1
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Freh M, Reinstädler A, Neumann KD, Neumann U, Panstruga R. The development of pleiotropic phenotypes in powdery mildew-resistant barley and Arabidopsis thaliana mlo mutants is linked to nitrogen availability. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2362-2376. [PMID: 38515393 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Powdery mildew-resistant barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Arabidopsis thaliana mlo mutant plants exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes such as the spontaneous formation of callose-rich cell wall appositions and early leaf chlorosis and necrosis, indicative of premature leaf senescence. The exogenous factors governing the occurrence of these undesired side effects remain poorly understood. Here, we characterised the formation of these symptoms in detail. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the callose-rich cell wall depositions spontaneously formed in A. thaliana mlo mutants are indistinguishable from those induced by the bacterial pattern epitope, flagellin 22 (flg22). We further found that increased plant densities during culturing enhance the extent of the leaf senescence syndrome in A. thaliana mlo mutants. Application of a liquid fertiliser rescued the occurrence of leaf chlorosis and necrosis in both A. thaliana and barley mlo mutant plants. Controlled fertilisation experiments uncovered nitrogen as the macronutrient whose deficiency promotes the extent of pleiotropic phenotypes in A. thaliana mlo mutants. Light intensity and temperature had a modulatory impact on the incidence of leaf necrosis in the case of barley mlo mutant plants. Collectively, our data indicate that the development of pleiotropic phenotypes associated with mlo mutants is governed by various exogenous factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Freh
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kira D Neumann
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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2
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Zhao Y, Zhu X, Shi CM, Xu G, Zuo S, Shi Y, Cao W, Kang H, Liu W, Wang R, Ning Y, Wang GL, Wang X. OsEIL2 balances rice immune responses against (hemi)biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens via the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid synergism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:362-380. [PMID: 38730437 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Plants typically activate distinct defense pathways against various pathogens. Heightened resistance to one pathogen often coincides with increased susceptibility to another pathogen. However, the underlying molecular basis of this antagonistic response remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that mutants defective in the transcription factor ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE 2 (OsEIL2) exhibited enhanced resistance to the biotrophic bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae and to the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, but enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Furthermore, necrotroph-induced OsEIL2 binds to the promoter of OsWRKY67 with high affinity, leading to the upregulation of salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA) pathway genes and increased SA/JA levels, ultimately resulting in enhanced resistance. However, biotroph- and hemibiotroph-induced OsEIL2 targets OsERF083, resulting in the inhibition of SA/JA pathway genes and decreased SA/JA levels, ultimately leading to reduced resistance. Our findings unveil a previously uncharacterized defense mechanism wherein two distinct transcriptional regulatory modules differentially mediate immunity against pathogens with different lifestyles through the transcriptional reprogramming of phytohormone pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cheng-Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Guojuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yanlong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenlei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Houxiang Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Ma M, Yang L, Hu Z, Mo C, Geng S, Zhao X, He Q, Xiao L, Lu L, Wang D, Li S, Kong Q, Li D, Bie Z. Multiplex gene editing reveals cucumber MILDEW RESISTANCE LOCUS O family roles in powdery mildew resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1069-1088. [PMID: 38330431 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most widespread and prevalent diseases that affects a wide range of crops. In cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), previous forward genetic studies have identified MILDEW RESISTANCE LOCUS O 8 (CsMLO8) as necessary but alone insufficient for cucumber PM resistance (PMR) and suggested the involvement of other members of the CsMLO family. However, the function of other CsMLO family members in cucumber remains largely unknown. Here, we developed a highly efficient multiplex gene editing system in cucumber to generate a series of Csmlo mutants from all the 13 family members. Systematic analysis of these mutants revealed growth effects of these CsMLO family members on development and PMR. Importantly, we obtained the Csmlo1/8/11 triple mutant with complete resistance to PM. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of PM-resistant Csmlo mutants suggested that the kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein (KCBP)-interacting Ca2+-binding protein (CsKIC), calmodulin-like protein 28 (CsCML28), and Ca2+-dependent protein kinase 11 (CsCPK11)-mediated calcium signaling pathway is involved in PMR. CsMLO8 interacted directly with CsKIC, and the simultaneous silencing of both genes resulted in a phenotype that resembled the silencing of CsKIC alone. Silencing CsCML28 and CsCPK11 increased susceptibility to PM, whereas overexpressing CsCPK11 through genetic transformation enhanced cucumber's PMR, demonstrating their positive regulatory roles in PMR. Given the importance of PMR for cucurbit crops, this research provides unprecedented insights into the function of the proteins encoded by the CsMLO gene family as well as the plant defense response to PM pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingru Ma
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhenzhu Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changjuan Mo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shouyu Geng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiuyu He
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Xiao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Lu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dan Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shanggui Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiusheng Kong
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dawei Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhilong Bie
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
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Duan Q, Lin YR. Focus on vegetable crops. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:901-905. [PMID: 38688010 PMCID: PMC11142333 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohong Duan
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yann-rong Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- World Vegetable Center, Headquarters, Shanhua, Tainan 74151, Taiwan
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5
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Derbyshire MC, Newman TE, Thomas WJW, Batley J, Edwards D. The complex relationship between disease resistance and yield in crops. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38743906 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
In plants, growth and defence are controlled by many molecular pathways that are antagonistic to one another. This results in a 'growth-defence trade-off', where plants temporarily reduce growth in response to pests or diseases. Due to this antagonism, genetic variants that improve resistance often reduce growth and vice versa. Therefore, in natural populations, the most disease resistant individuals are often the slowest growing. In crops, slow growth may translate into a yield penalty, but resistance is essential for protecting yield in the presence of disease. Therefore, plant breeders must balance these traits to ensure optimal yield potential and yield stability. In crops, both qualitative and quantitative disease resistance are often linked with genetic variants that cause yield penalties, but this is not always the case. Furthermore, both crop yield and disease resistance are complex traits influenced by many aspects of the plant's physiology, morphology and environment, and the relationship between the molecular growth-defence trade-off and disease resistance-yield antagonism is not well-understood. In this article, we highlight research from the last 2 years on the molecular mechanistic basis of the antagonism between defence and growth. We then discuss the interaction between disease resistance and crop yield from a breeding perspective, outlining the complexity and nuances of this relationship and where research can aid practical methods for simultaneous improvement of yield potential and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Toby E Newman
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - William J W Thomas
- Centre for Applied Bioinformatics and School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- Centre for Applied Bioinformatics and School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- Centre for Applied Bioinformatics and School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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6
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Oliveira-Garcia E, Budot BO, Manangkil J, Lana FD, Angira B, Famoso A, Jia Y. An Efficient Method for Screening Rice Breeding Lines Against Races of Magnaporthe oryzae. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1179-1187. [PMID: 37807096 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-23-0922-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is the most destructive rice disease worldwide. The disease symptoms are usually expressed on the leaf and panicle. The leaf disease intensity in controlled environmental conditions is frequently quantified using a 0 to 5 scale, where 0 represents the absence of symptoms, and 5 represents large eyespot lesions. However, this scale restricts the qualitative classification of the varieties into intermediate resistant and susceptible categories. Here, we develop a 0 to 6 scale for blast disease that allows proper assignment of rice breeding lines and varieties into six resistance levels (highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible, and highly susceptible). We evaluated 40 common rice varieties against four major blast races (IB1, IB17, IB49, and IE1-K). Varieties carrying the Pi-ta gene were either highly resistant, resistant, or moderately resistant to IB17. The IE1-K race was able to break Pi-ta-mediated resistance of the rice varieties. The Pi-z gene conferred resistance to the IB17 and IE1-K races. The varieties M201, Cheniere, and Frontier were highly susceptible (score 6; 100% disease) to the race IE1-K. Moreover, varieties that were resistant or susceptible to all four blast races also showed similar levels of resistance/susceptibility to blast disease in the field. Taken together, our data proved that the 0 to 6 blast scale can efficiently determine the resistance levels of rice varieties against major blast races. This robust method will assist rice breeding programs to incorporate durable resistance against major and emerging blast races.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ely Oliveira-Garcia
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A
| | - Bernard Orense Budot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A
- University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Jennifer Manangkil
- H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, LA 70578, U.S.A
| | - Felipe Dala Lana
- H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, LA 70578, U.S.A
| | - Brijesh Angira
