1
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Giannoukakis N. Tolerogenic dendritic cells in type 1 diabetes: no longer a concept. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1212641. [PMID: 37388741 PMCID: PMC10303908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1212641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDC) arrest the progression of autoimmune-driven dysglycemia into clinical, insulin-requiring type 1 diabetes (T1D) and preserve a critical mass of β cells able to restore some degree of normoglycemia in new-onset clinical disease. The safety of tDC, generated ex vivo from peripheral blood leukocytes, has been demonstrated in phase I clinical studies. Accumulating evidence shows that tDC act via multiple layers of immune regulation arresting the action of pancreatic β cell-targeting effector lymphocytes. tDC share a number of phenotypes and mechanisms of action, independent of the method by which they are generated ex vivo. In the context of safety, this yields confidence that the time has come to test the best characterized tDC in phase II clinical trials in T1D, especially given that tDC are already being tested for other autoimmune conditions. The time is also now to refine purity markers and to "universalize" the methods by which tDC are generated. This review summarizes the current state of tDC therapy for T1D, presents points of intersection of the mechanisms of action that the different embodiments use to induce tolerance, and offers insights into outstanding matters to address as phase II studies are imminent. Finally, we present a proposal for co-administration and serially-alternating administration of tDC and T-regulatory cells (Tregs) as a synergistic and complementary approach to prevent and treat T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Giannoukakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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2
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Morante-Palacios O, Fondelli F, Ballestar E, Martínez-Cáceres EM. Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells in Autoimmunity and Inflammatory Diseases. Trends Immunol 2020; 42:59-75. [PMID: 33293219 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), the most efficient antigen-presenting cells, are necessary for the effective activation of naïve T cells. DCs can also acquire tolerogenic functions in vivo and in vitro in response to various stimuli, including interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, vitamin D3, corticosteroids, and rapamycin. In this review, we provide a wide perspective on the regulatory mechanisms, including crosstalk with other cell types, downstream signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetics, underlying the acquisition of tolerogenesis by DCs, with a special focus on human studies. Finally, we present clinical assays targeting, or based on, tolerogenic DCs in inflammatory diseases. Our discussion provides a useful resource for better understanding the biology of tolerogenic DCs and their manipulation to improve the immunological fitness of patients with certain inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Morante-Palacios
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Fondelli
- Division of Immunology, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Ballestar
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eva M Martínez-Cáceres
- Division of Immunology, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Iliev DB, Lagos L, Thim HL, Jørgensen SM, Krasnov A, Jørgensen JB. CpGs Induce Differentiation of Atlantic Salmon Mononuclear Phagocytes Into Cells With Dendritic Morphology and a Proinflammatory Transcriptional Profile but an Exhausted Allostimulatory Activity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:378. [PMID: 30918507 PMCID: PMC6424866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their ability to present foreign antigens and prime naïve T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) are referred to as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Although activated macrophages may function as APCs, these cells are particularly effective at directly engaging pathogens through phagocytosis, and production of antimicrobial compounds. On the other hand, DCs possess superb antigen-presenting and costimulatory capacity and they are essential for commencement and regulation of adaptive immune responses. In in vitro models, development of mature mammalian DCs from monocytes requires sequential exposure to growth factors (including GM-CSF and IL-4) and proinflammatory stimuli such as toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. Currently, except for IL-4/13, neither orthologs nor functional analogs of the growth factors which are essential for the differentiation of mammalian DCs (including GM-CSF and FLT3) have been identified in teleosts and data about differentiation of piscine APCs is scant. In the present study, primary salmon mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) stimulated in vitro for 5-7 days with a B-class CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN 2006PS) underwent morphological differentiation and developed "dendritic" morphology, characterized by long, branching pseudopodia. Transcriptional profiling showed that these cells expressed high levels of proinflammatory mediators characteristic for M1 polarized MPs. However, the cells treated with CpGs for 7 days downregulated their surface MHCII molecules as well as their capacity to endocytose ovalbumin and exhibited attenuated allostimulatory activity. This concurred with transcriptional downregulation of costimulatory CD80/86 and upregulation of inhibitory CD274 (B7-H1) genes. Despite their exhausted allostimulatory activity, these cells were still responsive to re-stimulation with gardiquimod (a TLR7/8 ligand) and further upregulated a wide array of immune genes including proinflammatory mediators such as intereukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor. Overall, the presented data highlight the disparate effects TLR ligands may have on the proinflammatory status of APCs, on one side, and their antigen-presenting/costimulatory functions, on the other. These findings also indicate that despite the poor phylogenetic conservation of the growth factors involved in the differentiation of DCs, some of the processes that orchestrate the development and the differentiation of professional APCs are conserved between teleosts in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar B Iliev
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Gene Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology 'Roumen Tsanev', Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Leidy Lagos
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hanna L Thim
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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4
