turgor loss point (TLP), and cuticular conductance. Species originating from moist habitats showed substantial shrinkage during dehydration before reaching TLP, in contrast with species originating from dry habitats. Across species, the decline of K(leaf) with mild dehydration (i.e. the initial slope of the K(leaf) versus Ψ(leaf) curve) correlated with the decline of leaf thickness (the slope of the leaf thickness versus Ψ(leaf) curve), as expected based on predictions from computer simulations. Leaf thickness shrinkage before TLP correlated across species with lower modulus of elasticity and with less negative osmotic pressure at full turgor, as did leaf area shrinkage between full turgor and oven desiccation. These findings point to a role for leaf shrinkage in hydraulic decline during mild dehydration, with potential impacts on drought adaptation for cells and leaves, influencing plant ecological distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Vuong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (C.S., C.V., S.D., L.S.); and
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 547, Laboratoire Physique et Physiologie Integratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier, F–63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C.)
| | - Steven Diep
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (C.S., C.V., S.D., L.S.); and
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 547, Laboratoire Physique et Physiologie Integratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier, F–63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C.)
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (C.S., C.V., S.D., L.S.); and
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 547, Laboratoire Physique et Physiologie Integratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier, F–63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C.)
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (C.S., C.V., S.D., L.S.); and
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 547, Laboratoire Physique et Physiologie Integratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier, F–63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C.)
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11
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) populations from the rolling plains of Texas, U. S. A. A total of 1320 swab samples (652 tracheal swabs and 668 cloacal swabs) and 44 serum samples were collected from wild-captured or hunter-harvested bobwhite quail from November 2009 to April 2011 at the Rolling Planes Quail Research Ranch, Fisher County, Texas, U. S. A. The presence of AIV in the swabs was determined by real-time reverse-transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) and all samples positive or suspicious by rRT-PCR were further processed for virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs. A total of 18 (1.4%) swab samples tested positive for AIV by rRT-PCR (cycle threshold [Ct] values < 35): 13 cloacal swabs (1.9%) and 5 tracheal swabs (0.8%). In addition, 100 (7.6%) swab samples were considered suspicious (Ct values 35.1-40): 69 cloacal swabs (10.3%) and 31 tracheal swabs (4.7%). No virus was isolated from any of the rRT-PCR-positive or suspicious samples tested. Additionally, 44 serum samples were screened for AIV antibodies and were negative. The results presented here indicate low prevalence of AIV in wild populations of bobwhite quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Ferro
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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12
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Echevarria M, Ferro P, Vuong C, Metz K, Hogan M, Lupiani B. Investigation of the utility of the Simport‐Matrix Chaperones for Avian Influenza Virus sample storage and transportation. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.874.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela Ferro
- Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&MCollege StationTX
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13
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Gu J, Li H, Li M, Vuong C, Otto M, Wen Y, Gao Q. Bacterial insertion sequence IS256 as a potential molecular marker to discriminate invasive strains from commensal strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Hosp Infect 2005; 61:342-8. [PMID: 16242209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2005.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis has become one of the most important causative agents of nosocomial infections associated with medical devices. Differentiation between invasive S. epidermidis and its commensal counterpart is crucial for clinical decision making. The ica gene locus, which codes for production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA), represents a frequently suggested molecular marker for infectivity. Our data demonstrated that production of PIA was not significantly increased among clinical strains, which may explain the controversial results obtained previously on the correlation of ica presence with origin from infection. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to identify novel genes discriminating between invasive and commensal strains based on the comparison of genome sequences. Our results indicated that the bacterial insertion sequence element IS256 occurred significantly more frequently in strains of clinical origin. Importantly, IS256 might thus constitute a molecular marker to discriminate invasive strains from commensal strains of S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, People's Republic of China
