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Laoué J, Gea-Izquierdo G, Dupouyet S, Conde M, Fernandez C, Ormeño E. Leaf morpho-anatomical adjustments in a Quercus pubescens forest after 10 years of partial rain exclusion in the field. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae047. [PMID: 38676920 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean region, a reduction of annual precipitation and a longer and drier summer season are expected with climate change by the end of the century, eventually endangering forest survival. To cope with such rapid changes, trees may modulate their morpho-anatomical and physiological traits. In the present study, we focused on the variation in leaf gas exchange and different leaf morpho-anatomical functional traits of Quercus pubescens Willd. in summer using a long-term drought experiment in natura consisting of a dynamic rainfall exclusion system where trees have been submitted to amplified drought (AD) (~-30% of annual precipitation) since April 2012 and compared them with trees under natural drought (ND) in a Mediterranean forest. During the study, we analyzed net CO2 assimilation (An), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), water-use efficiency (WUE), stomatal size and density, density of glandular trichomes and non-glandular trichomes, thickness of the different leaf tissues, specific leaf area and leaf surface. Under AD, tree functioning was slightly impacted, since only An exhibited a 49% drop, while gs, E and WUE remained stable. The decrease in An under AD was regulated by concomitant lower stomatal density and reduced leaf thickness. Trees under AD also featured leaves with a higher non-glandular trichome density and a lower glandular trichome density compared with ND, which simultaneously limits transpiration and production costs. This study points out that Q. pubescens exhibits adjustments of leaf morpho-anatomical traits which can help trees to acclimate to AD scenarios as those expected in the future in the Mediterranean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Laoué
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, IRD, IMBE, University Campus Saint-Jérôme 13013 Marseille, France
| | | | - Sylvie Dupouyet
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, IRD, IMBE, University Campus Saint-Jérôme 13013 Marseille, France
| | - María Conde
- CIFOR-INIA, CSIC, Centro de Investigación Forestal Moncloa - Aravaca 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Fernandez
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, IRD, IMBE, University Campus Saint-Jérôme 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Elena Ormeño
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, IRD, IMBE, University Campus Saint-Jérôme 13013 Marseille, France
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2
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Martín-Gómez P, Rodríguez-Robles U, Ogée J, Wingate L, Sancho-Knapik D, Peguero-Pina J, Dos Santos Silva JV, Gil-Pelegrín E, Pemán J, Ferrio JP. Contrasting stem water uptake and storage dynamics of water-saver and water-spender species during drought and recovery. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1290-1306. [PMID: 36930058 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought is projected to occur more frequently and intensely in the coming decades, and the extent to which it will affect forest functioning will depend on species-specific responses to water stress. Aiming to understand the hydraulic traits and water dynamics behind water-saver and water-spender strategies in response to drought and recovery, we conducted a pot experiment with two species with contrasting physiological strategies, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea L.). We applied two cycles of soil drying and recovery and irrigated with isotopically different water to track fast changes in soil and stem water pools, while continuously measuring physiological status and xylem water content from twigs. Our results provide evidence for a tight link between the leaf-level response and the water uptake and storage patterns in the stem. The water-saver strategy of pines prevented stem dehydration by rapidly closing stomata which limited their water uptake during the early stages of drought and recovery. Conversely, oaks showed a less conservative strategy, maintaining transpiration and physiological activity under dry soil conditions, and consequently becoming more dehydrated at the stem level. We interpreted this dehydration as the release of water from elastic storage tissues as no major loss of hydraulic conductance occurred for this species. After soil rewetting, pines recovered pre-drought leaf water potential rapidly, but it took longer to replace the water from conductive tissues (slower labeling speed). In contrast, water-spender oaks were able to quickly replace xylem water during recovery (fast labeling speed), but it took longer to refill stem storage tissues, and hence to recover pre-drought leaf water potential. These different patterns in sap flow rates, speed and duration of the labeling reflected a combination of water-use and storage traits, linked to the leaf-level strategies in response to drought and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martín-Gómez
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO - CERCA, Ctra de Sant Llorenç de Morunys, km 2, E-25280 Solsona, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ulises Rodríguez-Robles
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Independencia Nacional 151, Autlán de Navarro, 48900 Jalisco, México
| | - Jérôme Ogée
- Atmosphere Plant Soil Interactions Research Unit (UMR ISPA), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), 71 Av. Edouard Bourlaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lisa Wingate
- Atmosphere Plant Soil Interactions Research Unit (UMR ISPA), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), 71 Av. Edouard Bourlaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Peguero-Pina
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Victor Dos Santos Silva
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Pemán
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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3
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Du FK, Qi M, Zhang YY, Petit RJ. Asymmetric character displacement in mixed oak stands. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1212-1224. [PMID: 35706383 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ecological character displacement (ECD) refers to a pattern of increased divergence at sites where species ranges overlap caused by competition for resources. Although ECD is believed to be common, there are few in-depth studies that clearly establish its existence, especially in plants. Thus, we have compared leaf traits in allopatric and sympatric populations of two East Asian deciduous oaks: Quercus dentata and Quercus aliena. In contrast to previous studies, we define sympatry and allopatry at a local scale, thereby comparing populations that can or cannot directly interact. Using genetic markers, we found greater genetic divergence between the two oak species growing in mixed stands and inferred that long-term gene flow has predominantly occurred asymmetrically from the cold-tolerant species (Q. dentata) to the warm-demanding later colonizing species (Q. aliena). Analysis of leaf traits revealed greater divergence in mixed than in pure oak stands. This was mostly due to the later colonizing species being characterized by more resource-conservative traits in the presence of the other species. Controlling for relevant environmental differences did not alter these conclusions. These results suggest that asymmetric trait divergence can take place where species coexist, possibly due to the imbalance in demographic history of species resulting in asymmetric inter-specific selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang K Du
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Min Qi
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuan-Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Rémy J Petit
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France
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4