- H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, LA 70578, U.S.A
| | - Adam Famoso
- H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, LA 70578, U.S.A
| | - Yulin Jia
- Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, USDA-ARS, Stuttgart, AR 72160, U.S.A
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7
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Huebbers JW, Caldarescu GA, Kubátová Z, Sabol P, Levecque SCJ, Kuhn H, Kulich I, Reinstädler A, Büttgen K, Manga-Robles A, Mélida H, Pauly M, Panstruga R, Žárský V. Interplay of EXO70 and MLO proteins modulates trichome cell wall composition and susceptibility to powdery mildew. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1007-1035. [PMID: 38124479 PMCID: PMC10980356 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Exocyst component of 70-kDa (EXO70) proteins are constituents of the exocyst complex implicated in vesicle tethering during exocytosis. MILDEW RESISTANCE LOCUS O (MLO) proteins are plant-specific calcium channels and some MLO isoforms enable fungal powdery mildew pathogenesis. We here detected an unexpected phenotypic overlap of Arabidopsis thaliana exo70H4 and mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 triple mutant plants regarding the biogenesis of leaf trichome secondary cell walls. Biochemical and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses corroborated deficiencies in the composition of trichome cell walls in these mutants. Transgenic lines expressing fluorophore-tagged EXO70H4 and MLO exhibited extensive colocalization of these proteins. Furthermore, mCherry-EXO70H4 mislocalized in trichomes of the mlo triple mutant and, vice versa, MLO6-GFP mislocalized in trichomes of the exo70H4 mutant. Expression of GFP-marked PMR4 callose synthase, a known cargo of EXO70H4-dependent exocytosis, revealed reduced cell wall delivery of GFP-PMR4 in trichomes of mlo triple mutant plants. In vivo protein-protein interaction assays in plant and yeast cells uncovered isoform-preferential interactions between EXO70.2 subfamily members and MLO proteins. Finally, exo70H4 and mlo6 mutants, when combined, showed synergistically enhanced resistance to powdery mildew attack. Taken together, our data point to an isoform-specific interplay of EXO70 and MLO proteins in the modulation of trichome cell wall biogenesis and powdery mildew susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Huebbers
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - George A Caldarescu
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Kubátová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sabol
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sophie C J Levecque
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ivan Kulich
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kim Büttgen
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alba Manga-Robles
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6 Lysolaje, Czech Republic
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8
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Costa J, Pothier JF, Bosis E, Boch J, Kölliker R, Koebnik R. A Community-Curated DokuWiki Resource on Diagnostics, Diversity, Pathogenicity, and Genetic Control of Xanthomonads. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:347-353. [PMID: 38114082 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-23-0184-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonads, including Xanthomonas and Xylella species, constitute a large and significant group of economically and ecologically important plant pathogens. Up-to-date knowledge of these pathogens and their hosts is essential for the development of suitable control measures. Traditional review articles or book chapters have inherent limitations, including static content and rapid obsolescence. To address these challenges, we have developed a Web-based knowledge platform dedicated to xanthomonads, inspired by the concept of living systematic reviews. This platform offers a dynamic resource that encompasses bacterial virulence factors, plant resistance genes, and tools for diagnostics and genetic diversity studies. Our goal is to facilitate access for newcomers to the field, provide continuing education opportunities for students, assist plant protection services with diagnostics, provide valuable information to breeders on sources of resistance and breeding targets, and offer comprehensive expert knowledge to other stakeholders interested in plant-pathogenic xanthomonads. This resource is available for queries and updates at https://euroxanth.ipn.pt. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Costa
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology-Science for People & the Planet, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory for Phytopathology, Instituto Pedro Nunes, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joël F Pothier
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Eran Bosis
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Braude College of Engineering, Karmiel, Israel
| | - Jens Boch
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Kölliker
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Koebnik
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
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9
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Huang CC, Lin CH, Lin YC, Chang HX. Application of bulk segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq) and allele-specific primers to study soybean powdery mildew resistance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:155. [PMID: 38424508 PMCID: PMC10905810 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the important soybean diseases, and host resistance could practically contribute to soybean PM management. To date, only the Rmd locus on chromosome (Chr) 16 was identified through traditional QTL mapping and GWAS, and it remains unclear if the bulk segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq) methodology is feasible to explore additional PM resistance that might exist in other varieties. RESULTS BSR-Seq was applied to contrast genotypes and gene expressions between the resistant bulk (R bulk) and the susceptible bulk (S bulk), as well as the parents. The ∆(SNP-index) and G' value identified several QTL and significant SNPs/Indels on Chr06, Chr15, and Chr16. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) located within these QTL were identified using HISAT2 and Kallisto, and allele-specific primers (AS-primers) were designed to validate the accuracy of phenotypic prediction. While the AS-primers on Chr06 or Chr15 cannot distinguish the resistant and susceptible phenotypes, AS-primers on Chr16 exhibited 82% accuracy prediction with an additive effect, similar to the SSR marker Satt431. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of additional AS-primers in the linkage disequilibrium (LD) block on Chr16 further confirmed the resistant locus, derived from the resistant parental variety 'Kaohsiung 11' ('KS11'), not only overlaps with the Rmd locus with unique up-regulated LRR genes (Glyma.16G213700 and Glyma.16G215100), but also harbors a down-regulated MLO gene (Glyma.16G145600). Accordingly, this study exemplified the feasibility of BSR-Seq in studying biotrophic disease resistance in soybean, and showed the genetic makeup of soybean variety 'KS11' comprising the Rmd locus and one MLO gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chun Huang
- Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsiang Lin
- Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station. Ministry of Agriculture, Taoyuan, 327005, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hao-Xun Chang
- Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan.
- Center of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan.
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10
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Fodor J, Nagy JK, Király L, Mészáros K, Bányai J, Cséplő MK, Schwarczinger I, Künstler A. Heat Treatments at Varying Ambient Temperatures and Durations Differentially Affect Plant Defense to Blumeria hordei in a Resistant and a Susceptible Hordeum vulgare Line. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:418-426. [PMID: 37665321 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-23-0191-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous research showed that a powdery mildew resistant barley line (MvHV07-17) maintains its resistance to Blumeria hordei (Bh) even if plants are exposed to a long-term high temperature of 35°C for 120 h before Bh inoculation, whereas such high temperature pretreatment further increases susceptibility to infection in the susceptible barley line MvHV118-17. In the present study, we extended this approach using short-term high-temperature water treatment (49°C for 30 s) to determine how it affects powdery mildew resistance in these barley lines. We found that this short-term heat shock (HS) impaired plant defense responses, as reflected by development of Bh colonies and visible necrotic spots on leaves of MvHV07-17, which does not develop visible symptoms upon Bh inoculation under optimal growth conditions. In contrast, both HS and long-term heat stress enhanced susceptibility to Bh in MvHV118-17 plants. These results were supported by the measurement of Bh biomass using a qPCR method. Furthermore, microscopic examinations showed that HS elevated the rate of successful Bh penetration events and the spread of cell death in the surrounding mesophyll area and allowed for colony formation and sporulation in resistant barley, whereas early and effective plant defense responses, such as papilla formation and single-cell epidermal hypersensitive response, were significantly reduced. Furthermore, we found that the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in both resistant and susceptible barley was correlated with susceptibility induced by HS and long-term heat-stress. This study may contribute to a better understanding of plant defense responses to Bh in barley exposed to heat. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Fodor
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Kolozsváriné Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lóránt Király
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Mészáros
- Cereal Breeding Department, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Judit Bányai
- Cereal Breeding Department, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Mónika Károlyiné Cséplő
- Cereal Breeding Department, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Schwarczinger
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Künstler
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Dreiseitl A. Mlo-Mediated Broad-Spectrum and Durable Resistance against Powdery Mildews and Its Current and Future Applications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:138. [PMID: 38202446 PMCID: PMC10780490 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Mlo is a well-known broad-spectrum recessively inherited monogenic durable resistance to powdery mildew caused by Blumeria hordei found first in barley, originally in an induced mutant in 1942 and later in other mutants and also in Ethiopian landraces. The first commercial varieties possessing Mlo resistance were released during 1979-1986, but these often showed symptoms of necrotic leaf spotting associated with reduced grain yield. However, this yield penalty was successfully reduced by breeding Mlo-resistant varieties of spring barley predominate in Europe; for example, in the Czech Republic, their ratio surpassed 90% of the total number of newly released varieties. However, outside Europe, Mlo-varieties are not yet popular and can be exploited more widely. Winter barley varieties are generally non-resistant, but the use of Mlo for their breeding is controversial despite the limited adaptability of the pathogen to this resistance. The renewal of mechanically disturbed epidermal plant cell walls, including the penetration of mildews, is common in plants, and the Mlo-type resistance is exploited in many other crop species, including wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Dreiseitl
- Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., 767 01 Kroměříž, Czech Republic
