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Sella L, Castiglioni C, Paccanaro MC, Janni M, Schäfer W, D'Ovidio R, Favaron F. Involvement of Fungal Pectin Methylesterase Activity in the Interaction Between Fusarium graminearum and Wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:258-267. [PMID: 26713352 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-15-0174-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat, contains two putative pectin methylesterase (PME)-encoding genes. However, when grown in liquid culture containing pectin, F. graminearum produces only a single PME, which was purified and identified. Its encoding gene, expressed during wheat spike infection, was disrupted by targeted homologous recombination. Two Δpme mutant strains lacked PME activity but were still able to grow on highly methyl-esterified pectin even though their polygalacturonase (PG) activity showed a reduced capacity to depolymerize this substrate. The enzymatic assays performed with purified F. graminearum PG and PME demonstrated an increase in PG activity in the presence of PME on highly methyl-esterified pectin. The virulence of the mutant strains was tested on Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum spikes, and a significant reduction in the percentage of symptomatic spikelets was observed between 7 and 12 days postinfection compared with wild type, demonstrating that the F. graminearum PME contributes to fungal virulence on wheat by promoting spike colonization in the initial and middle stages of infection. In contrast, transgenic wheat plants with increased levels of pectin methyl esterification did not show any increase in resistance to the Δpme mutant, indicating that the infectivity of the fungus relies only to a certain degree on pectin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sella
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Carla Castiglioni
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Paccanaro
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Michela Janni
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; and
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- 3 Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg Germany
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; and
| | - Francesco Favaron
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Muszyński A, O'Neill MA, Ramasamy E, Pattathil S, Avci U, Peña MJ, Libault M, Hossain MS, Brechenmacher L, York WS, Barbosa RM, Hahn MG, Stacey G, Carlson RW. Xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I do not have identical structures in soybean root and root hair cell walls. PLANTA 2015; 242:1123-38. [PMID: 26067758 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Chemical analyses and glycome profiling demonstrate differences in the structures of the xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I isolated from soybean ( Glycine max ) roots and root hair cell walls. The root hair is a plant cell that extends only at its tip. All other root cells have the ability to grow in different directions (diffuse growth). Although both growth modes require controlled expansion of the cell wall, the types and structures of polysaccharides in the walls of diffuse and tip-growing cells from the same plant have not been determined. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the few plants whose root hairs can be isolated in amounts sufficient for cell wall chemical characterization. Here, we describe the structural features of rhamnogalacturonan I, rhamnogalacturonan II, xyloglucan, glucomannan, and 4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan present in the cell walls of soybean root hairs and roots stripped of root hairs. Irrespective of cell type, rhamnogalacturonan II exists as a dimer that is cross-linked by a borate ester. Root hair rhamnogalacturonan I contains more neutral oligosaccharide side chains than its root counterpart. At least 90% of the glucuronic acid is 4-O-methylated in root glucuronoxylan. Only 50% of this glycose is 4-O-methylated in the root hair counterpart. Mono O-acetylated fucose-containing subunits account for at least 60% of the neutral xyloglucan from root and root hair walls. By contrast, a galacturonic acid-containing xyloglucan was detected only in root hair cell walls. Soybean homologs of the Arabidopsis xyloglucan-specific galacturonosyltransferase are highly expressed only in root hairs. A mannose-rich polysaccharide was also detected only in root hair cell walls. Our data demonstrate that the walls of tip-growing root hairs cells have structural features that distinguish them from the walls of other roots cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Muszyński
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Easwaran Ramasamy
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Marc Libault
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Laurent Brechenmacher
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Southern Alberta Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - William S York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Rommel M Barbosa
- Instituto de Informática, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Russell W Carlson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Wang A, Wei X, Rong W, Dang L, Du LP, Qi L, Xu HJ, Shao Y, Zhang Z. GmPGIP3 enhanced resistance to both take-all and common root rot diseases in transgenic wheat. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 15:375-81. [PMID: 25487419 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Take-all (caused by the fungal pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Ggt) and common root rot (caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana) are devastating root diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Development of resistant wheat cultivars has been a challenge since no resistant wheat accession is available. GmPGIP3, one member of polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) family in soybean (Glycine max), exhibited inhibition activity against fungal endopolygalacturonases (PGs) in vitro. In this study, the GmPGIP3 transgenic wheat plants were generated and used to assess the effectiveness of GmPGIP3 in protecting wheat from the infection of Ggt and B. sorokiniana. Four independent transgenic lines were identified by genomic PCR, Southern blot, and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The introduced GmPGIP3 was integrated into the genomes of these transgenic lines and could be expressed. The expressing GmPGIP3 protein in these transgenic wheat lines could inhibit the PGs produced by Ggt and B. sorokiniana. The disease response assessments postinoculation showed that the GmPGIP3-expressing transgenic wheat lines displayed significantly enhanced resistance to both take-all and common root rot diseases caused by the infection of Ggt and B. sorokiniana. These data suggested that GmPGIP3 is an attractive gene resource in improving resistance to both take-all and common root rot diseases in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyun Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
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Bakri Y, Jawhar M, Arabi MIE. Improvement of xylanase production by Cochliobolus sativus in solid state fermentation. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:602-4. [PMID: 24031273 PMCID: PMC3768414 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220080003000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The xylanase production by Cochliobolus sativus strain Cs6 was improved under solid state fermentation (SSF). High xylanase activity (1079 U/g) was obtained when wheat straw was used after 8 days of incubation. Combinations of sodium nitrate with peptone or yeast extract resulted in an increased xylanase production (1543 and 1483 U/g, respectively). The Cs6 strain grown in SSF in a simple medium, proved to be a promising microorganism for xylanase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Bakri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , AECS, Damascus , Syria
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A single amino acid substitution in highly similar endo-PGs from Fusarium verticillioides and related Fusarium species affects PGIP inhibition. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:776-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Janni M, Sella L, Favaron F, Blechl AE, De Lorenzo G, D'Ovidio R. The expression of a bean PGIP in transgenic wheat confers increased resistance to the fungal pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:171-177. [PMID: 18184061 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-2-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A possible strategy to control plant pathogens is the improvement of natural plant defense mechanisms against the tools that pathogens commonly use to penetrate and colonize the host tissue. One of these mechanisms is represented by the host plant's ability to inhibit the pathogen's capacity to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides. Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIP) are plant defense cell wall glycoproteins that inhibit the activity of fungal endopolygalacturonases (endo-PGs). To assess the effectiveness of these proteins in protecting wheat from fungal pathogens, we produced a number of transgenic wheat lines expressing a bean PGIP (PvPGIP2) having a wide spectrum of specificities against fungal PGs. Three independent transgenic lines were characterized in detail, including determination of the levels of PvPGIP2 accumulation and its subcellular localization and inhibitory activity. Results show that the transgene-encoded protein is correctly secreted into the apoplast, maintains its characteristic recognition specificities, and endows the transgenic wheat with new PG recognition capabilities. As a consequence, transgenic wheat tissue showed increased resistance to digestion by the PG of Fusarium moniliforme. These new properties also were confirmed at the plant level during interactions with the fungal pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. All three lines showed significant reductions in symptom progression (46 to 50%) through the leaves following infection with this pathogen. Our results illustrate the feasibility of improving wheat's defenses against pathogens by expression of proteins with new capabilities to counteract those produced by the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Janni
- Dipartimento di Agrobiologia e Agrochimica, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Ahn IP, Suh SC. Calcium Restores Prepenetration Morphogenesis Abolished by Methylglyoxal-Bis-Guanyl Hydrazone in Cochliobolus miyabeanus Infecting Rice. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2007; 97:331-337. [PMID: 18943653 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-97-3-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cochliobolus miyabeanus forms a specialized infection structure, an appressorium, to infect its host rice plants. Curtailment of prepenetration development by spermidine and spermine was more evident in appressorium development and germination remained unaffected, whereas putrescine and methylglyoxal-bis-guanyl hydrazone (MGBG) impaired both morphogenetic events. Exogenous calcium nullified the inhibitory effect of MGBG on the prepenetration development in vitro and in vivo and the disease progression. High levels of polyamines were detected in freshly collected conidia, but the amounts were reduced during germination and appressorium formation. MGBG fortified the decrease of polyamines within conidia under development and calcium amendment did not affect the reduction. Hard-surface contact augmented messenger RNA synthesis of calmodulin gene (CmCaM) and protein kinase C (PKC) activity in germinating or appressorium-forming conidia. Calcium restored transcription of CmCaM and upregulation of PKC activity suppressed by MGBG. Taken together, fine-tuning of intracellular polyamine transition is indispensable for the conidial germination and appressorium formation in C. miyabeanus. Biochemical and molecular analyses revealed that the MGBG-acting site or sites are upstream of Ca(2+)-dependent signaling pathways regulating prepenetration morphogenesis of C. miyabeanus causing rice brown leaf spot.