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Alonso-Forn D, Peguero-Pina JJ, Ferrio JP, García-Plazaola JI, Martín-Sánchez R, Niinemets Ü, Sancho-Knapik D, Gil-Pelegrín E. Cell-level anatomy explains leaf age-dependent declines in mesophyll conductance and photosynthetic capacity in the evergreen Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1988-2002. [PMID: 35451029 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of Mediterranean evergreen tree species experience a reduction in net CO2 assimilation (AN) and mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm) during aging and senescence, which would be influenced by changes in leaf anatomical traits at cell level. Anatomical modifications can be accompanied by the dismantling of photosynthetic apparatus associated to leaf senescence, manifested through changes at the biochemical level (i.e., lower nitrogen investment in photosynthetic machinery). However, the role of changes in leaf anatomy at cell level and nitrogen content in gm and AN decline experienced by old non-senescent leaves of evergreen trees with long leaf lifespan is far from being elucidated. We evaluated age-dependent changes in morphological, anatomical, chemical and photosynthetic traits in Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia Lam., an evergreen oak with high leaf longevity. All photosynthetic traits decreased with increasing leaf age. The relative change in cell wall thickness (Tcw) was less than in chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular air space (Sc/S), and Sc/S was a key anatomical trait explaining variations in gm and AN among different age classes. The reduction of Sc/S was related to ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts associated to leaf aging, with a concomitant reduction in cytoplasmic nitrogen. Changes in leaf anatomy and biochemistry were responsible for the age-dependent modifications in gm and AN. These findings revealed a gradual physiological deterioration related to the dismantling of the photosynthetic apparatus in older leaves of Q. ilex subsp. rotundifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alonso-Forn
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), Zaragoza E-50018, Spain
| | - José Ignacio García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Sánchez
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
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5
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Knauer J, Cuntz M, Evans JR, Niinemets Ü, Tosens T, Veromann-Jürgenson LL, Werner C, Zaehle S. Contrasting anatomical and biochemical controls on mesophyll conductance across plant functional types. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022. [PMID: 35801854 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.19681410.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll conductance (gm ) limits photosynthesis by restricting CO2 diffusion between the substomatal cavities and chloroplasts. Although it is known that gm is determined by both leaf anatomical and biochemical traits, their relative contribution across plant functional types (PFTs) is still unclear. We compiled a dataset of gm measurements and concomitant leaf traits in unstressed plants comprising 563 studies and 617 species from all major PFTs. We investigated to what extent gm limits photosynthesis across PFTs, how gm relates to structural, anatomical, biochemical, and physiological leaf properties, and whether these relationships differ among PFTs. We found that gm imposes a significant limitation to photosynthesis in all C3 PFTs, ranging from 10-30% in most herbaceous annuals to 25-50% in woody evergreens. Anatomical leaf traits explained a significant proportion of the variation in gm (R2 > 0.3) in all PFTs except annual herbs, in which gm is more strongly related to biochemical factors associated with leaf nitrogen and potassium content. Our results underline the need to elucidate mechanisms underlying the global variability of gm . We emphasise the underestimated potential of gm for improving photosynthesis in crops and identify modifications in leaf biochemistry as the most promising pathway for increasing gm in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Knauer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- AgroParisTech, UMR Silva, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - John R Evans
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Christiane Werner
- Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
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6
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Knauer J, Cuntz M, Evans JR, Niinemets Ü, Tosens T, Veromann‐Jürgenson L, Werner C, Zaehle S. Contrasting anatomical and biochemical controls on mesophyll conductance across plant functional types. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:357-368. [PMID: 35801854 PMCID: PMC9804998 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll conductance (gm ) limits photosynthesis by restricting CO2 diffusion between the substomatal cavities and chloroplasts. Although it is known that gm is determined by both leaf anatomical and biochemical traits, their relative contribution across plant functional types (PFTs) is still unclear. We compiled a dataset of gm measurements and concomitant leaf traits in unstressed plants comprising 563 studies and 617 species from all major PFTs. We investigated to what extent gm limits photosynthesis across PFTs, how gm relates to structural, anatomical, biochemical, and physiological leaf properties, and whether these relationships differ among PFTs. We found that gm imposes a significant limitation to photosynthesis in all C3 PFTs, ranging from 10-30% in most herbaceous annuals to 25-50% in woody evergreens. Anatomical leaf traits explained a significant proportion of the variation in gm (R2 > 0.3) in all PFTs except annual herbs, in which gm is more strongly related to biochemical factors associated with leaf nitrogen and potassium content. Our results underline the need to elucidate mechanisms underlying the global variability of gm . We emphasise the underestimated potential of gm for improving photosynthesis in crops and identify modifications in leaf biochemistry as the most promising pathway for increasing gm in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Knauer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
- Climate Science CentreCSIRO Oceans and AtmosphereCanberraACT2601Australia
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry07745JenaGermany
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- AgroParisTech, UMR SilvaINRAE, Université de Lorraine54000NancyFrance
| | - John R. Evans
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational PhotosynthesisResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesEstonian University of Life Sciences51006TartuEstonia
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesEstonian University of Life Sciences51006TartuEstonia
| | | | | | - Sönke Zaehle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry07745JenaGermany
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7
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Solé-Medina A, Robledo-Arnuncio JJ, Ramírez-Valiente JA. Multi-trait genetic variation in resource-use strategies and phenotypic plasticity correlates with local climate across the range of a Mediterranean oak (Quercus faginea). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:462-478. [PMID: 35028942 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Resource-use strategies are hypothesized to evolve along climatic gradients. However, our understanding of the environmental factors driving divergent evolution of resource-use strategies and the relationship between trait genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity is far from complete. Using the Mediterranean tree Quercus faginea as study system, we tested the hypothesis that a conservative resource-use strategy with increased drought tolerance and reduced phenotypic plasticity has evolved in areas with longer and more severe dry seasons. We conducted a glasshouse experiment in which we measured leaf morphological, physiological, growth and allocation traits in seedlings from 10 range-wide climatically contrasting populations, grown under two different watering treatments. Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed a genetic gradient of resource-use strategies and phenotypic plasticity associated with provenance climate. In particular, populations from harsher (drier and colder) environments had more sclerophyllous leaves, lower growth rates, better physiological performance under dry conditions and reduced multi-trait phenotypic plasticity compared to populations from more mesic and milder environments. Our results suggest that contrasting precipitation and temperature regimes play an important role in the adaptive intraspecific evolution of multivariate phenotypes and their plasticity, resulting in coordinated morphology, physiology, growth and allometry according to alternative resource-use strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Solé-Medina
- Department of Forest Ecology & Genetics, Forest Research Centre (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933, Spain
| | - Juan José Robledo-Arnuncio
- Department of Forest Ecology & Genetics, Forest Research Centre (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - José Alberto Ramírez-Valiente