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Ten Brinke A, Martinez-Llordella M, Cools N, Hilkens CMU, van Ham SM, Sawitzki B, Geissler EK, Lombardi G, Trzonkowski P, Martinez-Caceres E. Ways Forward for Tolerance-Inducing Cellular Therapies- an AFACTT Perspective. Front Immunol 2019; 10:181. [PMID: 30853957 PMCID: PMC6395407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies with cellular therapies using tolerance-inducing cells, such as tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (tolAPC) and regulatory T cells (Treg) for the prevention of transplant rejection and the treatment of autoimmune diseases have been expanding the last decade. In this perspective, we will summarize the current perspectives of the clinical application of both tolAPC and Treg, and will address future directions and the importance of immunomonitoring in clinical studies that will result in progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc Martinez-Llordella
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Catharien M U Hilkens
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edward K Geissler
- Section of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Eva Martinez-Caceres
- Division of Immunology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, LCMN, IGTP, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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5
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Zuo Y, d'Aigle J, Chauhan A, Frost JA. Genetic deletion of the Rho GEF Net1 impairs mouse macrophage motility and actin cytoskeletal organization. Small GTPases 2017; 11:293-300. [PMID: 29173011 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1405772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells that constantly patrol an organism to fulfill protective and homeostatic roles. Previous studies have shown that Rho GTPase activity is required for macrophage mobility, yet the roles of upstream regulatory proteins controlling Rho GTPase function in these cells are not well defined. Previously we have shown that the RhoA GEF Net1 is required for human breast cancer cell motility and extracellular matrix invasion. To assess the role of Net1 in macrophage motility, we isolated bone marrow macrophage (BMM) precursors from wild type and Net1 knockout mice. Loss of Net1 did not affect the ability of BMM precursors to differentiate into mature macrophages in vitro, as measured by CD68 and F4/80 staining. However, Net1 deletion significantly reduced RhoA activation, F-actin accumulation, adhesion, and motility in these cells. Nevertheless, similar to RhoA/RhoB double knockout macrophages, Net1 deletion did not impair macrophage recruitment to the peritoneum in a mouse model of sterile inflammation. These data demonstrate that Net1 is an important regulator of RhoA signaling and motility in mouse macrophages in vitro, but that its function may be dispensable for macrophage recruitment to inflammatory sites in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zuo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Fannin St., Houston, TX
| | - John d'Aigle
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Fannin St., Houston, TX
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Fannin St., Houston, TX
| | - Jeffrey A Frost
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Fannin St., Houston, TX
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6
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Domogalla MP, Rostan PV, Raker VK, Steinbrink K. Tolerance through Education: How Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Shape Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1764. [PMID: 29375543 PMCID: PMC5770648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central players in the initiation and control of responses, regulating the balance between tolerance and immunity. Tolerogenic DCs are essential in the maintenance of central and peripheral tolerance by induction of clonal T cell deletion and T cell anergy, inhibition of memory and effector T cell responses, and generation and activation of regulatory T cells. Therefore, tolerogenic DCs are promising candidates for specific cellular therapy of allergic and autoimmune diseases and for treatment of transplant rejection. Studies performed in rodents have demonstrated the efficacy and feasibility of tolerogenic DCs for tolerance induction in various inflammatory diseases. In the last years, numerous protocols for the generation of human monocyte-derived tolerogenic DCs have been established and some first phase I trials have been conducted in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders, demonstrating the safety and efficiency of this cell-based immunotherapy. This review gives an overview about methods and protocols for the generation of human tolerogenic DCs and their mechanisms of tolerance induction with the focus on interleukin-10-modulated DCs. In addition, we will discuss the prerequisites for optimal clinical grade tolerogenic DC subsets and results of clinical trials with tolerogenic DCs in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias P Domogalla
- Department of Dermatology, Division for Experimental and Translational Research, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patricia V Rostan
- Department of Dermatology, Division for Experimental and Translational Research, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Verena K Raker
- Department of Dermatology, Division for Experimental and Translational Research, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, Division for Experimental and Translational Research, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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7
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Guo Y, Walsh AM, Fearon U, Smith MD, Wechalekar MD, Yin X, Cole S, Orr C, McGarry T, Canavan M, Kelly S, Lin TA, Liu X, Proudman SM, Veale DJ, Pitzalis C, Nagpal S. CD40L-Dependent Pathway Is Active at Various Stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Progression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4490-4501. [PMID: 28455435 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory CD40-CD40L pathway is implicated in various autoimmune diseases, but the activity status of this pathway in various stages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) progression is unknown. In this study, we used gene signatures of CD40L stimulation derived from human immature dendritic cells and naive B cells to assess the expression of CD40-downstream genes in synovial tissues from anti-citrullinated protein Ab-positive arthralgia, undifferentiated arthritis (UA), early RA, and established RA cohorts in comparison with healthy donors. Interestingly, the expression of CD40LG and active full-length CD40 was increased in the disease tissues, whereas that of a dominant-negative CD40 isoform was decreased. Gene set variation analysis revealed that CD40L-responsive genes in immature dendritic cells and naive B cells were significantly enriched in synovial tissues from UA, early RA, and established RA patients. Additionally, CD40L-induced naive B cell genes were also significantly enriched in synovial tissues from arthralgia patients. In our efforts to characterize downstream mediators of CD40L signaling, we have identified GPR120 and KDM6B as novel components of the pathway. In conclusion, our data suggest that therapeutic CD40-CD40L blocking agents may prove efficacious not only in early and established RA, but also in inhibiting the progression of the disease from arthralgia or UA to RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Guo
