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Al-Gallas N, Fadel ME, Altammar KA, Awadi Y, Aissa RB. Pathovars, occurrence, and characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in diarrheal Escherichia coli isolated from farmers and farmed chickens in Tunisia and Nigeria. Lett Appl Microbiol 2024; 77:ovae043. [PMID: 38653718 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The poultry industry is a very important agricultural and industrial sector in Tunisia and Nigeria, with little information about occurrence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in the farmers and chickens. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of diarrheal E. coli in humans and poultry and to investigate plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in both countries. Seventy-four isolates of E. coli were studied; nine different virulence genes were screened by PCR. Serotyping was performed only for pathotypes as well as the determining of antibiotic resistance profiles against 21 antibiotics. PMQR genes were investigated by PCR. EAEC was the most abundant pathotype (37/74; 50%) in human and chicken isolates, whereas single EHEC and EPEC (1/74, 1.35%) pathotypes were detected in Tunisia and Nigeria, respectively. About 17 (45.95%) quinolones/fluoroquinolones-resistant isolates were detected, from which the following PMQR genes were detected: aac(6')-Ib-cr (8/17, 47.05%), qepA (6/17, 35.29%), qnrA + qnrB (2/17, 11.76%), and qnrS gene (1/17, 5.88%). Our findings highlight high occurrence of EAEC pathotype in Tunisia and Nigeria, more frequent than EPEC and EHEC. Additionally, all E. coli pathotypes isolated from different sources (humans, poultry) showed resistance to several antibiotics, which are in use as therapeutic choices in Tunisia and Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazek Al-Gallas
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, P.O. Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin 31991, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Water and Food Control Lab, National Center of Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio-Enteropathogens-Institut Pasteur de Tunis (IPT) Tunis-Belvédère, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed-Elamen Fadel
- Medical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Sebha, Sebha 19631, Libya
| | - Khadijah A Altammar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, P.O. Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin 31991, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasmin Awadi
- Water and Food Control Lab, National Center of Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio-Enteropathogens-Institut Pasteur de Tunis (IPT) Tunis-Belvédère, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Ridha Ben Aissa
- Water and Food Control Lab, National Center of Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio-Enteropathogens-Institut Pasteur de Tunis (IPT) Tunis-Belvédère, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
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Antibiotic susceptibility among non-clinical Escherichia coli as a marker of antibiotic pressure in Peru (2009-2019): one health approach. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10573. [PMID: 36119856 PMCID: PMC9479018 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing health problem worldwide with serious implications in global health. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobials has resulted in the spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in humans, animals and the environment. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance provides important information contributing to understanding dissemination within these environments. These data are often unavailable in low- and middle-income countries, such as Peru. This review aimed to determine the levels of antimicrobial resistance in non-clinical Escherichia coli beyond the clinical setting in Peru. Methods We searched 2009–2019 literature in PUBMED, Google Scholar and local repositories. Results Thirty manuscripts including human, food, environmental, livestock, pets and/or wild animals’ samples were found. The analysis showed high resistance levels to a variety of antimicrobial agents, with >90% of resistance for streptomycin and non-extended-spectrum cephalosporin in livestock and food. High levels of rifamycin resistance were also found in non-clinical samples from humans. In pets, resistance levels of 70–>90% were detected for quinolones tetracycline and non-extended spectrum cephalosporins. The results suggest higher levels of antimicrobial resistance in captive than in free-ranging wild-animals. Finally, among environmental samples, 50–70% of resistance to non-extended-spectrum cephalosporin and streptomycin was found. Conclusions High levels of resistance, especially related to old antibacterial agents, such as streptomycin, 1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins, tetracyclines or first-generation quinolones were detected. Antimicrobial use and control measures are needed with a One Health approach to identify the main drivers of antimicrobial resistance due to interconnected human, animal and environmental habitats. In livestock and food >90% of streptomycin and cephalosporin resistance was detected. High levels of rifamycin resistance were found in non-clinical samples from humans. High levels to quinolones tetracycline and cephalosporins were detected in pets. Environmental samples showed 50–70% of resistance to cephalosporins and streptomycin. In general, high levels of resistance to ancient antibacterial agents was observed.
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Ndukui JG, Gikunju JK, Aboge GO, Mwaniki JK, Maina JN, Mbaria JM. Molecular Characterization of ESBLs and QnrS Producers From Selected Enterobacteriaceae Strains Isolated From Commercial Poultry Production Systems in Kiambu County, Kenya. Microbiol Insights 2022; 15:11786361211063619. [PMID: 35603101 PMCID: PMC9118458 DOI: 10.1177/11786361211063619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence and spread of Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Enterobacteriaceae through the plasmid-mediated exchange have become a major threat to public health by complicating the treatment of severe infections in both animals and humans. Therefore, the current study focused on evaluating the manifestation of ESBLs production from the fecal isolates of E. coli, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, and Klebsiella spps in commercial poultry production systems of Kiambu County, Kenya. Materials and methods Out of 591 isolates identified as E. coli, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, and Klebsiella spps from 437 fecal samples, only 78 were phenotypically suggestive to be ESBL producers. The possible ESBL producers were screened for the presence of blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, and blaSHV using the PCR technique. These isolates were also screened for carriage of the QnrS gene that confers resistance to the fluoroquinolone class of drugs. Results The most detected ESBL gene from the isolates was blaOXA (n = 20; 26%), followed by blaTEM (n = 16, 21%), with the majority of them detected in E. coli. The blaCTX-M was identified in all the 4 enteric's bacteria-type isolates tested. Three E. coli and Salmonella spp respectively were found to harbor all the 5 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene types. The blaTEM, blaOXA, blaSHV, and QnrS genes were not detected from Klebsiella and Shigella spps. Additionally, most of the AMR gene co-carriage was detected in both E. coli and Salmonella spps as follows blaTEM + blaOXA (n = 4); blaTEM + QnrS (n = 3); blaTEM + blaOXA + QnrS (n = 3), concurrently. Conclusion Our findings highlight the significance of commercial poultry production in disseminating transferable antibiotic resistance genes that act as potential sources of extensive drug resistance in livestock, humans, and the environment, leaving limited therapeutic options in infection management.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Ndukui