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12
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Aalders TR, de Sain M, Gawehns F, Oudejans N, Jak YD, Dekker HL, Rep M, van den Burg HA, Takken FL. Specific members of the TOPLESS family are susceptibility genes for Fusarium wilt in tomato and Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:248-261. [PMID: 37822043 PMCID: PMC10754003 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Vascular wilt diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum are a major threat to many agriculturally important crops. Genetic resistance is rare and inevitably overcome by the emergence of new races. To identify potentially durable and non-race-specific genetic resistance against Fusarium wilt diseases, we set out to identify effector targets in tomato that mediate susceptibility to the fungus. For this purpose, we used the SIX8 effector protein, an important and conserved virulence factor present in many pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates. Using protein pull-downs and yeast two-hybrid assays, SIX8 was found to interact specifically with two members of the tomato TOPLESS family: TPL1 and TPL2. Loss-of-function mutations in TPL1 strongly reduced disease susceptibility to Fusarium wilt and a tpl1;tpl2 double mutant exerted an even higher level of resistance. Similarly, Arabidopsis tpl;tpr1 mutants became significantly less diseased upon F. oxysporum inoculation as compared to wildtype plants. We conclude that TPLs encode susceptibility genes whose mutation can confer resistance to F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Aalders
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Mara de Sain
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Fleur Gawehns
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Nina Oudejans
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Yoran D. Jak
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Henk L. Dekker
- Mass Spectrometry of BiomoleculesSwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Harrold A. van den Burg
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Frank L.W. Takken
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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13
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Stack GM, Cala AR, Quade MA, Toth JA, Monserrate LA, Wilkerson DG, Carlson CH, Mamerto A, Michael TP, Crawford S, Smart CD, Smart LB. Genetic Mapping, Identification, and Characterization of a Candidate Susceptibility Gene for Powdery Mildew in Cannabis sativa. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:51-61. [PMID: 37750850 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-23-0043-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) in Cannabis sativa is most frequently caused by the biotrophic fungus Golovinomyces ambrosiae. Based on previously characterized variation in susceptibility to PM, biparental populations were developed by crossing the most resistant cultivar evaluated, 'FL 58', with a susceptible cultivar, 'TJ's CBD'. F1 progeny were evaluated and displayed a range of susceptibility, and two were self-pollinated to generate two F2 populations. In 2021, the F2 populations (n = 706) were inoculated with PM and surveyed for disease severity. In both F2 populations, 25% of the progeny were resistant, while the remaining 75% showed a range of susceptibility. The F2 populations, as well as selected F1 progeny and the parents, were genotyped with a single-nucleotide polymorphism array, and a consensus genetic map was produced. A major effect quantitative trait locus on C. sativa chromosome 1 (Chr01) and other smaller-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) on four other chromosomes were identified. The most associated marker on Chr01 was located near CsMLO1, a candidate susceptibility gene. Genomic DNA and cDNA sequencing of CsMLO1 revealed a 6.8-kb insertion in FL 58, relative to TJ's CBD, of which 846 bp are typically spliced into the mRNA transcript encoding a premature stop codon. Molecular marker assays were developed using CsMLO1 sequences to distinguish PM-resistant and PM-susceptible genotypes. These data support the hypothesis that a mutated MLO susceptibility gene confers resistance to PM in C. sativa and provides new genetic resources to develop resistant cultivars. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Stack
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Ali R Cala
- Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Michael A Quade
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Jacob A Toth
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Luis A Monserrate
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Dustin G Wilkerson
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Craig H Carlson
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Allen Mamerto
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A
| | - Todd P Michael
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A
| | | | - Christine D Smart
- Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Lawrence B Smart
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
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14
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Krasauskas J, Ganie SA, Al-Husari A, Bindschedler L, Spanu P, Ito M, Devoto A. Jasmonates, gibberellins, and powdery mildew modify cell cycle progression and evoke differential spatiotemporal responses along the barley leaf. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:180-203. [PMID: 37611210 PMCID: PMC10735486 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an important cereal crop, and its development, defence, and stress responses are modulated by different hormones including jasmonates (JAs) and the antagonistic gibberellins (GAs). Barley productivity is severely affected by the foliar biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria hordei. In this study, primary leaves were used to examine the molecular processes regulating responses to methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) and GA to B. hordei infection along the leaf axis. Flow cytometry, microscopy, and spatiotemporal expression patterns of genes associated with JA, GA, defence, and the cell cycle provided insights on cell cycle progression and on the gradient of susceptibility to B. hordei observed along the leaf. Notably, the combination of B. hordei with MeJA or GA pre-treatment had a different effect on the expression patterns of the analysed genes compared to individual treatments. MeJA reduced susceptibility to B. hordei in the proximal part of the leaf blade. Overall, distinctive spatiotemporal gene expression patterns correlated with different degrees of cell proliferation, growth capacity, responses to hormones, and B. hordei infection along the leaf. Our results highlight the need to further investigate differential spatial and temporal responses to pathogens at the organ, tissue, and cell levels in order to devise effective disease control strategies in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovaras Krasauskas
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Aroub Al-Husari
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Laurence Bindschedler
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Pietro Spanu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Masaki Ito
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Alessandra Devoto
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
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15
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Sirangelo TM. NLR- and mlo-Based Resistance Mechanisms against Powdery Mildew in Cannabis sativa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:105. [PMID: 38202413 PMCID: PMC10780410 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most common Cannabis sativa diseases. In spite of this, very few documented studies have characterized the resistance genes involved in PM defense mechanisms, or sources of natural genetic resistance in cannabis. The focus of the present work is on the two primary mechanisms for qualitative resistance against PM. The first is based on resistance (R) genes characterized by conserved nucleotide-binding site and/or leucine-rich repeat domains (NLRs). The second one involves susceptibility (S) genes, and particularly mildew resistance locus o (MLO) genes, whose loss-of-function mutations seem to be a reliable way to protect plants from PM infection. Cannabis defenses against PM are thus discussed, mainly detailing the strategies based on these two mechanisms. Emerging studies about this research topic are also reported and, based on the most significant results, a potential PM resistance model in cannabis plant-pathogen interactions is proposed. Finally, innovative approaches, based on the pyramiding of multiple R genes, as well as on genetic engineering and genome editing methods knocking out S genes, are discussed, to obtain durable PM-resistant cannabis cultivars with a broad-spectrum resistance range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana M Sirangelo
- ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development-Division Biotechnologies and Agroindustry, 00123 Rome, Italy
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16
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Martín-Valmaseda M, Devin SR, Ortuño-Hernández G, Pérez-Caselles C, Mahdavi SME, Bujdoso G, Salazar JA, Martínez-Gómez P, Alburquerque N. CRISPR/Cas as a Genome-Editing Technique in Fruit Tree Breeding. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16656. [PMID: 38068981 PMCID: PMC10705926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR (short for "Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats") is a technology that research scientists use to selectively modify the DNA of living organisms. CRISPR was adapted for use in the laboratory from the naturally occurring genome-editing systems found in bacteria. In this work, we reviewed the methods used to introduce CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing into fruit species, as well as the impacts of the application of this technology to activate and knock out target genes in different fruit tree species, including on tree development, yield, fruit quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The application of this gene-editing technology could allow the development of new generations of fruit crops with improved traits by targeting different genetic segments or even could facilitate the introduction of traits into elite cultivars without changing other traits. However, currently, the scarcity of efficient regeneration and transformation protocols in some species, the fact that many of those procedures are genotype-dependent, and the convenience of segregating the transgenic parts of the CRISPR system represent the main handicaps limiting the potential of genetic editing techniques for fruit trees. Finally, the latest news on the legislation and regulations about the use of plants modified using CRISPR/Cas systems has been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martín-Valmaseda
- Fruit Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain (C.P.-C.); (N.A.)
| | - Sama Rahimi Devin
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144165186, Iran; (S.R.D.); (S.M.E.M.)
| | - Germán Ortuño-Hernández
- Fruit Breeding Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.O.-H.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Cristian Pérez-Caselles
- Fruit Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain (C.P.-C.); (N.A.)
| | - Sayyed Mohammad Ehsan Mahdavi
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144165186, Iran; (S.R.D.); (S.M.E.M.)
| | - Geza Bujdoso
- Research Centre for Fruit Growing, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1223 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Juan Alfonso Salazar
- Fruit Breeding Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.O.-H.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Pedro Martínez-Gómez
- Fruit Breeding Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.O.-H.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Nuria Alburquerque
- Fruit Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain (C.P.-C.); (N.A.)