- Immunology, Janssen Research, Spring House, PA 19477;
| | - Alice M Walsh
- Immunology, Janssen Research, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Ursula Fearon
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Malcolm D Smith
- Rheumatology Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia 5041, Australia.,Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5041, Australia
| | - Mihir D Wechalekar
- Rheumatology Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia 5041, Australia.,Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5041, Australia
| | - Xuefeng Yin
- Immunology, Janssen Research, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Suzanne Cole
- Immunology, Janssen Research, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Carl Orr
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Trudy McGarry
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mary Canavan
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stephan Kelly
- Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tai-An Lin
- Immunology, Janssen Research, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Immunology, Janssen Research, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Susanna M Proudman
- Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; and.,Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | | | | | - Sunil Nagpal
- Immunology, Janssen Research, Spring House, PA 19477;
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8
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Efron PA, Tsujimoto H, Bahjat FR, Ungaro R, Debernardis J, Tannahill C, Baker HV, Edwards CK, Moldawer LL. Differential maturation of murine bone-marrow derived dendritic cells with lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519050110030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the interface between the innate and acquired immune systems. In response to both exogenous as well as endogenous signals, DCs undergo a programmed maturation to become an efficient, antigen-presenting cell. Yet little is known regarding the differential responses by endogenous versus exogenous stimuli on DC maturation. In the present report, we have compared the phenotypic, functional, and genome-wide expression responses associated with maturation by bone marrow derived DCs to either an endogenous danger signal, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), or a microbial product, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Examination of the cell surface expression of DCs as well as cytokine production demonstrated that patterns of DC maturation varied dramatically depending upon the stimulus. Whereas LPS was highly effective in terms of inducing phenotypic and functional maturation, TNF-α exposure produced a phenotypically distinct DC. Gene expression patterns in DCs 6 and 24 h after LPS and TNF-α exposure revealed that these activation signals produce fundamentally different genomic responses. Supervised analysis revealed that the expression of 929 probe sets discriminated among the treatment groups, and the patterns of gene expression in TNF-α stimulated DCs were more similar to unstimulated cells at both 6 and 24 h post-stimulation than to LPS-stimulated cells at the same time points. These findings reveal that DCs are capable of a varying phenotypic response to different antigens and endogenous signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Efron
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hironori Tsujimoto
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Frances R. Bahjat
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ricardo Ungaro
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Justin Debernardis
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Cynthia Tannahill
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Henry V. Baker
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carl K. Edwards
- Division of Inflammation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Lyle L. Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA,
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9
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Dérian N, Bellier B, Pham HP, Tsitoura E, Kazazi D, Huret C, Mavromara P, Klatzmann D, Six A. Early Transcriptome Signatures from Immunized Mouse Dendritic Cells Predict Late Vaccine-Induced T-Cell Responses. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004801. [PMID: 26998760 PMCID: PMC4801398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Systems biology offers promising approaches for identifying response-specific signatures to vaccination and assessing their predictive value. Here, we designed a modelling strategy aiming to predict the quality of late T-cell responses after vaccination from early transcriptome analysis of dendritic cells. Using standardized staining with tetramer, we first quantified antigen-specific T-cell expansion 5 to 10 days after vaccination with one of a set of 41 different vaccine vectors all expressing the same antigen. Hierarchical clustering of the responses defined sets of high and low T cell response inducers. We then compared these responses with the transcriptome of splenic dendritic cells obtained 6 hours after vaccination with the same vectors and produced a random forest model capable of predicting the quality of the later antigen-specific T-cell expansion. The model also successfully predicted vector classification as low or strong T-cell response inducers of a novel set of vaccine vectors, based on the early transcriptome results obtained from spleen dendritic cells, whole spleen and even peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Finally, our model developed with mouse datasets also accurately predicted vaccine efficacy from literature-mined human datasets. Vaccines are designed to elicit effective immune responses against antigens. The various vector platforms used in vaccine development are diverse and complex, rendering the selection of promising vaccines vector challenging. We have designed a modeling strategy that predicts the propensity of vaccine vectors to elicit strong late T-cell responses using transcriptome material obtained 6 hours after vaccination. Our model, designed with mouse datasets, also predicted vector efficacy from mined human data. Thus, molecular signatures obtained 6 hours after vaccination can predict vaccine efficacy at 2 weeks post vaccination, which should help in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dérian
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 959, Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMRS 959, "Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy", Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Bellier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 959, Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMRS 959, "Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy", Paris, France
| | - Hang Phuong Pham
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 959, Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMRS 959, "Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy", Paris, France
| | - Eliza Tsitoura