- Department of Forest Ecology & Genetics, Forest Research Centre (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre, CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB) 10 Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
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8
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Bueno A, Alonso-Forn D, Peguero-Pina JJ, de Souza AX, Ferrio JP, Sancho-Knapik D, Gil-Pelegrín E. Minimum Leaf Conductance ( g min) Is Higher in the Treeline of Pinus uncinata Ram. in the Pyrenees: Michaelis' Hypothesis Revisited. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:786933. [PMID: 35140730 PMCID: PMC8818696 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.786933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The search for a universal explanation of the altitudinal limit determined by the alpine treeline has given rise to different hypotheses. In this study, we revisited Michaelis' hypothesis which proposed that an inadequate "ripening" of the cuticle caused a greater transpiration rate during winter in the treeline. However, few studies with different explanations have investigated the role of passive mechanisms of needles for protecting against water loss during winter in conifers at the treeline. To shed light on this, the cuticular transpiration barrier was studied in the transition from subalpine Pinus uncinata forests to alpine tundra at the upper limit of the species in the Pyrenees. This upper limit of P. uncinata was selected here as an example of the ecotones formed by conifers in the temperate mountains of the northern hemisphere. Our study showed that minimum leaf conductance in needles from upper limit specimens was higher than those measured in specimens living in the lower levels of the sub-alpine forest and also displayed lower cuticle thickness values, which should reinforce the seminal hypothesis by Michaelis. Our study showed clear evidence that supports the inadequate development of needle cuticles as one of the factors that lead to increased transpirational water losses during winter and, consequently, a higher risk of suffering frost drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amauri Bueno
- Chair of Botany II – Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Alonso-Forn
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aline Xavier de Souza
- Chair of Botany II – Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
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9
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Environment Controls Seasonal and Daily Cycles of Stem Diameter Variations in Portuguese Oak (Quercus faginea Lambert). FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tree growth takes place at different time scales ranging from hours to days. To understand growth responses to climate, continuous high-resolution measurements of tree diameter variations are needed, which are usually obtained with automatic dendrometers. Here, we monitored stem diameter increment of Quercus faginea Lambert growing in central Portugal to determine the effect of climate on daily and seasonal growth dynamics during the 2013 growing season. Stem diameter variation presented a unimodal seasonal pattern characterized by an exponential phase in spring followed by a plateau during summer, interrupted by an abrupt increase in autumn caused by rainfall. Stem diameter increment started in March when the temperature was above 10 °C. Stem diameter variation showed a double climatic constrain, with temperature limiting growth in spring and precipitation in summer. The amplitude of the daily cycles of stem variation was higher in summer, as well as the expansion phase length, meaning that trees needed longer to replenish the water lost through transpiration during the day. The absence of a pronounced stem shrinkage during the summer suggests that Q. faginea has access to water over the whole growing season. Our results indicate that this species relies on deep soil water reserves and can be physiologically active during summer drought.
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10
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Sancho-Knapik D, Escudero A, Mediavilla S, Scoffoni C, Zailaa J, Cavender-Bares J, Álvarez-Arenas TG, Molins A, Alonso-Forn D, Ferrio JP, Peguero-Pina JJ, Gil-Pelegrín E. Deciduous and evergreen oaks show contrasting adaptive responses in leaf mass per area across environments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:521-534. [PMID: 33340114 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increases in leaf mass per area (LMA) are commonly observed in response to environmental stresses and are achieved through increases in leaf thickness and/or leaf density. Here, we investigated how the two underlying components of LMA differ in relation to species native climates and phylogeny, across deciduous and evergreen species. Using a phylogenetic approach, we quantified anatomical, compositional and climatic variables from 40 deciduous and 45 evergreen Quercus species from across the Northern Hemisphere growing in a common garden. Deciduous species from shorter growing seasons tended to have leaves with lower LMA and leaf thickness than those from longer growing seasons, while the opposite pattern was found for evergreens. For both habits, LMA and thickness increased in arid environments. However, this shift was associated with increased leaf density in evergreens but reduced density in deciduous species. Deciduous and evergreen oaks showed fundamental leaf morphological differences that revealed a diverse adaptive response. While LMA in deciduous species may have diversified in tight coordination with thickness mainly modulated by aridity, diversification of LMA within evergreens appears to be dependent on the infrageneric group, with diversification in leaf thickness modulated by both aridity and cold, while diversification in leaf density is only modulated by aridity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Alfonso Escudero
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37071, Spain
| | - Sonia Mediavilla
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37071, Spain
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Joseph Zailaa
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | | | | | - Arántzazu Molins
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, Palma, Illes Balears, 07122, Spain
| | - David Alonso-Forn
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), Zaragoza, E-50018, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
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Alonso-Forn D, Peguero-Pina JJ, Ferrio JP, Mencuccini M, Mendoza-Herrer Ó, Sancho-Knapik D, Gil-Pelegrín E. Contrasting functional strategies following severe drought in two Mediterranean oaks with different leaf habit: Quercus faginea and Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:371-387. [PMID: 33079165 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, evergreen sclerophyllous and winter-deciduous malacophyllous oaks with different paleogeographical origins coexist under Mediterranean-type climates, such as the mixed forests of the evergreen Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia Lam. and the winter-deciduous Quercus faginea Lam. Both Mediterranean oaks constitute two examples of contrasting leaf habit, so it could be expected that they would have different functional strategies to cope with summer drought. In this study, we analysed photosynthetic, photochemical and hydraulic traits of different organs for Q. faginea and Q. ilex subsp. rotundifolia under well-watered conditions and subjected to very severe drought. The coordinated response between photosynthetic and hydraulic traits explained the higher photosynthetic capacity of Q. faginea under well-watered conditions, which compensated its shorter leaf life span at the expense of higher water consumption. The progressive imposition of water stress evidenced that both types of Mediterranean oaks displayed different functional strategies to cope with water limitations. Specifically, the decrease in mesophyll conductance associated with edaphic drought seems to be the main factor explaining the differences found in the dynamics of net CO2 assimilation throughout the drought period. The sharp decline in photosynthetic traits of Q. faginea was coupled with a strong decrease in shoot hydraulic conductance in response to drought. This fact probably avoided extensive xylem embolism in the stems (i.e., 'vulnerability segmentation'), which enabled new leaf development after drought period in Q. faginea. By contrast, leaves of Q. ilex subsp. rotundifolia showed effective photoprotective mechanisms and high resistance to drought-induced cavitation, which would be related with the longer leaf life span of the evergreen Mediterranean oaks. The co-occurrence of both types of Mediterranean oaks could be related to edaphic conditions that ensure the maintenance of soil water potential above critical values for Q. faginea, which can be severely affected by soil degradation and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alonso-Forn