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17
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Bui TP, Le H, Ta DT, Nguyen CX, Le NT, Tran TT, Van Nguyen P, Stacey G, Stacey MG, Pham NB, Chu HH, Do PT. Enhancing powdery mildew resistance in soybean by targeted mutation of MLO genes using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:533. [PMID: 37919649 PMCID: PMC10623788 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Powdery mildew is a major disease that causes great losses in soybean yield and seed quality. Disease-resistant varieties, which are generated by reducing the impact of susceptibility genes through mutation in host plants, would be an effective approach to protect crops from this disease. The Mildew Locus O (MLO) genes are well-known susceptibility genes for powdery mildew in plant. In this study, we utilized the CRISPR/Cas9 system to induce targeted mutations in the soybean GmMLO genes to improve powdery mildew resistance. RESULTS A dual-sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 construct was designed and successfully transferred into the Vietnamese soybean cultivar DT26 through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Various mutant forms of the GmMLO genes including biallelic, chimeric and homozygous were found at the T0 generation. The inheritance and segregation of CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations were confirmed and validated at the T1 and T2 generations. Out of six GmMLO genes in the soybean genome, we obtained the Gmmlo02/Gmmlo19/Gmmlo23 triple and Gmmlo02/Gmmlo19/Gmmlo20/Gmmlo23 quadruple knockout mutants at the T2 generation. When challenged with Erysiphe diffusa, a fungus that causes soybean powdery mildew, all mutant plants showed enhanced resistance to the pathogen, especially the quadruple mutant. The powdery mildew severity in the mutant soybeans was reduced by up to 36.4% compared to wild-type plants. In addition, no pleiotropic effect on soybean growth and development under net-house conditions was observed in the CRISPR/Cas9 mutants. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the involvement of GmMLO02, GmMLO19, GmMLO20 and GmMLO23 genes in powdery mildew susceptibility in soybean. Further research should be conducted to investigate the roles of individual tested genes and the involvement of other GmMLO genes in this disease infection mechanism. Importantly, utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system successfully created the Gmmlo transgene-free homozygous mutant lines with enhanced resistance to powdery mildew, which could be potential materials for soybean breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Phuong Bui
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huy Le
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Present address: Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Dong Thi Ta
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Xuan Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ngoc Thu Le
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Truong Thi Tran
- Legumes Research and Development Center, Vietnam Academy of Agriculture Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Van Nguyen
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Minviluz G Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ngoc Bich Pham
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Hoang Chu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phat Tien Do
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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18
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von Bongartz K, Sabelleck B, Baquero Forero A, Kuhn H, Leissing F, Panstruga R. Comprehensive comparative assessment of the Arabidopsis thaliana MLO2-CALMODULIN2 interaction by various in vitro and in vivo protein-protein interaction assays. Biochem J 2023; 480:1615-1638. [PMID: 37767715 PMCID: PMC10586775 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Mildew resistance locus o (MLO) proteins are heptahelical integral membrane proteins of which some isoforms act as susceptibility factors for the powdery mildew pathogen. In many angiosperm plant species, loss-of-function mlo mutants confer durable broad-spectrum resistance against the fungal disease. Barley Mlo is known to interact via a cytosolic carboxyl-terminal domain with the intracellular calcium sensor calmodulin (CAM) in a calcium-dependent manner. Site-directed mutagenesis has revealed key amino acid residues in the barley Mlo calmodulin-binding domain (CAMBD) that, when mutated, affect the MLO-CAM association. We here tested the respective interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana MLO2 and CAM2 using seven different types of in vitro and in vivo protein-protein interaction assays. In each assay, we deployed a wild-type version of either the MLO2 carboxyl terminus (MLO2CT), harboring the CAMBD, or the MLO2 full-length protein and corresponding mutant variants in which two key residues within the CAMBD were substituted by non-functional amino acids. We focused in particular on the substitution of two hydrophobic amino acids (LW/RR mutant) and found in most protein-protein interaction experiments reduced binding of CAM2 to the corresponding MLO2/MLO2CT-LW/RR mutant variants in comparison with the respective wild-type versions. However, the Ura3-based yeast split-ubiquitin system and in planta bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays failed to indicate reduced CAM2 binding to the mutated CAMBD. Our data shed further light on the interaction of MLO and CAM proteins and provide a comprehensive comparative assessment of different types of protein-protein interaction assays with wild-type and mutant versions of an integral membrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira von Bongartz
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn Sabelleck
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anežka Baquero Forero
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franz Leissing
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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19
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Ogawa ST, Kessler SA. Update on signaling pathways regulating polarized intercellular communication in Arabidopsis reproduction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1732-1744. [PMID: 37453128 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sienna T Ogawa
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47905, USA
| | - Sharon A Kessler
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47905, USA
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20
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Dreiseitl A. Rare Virulences and Great Pathotype Diversity of a Central European Blumeria hordei Population. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1045. [PMID: 37998851 PMCID: PMC10672294 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Barley is an important crop grown on almost 49 Mha worldwide in 2021 and is particularly significant in Europe where powdery mildew is the most frequent disease on susceptible varieties. The most suitable way to protect crops is by exploiting genetic resistance. However, the causal agent Blumeria hordei is an extremely adaptable pathogen. The aims of this research were to increase our knowledge of the rapidly changing pathogen population and detect rare virulences. Random samples of the pathogen were obtained from the air by means of a mobile spore sampler. Spores were collected by driving across the Czech Republic in 2019, 2021 and 2023, and 299 isolates were analyzed on 121 host varieties. No infection occurred on 35 differentials, rare virulence was recorded on 31 varieties and a higher virulence frequency was found on 55 differentials. A core set of differentials along with four additional varieties distinguishes 295 pathotypes (Simple Index = 0.987) and the virulence complexity of isolates varied from 4 to 19 with an average of 10.39. The detection of new virulences, the increasing frequency of previously rare virulences and high pathotype diversity as well as high virulence complexity confirm that using nonspecific durable resistance is crucial for successfully breeding commercial varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Dreiseitl
- Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Agrotest Fyto Ltd., 767 01 Kroměříž, Czech Republic
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21
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Cardi T, Murovec J, Bakhsh A, Boniecka J, Bruegmann T, Bull SE, Eeckhaut T, Fladung M, Galovic V, Linkiewicz A, Lukan T, Mafra I, Michalski K, Kavas M, Nicolia A, Nowakowska J, Sági L, Sarmiento C, Yıldırım K, Zlatković M, Hensel G, Van Laere K. CRISPR/Cas-mediated plant genome editing: outstanding challenges a decade after implementation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1144-1165. [PMID: 37331842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the CRISPR/Cas genome-editing system has revolutionized our understanding of the plant genome. CRISPR/Cas has been used for over a decade to modify plant genomes for the study of specific genes and biosynthetic pathways as well as to speed up breeding in many plant species, including both model and non-model crops. Although the CRISPR/Cas system is very efficient for genome editing, many bottlenecks and challenges slow down further improvement and applications. In this review we discuss the challenges that can occur during tissue culture, transformation, regeneration, and mutant detection. We also review the opportunities provided by new CRISPR platforms and specific applications related to gene regulation, abiotic and biotic stress response improvement, and de novo domestication of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Cardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Portici, Italy; CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Pontecagnano, Italy
| | - Jana Murovec
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Allah Bakhsh
- Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey; Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Justyna Boniecka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Simon E Bull
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland; Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tom Eeckhaut
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Vladislava Galovic
- University of Novi Sad, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Anna Linkiewicz
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tjaša Lukan
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Isabel Mafra
- Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE) Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Krzysztof Michalski
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Błonie, Poland
| | - Musa Kavas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Alessandro Nicolia
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Pontecagnano, Italy
| | - Justyna Nowakowska
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Laszlo Sági
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Loránd Eötvös Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Cecilia Sarmiento
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kubilay Yıldırım
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Milica Zlatković
- University of Novi Sad, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Genome Engineering, Düsseldorf, Germany; Division of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agriculture Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katrijn Van Laere
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium.
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22
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Ingvardsen CR, Massange-Sánchez JA, Borum F, Füchtbauer WS, Bagge M, Knudsen S, Gregersen PL. Highly effective mlo-based powdery mildew resistance in hexaploid wheat without pleiotropic effects. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 335:111785. [PMID: 37419327 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Application of the mlo-based resistance in barley against powdery mildew attacks is a major success in crop breeding, since it confers durable disease resistance. Resistance caused by mutations in the Mlo gene seems to be ubiquitous across a range of species. This work addresses the introduction of mlo-based resistance into hexaploid wheat, which is complicated by the occurrence of three homoeologous genes: Mlo-A1, Mlo-B1 and Mlo-D1. EMS-generated mutant plants were screened for mutations in the three homoeologues. We selected and combined 6, 8, and 4 mutations, respectively, to obtain triple homozygous mlo mutant lines. Twenty-four mutant lines showed highly effective resistance towards attack by the powdery mildew pathogen under field conditions. All 18 mutations appeared to contribute to resistance; however, they had different effects on the occurrence of symptoms such as chlorotic and necrotic spots, which are pleiotropic to the mlo-based powdery mildew resistance. We conclude that to obtain highly effective powdery mildew resistance in wheat and to avoid detrimental pleiotropic effects, all three Mlo homoeologues should be mutated; however, at least one of the mutations should be of the weaker type in order to alleviate strong pleiotropic effects from the other mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio A Massange-Sánchez
- Department of Agroecology, AU-Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark; Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, 44270 Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Finn Borum
- Sejet Plant Breeding, Noerremarksvej 67, DK-8700 Horsens, Denmark
| | | | - Merethe Bagge
- Sejet Plant Breeding, Noerremarksvej 67, DK-8700 Horsens, Denmark; DANESPO, Dyrskuevej 15, DK-7323 Give, Denmark
| | - Søren Knudsen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Per L Gregersen
- Department of Agroecology, AU-Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
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23
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Dracatos PM, Lu J, Sánchez‐Martín J, Wulff BB. Resistance that stacks up: engineering rust and mildew disease control in the cereal crops wheat and barley. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1938-1951. [PMID: 37494504 PMCID: PMC10502761 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Staying ahead of the arms race against rust and mildew diseases in cereal crops is essential to maintain and preserve food security. The methodological challenges associated with conventional resistance breeding are major bottlenecks for deploying resistance (R) genes in high-yielding crop varieties. Advancements in our knowledge of plant genomes, structural mechanisms, innovations in bioinformatics, and improved plant transformation techniques have alleviated this bottleneck by permitting rapid gene isolation, functional studies, directed engineering of synthetic resistance and precise genome manipulation in elite crop cultivars. Most cloned cereal R genes encode canonical immune receptors which, on their own, are prone to being overcome through selection for resistance-evading pathogenic strains. However, the increasingly large repertoire of cloned R genes permits multi-gene stacking that, in principle, should provide longer-lasting resistance. This review discusses how these genomics-enabled developments are leading to new breeding and biotechnological opportunities to achieve durable rust and powdery mildew control in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Dracatos