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph K Gikunju
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel O Aboge
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John K Mwaniki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John N Maina
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James M Mbaria
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ghosh D, Chowdhury G, Samanta P, Shaw S, Deb AK, Bardhan M, Manna A, Miyoshi SI, Ramamurthy T, Dutta S, Mukhopadhyay AK. Characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli with special reference to antimicrobial resistance isolated from hospitalised diarrheal patients in Kolkata (2012-2019), India. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4544-4554. [PMID: 35338762 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study analyzes the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of major diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes detected in hospitalized diarrheal patients in Kolkata, India, during 2012-2019. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 8,891 stool samples were collected from the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kolkata and screened for the presence of enteric pathogens. Multiplex-PCR identified the presence of DEC in 7.8% of the samples, in which ETEC was most common (47.7%) followed by EAEC (38.4%) and EPEC (13.9%). About 54% cases were due to sole DEC infections. Majority of the mixed DEC infections was caused by the Vibrio spp. (19.1%) followed by Rotavirus (14.1%) and Campylobacter spp. (8.4%). ETEC and EAEC were associated significantly with diarrhea in children <5 years of age, whereas EPEC and also ETEC were prevalent in patients aged between 5 and 14 years. AMR profile showed high prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) among DEC (56.9%) in which 9% were resistant to antibiotics of six different antimicrobial classes. Screening of the AMR conferring genes of DEC showed the presence of blaCTX-M3 (30.2%) in highest number followed by blaTEM (27.5%), tetB (18%), sul2 (12.6%), strA (11.8%), aadA1 (9.8%), blaOXA-1 (9%), dfrA1 (1.6%) and blaSHV (1.2%). CONCLUSIONS These findings highlighted the high prevalence of MDR in major DEC pathotypes that could be considered as the leading etiologic bacterial agent responsible for diarrhea and suggests a significant public health threat. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of this study can help to improve the understanding of the epidemiology of DEC infections in patients with diarrhea. Monitoring of AMR surveillance needs special attention because the DEC isolates were highly resistant to commonly used antimicrobials in the treatment of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Prosenjit Samanta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Sreeja Shaw
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Alok Kumar Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Mainak Bardhan
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Asis Manna
- Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital (ID & BG) Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata.,Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
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Alcedo K, Ruiz J, Ochoa TJ, Riveros M. High Prevalence of blaCTX-M in Fecal Commensal Escherichia coli from Healthy Children. Infect Chemother 2022; 54:59-69. [PMID: 35132833 PMCID: PMC8987167 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2021.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli can colonize the intestinal tract of healthy children, causing concern when antibiotic resistance is related to the presence of transferable mechanisms, such as extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Materials and Methods Fecal samples from 41 healthy children from two villages of rural Peru were cultured on ceftriaxone-disks. ESBL production was confirmed with double disk synergy. In all ESBL-produced isolates, antibiotic susceptibility to 12 antibacterial agents was established by disk diffusion, while clonal relationships were determined by repetitive extragenic palindromic-polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR). Presence of ST131 was determined using PCR. Results Ceftriaxone-resistant microorganisms were recovered from 39 samples belonging to 22 out of 41 children (53.7%). Of these, 80 ceftriaxone-resistant and two ceftriaxone-intermediate E. coli from inside ceftriaxone-halos were confirmed as ESBL-producers. All isolates were multidrug-resistant. In 79/80 (98.8%) ceftriaxone-resistant isolates, the presence of blaCTX-M was detected alone (58 isolates, or together with other β-lactamase (blaTEM, 17 isolates; blaOXA-1-like, 3 isolates; blaTEM + blaOXA-1-like, 1 isolate), while in one isolate no such ESBL was identified. The two ceftriaxone-intermediate isolates recovered from the same sample, carried a blaTEM and blaSHV respectively. Thirty-four different clones were identified, with 4 clones being recovered from different samples from the same child. Twelve clones were disseminated among different children, including 5 clones disseminated between both villages. Two clones, accounting for 3 isolates and both recovered from the same children, belonged to E. coli ST131. Conclusion This study demonstrates high prevalence of ESBL-carriers among healthy children living in a rural area of Peru, stressing the need for continuous surveillance and search for public health control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Alcedo
- Laboratorio de Infectología Pediátrica, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Genómica Bacteriana, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Theresa J. Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Infectología Pediátrica, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Pediatrics University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maribel Riveros
- Laboratorio de Infectología Pediátrica, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru
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Alneama RT, Al-Massody AJ, Mahmud BM, Ghasemian A. The existence and expression of aminoglycoside resistance genes among multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates in intensive care unit centers. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhu P, Lin J, Xie L, Duan M, Chen D, Luo D, Wu Y. Visible Light Response Photocatalytic Performance of Z-Scheme Ag 3PO 4/GO/UiO-66-NH 2 Photocatalysts for the Levofloxacin Hydrochloride. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13309-13321. [PMID: 34743516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A Ag3PO4/GO/UiO-66-NH2(AGU) composite photocatalyst was prepared by an ultrasonic-assisted in situ precipitation method. The optical property, structure, composition, and morphology of photocatalysts were investigated using UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and charge flow tracking by photodeposition of Pt and PbO2 nanoparticles. In comparison with Ag3PO4 and Ag3PO4/UiO-66-NH2(AU), the AGU composite photocatalyst showed heightened photocatalytic performance for the degradation of levofloxacin hydrochloride (LVF). The AGU photocatalyst (dosage: 0.8 g/L) with 1% mass content of graphene oxide (GO), the mass ratio of Ag3PO4 and UiO-66-NH2(U66N) reached 2:1, showed the highest photodegradation rate of 94.97% for 25 mg/L LVF after 60 min of visible light irradiation at pH = 6. The formation of a heterojunction and the addition of GO synergistically promote faster separation of electron-hole pairs, retain more active substances, and enhance the performance of the photocatalyst. Furthermore, the mechanism of the Z-scheme of the AGU composite photocatalytic is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