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14
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Kies S, Otto M, Vuong C, Götz F. Identification of the sigB operon in Staphylococcus epidermidis: construction and characterization of a sigB deletion mutant. Infect Immun 2001; 69:7933-6. [PMID: 11705980 PMCID: PMC98894 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.12.7933-7936.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2001] [Accepted: 08/15/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the alternative sigma factor sigma(B) in Staphylococcus epidermidis was investigated by the construction, complementation, and characterization of a sigB deletion mutant. Electrophoretic analyses confirmed a profound influence of sigma(B) on the expression of exoproteins and cytoplasmic proteins. Detailed investigation revealed reduced lipase and enhanced protease activity in the sigma(B) mutant. Furthermore, no significant influence of sigma(B) on heterologous biofilm formation or on the activity of the global regulator agr was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kies
- Mikrobielle Genetik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Vuong C, Saenz HL, Götz F, Otto M. Impact of the agr quorum-sensing system on adherence to polystyrene in Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 2000; 182:1688-93. [PMID: 11069241 DOI: 10.1086/317606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2000] [Revised: 08/09/2000] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus is a serious problem in nosocomial infections. There are great differences in the capacity of S. aureus to express biofilms, but the reasons are unknown. In all, 105 S. aureus strains were tested for a correlation between the agr quorum-sensing system phenotype and the ability of S. aureus to adhere to polystyrene. Some 78% of agr-negative, but only 6% of agr-positive, strains formed a biofilm, demonstrating a profound impact of agr on biofilm formation. This result was confirmed with defined agr mutants and by inhibition of agr with quorum-sensing blockers. The observed effect was not due to differential expression of the autolysin Atl or of the exopolysaccharide polysaccharide intercellular adhesin but seemed to be caused, at least in part, by the surfactant properties of delta-toxin. The detected biofilm-enhancing effect of S. aureus quorum-sensing blockers call into question the proposed therapeutic use of such substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vuong
- Mikrobielle Genetik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Saenz HL, Augsburger V, Vuong C, Jack RW, Götz F, Otto M. Inducible expression and cellular location of AgrB, a protein involved in the maturation of the staphylococcal quorum-sensing pheromone. Arch Microbiol 2000; 174:452-5. [PMID: 11195102 DOI: 10.1007/s002030000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AgrB has been suggested to be responsible for the posttranslational modification in staphylococci that leads to the production of the thiolactone-containing agr peptide pheromone. We demonstrate that AgrB is located in the cytoplasmic membrane. Vectors were constructed for the xylose-inducible overexpression of agrB, and of agrB and agrD together. A Staphylococcus epidermidis strain deleted for agr and containing these vectors was assayed for AgrB protein and pheromone production. The lack of adequate pheromone production suggests the involvement of additional factors in the production of the agr pheromone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Saenz
- Mikrobielle Genetik, Universität Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Peschel A, Vuong C, Otto M, Götz F. The D-alanine residues of Staphylococcus aureus teichoic acids alter the susceptibility to vancomycin and the activity of autolytic enzymes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:2845-7. [PMID: 10991869 PMCID: PMC90160 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.10.2845-2847.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/1999] [Accepted: 06/15/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Staphylococcus aureus strains with intermediate resistance to vancomycin, the antibiotic of last resort, have been described. Multiple changes in peptidoglycan turnover and structure contribute to the resistance phenotype. Here, we describe that structural changes of teichoic acids in the cell envelope have a considerable influence on the susceptibility to vancomycin and other glycopeptides. S. aureus cells lacking D-alanine esters in teichoic acids exhibited an at least threefold-increased sensitivity to glycopeptide antibiotics. Furthermore, the autolytic activity of the D-alanine mutant was reduced compared to the wild-type, and the mutant was more susceptible to the staphylolytic enzyme lysostaphin. Vancomycin inhibited autolysis at very high concentrations but neither in the wild-type nor in the mutant was the autolytic activity influenced in the range of the MIC. Mutant cells had a considerably higher capacity to bind vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peschel
- Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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18
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Abstract
The physiological significance of the accessory gene regulator (agr) system of Staphylococcus epidermidis was investigated by construction of an agr deletion mutant via allelic replacement with a spectinomycin resistance cassette. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed that the protein pattern was strongly altered in the mutant; the amounts of most surface proteins were higher, whereas the amounts of most exoproteins were lower. The agr system of S. epidermidis thus appears to have an important impact on growth phase-dependent protein synthesis as has been shown for Staphylococcus aureus. The activity of the exoenzymes lipase and protease, assumed to be involved in staphylococcal pathogenicity, was investigated by agar diffusion assays and SDS-PAGE activity staining. A general reduction of these enzyme activities in the agr mutant was found. The difference in overall lipase activity was small, but zymographic analysis suggested a clear defect in lipase processing in the agr mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vuong
- Mikrobielle Genetik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Loria CM, Sempos CT, Vuong C. Plan and operation of the NHANES II Mortality Study, 1992. Vital Health Stat 1 1999:1-16. [PMID: 10464470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The NHANES II Mortality Study is a prospective study of adult participants examined in the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) conducted between 1976 and 1980. It was designed to investigate the association between factors measured at baseline and mortality. The methods used in the study are described and assessed in this report. METHODS The vital status of NHANES II participants who were 30-75 years of age at their examination was ascertained after 12-16 years. Vital status was assessed by searching the National Death Index and the Social Security Administration Death Master File for deaths occurring in the United States. Causes of death were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics Multiple Cause of Death file or death certificates. To assess how well mortality was ascertained, the survival of the cohort after 5 and 10 years was compared to that of the U.S. population during the same period. RESULTS As of December 31, 1992, 23.2 percent of the 9,250 cohort members were found to be deceased. The remaining 76.8 percent that were not found to be deceased may be assumed to be alive for analytic purposes. Cumulative survival probabilities for the cohort were generally higher than probabilities calculated from U.S. life table data. Although some differences were expected, these data suggest that after 10 years of follow-up using passive methods, mortality may have been under ascertained for the cohort. Discrepancies between the survival patterns for NHANES II cohort and U.S. vital statistics were larger for black than for white participants, indicating that ascertainment of mortality was poorer among black participants. Researchers using the NHANES II Mortality Study, 1992 data should be aware of these study limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Loria
- National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland, USA
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20
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Otto M, Süssmuth R, Vuong C, Jung G, Götz F. Inhibition of virulence factor expression in Staphylococcus aureus by the Staphylococcus epidermidis agr pheromone and derivatives. FEBS Lett 1999; 450:257-62. [PMID: 10359085 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The agr quorum-sensing system in Staphylococci controls the production of surface proteins and exoproteins. In the pathogenic species Staphylococcus aureus, these proteins include many virulence factors. The extracellular signal of the quorum-sensing system is a thiolactone-containing peptide pheromone, whose sequence varies among the different staphylococcal strains. We demonstrate that a synthetic Staphylococcus epidermidis pheromone is a competent inhibitor of the Staphylococcus aureus agr system. Derivatives of the pheromone, in which the N-terminus or the cyclic bond structure was changed, were synthesized and their biological activity was determined. The presence of a correct N-terminus and a thiolactone were absolute prerequisites for an agr-activating effect in S. epidermidis, whereas inhibition of the S. aureus agr system was less dependent on the original structure. Our results show that effective quorum-sensing blockers that suppress the expression of virulence factors in S. aureus can be designed based on the S. epidermidis pheromone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Otto
- Mikrobielle Genetik, Universität Tübingen, Germany.