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food (LISAF)Department of Animal, Plant and Soil SciencesLa Trobe UniversityVIC 3086Australia
| | - Jing Lu
- Plant Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
- Center for Desert AgricultureKAUSTThuwalSaudi Arabia
- College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Javier Sánchez‐Martín
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish‐Portuguese Agricultural Research Center (CIALE)University of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Brande B.H. Wulff
- Plant Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
- Center for Desert AgricultureKAUSTThuwalSaudi Arabia
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24
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Zou S, Xu Y, Li Q, Wei Y, Zhang Y, Tang D. Wheat powdery mildew resistance: from gene identification to immunity deployment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1269498. [PMID: 37790783 PMCID: PMC10544919 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1269498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew is one of the most devastating diseases on wheat and is caused by the obligate biotrophic phytopathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt). Due to the complexity of the large genome of wheat and its close relatives, the identification of powdery mildew resistance genes had been hampered for a long time until recent progress in large-scale sequencing, genomics, and rapid gene isolation techniques. Here, we describe and summarize the current advances in wheat powdery mildew resistance, emphasizing the most recent discoveries about the identification of genes conferring powdery mildew resistance and the similarity, diversity and molecular function of those genes. Multilayered resistance to powdery mildew in wheat could be used for counteracting Bgt, including durable, broad spectrum but partial resistance, as well as race-specific and mostly complete resistance mediated by nucleotide-binding and leucine rich repeat domain (NLR) proteins. In addition to the above mentioned layers, manipulation of susceptibility (S) and negative regulator genes may represent another layer that can be used for durable and broad-spectrum resistance in wheat. We propose that it is promising to develop effective and durable strategies to combat powdery mildew in wheat by simultaneous deployment of multilayered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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25
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Bishnoi R, Kaur S, Sandhu JS, Singla D. Genome engineering of disease susceptibility genes for enhancing resistance in plants. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:207. [PMID: 37338599 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Introgression of disease resistance genes (R-genes) to fight against an array of phytopathogens takes several years using conventional breeding approaches. Pathogens develop mechanism(s) to escape plants immune system by evolving new strains/races, thus making them susceptible to disease. Conversely, disruption of host susceptibility factors (or S-genes) provides opportunities for resistance breeding in crops. S-genes are often exploited by phytopathogens to promote their growth and infection. Therefore, identification and targeting of disease susceptibility genes (S-genes) are gaining more attention for the acquisition of resistance in plants. Genome engineering of S-genes results in targeted, transgene-free gene modification through CRISPR-Cas-mediated technology and has been reported in several agriculturally important crops. In this review, we discuss the defense mechanism in plants against phytopathogens, tug of war between R-genes and S-genes, in silico techniques for identification of host-target (S-) genes and pathogen effector molecule(s), CRISPR-Cas-mediated S-gene engineering, its applications, challenges, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Bishnoi
- Bioinformatics Centre, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
| | - Sehgeet Kaur
- Bioinformatics Centre, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Jagdeep Singh Sandhu
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Deepak Singla
- Bioinformatics Centre, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
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26
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Genievskaya Y, Zatybekov A, Abugalieva S, Turuspekov Y. Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Powdery Mildew Resistance in Spring Barley under Conditions of Southeastern Kazakhstan. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2375. [PMID: 37376001 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most produced cereal crops in the world. It has traditionally been used for the production of animal feed and for malting, as well as for human consumption. However, its production is highly affected by biotic stress factors, particularly the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis (DC.) f. sp. hordei (Bgh), which causes powdery mildew (PM). In this study, a collection of 406 barley accessions from the USA, Kazakhstan, Europe, and Africa were assessed for resistance to PM over a 3-year period in southeastern Kazakhstan. The collection was grown in the field in 2020, 2021, and 2022 and was genotyped using the 9K SNP Illumina chip. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with PM resistance. As a result, seven QTLs for PM resistance were detected on chromosomes 4H, 5H, and 7H (FDR p-values < 0.05). Genetic positions of two QTLs were similar to those of PM resistance QTLs previously reported in the scientific literature, suggesting that the five remaining QTLs are novel putative genetic factors for the studied trait. Haplotype analysis for seven QTLs revealed three haplotypes which were associated with total PM resistance and one haplotype associated with the high PM severity in the barley collection. Identified QTLs and haplotypes associated with the PM resistance of barley may be used for further analysis, trait pyramiding, and marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Genievskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Alibek Zatybekov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Saule Abugalieva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerlan Turuspekov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
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27
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Ingvardsen CR, Brinch-Pedersen H. Challenges and potentials of new breeding techniques in Cannabis sativa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1154332. [PMID: 37360738 PMCID: PMC10285108 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1154332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is an ancient crop used for fiber and seed production and not least for its content of cannabinoids used for medicine and as an intoxicant drug. Due to the psychedelic effect of one of the compounds, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), many countries had regulations or bands on Cannabis growing, also as fiber or seed crop. Recently, as many of these regulations are getting less tight, the interest for the many uses of this crop is increasing. Cannabis is dioecious and highly heterogenic, making traditional breeding costly and time consuming. Further, it might be difficult to introduce new traits without changing the cannabinoid profile. Genome editing using new breeding techniques might solve these problems. The successful use of genome editing requires sequence information on suitable target genes, a genome editing tool to be introduced into plant tissue and the ability to regenerate plants from transformed cells. This review summarizes the current status of Cannabis breeding, uncovers potentials and challenges of Cannabis in an era of new breeding techniques and finally suggests future focus areas that may help to improve our overall understanding of Cannabis and realize the potentials of the plant.
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28
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Moolhuijzen P, Ge C, Palmiero E, Ellwood SR. A unique resistance mechanism is associated with RBgh2 barley powdery mildew adult plant resistance. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:145. [PMID: 37253878 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Gene expression at the RBgh2 locus indicates involvement in cAMP/G-protein-coupled signalling and innate immunity in barley powdery mildew adult plant resistance. Barley powdery mildew is a globally significant disease, responsible for reduced grain yield and quality. A major effect adult plant resistance gene, RBgh2, was previously found in a landrace from Azerbaijan. The atypical phenotype suggested different underlying genetic factors compared to conventional resistance genes and to investigate this, genome-wide gene expression was compared between sets of heterogeneous doubled haploids. RBgh2 resistance is recessive and induces both temporary genome-wide gene expression changes during powdery mildew infection together with constitutive changes, principally at the RBgh2 locus. Defence-related genes significantly induced included homologues of genes associated with innate immunity and pathogen recognition. Intriguingly, RBgh2 resistance does not appear to be dependent on salicylic acid signalling, a key pathway in plant resistance to biotrophs. Constitutive co-expression of resistance gene homologues was evident at the 7HS RBgh2 locus, while no expression was evident for a 6-transmembrane gene, predicted in silico to contain both G-protein- and calmodulin-binding domains. The gene was disrupted at the 5' end, and G-protein-binding activity was suppressed. RBgh2 appears to operate through a unique mechanism that co-opts elements of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moolhuijzen
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Cynthia Ge
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Elzette Palmiero
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Simon R Ellwood
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
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29
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Zhao Y, Mao W, Tang W, Soares MA, Li H. Wild Rosa Endophyte M7SB41-Mediated Host Plant's Powdery Mildew Resistance. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:620. [PMID: 37367556 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated that endophyte M7SB41 (Seimatosporium sp.) can significantly enhance host plants powdery mildew (PM) resistance. To recover the mechanisms, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were compared between E+ (endophte-inoculated) and E- (endophyte-free) plants by transcriptomics. A total of 4094, 1200 and 2319 DEGs between E+ and E- were identified at 0, 24, and 72 h after plants had been infected with PM pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum, respectively. Gene expression pattern analysis displayed a considerable difference and temporality in response to PM stress between the two groups. Transcriptional profiling analysis revealed that M7SB41 induced plant resistance to PM through Ca2+ signaling, salicylic acid (SA) signaling, and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. In particular, we investigated the role and the timing of the SA and jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated defensive pathways. Both transcriptomes and pot experiments showed that SA-signaling may play a prominent role in PM resistance conferred by M7SB41. Additionally, the colonization of M7SB41 could effectively increase the activities and the expression of defense-related enzymes under PM pathogen stress. Meanwhile, our study revealed reliable candidate genes from TGA (TGACG motif-binding factor), WRKY, and pathogenesis-related genes related to M7SB41-mediate resistance. These findings offer a novel insight into the mechanisms of endophytes in activating plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenqin Mao
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenting Tang
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Marcos Antônio Soares
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Haiyan Li
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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30
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Prasad K, Yogendra K, Sanivarapu H, Rajasekaran K, Cary JW, Sharma KK, Bhatnagar-Mathur P. Multiplexed Host-Induced Gene Silencing of Aspergillus flavus Genes Confers Aflatoxin Resistance in Groundnut. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050319. [PMID: 37235354 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are immunosuppressive and carcinogenic secondary metabolites, produced by the filamentous ascomycete Aspergillus flavus, that are hazardous to animal and human health. In this study, we show that multiplexed host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) of Aspergillus flavus genes essential for fungal sporulation and aflatoxin production (nsdC, veA, aflR, and aflM) confers enhanced resistance to Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination in groundnut (<20 ppb). Comparative proteomic analysis of contrasting groundnut genotypes (WT and near-isogenic HIGS lines) supported a better understanding of the molecular processes underlying the induced resistance and identified several groundnut metabolites that might play a significant role in resistance to Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination. Fungal differentiation and pathogenicity proteins, including calmodulin, transcriptional activator-HacA, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase 2, VeA, VelC, and several aflatoxin pathway biosynthetic enzymes, were downregulated in Aspergillus infecting the HIGS lines. Additionally, in the resistant HIGS lines, a number of host resistance proteins associated with fatty acid metabolism were strongly induced, including phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase, lysophosphatidic acyltransferase-5, palmitoyl-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol Δ-7 desaturase, ceramide kinase-related protein, sphingolipid Δ-8 desaturase, and phospholipase-D. Combined, this knowledge can be used for groundnut pre-breeding and breeding programs to provide a safe and secure food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Prasad
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Kalenahalli Yogendra
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Hemalatha Sanivarapu
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Kanniah Rajasekaran
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA/ARS), New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Cary
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA/ARS), New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Kiran K Sharma
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India Habitat Center, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Pooja Bhatnagar-Mathur
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batán, Texcoco 56237, Mexico
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31