- Research Institute of industrial hazardous waste disposal and resource utilization, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P. R. China
| | - Jinru Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Lisi Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Ming Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
- Oil and Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Dan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Yongting Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
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Antimicrobial Resistance in Humans, Animals, Water and Household Environs in Rural Andean Peru: Exploring Dissemination Pathways through the One Health Lens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094604. [PMID: 33925280 PMCID: PMC8123641 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat, especially for low and middle-income countries (LMIC) where the threat has not been fully identified. Our study aims to describe E. coli AMR in rural communities to expand our knowledge on AMR bacterial contamination. Specifically, we aim to identify and describe potential dissemination routes of AMR-carrying bacteria in humans (children’s stools), community water sources (reservoirs and household sources), household environments (yard soil) and domestic animals of subsistence farmers in rural Andean areas. Our cross-sectional study was conducted in rural households in the region of Cajamarca, Peru. A total of 266 samples were collected. Thirty-four point six percent of reservoir water and 45% of household water source samples were positive for thermotolerant coliforms. Of the reservoir water samples, 92.8% were positive for E. coli, and 30.8% displayed resistance to at least one antibiotic, with the highest resistance to tetracycline. E. coli was found in 57.1% of the household water sources, 18.6% of these isolates were multidrug-resistant, and displayed the highest resistance to tetracycline (31.3%). Among samples from the children’s drinking water source, 32.5% were positive for thermotolerant coliforms, and 57.1% of them were E. coli. One third of E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant and displayed the highest AMR to tetracycline (41.6%) and ampicillin (25%). Thermotolerant coliforms were found in all the soil samples, 43.3% of the isolates were positive for E. coli, 34.3% of the E. coli isolates displayed AMR to at least one antibiotic, and displayed the highest AMR to tetracycline (25.7%). We determined thermotolerant coliforms in 97.5% of the child feces samples; 45.3% of them were E. coli, 15.9% displayed multidrug resistance, and displayed the highest resistance to ampicillin (34.1%). We identified thermotolerant coliforms in 67.5% of the animal feces samples. Of those, 38.7% were E. coli, and 37.7% were resistant to at least one antibiotic. For all the samples, the prevalence of resistance to at least one antibiotic in the E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates was almost 43% and the prevalence of MDR in the same isolates was nearly 9%, yet the latter nearly doubled (15.9%) in children’s stools. Our results provide preliminary evidence for critical pathways and the interconnectedness of animal, human and environmental transmission but molecular analysis is needed to track dissemination routes properly.
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Yoon MY, Kim YB, Ha JS, Seo KW, Noh EB, Son SH, Lee YJ. Molecular characteristics of fluoroquinolone-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3628-3636. [PMID: 32616259 PMCID: PMC7597827 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a major pathogen in the poultry industry worldwide including Korea. In this study, the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 33 fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant APEC isolates from broilers were analyzed. All FQ-resistant APEC isolates showed amino acid exchanges at both gyrA and parC and high minimal inhibitory concentrations for FQs. A total of 11 (33.3%) isolates were positive for the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, qnrA (8 isolates) and qnrS (3 isolates), and showed multidrug resistance. Among the 11 PMQR-positive isolates, 1 and 2 isolates carried blaCTX-1 and blaCTX-15, respectively, as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, and the non-ESBL gene, blaTEM-1, was found in 4 isolates. Among 3 aminoglycoside-resistant isolates, aac(3)-II was only detected in 1 isolate. All 8 APEC isolates with resistance to tetracycline carried the tetA gene. Overall, 6 of the 7 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant isolates carried the sul1 or sul2 genes, while only 2 of the 8 chloramphenicol-resistant isolates carried the catA1 gene. Although 9 isolates carried class I integrons, only 4 isolates carried the gene cassettes dfrA12-aadA2 (2 isolates), dfrA17-aadA5 (1 isolate), extX-psp-aadA2 (1 isolate), and dfrA27 (1 isolate). The most common plasmid replicon was FIB (8 isolates, 72.7%), followed by K/B (4 isolates, 36.4%). Antimicrobial resistance monitoring and molecular analysis of APEC should be performed continuously to surveil the transmission between poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Yoon
- Quality Management Department, Samhwa GPS Breeding Agri. Inc., Hongseong-gun, Chung Nam, 32291, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Bin Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Su Ha
- Quality Management Department, Samhwa GPS Breeding Agri. Inc., Hongseong-gun, Chung Nam, 32291, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Won Seo
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 39762, USA
| | - Eun Bi Noh
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Bhardwaj P, Kaur G, Rampal S. Impact of marbofloxacin administration on the emergence of marbofloxacin-resistant E. coli in faecal flora of goats and elucidation of molecular basis of resistance. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 21:116-123. [PMID: 32302733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The level of resistance immediately prior to slaughter in food-producing animals is of great public health significance because of likely transmission of resistant bacteria via the food chain. METHODS Marbofloxacin was administered to goats at the dose of 2 mg/kg body weight by intramuscular route for 5 days. Faecal Escherichia coli population was monitored and examined for bacteriological procedures. DNA sequencing of gyrA and parC genes was performed to identify mutations at quinolone-resistance determining region, and interaction between marbofloxacin and GyrA was studied by in silico docking. E. coli isolates were screened for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')Ib-cr, qepA, oqxA and oqxB. Efflux pump-mediated resistance was evaluated by ethidium bromide assay, reduction in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the presence of efflux pump inhibitors and relative expression of AcrAB-TolC efflux pump. RESULTS During the treatment period, emergence of marbofloxacin-resistant E. coli strains was observed in gut flora. Quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs) in gyrA identified amino acid codon mutations Ser83Leu and Asp87Asn, and Ser80Ile in parC. Docking analysis implied that marbofloxacin could not form strong complexes with mutated DNA-gyrase. A high prevalnce of PMQR genes, especially qnrS, was observed along with overexpression of AcrAB-TolC efflux pump. CONCLUSIONS The study highlighted the high prevalence of transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance and over expression of efflux pumps in marbofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates apart from classic QRDR mutations. The present study recommends to consider the period of dominance of resistant commensals, being excreted by animals during the antimicrobial treatments, while formulating the withdrawal period for drugs, especially in food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Bhardwaj