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21
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Flores-Aguilar M, Besen G, Vuong C, Tatebayashi M, Munguia D, Gangan P, Wiley CA, Freeman WR. Evaluation of retinal toxicity and efficacy of anti-cytomegalovirus and anti-herpes simplex virus antiviral phosphorothioate oligonucleotides ISIS 2922 and ISIS 4015. J Infect Dis 1997; 175:1308-16. [PMID: 9180168 DOI: 10.1086/516461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal toxicity of ISIS 2922 and ISIS 4015, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides complementary to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) RNA, were evaluated. The intravitreal concentration of ISIS 2922 found not to cause permanent toxic changes in the rabbit retina was 10 microM and in the pig retina, 5 microM. The 3 microM concentration was associated with a transient inflammatory response, and 1 microM caused no retinal toxicity or inflammation. ISIS 4015 showed very mild toxicity with no permanent retinal changes and very mild inflammation at doses of 10 microM; this dose was effective in ameliorating or preventing HSV-1 retinitis when injected 1 day and 1 week prior to virus inoculation. These oligonucleotides have a low intraocular therapeutic index. Attempts to improve the therapeutic index of these compounds are indicated. Only a clinical trial can determine the toxicity profile of ISIS 2922 for the treatment of CMV retinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Flores-Aguilar
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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22
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Kuppermann BD, Assil KK, Vuong C, Besen G, Wiley CA, De Clercq E, Bergeron-Lynn G, Connor JD, Pursley M, Munguia D, Freeman WR. Liposome-encapsulated (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine for long-acting therapy of viral retinitis. J Infect Dis 1996; 173:18-23. [PMID: 8537656 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/173.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of liposome-encapsulated (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine (HPMPC; cidofovir) was evaluated as prophylaxis in a rabbit model of experimentally induced retinitis caused by preretinal inoculation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Cidofovir (100 micrograms) in liposomes (0.1 mL) was injected intravitreally 10-120 days before retinal inoculation with HSV-1. Twenty-two of 26 eyes pretreated with liposome-encapsulated cidofovir 10-60 days before HSV-1 inoculation were protected from experimentally induced retinitis, and 2 of 5 eyes pretreated 120 days before inoculation were protected. Intravitreal levels of cidofovir were low (0.7 microgram/mL) but detectable 120 days after injection. One 100-micrograms intravitreal injection of liposome-encapsulated cidofovir appears to have a remarkably potent and prolonged (up to 4 months) antiviral effect in this experimental model of HSV-1 retinitis. Since HPMPC is even more potent against cytomegalovirus than HSV-1, liposome-encapsulated cidofovir may prove to be effective local therapy for AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Kuppermann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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23
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Shakiba S, Freeman WR, Flores-Aguilar M, Munguia D, Tatebayashi M, Besen G, Amani R, Wiley CA, Vuong C, Aldern KA. Antiviral effect in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells, pharmacokinetics, and intravitreal toxicology in rabbits of acyclovir diphosphate dimyristoylglycerol. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:1383-5. [PMID: 7574537 PMCID: PMC162748 DOI: 10.1128/aac.39.6.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyclovir diphosphate dimyristoylglycerol (ACVDP-DG) is a lipid prodrug which is active against ACV-resistant strains of herpes simplex virus because of its intracellular metabolism to ACV monophosphate. In human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-infected MRC-5 cells, ACVDP-DG was ninefold more active than ACV. When liposomal [8-3H]ACVDP-DG was injected intravitreally at the maximum nontoxic dose of 1 mumol in rabbits, the drug remained above its estimated 90% HCMV-inhibitory concentration for 18 days. Intravitreal ganciclovir persists above its 90% inhibitory concentration for only 1 to 2 days. ACVDP-DG may be useful as a local treatment for HCMV retinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shakiba
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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24