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Narayanan Z, Glick BR. Biotechnologically Engineered Plants. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040601. [PMID: 37106801 PMCID: PMC10135915 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of recombinant DNA technology during the past thirty years has enabled scientists to isolate, characterize, and manipulate a myriad of different animal, bacterial, and plant genes. This has, in turn, led to the commercialization of hundreds of useful products that have significantly improved human health and well-being. Commercially, these products have been mostly produced in bacterial, fungal, or animal cells grown in culture. More recently, scientists have begun to develop a wide range of transgenic plants that produce numerous useful compounds. The perceived advantage of producing foreign compounds in plants is that compared to other methods of producing these compounds, plants seemingly provide a much less expensive means of production. A few plant-produced compounds are already commercially available; however, many more are in the production pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zareen Narayanan
- Division of Biological Sciences, School of STEM, University of Washington, Bothell, WA 98011, USA
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
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Szabó Z, Balogh M, Domonkos Á, Csányi M, Kaló P, Kiss GB. The bs5 allele of the susceptibility gene Bs5 of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) encoding a natural deletion variant of a CYSTM protein conditions resistance to bacterial spot disease caused by Xanthomonas species. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:64. [PMID: 36943531 PMCID: PMC10030403 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The bs5 resistance gene against bacterial spot was identified by map-based cloning. The recessive bs5 gene of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) conditions a non-hypersensitive resistance trait, characterized by a slightly swollen, pale green, photosynthetically active leaf tissue, following Xanthomonas euvesicatoria infection. The isolation of the bs5 gene by map-based cloning revealed that the bs5 protein was shorter by 2 amino acids as compared to the wild type Bs5 protein. The natural 2 amino acid deletion occurred in the cysteine-rich transmembrane domain of the tail-anchored (TA) protein, Ca_CYSTM1. The protein products of the wild type Bs5 and mutant bs5 genes were shown to be located in the cell membrane, indicating an unknown function in this membrane compartment. Successful infection of the Bs5 pepper lines was abolished by the 6 bp deletion in the TM encoding domain of the Ca_CYSTM1 gene in bs5 homozygotes, suggesting, that the resulting resistance might be explained by the lack of entry of the Xanthomonas specific effector molecules into the plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szabó
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi A. U. 4., 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Márta Balogh
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi A. U. 4., 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Ágota Domonkos
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi A. U. 4., 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Márta Csányi
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi A. U. 4., 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Péter Kaló
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi A. U. 4., 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - György B Kiss
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi A. U. 4., 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
- AMBIS Biotechnology Research and Development Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
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Boubakri H. Recent progress in CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing for enhancing plant disease resistance. Gene 2023; 866:147334. [PMID: 36871676 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, agricultural production is strongly affected by both climate change and pathogen attacks which seriously threaten global food security. For a long time, researchers have been waiting for a tool allowing DNA/RNA manipulation to tailor genes and their expression. Some earlier genetic manipulation methods such as meganucleases (MNs), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) allowed site directed modification but their successful rate was limited due to lack of flexibility when targeting a 'site-specific nucleic acid'. The discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has revolutionized genome editing domain in different living organisms during the past 9 years. Based on RNA-guided DNA/RNA recognition, CRISPR/Cas9 optimizations have offered an unrecorded scientific opportunity to engineer plants resistant to diverse pathogens. In this report, we describe the main characteristics of the primary reported-genome editing tools ((MNs, ZFNs, TALENs) and evaluate the different CRISPR/Cas9 methods and achievements in developing crop plants resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Boubakri
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
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Gou M, Balint-Kurti P, Xu M, Yang Q. Quantitative disease resistance: Multifaceted players in plant defense. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:594-610. [PMID: 36448658 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to large-effect qualitative disease resistance, quantitative disease resistance (QDR) exhibits partial and generally durable resistance and has been extensively utilized in crop breeding. The molecular mechanisms underlying QDR remain largely unknown but considerable progress has been made in this area in recent years. In this review, we summarize the genes that have been associated with plant QDR and their biological functions. Many QDR genes belong to the canonical resistance gene categories with predicted functions in pathogen perception, signal transduction, phytohormone homeostasis, metabolite transport and biosynthesis, and epigenetic regulation. However, other "atypical" QDR genes are predicted to be involved in processes that are not commonly associated with disease resistance, such as vesicle trafficking, molecular chaperones, and others. This diversity of function for QDR genes contrasts with qualitative resistance, which is often based on the actions of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) resistance proteins. An understanding of the diversity of QDR mechanisms and of which mechanisms are effective against which classes of pathogens will enable the more effective deployment of QDR to produce more durably resistant, resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Mingliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Maize Biology and Genetic Breeding in Arid Area of Northwest Region of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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von Bongartz K, Sabelleck B, Forero AB, Kuhn H, Leissing F, Panstruga R. Comprehensive comparative assessment of the Arabidopsis thaliana MLO2-calmodulin interaction by various in vitro and in vivo protein-protein interaction assays. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.25.525488. [PMID: 36747653 PMCID: PMC9900802 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.25.525488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mildew resistance locus o (MLO) proteins are heptahelical integral membrane proteins of which some isoforms act as susceptibility factors for the fungal powdery mildew pathogen. In many angiosperm plant species, loss-of-function mlo mutants confer durable broad-spectrum resistance against the powdery mildew disease. Barley Mlo is known to interact via a cytosolic carboxyl-terminal domain with the intracellular calcium sensor calmodulin (CAM) in a calcium-dependent manner. Site-directed mutagenesis has revealed key amino acid residues in the barley Mlo calcium-binding domain (CAMBD) that, when mutated, affect the MLO-CAM association. We here tested the respective interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana MLO2 and CAM2 using seven different types of in vitro and in vivo protein-protein interaction assays. In each assay, we deployed a wild-type version of either the MLO2 carboxyl terminus (MLO2 CT ), harboring the CAMBD, or the MLO2 full-length protein and corresponding mutant variants in which two key residues within the CAMBD were substituted by non-functional amino acids. We focused in particular on the substitution of two hydrophobic amino acids (LW/RR mutant) and found in most protein-protein interaction experiments reduced binding of CAM2 to the corresponding MLO2/MLO2 CT LW/RR mutant variants in comparison to the respective wild-type versions. However, the Ura3-based yeast split-ubiquitin system and in planta bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays failed to indicate reduced CAM2 binding to the mutated CAMBD. Our data shed further light on the interaction of MLO and CAM proteins and provide a comprehensive comparative assessment of different types of protein-protein interaction assays with wild-type and mutant versions of an integral membrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira von Bongartz
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn Sabelleck
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anežka Baquero Forero
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franz Leissing
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Kim CY, Song H, Lee YH. Ambivalent response in pathogen defense: A double-edged sword? PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100415. [PMID: 35918895 PMCID: PMC9700132 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess effective immune systems that defend against most microbial attackers. Recent plant immunity research has focused on the classic binary defense model involving the pivotal role of small-molecule hormones in regulating the plant defense signaling network. Although most of our current understanding comes from studies that relied on information derived from a limited number of pathosystems, newer studies concerning the incredibly diverse interactions between plants and microbes are providing additional insights into other novel mechanisms. Here, we review the roles of both classical and more recently identified components of defense signaling pathways and stress hormones in regulating the ambivalence effect during responses to diverse pathogens. Because of their different lifestyles, effective defense against biotrophic pathogens normally leads to increased susceptibility to necrotrophs, and vice versa. Given these opposing forces, the plant potentially faces a trade-off when it mounts resistance to a specific pathogen, a phenomenon referred to here as the ambivalence effect. We also highlight a novel mechanism by which translational control of the proteins involved in the ambivalence effect can be used to engineer durable and broad-spectrum disease resistance, regardless of the lifestyle of the invading pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yeol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeunjeong Song
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Sun S, Deng D, Wu W, He Y, Luo G, Du C, Duan C, Zhu Z. Molecular Characterizations of the er1 Alleles Conferring Resistance to Erysiphe pisi in Three Chinese Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Landraces. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12016. [PMID: 36233319 PMCID: PMC9569905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi DC. is a major disease affecting pea worldwide. This study aimed to confirm the resistance genes contained in three powdery mildew-resistant Chinese pea landraces (Suoshadabaiwan, Dabaiwandou, and Guiwan 1) and to develop the functional markers of the novel resistance genes. The resistance genes were identified by genetic mapping and PsMLO1 gene sequence identification. To confirm the inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in the three Landraces, the susceptible cultivars Bawan 6, Longwan 1, and Chengwan 8 were crossed with Suoshadabaiwan, Dabaiwandou, and Guiwan 1 to produce F1, F2, and F2:3 populations, respectively. All F1 plants were susceptible to E. pisi, and phenotypic segregation patterns in all the F2 and F2:3 populations fit the 3:1 (susceptible: resistant) and 1:2:1 (susceptible homozygotes: heterozygotes: resistant homozygotes) ratios, respectively, indicating powdery mildew resistance in the three Landraces were controlled by a single recessive gene, respectively. The analysis of er1-linked markers and genetic mapping in the F2 populations suggested that the recessive resistance genes in three landraces could be er1 alleles. The cDNA sequences of 10 homologous PsMLO1 cDNA clones from the contrasting parents were obtained. A known er1 allele, er1-4, was identified in Suoshadabaiwan. Two novel er1 alleles were identified in Dabaiwandou and Guiwan 1, which were designated as er1-13 and er1-14, respectively. Both novel alleles were characterized with a 1-bp deletion (T) in positions 32 (exon 1) and 277 (exon 3), respectively, which caused a frame-shift mutation to result in premature termination of translation of PsMLO1 protein. The co-dominant functional markers specific for er1-13 and er1-14, KASPar-er1-13, and KASPar-er1-14 were developed and effectively validated in populations and pea germplasms. Here, two novel er1 alleles were characterized and their functional markers were validated. These results provide powerful tools for marker-assisted selection in pea breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Sun
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dong Deng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhua He
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Gaoling Luo
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Chengzhang Du
- Institute of Specialty Crop, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Canxing Duan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Karmakar S, Das P, Panda D, Xie K, Baig MJ, Molla KA. A detailed landscape of CRISPR-Cas-mediated plant disease and pest management. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111376. [PMID: 35835393 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing technology has rapidly evolved to knock-out genes, create targeted genetic variation, install precise insertion/deletion and single nucleotide changes, and perform large-scale alteration. The flexible and multipurpose editing technologies have started playing a substantial role in the field of plant disease management. CRISPR-Cas has reduced many limitations of earlier technologies and emerged as a versatile toolbox for genome manipulation. This review summarizes the phenomenal progress of the use of the CRISPR toolkit in the field of plant pathology. CRISPR-Cas toolbox aids in the basic studies on host-pathogen interaction, in identifying virulence genes in pathogens, deciphering resistance and susceptibility factors in host plants, and engineering host genome for developing resistance. We extensively reviewed the successful genome editing applications for host plant resistance against a wide range of biotic factors, including viruses, fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, nematodes, insect pests, and parasitic plants. Recent use of CRISPR-Cas gene drive to suppress the population of pathogens and pests has also been discussed. Furthermore, we highlight exciting new uses of the CRISPR-Cas system as diagnostic tools, which rapidly detect pathogenic microorganism. This comprehensive yet concise review discusses innumerable strategies to reduce the burden of crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya Das
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India
| | - Debasmita Panda
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India
| | - Kabin Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mirza J Baig
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India.