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK H.P. Agricultural University, Palampur, H.P., India; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - S Rampal
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Larson A, Hartinger SM, Riveros M, Salmon-Mulanovich G, Hattendorf J, Verastegui H, Huaylinos ML, Mäusezahl D. Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli in Drinking Water Samples from Rural Andean Households in Cajamarca, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:1363-1368. [PMID: 31017079 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a serious public health issue. The growing threat is a cause for concern and action to prevent the emergence of new resistant strains and the spread of existing ones to humans via the environment. This study aimed at identifying fecal pathogens in drinking water obtained from rural Andean households from Cajamarca, Peru, and measuring the antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli. The study was embedded within a community-randomized controlled trial among 102 communities in the northern highlands of the Cajamarca region, Peru. Of 314 samples, 55.4% (95% CI [49.7, 61.0], n = 174) were identified as thermotolerant coliforms. Among the samples positive for thermotolerant coliform, E. coli was isolated in 37.3% (n = 117), Klebsiella spp. in 8.0% (n = 25), Enterobacter spp. in 5.1% (n = 16), and Citrobacter spp. in 2.5% (n = 8). Of the 117 E. coli samples, 48.7% (95% CI [39.4, 58.1], n = 57) showed resistance to any antibiotic. The E. coli antibiotic resistance profile showed highest resistance against tetracycline (37.6%), ampicillin (34.2%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (21.4%), and nalidixic acid (13%). Some 19.7% (95% CI [12.9, 28.0], n = 23) of the E. coli isolates displayed multidrug resistance, defined as resistance to at least three classes of antibiotics. The CTX-M-3 gene, which encodes extended-spectrum resistance to beta-lactamase antibiotics, was found in one isolate. The high prevalence of fecal contamination in drinking water highlights the importance of household water treatment methods. Likewise, the high levels of antibiotic resistance found indicate a need for further research to identify the origins of potential environmental contamination, misuse, or inadequate disposal of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Larson
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Facultad de Salud Publica y Adminstración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Stella Maria Hartinger
- Facultad de Salud Publica y Adminstración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maribel Riveros
- Facultad de Salud Publica y Adminstración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Jan Hattendorf
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hector Verastegui
- Facultad de Salud Publica y Adminstración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Luisa Huaylinos
- Facultad de Salud Publica y Adminstración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel Mäusezahl
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Paredes JL, Navarro R, Riveros M, Picon V, Conde F, Suito-Ferrand M, Ochoa TJ. Parental Antibiotic Use in Urban and Peri-Urban Health Care Centers in Lima: A Cross-Sectional Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices. Clin Med Insights Pediatr 2019; 13:1179556519869338. [PMID: 31488956 PMCID: PMC6710707 DOI: 10.1177/1179556519869338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In pediatric patients, the antibiotic use is affected by parental beliefs and practices; especially in countries where it is possible to acquire them without prescription. This study aims to describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices on antibiotic use among parents of children from urban and peri-urban health care centers in Lima. A cross-sectional study was performed at 1 urban and 2 peri-urban health care centers selected in Lima, Perú. Parents of children below the age of 3 years answered a knowledge-attitudes-practices-validated questionnaire about antibiotic use and were categorized as high, moderate, and low knowledge regarding antibiotics. We analyzed potential determinants for low knowledge and having medicated their children with unprescribed antibiotics using bivariate and multivariate analyses. A total of 224 parents were enrolled, and 8% were categorized as low knowledge. Half of the parents could not recognize that antibiotics cannot cure viral infections, 59.4% disagreed with "antibiotics speed up recovery from a cold," and 53.2% stored antibiotics at home. Remarkably 23.5% of parents reported having medicated their children with antibiotics without prescription, which was associated with belonging to the peri-urban health care center, use of antibiotics by their children in the last 12 months, and having purchased antibiotics without physicians' prescription. An alarming overuse of antibiotics without prescription was described among children below the age of 3 years. Educational interventions, addressing parental attitudes and practices, and health policies should be developed to limit inappropriate antibiotic use especially in peri-urban communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Paredes
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Rafaella Navarro
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Maribel Riveros
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Veronica Picon
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Francisco Conde
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Theresa J Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Abstract
While the description of resistance to quinolones is almost as old as these antimicrobial agents themselves, transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance (TMQR) remained absent from the scenario for more than 36 years, appearing first as sporadic events and afterward as epidemics. In 1998, the first TMQR was soundly described, that is, QnrA. The presence of QnrA was almost anecdotal for years, but in the middle of the first decade of the 21st century, there was an explosion of TMQR descriptions, which definitively changed the epidemiology of quinolone resistance. Currently, 3 different clinically relevant mechanisms of quinolone resistance are encoded within mobile elements: (i) target protection, which is mediated by 7 different families of Qnr (QnrA, QnrB, QnrC, QnrD, QnrE, QnrS, and QnrVC), which overall account for more than 100 recognized alleles; (ii) antibiotic efflux, which is mediated by 2 main transferable efflux pumps (QepA and OqxAB), which together account for more than 30 alleles, and a series of other efflux pumps (e.g., QacBIII), which at present have been sporadically described; and (iii) antibiotic modification, which is mediated by the enzymes AAC(6')Ib-cr, from which different alleles have been claimed, as well as CrpP, a newly described phosphorylase.