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Besen G, Flores-Aguilar M, Assil KK, Kupperman BD, Gangan P, Pursley M, Munguia D, Vuong C, De Clercq E, Bergeron-Lynn G. Long-term therapy for herpes retinitis in an animal model with high-concentrated liposome-encapsulated HPMPC. Arch Ophthalmol 1995; 113:661-8. [PMID: 7748139 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1995.01100050129042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate(s)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonyl methoxypropyl) cytosine (HPMPC), a potent antiherpes and anticytomegalovirus drug, as a long-term treatment of experimental retinitis in rabbits. METHODS The drug was first encapsulated into a liposome delivery system in three different concentrations and injected intravitreally. Sequentially, the highest concentration that was shown to be nontoxic to the retina was evaluated in a model of retinitis at 60, 90, 120, 170, and 240 days, after which herpes simplex virus type 1 was inoculated onto the retinal surface. RESULTS A dose of 1000 micrograms of HPMPC encapsulated in liposomes gives a protective effect for up to 8 months. CONCLUSIONS Reduced toxic effects and longer-term efficacy compared with free drug was observed. Given the 50 times higher activity of HPMPC against human cytomegalovirus than herpes simplex virus type 1, a single injection of 1000 micrograms of liposome-encapsulated HPMPC may have a very prolonged effect in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Besen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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25
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Flores-Aguilar M, Huang JS, Wiley CA, De Clercq E, Vuong C, Bergeron-Lynn G, Chandler B, Munguia D, Freeman WR. Long-acting therapy of viral retinitis with (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine. J Infect Dis 1994; 169:642-7. [PMID: 8158041 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/169.3.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine (HPMPC), a high-potency antiherpes and anticytomegalovirus (CMV) drug was evaluated in the treatment of experimental retinitis caused by preretinal herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) injection in rabbits. HPMPC (100 micrograms/0.1 mL) was intravitreally injected 10, 15, 21, 30, or 46 days before, concurrently, or 3, 5, or 7 days after viral inoculation. Ganciclovir (200 micrograms/0.1 mL) was intravitreally injected 3, 7, or 10 days before HSV-1 inoculation, concurrent with viral inoculation, or 3, 5, or 7 days after viral inoculation. Eyes pretreated with HPMPC were protected from retinitis for 15-21 days. Ganciclovir did not protect completely even if administered 3 days before inoculation. Early treatment of established retinitis with HPMPC markedly delayed the progression of the infection. However, with ganciclovir there was delayed progression only in rabbits treated 3 days after viral inoculation. HPMPC had a remarkably potent and prolonged (< or = 1 month) antiviral effect in this retinitis model and may prove more useful than ganciclovir in local treatment of CMV retinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Flores-Aguilar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, School of Medicine, San Diego, La Jolla
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Shakiba S, Assil KK, Listhaus AD, Munguia D, Flores-Aguilar M, Vuong C, Wiley CA, Tolman RL, Karkas JD, Bergeron-Lynn G. Evaluation of retinal toxicity and liposome encapsulation of the anti-CMV drug 2'-nor-cyclic GMP. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34:2903-10. [PMID: 8395482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important pathogen in the immunocompromised patient. CMV retinitis is a leading cause of blindness in patients with AIDS. Ganciclovir and foscarnet are currently the treatments being used for this retinitis, but they both have major toxicities when used systemically. Intravitreal therapy with ganciclovir has been used in some patients who cannot tolerate systemic treatment. The major problem with this modality is the necessity for administration of between 1 and 3 intravitreal injections per eye per week. 2'-nor-cyclic GMP is a nucleotide analog, a cyclic phosphate derivative of ganciclovir. Neutral salts of the compound are extremely water soluble, and the charged phosphate group at neutral pH make it an ideal candidate for encapsulation into a multivesicular liposome system. METHODS The authors evaluated the retinal toxicity of the diethanolammonium salt 2'-nor-cyclic GMP by using electroretinographic, morphologic, and ophthalmoscopic techniques after intravitreal injections in rabbit eye. RESULTS The intraocular therapeutic index for 2'-nor-cyclic GMP is 20. At the 10 micrograms dose, electroretinogram, ophthalmoscopic examination, and both light and electron microscopy revealed no abnormalities. Toxicity was evident at 50 micrograms and higher doses with ERG changes (loss of amplitude) and retinal pathology that varied from vacuolization of the retinal pigment epithelium and loss of height of the outer photoreceptor segment to loss of the entire outer retina. In addition, an in vitro drug release half-life of 1,000 hours (more than 75 times that of ganciclovir) was found for 2'-nor-cyclic GMP in liposome, which may be able to be exploited in the therapy of patients with CMV retinitis unable to tolerate toxic systemic therapy. CONCLUSION The anti-CMV drug, 2'-nor-cyclic GMP, may be promising for intravitreal injection, particularly if encapsulated into liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shakiba
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0946
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Flores-Aguilar M, Huang JS, Kuppermman BD, Vuong C, Munguia D, Wiley CA, De Clercq E, Assil K, Freeman WR. 170 Long acting therapy of viral retinitis with HPMPC. Antiviral Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90548-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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