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2-(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Óscar Mendoza-Herrer
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2-(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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Southeastern Rear Edge Populations of Quercus suber L. Showed Two Alternative Strategies to Cope with Water Stress. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11121344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Climate change models predict an increase in aridity, especially in the regions under Mediterranean-type climates such as the Mediterranean Basin. However, there is a lack of ecophysiological studies supporting the selection of the more drought-adapted ecotypes for reforestation programs. In this study, we analyzed the anatomical and functional adaptations of 18-month-old seedlings to drought on 16 Quercus suber L. populations from the southeastern rear edge of the species distribution in northern Tunisia growing in a common garden, in order to identify the most appropriate material to use in reforestations. The results evidenced that populations from more xeric habitats displayed the highest leaf dry mass per area (LMA) and lowest leaf area (LA) values, together with the largest increase in the bulk modulus of elasticity (Δε) in response to drought (i.e., elastic adjustment). On the other hand, some populations with intermediate values of aridity, LMA and LA displayed the sharpest increase in proline concentration (ΔPro), with a concomitant increase in osmotic potential at full turgor (Δπo) (i.e., osmotic adjustment). Therefore, two different strategies seem to drive the within-species variation of the studied Q. suber populations in response to water scarcity: (i) a water saver strategy for improving water stress tolerance through the maximization of the elastic adjustment; and (ii) a water spender strategy for maintaining water absorption and photosynthetic activity under moderate water stress through the maximization of the osmotic adjustment. We concluded that the higher elastic adjustment, together with reduced LA and increased LMA, implied a better performance under drought stress in the populations of Q. suber from more xeric habitats, which can be considered the most drought-adapted ecotypes and, consequently, the most appropriate for reforestation programs under an eventual increase in aridity.
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Living in Drylands: Functional Adaptations of Trees and Shrubs to Cope with High Temperatures and Water Scarcity. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant functioning and survival in drylands are affected by the combination of high solar radiation, high temperatures, low relative humidity, and the scarcity of available water. Many ecophysiological studies have dealt with the adaptation of plants to cope with these stresses in hot deserts, which are the territories that have better evoked the idea of a dryland. Nevertheless, drylands can also be found in some other areas of the Earth that are under the Mediterranean-type climates, which imposes a strong aridity during summer. In this review, plant species from hot deserts and Mediterranean-type climates serve as examples for describing and analyzing the different responses of trees and shrubs to aridity in drylands, with special emphasis on the structural and functional adaptations of plants to avoid the negative effects of high temperatures under drought conditions. First, we analyze the adaptations of plants to reduce the input of energy by diminishing the absorbed solar radiation through (i) modifications of leaf angle and (ii) changes in leaf optical properties. Afterwards, we analyze several strategies that enhance the ability for heat dissipation through (i) leaf size reduction and changes in leaf shape (e.g., through lobed leaves), and (ii) increased transpiration rates (i.e., water-spender strategy), with negative consequences in terms of photosynthetic capacity and water consumption, respectively. Finally, we also discuss the alternative strategy showed by water-saver plants, a common drought resistance strategy in hot and dry environments that reduces water consumption at the expense of diminishing the ability for leaf cooling. In conclusion, trees and shrubs living in drylands have developed effective functional adaptations to cope with the combination of high temperature and water scarcity, all of them with clear benefits for plant functioning and survival, but also with different costs concerning water use, carbon gain, and/or leaf cooling.
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Ramírez-Valiente JA, López R, Hipp AL, Aranda I. Correlated evolution of morphology, gas exchange, growth rates and hydraulics as a response to precipitation and temperature regimes in oaks (Quercus). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:794-809. [PMID: 31733106 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesised that tree distributions in Europe are largely limited by their ability to cope with the summer drought imposed by the Mediterranean climate in the southern areas and by their competitive potential in central regions with more mesic conditions. We investigated the extent to which leaf and plant morphology, gas exchange, leaf and stem hydraulics and growth rates have evolved in a coordinated way in oaks (Quercus) as a result of adaptation to contrasting environmental conditions in this region. We implemented an experiment in which seedlings of 12 European/North African oaks were grown under two watering treatments, a well-watered treatment and a drought treatment in which plants were subjected to three cycles of drought. Consistent with our hypothesis, species from drier summers had traits conferring more tolerance to drought such as small sclerophyllous leaves and lower percent loss of hydraulic conductivity. However, these species did not have lower growth rates as expected by a trade-off with drought tolerance. Overall, our results revealed that climate is an important driver of functional strategies in oaks and that traits have evolved along two coordinated functional axes to adapt to different precipitation and temperature regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alberto Ramírez-Valiente
- Centro de Investigación Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Rosana López
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Andrew L Hipp
- The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, 60532-1293, USA
- The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Centro de Investigación Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Carretera de Valldemossa, Palma de Mallorca, 07122, Spain
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Alvarez-Maldini C, Acevedo M, Dumroese RK, González M, Cartes E. Intraspecific Variation in Drought Response of Three Populations of Cryptocarya alba and Persea lingue, Two Native Species From Mediterranean Central Chile. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1042. [PMID: 32765551 PMCID: PMC7378861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the severity of drought events on Mediterranean climates highlights the need of using plant material adapted to drought during restoration efforts. Thus, we investigated between-population morpho-physiological differences in Cryptocarya alba and Persea lingue, two native species from Mediterranean central Chile, for traits that could effectively discriminate population performance in response to water restriction (WR) testing. Three populations from each species were subjected to WR treatment and physiological, morphological, and growth parameters were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. In C. alba, the most xeric population displayed smaller plants with mesophyllous leaves and lower photosynthetic rates indicating a resource saving strategy. Moreover, the xeric population performed better during WR than the most mesic populations, exhibiting higher water use efficiency (iWUE) and maintenance of growth rates. All C. alba populations responded equally to WR in terms of morphology and biomass partitioning. In contrast, differences among P. lingue populations were subtle at the morpho-physiological level with no apparent relation to provenance environmental conditions, and no morphological traits were affected by WR. However, in response to WR application, the most mesic population was, as observed through reduction in relative growth rates, more affected than xeric populations. We attribute such discrete differences between P. lingue provenances to the lower distributional range of selected populations. Our results show that relative growth rates in both species, and iWUE only in C. alba, exhibited population specific responses upon WR imposition; these results correspond with the environmental conditions found at the origin of each populations. Both traits could further assist in the selection of populations for restoration according to their response to water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alvarez-Maldini