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14
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Gomes C, Ruiz-Roldán L, Mateu J, Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J. Azithromycin resistance levels and mechanisms in Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6089. [PMID: 30988366 PMCID: PMC6465286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite azithromycin being used in some countries to treat infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens, no resistance breakpoint for Escherichia coli exists. The aim of this study was to analyse the levels and mechanisms of azithromycin resistance in E. coli. The presence of chromosomal (rplD, rplV and 23S rRNA) mutations, 10 macrolide resistance genes (MRGs) and efflux pump overexpression was determined in 343 E. coli isolates. Overall, 89 (25.9%) isolates had MICs ≥ 32 mg/L to azithromycin, decreasing to 42 (12.2%) when assayed in the presence of Phe-Arg-β-Napthylamide, with 35 of these 42 possessing at least one MRG. Efflux pumps played a role in azithromycin resistance affecting the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) levels of 91.2% isolates whereas chromosomal alterations seem to have a minimal role. At least one MRG was found in 22.7% of the isolates with mph(A) being the most commonly found gene. The mph(A) gene plays the main role in the development of azithromycin resistance and 93% of the mph(A)-carrying isolates showed a MIC of 32 mg/L. In the absence of a specific resistance breakpoint our results suggest a MIC of 32 mg/L to be considered in order to detect isolates carrying mechanisms able to confer azithromycin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Gomes
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Ruiz-Roldán
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Molecular Microbiology Area, CIBIR, Logroño, Spain
| | - Judit Mateu
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Theresa J Ochoa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Onjong HA, Ngayo MO, Mwaniki M, Wambui J, Njage PMK. Microbiological Safety of Fresh Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) from Kenyan Fresh Water Fish Value Chains. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1973-1981. [PMID: 30457388 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the microbiological safety of fresh Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) from Kenyan fresh water fish value chains. One hundred seventy-six fish samples were analyzed. The microbial counts of hygiene indicators, total viable aerobic count (TVC), total coliforms, and fecal coliforms isolated by using culture techniques were enumerated, and microbial pathogens present in the fish samples were identified and characterized by using molecular methods. The diversity of bacterial isolates was determined by using the Shannon-Weaver diversity index. The mean of TVC in the samples was 4.44 log CFU/g. A comparison with the European Commission and International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods standards showed two fish samples had counts above the 5.00 log CFU/g limit for TVC, and all the fish samples had total coliform and fecal coliform counts above 2.00 and 1.00 log CFU/g, respectively. Pathogenic strains, including Shiga toxin-producing and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella enterica, were identified in the fish samples. The diversity of 1,608 bacterial isolates was higher in semiregulated chains than unregulated chains. The diversity was also high at the retail stage of the fish value chain. In conclusion, fresh Nile tilapia samples were above some of the set food safety standards and may be a source of foodborne pathogens. Further microbial risk assessment for detected pathogens is recommended to further support public health protection, taking into account growth, inactivation through cooking, processing, survival, and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Adawo Onjong
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428, 00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Musa Otieno Ngayo
- 2 Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mercy Mwaniki
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428, 00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Wambui
- 3 Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-5505 )
| | - Patrick Murigu Kamau Njage
- 4 Division for Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
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Temporal Variability of Escherichia coli Diversity in the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Tanzanian Children with and without Exposure to Antibiotics. mSphere 2018; 3:3/6/e00558-18. [PMID: 30404930 PMCID: PMC6222053 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00558-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study increases the number of resident Escherichia coli genome sequences, and explores E. coli diversity through longitudinal sampling. We investigate the genomes of E. coli isolated from human gastrointestinal tracts as part of an antibiotic treatment program among rural Tanzanian children. Phylogenomics demonstrates that resident E. coli are diverse, even within a single host. Though the E. coli isolates of the gastrointestinal community tend to be phylogenomically similar at a given time, they differed across the interrogated time points, demonstrating the variability of the members of the E. coli community in these subjects. Exposure to antibiotic treatment did not have an apparent impact on the E. coli community or the presence of resistance and virulence genes within E. coli genomes. The findings of this study highlight the variable nature of specific bacterial members of the human gastrointestinal tract. The stability of the Escherichia coli populations in the human gastrointestinal tract is not fully appreciated, and represents a significant knowledge gap regarding gastrointestinal community structure, as well as resistance to incoming pathogenic bacterial species and antibiotic treatment. The current study examines the genomic content of 240 Escherichia coli isolates from 30 children, aged 2 to 35 months old, in Tanzania. The E. coli strains were isolated from three time points spanning a six-month time period, with and without antibiotic treatment. The resulting isolates were sequenced, and the genomes compared. The findings in this study highlight the transient nature of E. coli strains in the gastrointestinal tract of these children, as during a six-month interval, no one individual contained phylogenomically related isolates at all three time points. While the majority of the isolates at any one time point were phylogenomically similar, most individuals did not contain phylogenomically similar isolates at more than two time points. Examination of global genome content, canonical E. coli virulence factors, multilocus sequence type, serotype, and antimicrobial resistance genes identified diversity even among phylogenomically similar strains. There was no apparent increase in the antimicrobial resistance gene content after antibiotic treatment. The examination of the E. coli from longitudinal samples from multiple children in Tanzania provides insight into the genomic diversity and population variability of resident E. coli within the rapidly changing environment of the gastrointestinal tract of these children. IMPORTANCE This study increases the number of resident Escherichia coli genome sequences, and explores E. coli diversity through longitudinal sampling. We investigate the genomes of E. coli isolated from human gastrointestinal tracts as part of an antibiotic treatment program among rural Tanzanian children. Phylogenomics demonstrates that resident E. coli are diverse, even within a single host. Though the E. coli isolates of the gastrointestinal community tend to be phylogenomically similar at a given time, they differed across the interrogated time points, demonstrating the variability of the members of the E. coli community in these subjects. Exposure to antibiotic treatment did not have an apparent impact on the E. coli community or the presence of resistance and virulence genes within E. coli genomes. The findings of this study highlight the variable nature of specific bacterial members of the human gastrointestinal tract.