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Dorothea Kazazi
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Christophe Huret
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 959, Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMRS 959, "Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy", Paris, France
| | - Penelope Mavromara
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 959, Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMRS 959, "Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy", Paris, France
- * E-mail: (DK); (AS)
| | - Adrien Six
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 959, Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMRS 959, "Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy", Paris, France
- * E-mail: (DK); (AS)
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10
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Schinnerling K, García-González P, Aguillón JC. Gene Expression Profiling of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells - Searching for Molecular Regulators of Tolerogenicity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:528. [PMID: 26539195 PMCID: PMC4609880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to initiate and modulate antigen-specific immune responses has made them attractive targets for immunotherapy. Since DC research in humans is limited by the scarcity of DC populations in the blood circulation, most of our knowledge about DC biology and function has been obtained in vitro from monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), which can be readily generated in sufficient numbers and are able to differentiate into distinct functional subsets depending on the nature of stimulus. In particular, moDCs with tolerogenic properties (tolDCs) possess great therapeutic potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Several protocols have been developed to generate tolDCs in vitro, able to reinstruct auto-reactive T cells and to promote regulatory cells. While ligands and soluble mediators, by which DCs shape immune responses, have been vastly studied, the intracellular pathways and transcriptional regulators that govern tolDC differentiation and function are poorly understood. Whole-genome microarrays and proteomics provide useful strategies to dissect the complex molecular processes that promote tolerogenicity. Only few attempts have been made to understand tolDC biology through a global view on "omics" profiles. So far, the identification of a common regulator of tolerogenicity has been hampered by the fact that each protocol, used for tolDC generation, targets distinct signaling pathways. Here, we review the progress in understanding the transcriptional regulation of moDC differentiation, with a special focus on tolDCs, and highlight candidate molecules that might be associated with DC tolerogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina Schinnerling
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII) , Santiago , Chile
| | - Paulina García-González
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII) , Santiago , Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII) , Santiago , Chile
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11
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Zalenskaya IA, Joseph T, Bavarva J, Yousefieh N, Jackson SS, Fashemi T, Yamamoto HS, Settlage R, Fichorova RN, Doncel GF. Gene Expression Profiling of Human Vaginal Cells In Vitro Discriminates Compounds with Pro-Inflammatory and Mucosa-Altering Properties: Novel Biomarkers for Preclinical Testing of HIV Microbicide Candidates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128557. [PMID: 26052926 PMCID: PMC4459878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and immune activation of the cervicovaginal mucosa are considered factors that increase susceptibility to HIV infection. Therefore, it is essential to screen candidate anti-HIV microbicides for potential mucosal immunomodulatory/inflammatory effects prior to further clinical development. The goal of this study was to develop an in vitro method for preclinical evaluation of the inflammatory potential of new candidate microbicides using a microarray gene expression profiling strategy. METHODS To this end, we compared transcriptomes of human vaginal cells (Vk2/E6E7) treated with well-characterized pro-inflammatory (PIC) and non-inflammatory (NIC) compounds. PICs included compounds with different mechanisms of action. Gene expression was analyzed using Affymetrix U133 Plus 2 arrays. Data processing was performed using GeneSpring 11.5 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). RESULTS Microarraray comparative analysis allowed us to generate a panel of 20 genes that were consistently deregulated by PICs compared to NICs, thus distinguishing between these two groups. Functional analysis mapped 14 of these genes to immune and inflammatory responses. This was confirmed by the fact that PICs induced NFkB pathway activation in Vk2 cells. By testing microbicide candidates previously characterized in clinical trials we demonstrated that the selected PIC-associated genes properly identified compounds with mucosa-altering effects. The discriminatory power of these genes was further demonstrated after culturing vaginal cells with vaginal bacteria. Prevotella bivia, prevalent bacteria in the disturbed microbiota of bacterial vaginosis, induced strong upregulation of seven selected PIC-associated genes, while a commensal Lactobacillus gasseri associated to vaginal health did not cause any changes. CONCLUSIONS In vitro evaluation of the immunoinflammatory potential of microbicides using the PIC-associated genes defined in this study could help in the initial screening of candidates prior to entering clinical trials. Additional characterization of these genes can provide further insight into the cervicovaginal immunoinflammatory and mucosal-altering processes that facilitate or limit HIV transmission with implications for the design of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Zalenskaya
- CONRAD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Theresa Joseph
- CONRAD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jasmin Bavarva
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Nazita Yousefieh
- CONRAD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Suzanne S Jackson
- CONRAD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Titilayo Fashemi
- Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hidemi S Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert Settlage
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Raina N Fichorova
- Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gustavo F Doncel
- CONRAD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
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12