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Acevedo-Garcia J, Walden K, Leissing F, Baumgarten K, Drwiega K, Kwaaitaal M, Reinstädler A, Freh M, Dong X, James GV, Baus LC, Mascher M, Stein N, Schneeberger K, Brocke-Ahmadinejad N, Kollmar M, Schulze-Lefert P, Panstruga R. Barley Ror1 encodes a class XI myosin required for mlo-based broad-spectrum resistance to the fungal powdery mildew pathogen. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:84-103. [PMID: 35916711 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function alleles of plant MLO genes confer broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildews in many eudicot and monocot species. Although barley (Hordeum vulgare) mlo mutants have been used in agriculture for more than 40 years, understanding of the molecular principles underlying this type of disease resistance remains fragmentary. Forward genetic screens in barley have revealed mutations in two Required for mlo resistance (Ror) genes that partially impair immunity conferred by mlo mutants. While Ror2 encodes a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attached protein receptor (SNARE), the identity of Ror1, located at the pericentromeric region of barley chromosome 1H, remained elusive. We report the identification of Ror1 based on combined barley genomic sequence information and transcriptomic data from ror1 mutant plants. Ror1 encodes the barley class XI myosin Myo11A (HORVU.MOREX.r3.1HG0046420). Single amino acid substitutions of this myosin, deduced from non-functional ror1 mutant alleles, map to the nucleotide-binding region and the interface between the relay-helix and the converter domain of the motor protein. Ror1 myosin accumulates transiently in the course of powdery mildew infection. Functional fluorophore-labeled Ror1 variants associate with mobile intracellular compartments that partially colocalize with peroxisomes. Single-cell expression of the Ror1 tail region causes a dominant-negative effect that phenocopies ror1 loss-of-function mutants. We define a myosin motor for the establishment of mlo-mediated resistance, suggesting that motor protein-driven intracellular transport processes are critical for extracellular immunity, possibly through the targeted transfer of antifungal and/or cell wall cargoes to pathogen contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Acevedo-Garcia
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kim Walden
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franz Leissing
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kira Baumgarten
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Drwiega
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Kwaaitaal
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Freh
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Geo Velikkakam James
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa C Baus
- Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany
- Center of integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Von Siebold Str. 8, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nahal Brocke-Ahmadinejad
- INRES Crop Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 2, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Kollmar
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Group Systems Biology of Motor Proteins, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
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Lukina K, Kovaleva O, Loskutov I. Naked barley: taxonomy, breeding, and prospects of utilization. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2022; 26:524-536. [PMCID: PMC9556312 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-22-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review surveys the current state of taxonomy, origin, and utilization prospects for naked barley. The cultivated barley Hordeum vulgare L. incorporates the covered and naked barley groups. Naked barleys are divided into six-row naked barley (convar. сoeleste (L.) A. Trof.) and two-row naked barley (convar. nudum (L.) A. Trof.). The groups include botanical varieties differing in the structural features of spikes, awns, floret and spikelet glumes, and the color of kernels. The centers of morphogenesis for naked barley are scrutinized employing archeological and paleoethnobotanical data, and the diversity of its forms. Hypotheses on the centers of its origin are discussed using DNA marker data. The main areas of its cultivation are shown, along with possible reasons for such a predominating or exclusive distribution of naked barley in highland areas. Inheritance of nakedness and mechanisms of its manifestation are considered in the context of new data in genetics. The biochemical composition of barley grain in protein, some essential and nonessential amino acids, β-glucans, vitamins, and antioxidants is described. Naked barley is shown to be a valuable source of unique combinations of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers and polysaccharides. The parameters limiting wider distribution of naked barley over the world are emphasized, and breeding efforts that could mitigate them are proposed. Pathogen-resistant naked barley accessions are identified to serve as promising sources for increasing grain yield and quality. Main stages and trends of naked barley breeding are considered and the importance of the VIR global germplasm collection as the richest repository of genetic material for the development of breeding is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.A. Lukina
- Federal Research Center the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O.N. Kovaleva
- Federal Research Center the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I.G. Loskutov
- Federal Research Center the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), St. Petersburg, Russia
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Wheat genomic study for genetic improvement of traits in China. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1718-1775. [PMID: 36018491 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop that feeds 40% of the world's population. Over the past several decades, advances in genomics have led to tremendous achievements in understanding the origin and domestication of wheat, and the genetic basis of agronomically important traits, which promote the breeding of elite varieties. In this review, we focus on progress that has been made in genomic research and genetic improvement of traits such as grain yield, end-use traits, flowering regulation, nutrient use efficiency, and biotic and abiotic stress responses, and various breeding strategies that contributed mainly by Chinese scientists. Functional genomic research in wheat is entering a new era with the availability of multiple reference wheat genome assemblies and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as precise genome editing tools, high-throughput phenotyping platforms, sequencing-based cloning strategies, high-efficiency genetic transformation systems, and speed-breeding facilities. These insights will further extend our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying agronomic traits and facilitate the breeding process, ultimately contributing to more sustainable agriculture in China and throughout the world.
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42
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Microscopic and Transcriptomic Comparison of Powdery Mildew Resistance in the Progenies of Brassica carinata × B. napus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179961. [PMID: 36077359 PMCID: PMC9456427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew is a widespread disease in rapeseed due to a lack of resistant germplasm. We compared the foliar epidermal features and transcriptomic responses between the resistant (R) and susceptible (S) plants among the two parents and progenies of Brassica carinata × B. napus. The amount of cuticular wax and callose deposition on the R plants was much lower than that on the S plants; hence, these chemicals are not all essential to pre-penetration resistance, although the cuticular wax on the R plants had more needle-like crystals. A total of 1049 genes involved in various defense responses were expressed differentially among the R/S plants. The expression levels of two well-known susceptibility genes, MLO6 and MLO12, were much lower in the R plant, indicating an important role in PM resistance. A set of genes related to wax biosynthesis (KCS6, LACS2, CER and MAH1), cell wall modification (PMR5, PMEI9, RWA2, PDCB1 and C/VIF2), chloroplast function (Chlorophyllase-1, OEP161, PSBO1, CP29B and CSP41b), receptor kinase activity (ERECTA, BAK1, BAM2, LYM1, LYM3, RLK902, RLP11, ERL1 and ERL2), IPCS2, GF14 lambda, RPS4 and RPS6 were highly expressed in the R plants. In the S plants, most highly expressed genes were involved in later defense responses, including CERK1, LYK4, LIK1, NIMIN-1, CHITINASE 10, PECTINESTERASE, CYP81F2 and RBOHF and the genes involved in salicylic acid-dependent systemic acquired resistance and hypersensitive responses, indicating the occurrence of severe fungal infection. The results indicate that some uncertain pre-penetration defenses are pivotal for high resistance, while post-penetration defenses are more important for the S plant survival.