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17
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Mbuthia OW, Mathenge SG, Oyaro MO, Ng'ayo MO. Etiology and pathogenicity of bacterial isolates: a cross sectional study among diarrheal children below five years in central regions of Kenya. Pan Afr Med J 2018; 31:88. [PMID: 31011389 PMCID: PMC6462152 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.31.88.15644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial agents are among pathogens implicated to cause diarrhea in children resulting to huge mortality and morbidities. Bacterial etiologies causing diarrhea in children below five years are rarely investigated in Central Kenya, which would otherwise guide prescription and target health education. METHODS A cross-sectional study approach was applied on 163 randomly selected stool samples from children below five years who presented with diarrhea in Murang`a and Muriranja`s hospitals. The objective was to determine the bacterial agents of diarrhea. Enteric bacterial pathogens were cultured using appropriate media and identified. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA v.13. Chi-square or Fisher exact-test were used to check for evidence of relationship whenever applicable. RESULTS There were nearly equal distributions in gender 86 (52.8%) female vs. 77 (47.2%) male, majority (35.6%) aged between 0-12 months. Bacterial isolates were highly diverse in female than the male, children aged 49-60 months and least among those aged 0-12 months. A total of 188 bacterial isolates belonging to 11 genera were recovered. The predominant bacteria was nonpathogenic Escherichia coli 85 (45.2%), while 13 (6.9%) Escherichia coli were positive for virulence genes, including 8 (4.3%) positive for LT and STp Shiga-like or Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 3 (1.6%) positive for eae and bfpA Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and 2 (1.1%) positive for Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli gene. Others included: Salmonella 21 (11.2%), Pseudomonas 14 (7.4%), Shigella 14 (7.4%), Klebsiella 12 (6.4%), Aeromonas 8 (4.3%), Enterobacter 7 (3.7%), Proteus 8 (4.3%), Citrobactor 3 (1.6%), Yersinia 2 (1.1%) and Vibrio 1 (0.5%). CONCLUSION Salmonella was the major bacterial isolate and majority of the bacteria were statistically significant cause of diarrhea (p=0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Micah Ongeri Oyaro
- Human Pathology Department, Immunology Unit, University of Nairobi, Nairobi Kenya
| | - Musa Otieno Ng'ayo
- Centre of Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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18
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Resistance to quinolones, cephalosporins and macrolides in Escherichia coli causing bacteraemia in Peruvian children. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 11:28-33. [PMID: 28743651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterise the β-lactam, quinolone and macrolide resistance levels and mechanisms in 62 Escherichia coli isolates causing bacteraemia in Peruvian children. METHODS Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid (NAL) and azithromycin were determined in the presence and absence of Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide. Susceptibility to other 14 antimicrobial agents was also established. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) were identified, and mutations in gyrA and parC as well as the presence of transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance (TMQR) and macrolide resistance (TMMR) were determined. RESULTS Fifty isolates (80.6%) were multidrug-resistant. High proportions of resistance to ampicillin (93.5%), NAL (66.1%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (66.1%) were observed. No isolate showed resistance to carbapenems and only two isolates were resistant to nitrofurantoin. Twenty-seven isolates carried ESBL-encoding genes: 2 blaSHV-12; 13 blaCTX-M-15; 4 blaCTX-M-2; 6 blaCTX-M-65; and 2 non-identified ESBLs. Additionally, 27 blaTEM-1 and 9 blaOXA-1-like genes were detected. All quinolone-resistant isolates showed target mutations, whilst TMQR were present in four isolates. Efflux pumps played a role in constitutive NAL resistance. The association between quinolone resistance and ESBL production was significant (P=0.0011). The mph(A) gene was the most frequent TMMR (16 isolates); msr(A) and erm(B) genes were also detected. Only one TMMR-carrying isolate [presenting mph(A) and erm(B) concomitantly] remained resistant to azithromycin when efflux pumps were inhibited. CONCLUSIONS A variety of ESBL-encoding genes and widespread of blaCTX-M-15 in Lima has been shown. The role of efflux pumps in azithromycin resistance needs to be further evaluated, as well as effective control of the use of antimicrobial agents.
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Gomes C, Martínez-Puchol S, Ruiz-Roldán L, Pons MJ, Del Valle Mendoza J, Ruiz J. Development and characterisation of highly antibiotic resistant Bartonella bacilliformis mutants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33584. [PMID: 27667026 PMCID: PMC5035977 DOI: 10.1038/srep33584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to develop and characterise in vitro Bartonella bacilliformis antibiotic resistant mutants. Three B. bacilliformis strains were plated 35 or 40 times with azithromycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin or rifampicin discs. Resistance-stability was assessed performing 5 serial passages without antibiotic pressure. MICs were determined with/without Phe-Arg-β-Napthylamide and artesunate. Target alterations were screened in the 23S rRNA, rplD, rplV, gyrA, gyrB, parC, parE and rpoB genes. Chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin resistance were the most difficult and easiest (>37.3 and 10.6 passages) to be selected, respectively. All mutants but one selected with chloramphenicol achieved high resistance levels. All rifampicin, one azithromycin and one ciprofloxacin mutants did not totally revert when cultured without antibiotic pressure. Azithromycin resistance was related to L4 substitutions Gln-66 → Lys or Gly-70 → Arg; L4 deletion Δ62–65 (Lys-Met-Tyr-Lys) or L22 insertion 83::Val-Ser-Glu-Ala-His-Val-Gly-Lys-Ser; in two chloramphenicol-resistant mutants the 23S rRNA mutation G2372A was detected. GyrA Ala-91 → Val and Asp-95 → Gly and GyrB Glu474 → Lys were detected in ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants. RpoB substitutions Gln-527 → Arg, His-540 → Tyr and Ser-545 → Phe plus Ser-588 → Tyr were detected in rifampicin-resistant mutants. In 5 mutants the effect of efflux pumps on resistance was observed. Antibiotic resistance was mainly related to target mutations and overexpression of efflux pumps, which might underlie microbiological failures during treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Gomes
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Martínez-Puchol
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Ruiz-Roldán
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Pons
- School of Medicine, Research Center and Innovation of the Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
| | - Juana Del Valle Mendoza