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Norton TD, Miller EA, Bhardwaj N, Landau NR. Vpx-containing dendritic cell vaccine induces CTLs and reactivates latent HIV-1 in vitro. Gene Ther 2015; 22:227-36. [PMID: 25567537 PMCID: PMC4698816 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eradication of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) from an infected individual requires a means of inducing production of virus from latently infected cells and stimulating an immune response against the infected cells. We report the development of lentiviral vectors that transduce dendritic cells (DCs) to both induce production of virus from latently infected cells and stimulate antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The vectors package Vpx, a lentiviral accessory protein that counteracts the SAMHD1-mediated block to DC transduction, allowing for long-term expression of vector-encoded proteins. The vectors encode influenza or HIV-1-derived epitopes fused via a self-cleaving peptide to CD40L that releases the peptide into the endoplasmic reticulum for entry into the antigen presentation pathway. Expression of CD40L caused transduced DCs to mature and produce Th1-skewing cytokines. The DCs presented antigen to CD8 T cells, enhancing antigen-specific CTLs. Coculture of the transduced DCs with latently infected cells induced high-level virus production, an effect that was mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. The ability of a DC vaccine to reactivate latent HIV-1 and stimulate an adaptive immune response provide a means to reduce the size of the latent reservoir in patients. This strategy can also be applied to develop DC vaccines for other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Norton
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine; New York, NY
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine; New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth A. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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13
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Yang AX, Chong N, Jiang Y, Catalano J, Puri RK, Khleif SN. Molecular characterization of antigen-peptide pulsed dendritic cells: immature dendritic cells develop a distinct molecular profile when pulsed with antigen peptide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86306. [PMID: 24475103 PMCID: PMC3903525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells, they are being tested as cancer vaccines for immunotherapy of established cancers. Although numerous studies have characterized DCs by their phenotype and function, few have identified potential molecular markers of antigen presentation prior to vaccination of host. In this study we generated pre-immature DC (piDC), immature DC (iDC), and mature DC (mDC) from human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) obtained from HLA-A2 healthy donors, and pulsed them with human papillomavirus E7 peptide (p11-20), a class I HLA-A2 binding antigen. We then characterized DCs for cell surface phenotype and gene expression profile by microarray technology. We identified a set of 59 genes that distinguished three differentiation stages of DCs (piDC, iDC and mDC). When piDC, iDC and mDC were pulsed with E7 peptide for 2 hrs, the surface phenotype did not change, however, iDCs rather than mDCs showed transcriptional response by up-regulation of a set of genes. A total of 52 genes were modulated in iDC upon antigen pulsing. Elongation of pulse time for iDCs to 10 and 24 hrs did not significantly bring further changes in gene expression. The E7 peptide up-modulated immune response (KPNA7, IGSF6, NCR3, TREM2, TUBAL3, IL8, NFKBIA), pro-apoptosis (BTG1, SEMA6A, IGFBP3 and SRGN), anti-apoptosis (NFKBIA), DNA repair (MRPS11, RAD21, TXNRD1), and cell adhesion and cell migration genes (EPHA1, PGF, IL8 and CYR61) in iDCs. We confirmed our results by Q-PCR analysis. The E7 peptide but not control peptide (PADRE) induced up-regulation of NFKB1A gene only in HLA-A2 positive iDCs and not in HLA-A2 negative iDCs. These results suggest that E7 up-regulation of genes is specific and HLA restricted and that these genes may represent markers of antigen presentation and help rapidly assess the quality of dendritic cells prior to administration to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy X. Yang
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Numju Chong
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yufei Jiang
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Catalano
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raj K. Puri
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Samir N. Khleif
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
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14
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Dendritic cell-based approaches for therapeutic immune regulation in solid-organ transplantation. J Transplant 2013; 2013:761429. [PMID: 24307940 PMCID: PMC3824554 DOI: 10.1155/2013/761429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To avoid immune rejection, allograft recipients require drug-based immunosuppression, which has significant toxicity. An emerging approach is adoptive transfer of immunoregulatory cells. While mature dendritic cells (DCs) present donor antigen to the immune system, triggering rejection, regulatory DCs interact with regulatory T cells to promote immune tolerance. Intravenous injection of immature DCs of either donor or host origin at the time of transplantation have prolonged allograft survival in solid-organ transplant models. DCs can be treated with pharmacological agents before injection, which may attenuate their maturation in vivo. Recent data suggest that injected immunosuppressive DCs may inhibit allograft rejection, not by themselves, but through conventional DCs of the host. Genetically engineered DCs have also been tested. Two clinical trials in type-1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis have been carried out, and other trials, including one trial in kidney transplantation, are in progress or are imminent.
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15
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Genome-wide analysis of alternative splicing during dendritic cell response to a bacterial challenge. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61975. [PMID: 23613991 PMCID: PMC3629138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system relies on the plasticity of its components to produce appropriate responses to frequent environmental challenges. Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical initiators of innate immunity and orchestrate the later and more specific adaptive immunity. The generation of diversity in transcriptional programs is central for effective immune responses. Alternative splicing is widely considered a key generator of transcriptional and proteomic complexity, but its role has been rarely addressed systematically in immune cells. Here we used splicing-sensitive arrays to assess genome-wide gene- and exon-level expression profiles in human DCs in response to a bacterial challenge. We find widespread alternative splicing events and splicing factor transcriptional signatures induced by an E. coli challenge to human DCs. Alternative splicing acts in concert with transcriptional modulation, but these two mechanisms of gene regulation affect primarily distinct functional gene groups. Alternative splicing is likely to have an important role in DC immunobiology because it affects genes known to be involved in DC development, endocytosis, antigen presentation and cell cycle arrest.