- Institute of Agri-food, Animal and Environmental Sciences (ICA3), Universidad de O Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Manuel Acevedo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Planta Forestal, Instituto Forestal, San Pedro de la Paz, Chile
| | - R. Kasten Dumroese
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Marta González
- Centro Tecnológico de la Planta Forestal, Instituto Forestal, San Pedro de la Paz, Chile
| | - Eduardo Cartes
- Centro Tecnológico de la Planta Forestal, Instituto Forestal, San Pedro de la Paz, Chile
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16
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Shifts in Growth Responses to Climate and Exceeded Drought-Vulnerability Thresholds Characterize Dieback in Two Mediterranean Deciduous Oaks. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11070714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drought stress has induced dieback episodes affecting many forest types and tree species worldwide. However, there is scarce information regarding drought-triggered growth decline and canopy dieback in Mediterranean deciduous oaks. These species face summer drought but have to form new foliage every spring which can make them vulnerable to hotter and drier conditions during that season. Here, we investigated two stands dominated by Quercus frainetto Ten. and Quercus canariensis Willd. and situated in southern Italy and Spain, respectively, showing drought-induced dieback since the 2000s. We analyzed how radial growth and its responses to climate differed between non-declining (ND) and declining (D) trees, showing different crown defoliation and coexisting in each stand by: (i) characterizing growth variability and its responsiveness to climate and drought through time, and (ii) simulating growth responses to soil moisture and temperature thresholds using the Vaganov–Shashkin VS-lite model. Our results show how growth responsiveness to climate and drought was higher in D trees for both oak species. Growth has become increasingly limited by warmer-drier climate and decreasing soil moisture availability since the 1990s. These conditions preceded growth drops in D trees indicating they were more vulnerable to warming and aridification trends. Extremely warm and dry conditions during the early growing season trigger dieback. Changes in the seasonal timing of water limitations caused contrasting effects on long-term growth trends of D trees after the 1980s in Q. frainetto and during the 1990s in Q. canariensis. Using growth models allows identifying early-warning signals of vulnerability, which can be compared with shifts in the growth responses to warmer and drier conditions. Our approach facilitates establishing drought-vulnerability thresholds by combining growth models with field records of dieback.
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17
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Zhu K, Wang A, Wu J, Yuan F, Guan D, Jin C, Zhang Y, Gong C. Effects of nitrogen additions on mesophyll and stomatal conductance in Manchurian ash and Mongolian oak. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10038. [PMID: 32572068 PMCID: PMC7308411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66886-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of plant CO2 diffusion conductances (mesophyll and stomatal conductances, gm and gsc) to soil drought has been widely studied, but few studies have investigated the effects of soil nitrogen addition levels on gm and gsc. In this study, we investigated the responses of gm and gsc of Manchurian ash and Mongolian oak to four soil nitrogen addition levels (control, low nitrogen, medium nitrogen and high nitrogen) and the changes in leaf anatomy and associated enzyme activities (aquaporin (AQP) and carbonic anhydrase (CA)). Both gm and gsc increased with the soil nitrogen addition levels for both species, but then decreased under the high nitrogen addition level, which primarily resulted from the enlargements in leaf and mesophyll cell thicknesses, mesophyll surface area exposed to intercellular space per unit leaf area and stomatal opening status with soil nitrogen addition. Additionally, the improvements in leaf N content and AQP and CA activities also significantly promoted gm and gsc increases. The addition of moderate levels of soil nitrogen had notably positive effects on CO2 diffusion conductance in leaf anatomy and physiology in Manchurian ash and Mongolian oak, but these positive effects were weakened with the addition of high levels of soil nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Anzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Fenghui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Dexin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Changjie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yushu Zhang
- The Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang, 110166, China
| | - Chunjuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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18
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Xie K, Lu Z, Pan Y, Gao L, Hu P, Wang M, Guo S. Leaf photosynthesis is mediated by the coordination of nitrogen and potassium: The importance of anatomical-determined mesophyll conductance to CO 2 and carboxylation capacity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110267. [PMID: 31779911 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Both nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) have been widely studied in maintaining efficient photosynthesis and plant growth. However, the mechanisms underlying the photosynthetic response to their interaction remain unclear. This study assessed the effects of N and K supply on photosynthetic limitations and the corresponding changes in anatomical structures in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants, grown hydroponically under different levels of N and K in a greenhouse. Results revealed that a suitable leaf N/K ratio (2.99-3.10) maintain a high rate of photosynthesis (A). The A under N and/or K deficiency was primarily limited by mesophyll conductance (gm) and RuBP carboxylation in biochemical processes. The decline of gm in N- or K-starved leaves was mostly resulted from low surface area of chloroplasts exposed to intercellular airspaces (Sc) and high mesophyll cell wall thickness. Synergistic effects of N and K on gm were reflected in leaf anatomical structure, especially their coordinated roles in enhancing Sc. The enhanced photosynthesis in plants with coordinated supply of N and K was caused by the balance of RuBP carboxylation and regeneration. These results highlight the synergistic effect of N and K on leaf photosynthesis, which are mainly reflected in facilitating anatomical-determined gm and carboxylation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailiu Xie
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhifeng Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghui Pan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Limin Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Mediavilla S, Martín I, Babiano J, Escudero A. Foliar plasticity related to gradients of heat and drought stress across crown orientations in three Mediterranean Quercus species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224462. [PMID: 31658291 PMCID: PMC6816560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on plasticity at the level of a single individual plant provide indispensable information to predict leaf responses to climate change, because they allow better identification of the environmental factors that determine differences in leaf traits in the absence of genetic differences. Most of these studies have focused on the responses of leaf traits to variations in the light environment along vertical gradients, thus paying less attention to possible differences in the intensity of water stress among canopy orientations. In this paper, we analyzed the differences in leaf traits traditionally associated with changes in the intensity of water stress between east and west crown orientations in three Quercus species. The leaves facing west experienced similar solar radiation levels but higher maximum temperatures and lower daily minimum water potentials than those of the east orientation. In response to these differences, the leaves of the west orientation showed smaller size and less chlorophyll concentration, higher percentage of palisade tissue and higher density of stomata and trichomes. These responses would confirm the role of such traits in the tolerance to water stress and control of water losses by transpiration. For all traits, the species with the longest leaf life span exhibited the greatest plasticity between orientations. By contrast, no differences between canopy positions were observed for leaf thickness, leaf mass per unit area and venation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediavilla
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martín
- Dpto. de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Josefa Babiano
- Dpto. de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alfonso Escudero
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
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20
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Han J, Lei Z, Zhang Y, Yi X, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Drought-introduced variability of mesophyll conductance in Gossypium and its relationship with leaf anatomy. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:873-887. [PMID: 30264467 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll conductance (gm ) is one of the major determinants of photosynthetic rate, for which it has an impact on crop yield. However, the regulatory mechanisms behind the decline in gm of cotton (Gossypium. spp) by drought are unclear. An upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) genotype and a pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense) genotype were used to determine the gas exchange parameters, leaf anatomical structure as well as aquaporin and carbonic anhydrase gene expression under well-watered and drought treatment conditions. In this study, the decrease of net photosynthetic rate (AN ) under drought conditions was related to a decline in gm and in stomatal conductance (gs ). gm and gs coordinate with each other to ensure optimum state of CO2 diffusion and achieve the balance of water and CO2 demand in the process of photosynthesis. Meanwhile, mesophyll limitations to photosynthesis are equally important to the stomatal limitations. Considering gm , its decline in cotton leaves under drought was mostly regulated by the chloroplast surface area exposed to leaf intercellular air spaces per leaf area (Sc /S) and might also be regulated by the expression of leaf CARBONIC ANHYDRASE (CA1). Meanwhile, cotton leaves can minimize the decrease in gm under drought by maintaining cell wall thickness (Tcw ). Our results indicated that modification of chloroplasts might be a target trait in future attempts to improve cotton drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimei Han
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhangying Lei
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Xiaoping Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Wangfeng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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Hernandez-Santana V, Diaz-Rueda P, Diaz-Espejo A, Raya-Sereno MD, Gutiérrez-Gordillo S, Montero A, Perez-Martin A, Colmenero-Flores JM, Rodriguez-Dominguez CM. Hydraulic Traits Emerge as Relevant Determinants of Growth Patterns in Wild Olive Genotypes Under Water Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:291. [PMID: 30918509 PMCID: PMC6424893 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The hydraulic traits of plants, or the efficiency of water transport throughout the plant hydraulic system, could help to anticipate the impact of climate change and improve crop productivity. However, the mechanisms explaining the role of hydraulic traits on plant photosynthesis and thus, plant growth and yield, are just beginning to emerge. We conducted an experiment to identify differences in growth patterns at leaf, root and whole plant level among four wild olive genotypes and to determine whether hydraulic traits may help to explain such differences through their effect on photosynthesis. We estimated the relative growth rate (RGR), and its components, leaf gas exchange and hydraulic traits both at the leaf and whole-plant level in the olive genotypes over a full year. Photosynthetic capacity parameters were also measured. We observed different responses to water stress in the RGRs of the genotypes studied being best explained by changes in the net CO2 assimilation rate (NAR). Further, net photosynthesis, closely related to NAR, was mainly determined by hydraulic traits, both at leaf and whole-plant levels. This was mediated through the effects of hydraulic traits on stomatal conductance. We observed a decrease in leaf area: sapwood area and leaf area: root area ratios in water-stressed plants, which was more evident in the olive genotype Olea europaea subsp. guanchica (GUA8), whose RGR was less affected by water deficit than the other olive genotypes. In addition, at the leaf level, GUA8 water-stressed plants presented a better photosynthetic capacity due to a higher mesophyll conductance to CO2 and a higher foliar N. We conclude that hydraulic allometry adjustments of whole plant and leaf physiological response were well coordinated, buffering the water stress experienced by GUA8 plants. In turn, this explained their higher relative growth rates compared to the rest of the genotypes under water-stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Hernandez-Santana
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Diaz-Rueda
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Diaz-Espejo
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - María D. Raya-Sereno
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
- School of Agricultural Engineering, CEIGRAM, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saray Gutiérrez-Gordillo
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
- Centro “Las Torres-Tomejil”, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Montero
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfonso Perez-Martin
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose M. Colmenero-Flores
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Celia M. Rodriguez-Dominguez
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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22
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Ren T, Weraduwage SM, Sharkey TD. Prospects for enhancing leaf photosynthetic capacity by manipulating mesophyll cell morphology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1153-1165. [PMID: 30590670 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are beautifully specialized organs designed to maximize the use of light and CO2 for photosynthesis. Engineering leaf anatomy therefore holds great potential to enhance photosynthetic capacity. Here we review the effect of the dominant leaf anatomical traits on leaf photosynthesis and confirm that a high chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular airspace per unit leaf area (Sc) is critical for efficient photosynthesis. The possibility of improving Sc through appropriately increasing mesophyll cell density is further analyzed. The potential influences of modifying mesophyll cell morphology on CO2 diffusion, light distribution within the leaf, and other physiological processes are also discussed. Some potential target genes regulating leaf mesophyll cell proliferation and expansion are explored. Indeed, more comprehensive research is needed to understand how manipulating mesophyll cell morphology through editing the potential target genes impacts leaf photosynthetic capacity and related physiological processes. This will pinpoint the targets for engineering leaf anatomy to maximize photosynthetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ren
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Sarathi M Weraduwage
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Resiience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Resiience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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23