- School of Medicine, Research Center and Innovation of the Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Bryce A, Costelloe C, Hawcroft C, Wootton M, Hay AD. Faecal carriage of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in asymptomatic children and associations with primary care antibiotic prescribing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:359. [PMID: 27456093 PMCID: PMC4960702 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The faecal reservoir provides optimal conditions for the transmission of resistance genes within and between bacterial species. As key transmitters of infection within communities, children are likely important contributors to endemic community resistance. We sought to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant faecal Escherichia coli from asymptomatic children aged between 0 and 17 years worldwide, and investigate the impact of routinely prescribed primary care antibiotics to that resistance. Methods A systematic search of Medline, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Knowledge databases from 1940 to 2015. Pooled resistance prevalence for common primary care antibiotics, stratified by study country OECD status. Random-effects meta-analysis to explore the association between antibiotic exposure and resistance. Results Thirty-four studies were included. In OECD countries, the pooled resistance prevalence to tetracycline was 37.7 % (95 % CI: 25.9–49.7 %); ampicillin 37.6 % (24.9–54.3 %); and trimethoprim 28.6 % (2.2–71.0 %). Resistance in non-OECD countries was uniformly higher: tetracycline 80.0 % (59.7–95.3 %); ampicillin 67.2 % (45.8–84.9 %); and trimethoprim 81.3 % (40.4–100 %). We found evidence of an association between primary care prescribed antibiotics and resistance lasting for up to 3 months post-prescribing (pooled OR: 1.65, 1.36–2.0). Conclusions Resistance to many primary care prescribed antibiotics is common among faecal E. coli carried by asymptomatic children, with higher resistance rates in non-OECD countries. Despite tetracycline being contra-indicated in children, tetracycline resistance rates were high suggesting children could be important recipients and transmitters of resistant bacteria, or that use of other antibiotics is leading to tetracycline resistance via inter-bacteria resistance transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1697-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Bryce
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
| | - Céire Costelloe
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Claire Hawcroft
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Mandy Wootton
- Specialist Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Alastair D Hay
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
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21
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Medina AM, Rivera FP, Pons MJ, Riveros M, Gomes C, Bernal M, Meza R, Maves RC, Huicho L, Chea-Woo E, Lanata CF, Gil AI, Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J. Comparative analysis of antimicrobial resistance in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from two paediatric cohort studies in Lima, Peru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:493-502. [PMID: 26175267 PMCID: PMC4592336 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide, being of special concern in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance in 205 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates from two cohort studies in children <24 months in Lima, Peru. METHODS ETEC were identified by an in-house multiplex real-time PCR. Susceptibility to 13 antimicrobial agents was tested by disk diffusion; mechanisms of resistance were evaluated by PCR. RESULTS ETEC isolates were resistant to ampicillin (64%), cotrimoxazole (52%), tetracycline (37%); 39% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. Heat-stable toxin producing (ETEC-st) (48%) and heat-labile toxin producing ETEC (ETEC-lt) (40%) had higher rates of multidrug resistance than isolates producing both toxins (ETEC-lt-st) (21%), p<0.05. Only 10% of isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and none to ciprofloxacin or cefotaxime. Ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole resistance were most often associated with blaTEM (69%) and sul2 genes (68%), respectively. Tetracycline resistance was associated with tet(A) (49%) and tet(B) (39%) genes. Azithromycin inhibitory diameters were ≤15 mm in 36% of isolates, with 5% of those presenting the mph(A) gene. CONCLUSIONS ETEC from Peruvian children are often resistant to older, inexpensive antibiotics, while remaining susceptible to ciprofloxacin, cephalosporins and furazolidone. Fluoroquinolones and azithromycin remain the drugs of choice for ETEC infections in Peru. However, further development of resistance should be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anicia M Medina
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Fulton P Rivera
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria J Pons
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas Lima, Peru
| | - Maribel Riveros
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cláudia Gomes
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Bernal
- Department of Bacteriology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | - Rina Meza
- Department of Bacteriology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | - Ryan C Maves
- Department of Bacteriology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Luis Huicho
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Ana I Gil
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Theresa J Ochoa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Current perspectivesin pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Microb Pathog 2015; 85:44-9. [PMID: 26057827 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an emerging pathogen that causes acute and persistent diarrhea in children and adults. While the pathogenic mechanisms of EAEC intestinal colonization have been uncovered (including bacterial adhesion, enterotoxin and cytotoxin secretion, and stimulation of mucosal inflammation), those of severe extraintestinal infections remain largely unknown. The recent emergence of multidrug resistant EAEC represents an alarming public health threat and clinical challenge, and research on the molecular mechanisms of resistance is urgently needed.
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Poorabbas B, Mardaneh J, Rezaei Z, Kalani M, Pouladfar G, Alami MH, Soltani J, Shamsi-Zadeh A, Abdoli-Oskooi S, Saffar MJ, Alborzi A. Nosocomial Infections: Multicenter surveillance of antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative rods isolated from blood and other sterile body fluids in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2015; 7:127-35. [PMID: 26668699 PMCID: PMC4676981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Antibiotic resistance is increasing, especially in healthcare-associated infections causing significant public health concerns worldwide. National information is required to make appropriate policies, update list of essential drugs for treatment, and evaluate the effects of intervention strategies. A nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in nosocomial infections was established in Iran in 2008, so that the data obtained through the surveillance would enable us to construct a database. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven major teaching hospitals in Shiraz, Tabriz, Sari, Mashhad, Sanandaj, Ahwaz and Isfahan participated in this study. A total of 858 strains isolated from blood and other sterile body fluids were tested. Identification at the species level was performed with conventional biochemical methods and the API system. Susceptibility tests were done using disk diffusion method. The methicillin-resistance in S. aureus (MRSA) was determined by the oxacillin agar screen plate and respective MIC values were assessed using the E-test strips. The confirmatory disk diffusion methods were applied for phenotypic identification of extended-spectrum β- lactamase (ESBL) production for E. coli and K. pneumoniae, according to CLSI guidelines. RESULTS Cultivation and re-identification of the strains yielded 858 isolates, consisting of 224 S. aureus, 148 Klebsiella spp., 105 Serratia spp., 146 E. coli, 67 Acinetobacter spp., 38 Enterobacter spp., 95 Pseudomonas spp., 71 P.aeruginosa. 35 Stenotrophomonas sp., and 8 other organisms. MRSA was detected in 37.5% of the isolates. No vancomycin-resistant or vancomycin-intermediate resistant S. aureus was detected. With the exception of Acinetobacter and Stenotrophomonas, 85% of the Gram-negative isolates were found to be susceptible in vitro to imipenem. Overall, about 61% of K. pneumoniae and 35% of E. coli isolates were ESBL producing. CONCLUSION Multidrug resistant isolates of Gram-negative organisms and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus have been detected in many hospitals in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Poorabbas
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Jalal Mardaneh
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Zahra Rezaei
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mehdi Kalani
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Gholamreza Pouladfar
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | | | - Jafar Soltani