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16
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Gatto D, Wood K, Caminschi I, Murphy-Durland D, Schofield P, Christ D, Karupiah G, Brink R. The chemotactic receptor EBI2 regulates the homeostasis, localization and immunological function of splenic dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:446-53. [PMID: 23502855 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spleen-resident dendritic cell (DC) populations occupy sentinel positions for the capture and presentation of blood-borne antigens. Here we found a difference in expression of the chemotactic receptor EBI2 (GPR183) on splenic DC subsets and that EBI2 regulated the positioning and homeostasis of DCs in the spleen. EBI2 and its main ligand, 7α,25-OHC, were required for the generation of the splenic CD4(+) DC subset and the localization of DCs in bridging channels. Absence of EBI2 from DCs resulted in defects in both the activation of CD4(+) T cells and the induction of antibody responses. Regulated expression of EBI2 on DC populations is therefore critical for the generation and correct positioning of splenic DCs and the initiation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Gatto
- Immunological Diseases Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia.
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17
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Genetic profiles of plasmacytoid (BDCA-4 expressing) DC subtypes-clues to DC subtype function in vivo. Exp Hematol Oncol 2013; 2:8. [PMID: 23497451 PMCID: PMC3608935 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the dendritic cell (DC) subsets, plasmacytoid DC’s (pDC) are thought to be important in the generation of both antiviral and antitumor responses. While pDC may be useful in developing dendritic cell-based tumor vaccines, the low frequency of these cells in the peripheral blood has hampered attempts to understand their biology. To provide better insight into the biology of pDC, we isolated these unperturbed cells from the peripheral blood of healthy donors in order to further characterize their gene expression. Using gene array technology we compared the genetic profiles of these cells to those of CD14+ monocytes isolated from the same donors and found several immune related genes upregulated in this cell population. This is the first description, to our knowledge, of gene expression in this subset of DCs obtained from the peripheral blood of adult human donors without exposure in vitro to cytokine or growth factors. Understanding the natural genetic profiles of this dendritic cell subtype as well as others such as the BDCA-1 expressing myeloid DCs may enable us to manipulate these cells ex-vivo to generate enhanced DC-based tumor vaccines inducing more robust antitumor responses.
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18
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CD8 marks a subpopulation of lung-derived dendritic cells with differential responsiveness to viral infection and toll-like receptor stimulation. J Virol 2012; 86:10640-50. [PMID: 22811544 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01413-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies suggest that individual subsets of dendritic cells (DC) exhibit distinct capabilities with regard to the generation of the adaptive immune response. In this study, we evaluated the properties of a relatively unexplored DC subset present in the lung-draining mediastinal lymph node. This subset expresses the airway dendritic cell marker CD103 together with CD8. These DC were of interest given that our previous studies using a model of respiratory infection with vaccinia virus revealed a distinct difference in the ability of CD103(+) DC to prime T cells that correlated inversely with the expression of CD8, suggesting a differential role of these DC in the context of respiratory virus infection. To expand our understanding of the role of this DC population, we performed analyses to elucidate the phenotype, migratory capacity, responsiveness to innate stimuli, and priming capacity of CD8(+) CD103(+) DC. We found that expression of surface markers on these DC was similar to that of CD8(-) CD103(+) DC, supporting their close relationship. Further, the two DC types were similar with regard to antigen uptake. However, although both CD103(+) subsets originated from the lung, CD8-bearing CD103(+) DC appeared in the lymph node with delayed kinetics following virus infection. While this subset exhibited increased responsiveness to a number of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, their response to infection was virus specific, demonstrating poor responsiveness to vaccinia virus infection but robust maturation following infection with parainfluenza virus 5 or influenza virus. These findings show that CD8 marks a population of lung airway-derived DC with distinct migratory and maturation responses that likely contribute differentially to the immune response depending on the infecting pathogen.
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19
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Chen X, Xu C. High-throughput analysis of tumor necrosis factor signaling pathways in eight cell types during rat hepatic regeneration. Inflammation 2012; 35:1538-48. [PMID: 22628123 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to clarify the relevance of tumor necrosis factor (TNFs) signaling pathways and liver regeneration (LR) at the cellular level. Eight liver cell types were isolated using Percoll density gradient centrifugation and immunomagnetic beads methods. Expressions of TNF signaling pathway-involved genes in each cell type after 2/3 hepatectomy (PH) were detected using gene chip. Results show the following: gene TNFα was upregulated in most cell types, especially in Kupffer cells (KC); TNFβ expression was insignificantly changed in eight liver cell types; the majority of genes involved in four TNFα signaling pathways showed increased expression during LR in hepatocytes (HC); TNFα-induced NFκB pathway-involved genes were upregulated preferentially between 2 and 24 h during LR in biliary epithelial cells (BECs); and TNFα-induced apoptotic pathway genes were downregulated preferentially at progressing phase of LR in dendritic cells (DCs). Referring to the above results, TNFα-mediated signaling pathways, in contrast to TNFβ, play the more proactive role in LR, and four TNFα-mediated signaling pathways seem helpful to regulate biological events in HC; BEC proliferation was partly controlled by TNFα-mediated NFκB pathway; and the impaired TNFα-mediated apoptotic pathway in DCs might contribute to the restoration of DC mass after PH. Briefly, the comparative analysis of genomewide expression profiles of TNF signaling pathways between different cell types is helpful in understanding the implication of TNF signaling in LR at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Chen
- Animal Science and Technology School, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, China.