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Han J, Lei Z, Flexas J, Zhang Y, Carriquí M, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Mesophyll conductance in cotton bracts: anatomically determined internal CO2 diffusion constraints on photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5433-5443. [PMID: 30124926 PMCID: PMC6255706 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll conductance (gm) has been shown to affect photosynthetic capacity and thus the estimates of terrestrial carbon balance. While there have been some attempts to model gm at the leaf and larger scales, the potential contribution of gm to the photosynthesis of non-leaf green organs has not been studied. Here, we investigated the influence of gm on photosynthesis of cotton bracts and how it in turn is influenced by anatomical structures, by comparing leaf palisade and spongy mesophyll with bract tissue. Our results showed that photosynthetic capacity in bracts is much lower than in leaves, and that gm is a limiting factor for bract photosynthesis to a similar extent to stomatal conductance. Bract and the spongy tissue of leaves have lower mesophyll conductance than leaf palisade tissue due to the greater volume fraction of intercellular air spaces, smaller chloroplasts, lower surface area of mesophyll cells and chloroplasts exposed to leaf intercellular air spaces and, perhaps, lower membrane permeability. Comparing bracts with leaf spongy tissue, although bracts have a larger cell wall thickness, they have a similar gm estimated from anatomical characteristics, likely due to the cumulative compensatory effects of subtle differences in each subcellular component, especially chloroplast traits. These results provide the first evidence for anatomical constraints on gm and photosynthesis in non-leaf green organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimei Han
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Zhangying Lei
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group in Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-Instituto de Agroecología y Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Yujie Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Marc Carriquí
- Research Group in Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-Instituto de Agroecología y Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Wangfeng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Yali Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
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24
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Influence of Scarification on the Germination Capacity of Acorns Harvested from Uneven-Aged Stands of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur L.). FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Granda E, Alla AQ, Laskurain NA, Loidi J, Sánchez-Lorenzo A, Camarero JJ. Coexisting oak species, including rear-edge populations, buffer climate stress through xylem adjustments. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:159-172. [PMID: 29300954 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability of trees to cope with climate change is a pivotal feature of forest ecosystems, especially for rear-edge populations facing warm and dry conditions. To evaluate current and future forests threats, a multi-proxy focus on the growth, anatomical and physiological responses to climate change is needed. We examined the long-term xylem adjustments to climate variability of the temperate Quercus robur L. at its rear edge and the sub-Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica Willd. Both species coexist at a mesic (ME, humid and warmer) and a xeric (XE, dry and cooler) site in northern Spain, the latter experiencing increasing temperatures in recent decades. We compared xylem traits at each site and assessed their trends, relationships and responses to climate (1960-2008). Traits included basal area increment, earlywood vessel hydraulic diameter, density and theoretical-specific hydraulic conductivity together with latewood oxygen (δ18O) stable isotopes and δ13C-derived water-use efficiency (iWUE). Quercus robur showed the highest growth at ME, likely through enhanced cambial activity. Quercus pyrenaica had higher iWUE at XE compared with ME, but limited plasticity of anatomical xylem traits was found for the two oak species. Similar physiological performance was found for both species. The iWUE augmented in recent years especially at XE, likely explained by stomatal closure given the increasing δ18O signal in response to drier and sunnier growing seasons. Overall, traits were more correlated at XE than at ME. The iWUE improvements were linked to higher growth up to a threshold (~85 μmol mol-1) after which reduced growth was found at XE. Our results are consistent with Q. pyrenaica and Q. robur coexisting at the central and dry edge of the climatic species distribution, respectively, showing similar responses to buffer warmer conditions. In fact, the observed adjustments found for Q. robur point towards growth stability of similar rear-edge oak populations under warmer climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Granda
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avenida Montañana 1005, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Q Alla
- Fakulteti i Shkencave Pyjore, Universiteti Bujqësor i Tiranës, Kodër-Kamëz 1029, Tirana, Albania
| | - N A Laskurain
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - J Loidi
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - A Sánchez-Lorenzo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avenida Montañana 1005, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J J Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avenida Montañana 1005, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
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26
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Peguero-Pina JJ, Sisó S, Flexas J, Galmés J, Niinemets Ü, Sancho-Knapik D, Gil-Pelegrín E. Coordinated modifications in mesophyll conductance, photosynthetic potentials and leaf nitrogen contribute to explain the large variation in foliage net assimilation rates across Quercus ilex provenances. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1084-1094. [PMID: 28541538 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) has been suggested to negatively affect the mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm), the most limiting factor for photosynthesis per unit leaf area (AN) in many evergreens. Several anatomical traits (i.e., greater leaf thickness and thicker cell walls) constraining gm could explain the negative scaling of gm and AN with LMA across species. However, the Mediterranean sclerophyll Quercus ilex L. shows a major within-species variation in functional traits (greater LMA associated with higher nitrogen content and AN) that might contrast the worldwide trends. The objective of this study was to elucidate the existence of variations in other leaf anatomical parameters determining gm and/or biochemical traits improving the capacity of carboxylation (Vc,max) that could modulate the relationship of AN with LMA across this species. The results revealed that gm was the most limiting factor for AN in all the studied Q. ilex provenances from Spain and Italy. The within-species differences in gm can be partly attributed to the variation in several leaf anatomical traits, mainly cell-wall thickness (Tcw), chloroplast thickness (Tchl) and chloroplast exposed surface area facing intercellular air spaces (Sc/S). A positive scaling of gm and AN with Vc,max was also found, associated with an increased nitrogen content per area. A strong correlation of maximum photosynthetic electron transport (Jmax) with AN further indicated a coordination between the carboxylase activity and the electron transport chain. In conclusion, we have confirmed the strong ecotypic variation in the photosynthetic performance of individual provenances of Q. ilex. Thus, the within-species increases found in AN for Q. ilex with increasing foliage robustness can be explained by a synergistic effect among anatomical (at the subcellular and cellular level) and biochemical traits, which markedly improved gm and Vc,max.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Sisó
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean conditions, Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean conditions, Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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27
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Peguero-Pina JJ, Sisó S, Flexas J, Galmés J, García-Nogales A, Niinemets Ü, Sancho-Knapik D, Saz MÁ, Gil-Pelegrín E. Cell-level anatomical characteristics explain high mesophyll conductance and photosynthetic capacity in sclerophyllous Mediterranean oaks. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:585-596. [PMID: 28058722 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaf mass per area (LMA) has been suggested to negatively affect the mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm ), which is the most limiting factor for area-based photosynthesis (AN ) in many Mediterranean sclerophyll species. However, despite their high LMA, these species have similar AN to plants from other biomes. Variations in other leaf anatomical traits, such as mesophyll and chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular air space (Sm /S and Sc /S), may offset the restrictions imposed by high LMA in gm and AN in these species. Seven sclerophyllous Mediterranean oaks from Europe/North Africa and North America with contrasting LMA were compared in terms of morphological, anatomical and photosynthetic traits. Mediterranean oaks showed specific differences in AN that go beyond the common morphological leaf traits reported for these species (reduced leaf area and thick leaves). These variations resulted mainly from the differences in gm , the most limiting factor for carbon assimilation in these species. Species with higher AN showed increased Sc /S, which implies increased gm without changes in stomatal conductance. The occurrence of this anatomical adaptation at the cell level allowed evergreen oaks to reach AN values comparable to congeneric deciduous species despite their higher LMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Sisó