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Corredor-Moreno P, Badgami R, Jones S, Saunders DGO. Temporally coordinated expression of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins in wheat promotes Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici infection. Commun Biol 2022; 5:853. [PMID: 35996019 PMCID: PMC9395331 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting host processes that allow pathogens to thrive can be invaluable in resistance breeding. Here, we generated a deep-sequencing transcriptome time course for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) infection on wheat and compared datasets from three wheat varieties with different levels of susceptibility to two tested pathogen isolates. We sought genes specifically altered in a susceptible host as candidates that might support colonisation. Host responses differed between Pst-varietal pairs most prominently early during infection. Notably, however, nuclear genes encoding chloroplast-localised proteins (NGCPs) exhibited temporal coordination of expression profiles that differed at later time points in relation to Pst susceptibility. Disrupting one such NGCP, encoding the chloroplast-localised RNA binding protein TaCSP41a, led to lower Pst susceptibility. These analyses thus highlight NGCPs as prime targets for Pst manipulation during infection and point to TaCSP41a disruption as a potential source of Pst resistance for breeding programmes. A transcriptome time course of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) infection reveals nuclear genes encoding chloroplast-localized proteins are manipulated during infection and highlights TaCSP41a disruption as a target for resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sally Jones
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Saubin M, Louet C, Bousset L, Fabre F, Frey P, Fudal I, Grognard F, Hamelin F, Mailleret L, Stoeckel S, Touzeau S, Petre B, Halkett F. Improving sustainable crop protection using population genetics concepts. Mol Ecol 2022; 32:2461-2471. [PMID: 35906846 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing genetically resistant plants allows pathogen populations to be controlled and reduces the use of pesticides. However, pathogens can quickly overcome such resistance. In this context, how can we achieve sustainable crop protection? This crucial question has remained largely unanswered despite decades of intense debate and research effort. In this study, we used a bibliographic analysis to show that the research field of resistance durability has evolved into three subfields: (i) 'plant breeding' (generating new genetic material), (ii) 'molecular interactions' (exploring the molecular dialogue governing plant-pathogen interactions) and (iii) 'epidemiology and evolution' (explaining and forecasting of pathogen population dynamics resulting from selection pressure(s) exerted by resistant plants). We argue that this triple split of the field impedes integrated research progress and ultimately compromises the sustainable management of genetic resistance. After identifying a gap among the three subfields, we argue that the theoretical framework of population genetics could bridge this gap. Indeed, population genetics formally explains the evolution of all heritable traits, and allows genetic changes to be tracked along with variation in population dynamics. This provides an integrated view of pathogen adaptation, in particular via evolutionary-epidemiological feedbacks. In this Opinion Note, we detail examples illustrating how such a framework can better inform best practices for developing and managing genetically resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clémentine Louet
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France.,Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Lydia Bousset
- INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes, IGEPP, Le Rheu, France
| | - Frédéric Fabre
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, SAVE, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pascal Frey
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Fudal
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Frédéric Grognard
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, INRAE, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Biocore team, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Frédéric Hamelin
- INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes, IGEPP, Le Rheu, France
| | - Ludovic Mailleret
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, INRAE, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Biocore team, Sophia Antipolis, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Solenn Stoeckel
- INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes, IGEPP, Le Rheu, France
| | - Suzanne Touzeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, INRAE, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Biocore team, Sophia Antipolis, France
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Wang F, Das P, Pal N, Bhawal R, Zhang S, Bhattacharyya MK. A Phosphoproteomics Study of the Soybean root necrosis 1 Mutant Revealed Type II Metacaspases Involved in Cell Death Pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:882561. [PMID: 35928708 PMCID: PMC9344878 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The soybean root necrosis 1 (rn1) mutation causes progressive browning of the roots soon after germination and provides increased tolerance to the soil-borne oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae in soybean. Toward understanding the molecular basis of the rn1 mutant phenotypes, we conducted tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeling proteomics and phosphoproteomics analyses of the root tissues of the rn1 mutant and progenitor T322 line to identify potential proteins involved in manifestation of the mutant phenotype. We identified 3,160 proteins. When the p-value was set at ≤0.05 and the fold change of protein accumulation between rn1 and T322 at ≥1.5 or ≤0.67, we detected 118 proteins that showed increased levels and 32 proteins decreased levels in rn1 as compared to that in T322. The differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) are involved in several pathways including cellular processes for processing environmental and genetic information, metabolism and organismal systems. Five pathogenesis-related proteins were accumulated to higher levels in the mutant as compared to that in T322. Several of the DAPs are involved in hormone signaling, redox reaction, signal transduction, and cell wall modification processes activated in plant-pathogen interactions. The phosphoproteomics analysis identified 22 phosphopeptides, the levels of phosphorylation of which were significantly different between rn1 and T322 lines. The phosphorylation levels of two type II metacaspases were reduced in rn1 as compared to T322. Type II metacaspase has been shown to be a negative regulator of hypersensitive cell death. In absence of the functional Rn1 protein, two type II metacaspases exhibited reduced phosphorylation levels and failed to show negative regulatory cell death function in the soybean rn1 mutant. We hypothesize that Rn1 directly or indirectly phosphorylates type II metacaspases to negatively regulate the cell death process in soybean roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Priyanka Das
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Narinder Pal
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ruchika Bhawal
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Somta P, Laosatit K, Yuan X, Chen X. Thirty Years of Mungbean Genome Research: Where Do We Stand and What Have We Learned? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:944721. [PMID: 35909762 PMCID: PMC9335052 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.944721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mungbean is a socioeconomically important legume crop in Asia that is currently in high demand by consumers and industries both as dried beans and in plant-based protein foods. Marker-assisted and genomics-assisted breeding are promising approaches to efficiently and rapidly develop new cultivars with improved yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although mungbean was at the forefront of research at the dawn of the plant genomics era 30 years ago, the crop is a "slow runner" in genome research due to limited genomic resources, especially DNA markers. Significant progress in mungbean genome research was achieved only within the last 10 years, notably after the release of the VC1973A draft reference genome constructed using next-generation sequencing technology, which enabled fast and efficient DNA marker development, gene mapping, and identification of candidate genes for complex traits. Resistance to biotic stresses has dominated mungbean genome research to date; however, research is on the rise. In this study, we provide an overview of the past progress and current status of mungbean genomics research. We also discuss and evaluate some research results to provide a better understanding of mungbean genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakit Somta
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kularb Laosatit
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Tian J, Zhang G, Zhang F, Ma J, Wen C, Li H. Genome-Wide Identification of Powdery Mildew Responsive Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cucurbita pepo. Front Genet 2022; 13:933022. [PMID: 35846119 PMCID: PMC9283782 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.933022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucurbita pepo L. is an essential economic vegetable crop worldwide, and its production is severely affected by powdery mildew (PM). However, our understanding of the molecular mechanism of PM resistance in C. pepo is very limited. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in regulating plant responses to biotic stress. Here, we systematically identified 2,363 reliably expressed lncRNAs from the leaves of PM-susceptible (PS) and PM-resistant (PR) C. pepo. The C. pepo lncRNAs are shorter in length and expressed at a lower level than the protein-coding transcripts. Among the 2,363 lncRNAs, a total of 113 and 146 PM-responsive lncRNAs were identified in PS and PR, respectively. Six PM-responsive lncRNAs were predicted as potential precursors of microRNAs (miRNAs). In addition, 58 PM-responsive lncRNAs were predicted as targets of miRNAs and one PM-responsive lncRNA was predicted as an endogenous target mimic (eTM). Furthermore, a total of 5,200 potential cis target genes and 5,625 potential trans target genes were predicted for PM-responsive lncRNAs. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these potential target genes are involved in different biological processes, such as the plant-pathogen interaction pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Taken together, this study provides a comprehensive view of C. pepo lncRNAs and explores the putative functions of PM-responsive lncRNAs, thus laying the foundation for further study of the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs responding to PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Tian
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Changlong Wen
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Haizhen Li
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Zhao Y, Zhu X, Chen X, Zhou JM. From plant immunity to crop disease resistance. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:693-703. [PMID: 35728759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by diverse pathogens lead to serious reduction in crop yield and threaten food security worldwide. Genetic improvement of plant immunity is considered as the most effective and sustainable approach to control crop diseases. In the last decade, our understanding of plant immunity at both molecular and genomic levels has improved greatly. Combined with advances in biotechnologies, particularly CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing, we can now rapidly identify new resistance genes and engineer disease resistance crop plants like never before. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of plant immunity and outline existing and new strategies for disease resistance improvement in crop plants. We also discuss existing challenges in this field and suggest directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainai 572025, China.
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MLO Proteins from Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and Related Species in the Broad Phylogenetic Context. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121588. [PMID: 35736740 PMCID: PMC9229925 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
MLO proteins are a family of transmembrane proteins in land plants that play an important role in plant immunity and host–pathogen interactions, as well as a wide range of development processes. Understanding the evolutionary history of MLO proteins is important for understanding plant physiology and health. In the present work, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis on a large set of MLO protein sequences from publicly available databases, specifically emphasising MLOs from the tomato plant and related species. As a result, 4886 protein sequences were identified and used to construct a phylogenetic tree. In comparison to previous findings, we identified nine phylogenetic clades, revealed the internal structure of clades I and II as additional clades and showed the presence of monocotyledon species in all MLO clades. We identified a set of 19 protein motifs that allowed for the identification of particular clades. Sixteen SlMLO proteins from tomato were located in the phylogenetic tree and identified in relation to homologous sequences from other Solanaceae species. The obtained results could be useful for further work on the use of MLO proteins in the study of mildew resistance in Solanaceae and other plant families.
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Unconventional R proteins in the botanical tribe Triticeae. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:561-569. [PMID: 35670039 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant immunity is triggered following the perception of pathogen-derived molecules by plant receptor proteins. Two protein families, membrane-localized receptor-like kinases (RLK) and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors, play key roles in pathogen perception and in the initiation of downstream signaling cascades that lead to defense responses. In addition to RLKs and NLRs, recent research has identified additional protein families that function as plant resistance (R) proteins. In particular, the botanical tribe Triticeae, which includes the globally important crop species wheat and barley, has played a significant role in the discovery of 'unconventional' R proteins. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on unconventional R genes in Triticeae and the proteins they encode. The knowledge on unconventional R proteins will not only broaden our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions but also have great implications for disease resistance breeding in crops.
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