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20
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Collado-Romero M, Martins RP, Arce C, Moreno Á, Lucena C, Carvajal A, Garrido JJ. An in vivo proteomic study of the interaction between Salmonella Typhimurium and porcine ileum mucosa. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2015-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Schrobback K, Malda J, Crawford RW, Upton Z, Leavesley DI, Klein TJ. Effects of oxygen on zonal marker expression in human articular chondrocytes. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:920-33. [PMID: 22097912 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is organized in depth zones with phenotypically distinct subpopulations of chondrocytes that are exposed to different oxygen tensions. Despite growing evidence of the critical role for oxygen in chondrogenesis, little is known about its effect on chondrocytes from different zones. This study evaluates zonal marker expression of human articular chondrocytes from different zones under various oxygen tensions. Chondrocytes isolated from full-thickness, superficial, and middle/deep cartilage from knee replacement surgeries were expanded and redifferentiated under hypoxic (5% O(2)) or normoxic (20% O(2)) conditions. Differentiation under hypoxia increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factors 1alpha and 2alpha and accumulation of extracellular matrix, particularly in middle/deep chondrocytes, and favored re-expression of proteoglycan 4 by superficial chondrocytes compared with middle/deep cells. Zone-dependent expression of clusterin varied with culture duration. These results demonstrate that zonal chondrocytes retain important phenotypic differences during in vitro cultivation, and that these characteristics can be improved by altering the oxygen environment. However, transcript levels for pleiotrophin, cartilage intermediate layer protein, and collagen type X were similar between zones, challenging their reliability as zonal markers for tissue-engineered cartilage from osteoarthritis patients. Key factors including oxygen tension and cell source should be considered to prescribe zone-specific properties to tissue-engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Schrobback
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
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22
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Santander S, Aoki M, Hernandez J, Pombo M, Moins-Teisserenc H, Mooney N, Fiorentino S. Galactomannan from Caesalpinia spinosa induces phenotypic and functional maturation of human dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:652-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Xu C, Chen X, Chang C, Wang G, Wang W, Zhang L, Zhu Q, Wang L. Genome-wide analysis of gene expression in dendritic cells from rat regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:255-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Castiello L, Sabatino M, Jin P, Clayberger C, Marincola FM, Krensky AM, Stroncek DF. Monocyte-derived DC maturation strategies and related pathways: a transcriptional view. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:457-66. [PMID: 21258790 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo production of highly stimulator mature dendritic cells (DCs) for cellular therapy has been used to treat different pathological conditions with the aim of inducing a specific immune response. In the last decade, several protocols have been developed to mature monocyte-derived DCs: each one has led to the generation of DCs showing different phenotypes and stimulatory abilities, but it is not yet known which one is the best for inducing effective immune responses. We grouped several different maturation protocols according to the downstream pathways they activated and reviewed the shared features at a transcriptomic level to reveal the potential of DCs matured by each protocol to develop Th-polarized immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Castiello
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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25
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Landi A, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Dendritic cells matured by a prostaglandin E2-containing cocktail can produce high levels of IL-12p70 and are more mature and Th1-biased than dendritic cells treated with TNF-α or LPS. Immunobiology 2010; 216:649-62. [PMID: 21183242 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the initiation of an immune response. As maturation is critical for effective antigen presentation, different methods have been used to generate mature DCs (mDCs) ex vivo. The use of a maturation cocktail (MC) consisting of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) initially showed promising results, but then was challenged because of low production of IL-12p70 and the potential for induction of Th2-type immune responses. To investigate this contention, we compared two of the most commonly used maturation factors, TNF-α and LPS, with MC. Maturation cocktail was superior to TNF-α and LPS with respect to enhancement of mDC-specific surface marker expression (CD83, CD86, and HLA-DR), induction of T cell proliferation by mDCs, and directional motility of mDCs toward CCL19. These results were supported by increased expression of a significant number of additional maturation-related genes by MC in comparison to TNF-α and LPS. In addition, we did not observe a Th2-biased shift in the gene expression profile of mDCs generated by MC. Conversely, MC induced more Th1-promoting transcriptional changes than LPS or TNF-α, including increased transcript levels of Th1-type cytokines such as IL-15, IL-12β, and EBI3 (IL-27β) and MHC class I molecules, Th1-promoting changes in the transcripts of CXCL16, CCL13, and CCL18, and reduced transcript levels of MHC class II molecules. More interestingly, the Th1-promoting characteristics of MC-mDCs were confirmed by their potential to produce large amounts of IL-12p70 after effective stimulation simulating in vivo events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolamir Landi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada