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Kemp G, Bergmann CW, Clay R, Van der Westhuizen AJ, Pretorius ZA. Isolation of a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) from wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:955-61. [PMID: 14601663 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.11.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for the presence of a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) from a monocotyledonous cereal is presented. A 40.3-kDa PGIP that was closely associated with the cell wall was acetone-extracted and purified from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves and stems. Wheat PGIP exhibited a highly selective inhibitory activity against endopolygalacturonase (EPG) from various fungi. Of nine EPG tested, wheat PGIP only inhibited EPG from Cochliobolus sativus, a pathogen of the tribe Poaceae. A short N-terminal amino acid sequence of wheat PGIP shows no similarity to any other characterized PGIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabré Kemp
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
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Prade RA, Zhan D, Ayoubi P, Mort AJ. Pectins, pectinases and plant-microbe interactions. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2000; 16:361-91. [PMID: 10819085 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.1999.10647984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Prade
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA
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Cook BJ, Clay RP, Bergmann CW, Albersheim P, Darvill AG. Fungal polygalacturonases exhibit different substrate degradation patterns and differ in their susceptibilities to polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 1999; 12:703-11. [PMID: 10432636 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.8.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polygalacturonic acid (PGA) was hydrolyzed by polygalacturonases (PGs) purified from six fungi. The oligogalacturonide products were analyzed by HPAEC-PAD (high performance anion exchange chromatography-pulsed amperimetric detection) to assess their relative amounts and degrees of polymerization. The abilities of the fungal PGs to reduce the viscosity of a solution of PGA were also determined. The potential abilities of four polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) from three plant species to inhibit or to modify the hydrolytic activity of the fungal PGs were determined by colorimetric and HPAEC-PAD analyses, respectively. Normalized activities of the different PGs acting upon the same substrate resulted in one of two distinct oligogalacturonide profiles. Viscometric analysis of the effect of PGs on the same substrate also supports two distinct patterns of cleavage. A wide range of susceptibility of the various PGs to inhibition by PGIPs was observed. The four PGs that were inhibited by all PGIPs tested exhibited an endo/exo mode of substrate cleavage, while the three PGs that were resistant to inhibition by one or more of the PGIPs proceed by a classic endo pattern of cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Cook
- University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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Dumas B, Centis S, Sarrazin N, Esquerré-Tugayé MT. Use of green fluorescent protein to detect expression of an endopolygalacturonase gene of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum during bean infection. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:1769-71. [PMID: 10103279 PMCID: PMC91249 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.4.1769-1771.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5' noncoding region of clpg2, an endopolygalacturonase gene of the bean pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, was fused to the coding sequence of a gene encoding a green fluorescent protein (GFP), and the construct was introduced into the fungal genome. Detection of GFP accumulation by fluorescence microscopy examination revealed that clpg2 was expressed at the early stages of germination of the conidia and during appressorium formation both in vitro and on the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dumas
- UMR 5546 CNRS-UPS, "Signaux et Messages Cellulaires chez les Végétaux," Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Auzeville 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Hardham AR, Mitchell HJ. Use of molecular cytology to study the structure and biology of phytopathogenic and mycorrhizal fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 1998; 24:252-84. [PMID: 9742205 DOI: 10.1006/fgbi.1998.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular cytology, that is, the in situ localization of selected molecules by labeling with lectins, enzymes, and antibodies, has made a major contribution to our understanding of the structure and biology of fungi and is increasingly becoming an integral part of molecular, genetic, and biochemical studies. The review presented in this article concentrates on recent advances in the application of molecular cytology in investigations of the structure and biology of phytopathogenic and mycorrhizal fungi and of the molecular basis of their infection of host plants. The review examines details of the structure and molecular composition of fungal cell walls revealed by lectin, enzyme, and antibody labeling. Molecular composition is shown to vary according to taxonomic relationships and as a reflection of differences in cell type, location within the cell, and within thickness of the wall. Sites of synthesis and secretion of wall components are also detected through the labeling of selected molecules. In situ labeling of cytoskeletal elements, microtubules and actin microfilaments, has provided much information on the role of these elements in tip growth, organelle distribution, and spore development. Molecular cytology, particularly through the generation of monoclonal antibodies, has also revealed new and exciting information on specialized infection structures formed by fungi in order to infect host plants. The sites of storage and secretion of adhesives and degradative enzymes have been documented, as have surface specializations that may be associated with avoidance of detection by the host. In addition, in situ labeling with enzymes and antibodies has aided studies of the host defense response, including mechanisms of detection of fungal elicitor molecules, changes in wall composition, and the secretion of antifungal compounds. With the increasing production of monoclonal antibodies to fungal molecules, molecular cytology promises to continue to make an important contribution to our understanding of fungal cell structure and function in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hardham
- Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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