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Ahmad Shamsi-Zadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Shahram Abdoli-Oskooi
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | | | - Abdolvahab Alborzi
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
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24
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Martínez-Puchol S, Gomes C, Pons MJ, Ruiz-Roldán L, Torrents de la Peña A, Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J. Development and analysis of furazolidone-resistant Escherichia coli mutants. APMIS 2015; 123:676-81. [PMID: 26011027 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Furazolidone-resistant mutants were obtained from four clinical isolates of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. The stability of the resistance and the frequency of mutation were established. The minimal inhibitory concentration of furazolidone, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline was established both in the presence and absence of the efflux pump inhibitor Phe-Arg-β-Naphtylamyde. The presence of mutations in the nitroreductase genes nfsA and nfsB was analysed by PCR; sequencing and their enzymatic activity was assessed by a spectrophotometric assay. Alterations in outer membrane proteins were studied by SDS-PAGE. The frequency of mutation ranged from <9.6 × 10(-10) to 9.59 × 10(-7) . Neither an effect on efflux pumps inhibited by Phe-Arg-β-Naphtylamyde nor cross-resistance with the antibiotics studied was observed. Nineteen mutants (52.94%) presented mutations in the nitroreductase-encoding genes: 17 in the nfsA gene (15 mutants with an internal stop codon, 2 with amino acid changes), 2 in the nfsB (all amino acid changes). Alterations in the outer membrane proteins OmpA and OmpW were also observed. Although more studies are necessary to find other resistance mechanisms, present data showed the low potential of selecting furazolidone-resistant mutants, together with the lack of cross-resistance with unrelated antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martínez-Puchol
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cláudia Gomes
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Pons
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Ruiz-Roldán
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Torrents de la Peña
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Theresa J Ochoa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Amézquita-Montes Z, Tamborski M, Kopsombut UG, Zhang C, Arzuza OS, Gómez-Duarte OG. Genetic Relatedness Among Escherichia coli Pathotypes Isolated from Food Products for Human Consumption in Cartagena, Colombia. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:454-61. [PMID: 25786140 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are a leading cause of mild-to-severe gastrointestinal illnesses worldwide. Escherichia coli pathotypes have been known to cause gastrointestinal illnesses in children less than 5 years old in Colombia. However, insufficient information is available on the prevalence of E. coli contamination of food products and the kind of E. coli food product reservoirs. The two objectives of this study were designed to address this issue. The first objective was to ascertain coliform, E. coli, and pathogenic E. coli contamination of food products readily available for human consumption in Cartagena, Colombia. The second objective was to evaluate the relationship between pathogenic E. coli isolated from food products and those isolated from cases of diarrhea in children. Food product samples consisting of pasteurized milk, unpasteurized fruit juice, ground beef, cheese, and vegetables were obtained at four retail stores. The food samples were cultured in liquid media and tested for the presence of coliforms and E. coli. E. coli isolates were tested by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of pathogenic E. coli. Coliforms, E. coli, and E. coli intestinal pathotypes contamination were detected in 88.4%, 53%, and 2.1% of food product samples, respectively. Ground beef and cheese were the only food samples contaminated with E. coli intestinal pathotypes including enteropathogenic (EPEC), Shiga toxin-producing (STEC), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Closed multilocus sequencing typing relationships between diarrheagenic E. coli isolates from food products and from individuals with diarrhea suggest that food products readily available at public markets in Cartagena can transmit ETEC and possibly EPEC and STEC. We demonstrated that a high proportion of food products for human consumption available at public markets in Cartagena are contaminated with coliforms, E. coli, and E. coli intestinal pathogens. Furthermore, food products containing E. coli intestinal pathogens may be involved in the transmission of foodborne illnesses among children in Cartagena, Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorangel Amézquita-Montes
- 1 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
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26
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Comparative analysis of quinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli from Chinese children and adults. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:168292. [PMID: 25756041 PMCID: PMC4338376 DOI: 10.1155/2015/168292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare quinolone resistance and gyrA mutations in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli from Chinese adults who used quinolone in the preceding month and children without any known history of quinolone administration. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 61 isolates from children and 79 isolates from adults were determined. The mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions in gyrA gene were detected by PCR and DNA sequencing. Fluoroquinolone resistance and types of gyrA mutations in isolates from children and adults were compared and statistically analyzed. No significant differences were detected in the resistance rates of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin between children and adults among isolates of the two species (all P > 0.05). The double mutation Ser83→Leu + Asp87→Asn in the ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates occurred in 73.7% isolates from the children and 67.9% from the adults, respectively (P = 0.5444). Children with no known history of quinolone administration were found to carry fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The occurrence of ciprofloxacin resistance and the major types of gyrA mutations in the isolates from the children were similar to those from adults. The results indicate that precautions should be taken on environmental issues resulting from widespread transmission of quinolone resistance.
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27
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Bartelt LA, Guerrant RL. Antibiotics help control rotavirus infections and enhance antirotaviral immunity: are you serious? J Infect Dis 2014; 210:167-70. [PMID: 24625806 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luther A Bartelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Center for Global Health, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Center for Global Health, Charlottesville, Virginia
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28
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Mathers AJ, Guerrant RL. Dissecting the evolutionary stealth of our flora against antibiotics. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014; 108:121-2. [PMID: 24535149 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is one thing to have an organism develop resistance to an agent to which it is exposed. But organisms are even 'smarter' as they stealthily evade our surveillance as subtle but relevant resistance genes sneak into our 'normal flora'. Transmissible quinolone resistance and 'creeping' nalR and cipR mechanisms of moderate, but incremental, marches toward resistance are becoming common in the commensal flora of human populations under antibiotic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Mathers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Center for Global Health University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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