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ana García-Nogales
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, University Pablo Olavide, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Saz
- Departamento de Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
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Ancient cell structural traits and photosynthesis in today’s environment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1389-1392. [PMCID: PMC5444445 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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29
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Colangelo M, Camarero JJ, Borghetti M, Gazol A, Gentilesca T, Ripullone F. Size Matters a Lot: Drought-Affected Italian Oaks Are Smaller and Show Lower Growth Prior to Tree Death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:135. [PMID: 28270816 PMCID: PMC5318376 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic theory suggests that tall trees are at greater risk of drought-triggered death caused by hydraulic failure than small trees. In addition the drop in growth, observed in several tree species prior to death, is often interpreted as an early-warning signal of impending death. We test these hypotheses by comparing size, growth, and wood-anatomy patterns of living and now-dead trees in two Italian oak forests showing recent mortality episodes. The mortality probability of trees is modeled as a function of recent growth and tree size. Drift-diffusion-jump (DDJ) metrics are used to detect early-warning signals. We found that the tallest trees of the anisohydric Italian oak better survived drought contrary to what was predicted by the theory. Dead trees were characterized by a lower height and radial-growth trend than living trees in both study sites. The growth reduction of now-dead trees started about 10 years prior to their death and after two severe spring droughts during the early 2000s. This critical transition in growth was detected by DDJ metrics in the most affected site. Dead trees were also more sensitive to drought stress in this site indicating different susceptibility to water shortage between trees. Dead trees did not form earlywood vessels with smaller lumen diameter than surviving trees but tended to form wider latewood vessels with a higher percentage of vessel area. Since living and dead trees showed similar competition we did not expect that moderate thinning and a reduction in tree density would increase the short-term survival probability of trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Colangelo
- School of Agricultural Forest Food and Environmental Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | - Jesús J. Camarero
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
| | - Marco Borghetti
- School of Agricultural Forest Food and Environmental Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
| | - Tiziana Gentilesca
- School of Agricultural Forest Food and Environmental Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | - Francesco Ripullone
- School of Agricultural Forest Food and Environmental Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
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30
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Liu W, Su J. Effects of light acclimation on shoot morphology, structure, and biomass allocation of two Taxus species in southwestern China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35384. [PMID: 27734944 PMCID: PMC5062112 DOI: 10.1038/srep35384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acclimation to changing light conditions plays a crucial role in determining the competitive capability of tree species. There is currently limited information about acclimation to natural light gradient and its effect on shoot structure and biomass in Taxus species. We examined the acclimation of the leaf and shoot axis morphology, structure and biomass allocation of Taxus yunnanensis and T. chinensis var. mairei under three different natural light environments, full daylight, 40-60% full daylight and <10% full daylight. The leaf biomass, nitrogen content per unit area, leaf carbon content per dry mass and leaf dry mass to fresh mass ratio increased with light in both species, demonstrating an enhanced investment of photosynthetic biomass and structural investment under high light. The number of leaves per unit shoot axis length and the leaf dry mass per unit shoot axis length increased with light in both species. However, the light increase did not result in the increase of the total shoot mass. T. yunnanensis produced larger leaves under low light and a higher shoot axis length per unit dry mass under high light, whereas the leaf size and biomass yield of T. chinensis var. mairei were not sensitive to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wande Liu
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China
- Pu’er Forest Eco-system Research Station, China’s State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jianrong Su
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China
- Pu’er Forest Eco-system Research Station, China’s State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, China
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31
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Jabłoński M, Tylek P, Walczyk J, Tadeusiewicz R, Piłat A. Colour-Based Binary Discrimination of Scarified Quercus robur Acorns under Varying Illumination. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:s16081319. [PMID: 27548173 PMCID: PMC5017484 DOI: 10.3390/s16081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to predict the germination ability of acorns using their shape, length, diameter and density are reported in the literature. These methods, however, are not efficient enough. As such, a visual assessment of the viability of seeds based on the appearance of cross-sections of seeds following their scarification is used. This procedure is more robust but demands significant effort from experienced employees over a short period of time. In this article an automated method of acorn scarification and assessment has been announced. This type of automation requires the specific setup of a machine vision system and application of image processing algorithms for evaluation of sections of seeds in order to predict their viability. In the stage of the analysis of pathological changes, it is important to point out image features that enable efficient classification of seeds in respect of viability. The article shows the results of the binary separation of seeds into two fractions (healthy or spoiled) using average components of regular red-green-blue and perception-based hue-saturation-value colour space. Analysis of accuracy of discrimination was performed on sections of 400 scarified acorns acquired using two various setups: machine vision camera under uncontrolled varying illumination and commodity high-resolution camera under controlled illumination. The accuracy of automatic classification has been compared with predictions completed by experienced professionals. It has been shown that both automatic and manual methods reach an accuracy level of 84%, assuming that the images of the sections are properly normalised. The achieved recognition ratio was higher when referenced to predictions provided by professionals. Results of discrimination by means of Bayes classifier have been also presented as a reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Jabłoński
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., Kraków 30-059, Poland.
| | - Paweł Tylek
- Department of Forest Work Mechanisation, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 46 29-listopada Ave., Kraków 31-425, Poland.
| | - Józef Walczyk
- Department of Forest Work Mechanisation, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 46 29-listopada Ave., Kraków 31-425, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Tadeusiewicz
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., Kraków 30-059, Poland.
| | - Adam Piłat
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., Kraków 30-059, Poland.
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