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26
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Pajtasz-Piasecka E, Indrová M. Dendritic cell-based vaccines for the therapy of experimental tumors. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:257-68. [PMID: 20635932 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to be the most potent antigen-presenting cells able to link the innate and adaptive immune systems. Many studies have focused on different immunotherapeutic approaches to applying DCs as tools to improve anticancer therapy. Although a number of investigations suggesting the benefit of DC-based vaccination during anticancer therapy have been reported, the general knowledge regarding the ultimate methods of DC-vaccine preparation is still unsatisfactory. In this article, the perspectives of DC-based anti-tumor immunotherapy and optimizing strategies of DC vaccination in humans in light of results obtained in mouse models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Pajtasz-Piasecka
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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27
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Takekoshi T, Tada Y, Watanabe T, Sugaya M, Hoashi T, Komine M, Kawashima T, Shimizu T, Hau CS, Asahina A, Yokomizo T, Sato S, Tamaki K. Identification of a novel marker for dendritic cell maturation, mouse transmembrane protein 123. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:31876-84. [PMID: 20685650 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.118877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a group of professional antigen-presenting cells, and many genes are known to be associated with their maturation. We compared the transcriptional profiles of immature and mature mouse Langerhans cells using the suppressive, subtractive hybridization method and identified a novel gene of unknown function, termed herein transmembrane protein 123 (Tmem123), of which mRNA expression was enhanced in mature but not in immature Langerhans cells. Its expression was also enhanced in other mature DCs such as bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) and splenic DCs. Interestingly, CD40 expression was up-regulated on mature BMDCs cultured with colchicine concurrently with the enhanced expression of Tmem123 compared with that of fresh BMDCs. Furthermore, the expression of CD40 was enhanced on Tmem123-transfected DC2.4 cells, a mouse BMDC-derived cell line, compared with that on mock-transfected DC2.4 cells. This enhancement of CD40 expression did not occur after deletion of lysosome/endosome targeting YXXϕ motifs (where X is any amino acid and ϕ is a bulky hydrophobic amino acid) in the Tmem123 cytoplasmic tail. By stimulation with anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, these transfectants secreted an increased amount of IL-12/23 p40 compared with mock-transfected DC2.4 cells. Thus, our study demonstrates that Tmem123 may be used as a new maturation marker in DCs and that this molecule may be closely associated with the cell surface expression of CD40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Takekoshi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Sjöblom-Hallén A, Marklund U, Nerstedt A, Schön K, Ekman L, Bergqvist P, Löwenadler B, Lycke NY. Gene expression profiling identifies STAT3 as a novel pathway for immunomodulation by cholera toxin adjuvant. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:374-86. [PMID: 20375997 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Earlier studies have reported on both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities of cholera toxin (CT). As CT is a powerful adjuvant, we were interested in identifying genes with a possible involvement in these functions. A global gene expression analysis in mouse B cells showed that CT regulated <100 annotated genes, which encoded transcription factors, G proteins, cell-cycle regulators, and immunoregulating molecules. Interestingly, CT regulated the expression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 gene and influenced the level and activation of both isoforms STAT3 alpha and STAT3 beta, in vitro in a B-cell line and in Peyer's patch (PP) B cells and in vivo in freshly isolated splenic B cells from CT-treated mice. This effect was cAMP dependent and was not seen with CTB. B cells pre-exposed to CT were significantly more susceptible to the activation of STAT3 by interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. This exerted a stronger inhibitory effect of IL-10 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated B-cell proliferation and cytokine production (IL-6). Moreover, IgG1 and IgA production induced by LPS and IL-10 were enhanced by the addition of CT to cultures of PP or splenic B cells. This is the first study to provide a molecular mechanism that can reconcile previous findings of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects by CT adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sjöblom-Hallén
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kuhn AN, Diken M, Kreiter S, Selmi A, Kowalska J, Jemielity J, Darzynkiewicz E, Huber C, Türeci O, Sahin U. Phosphorothioate cap analogs increase stability and translational efficiency of RNA vaccines in immature dendritic cells and induce superior immune responses in vivo. Gene Ther 2010; 17:961-71. [PMID: 20410931 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with in vitro transcribed RNA coding for tumor antigens is considered a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy and has already entered human clinical testing. One of the basic objectives for development of RNA as a drug is the optimization of immunobioavailability of the encoded antigen in vivo. By analyzing the effect of different synthetic 5' mRNA cap analogs on the kinetics of the encoded protein, we found that m(2)(7,2'-O)Gpp(S)pG (beta-S-ARCA) phosphorothioate caps, in particular the D1 diastereoisomer, profoundly enhance RNA stability and translational efficiency in immature but not mature dendritic cells. Moreover, in vivo delivery of the antigen as beta-S-ARCA(D1)-capped RNA species is superior for protein expression and for efficient priming and expansion of naïve antigen-specific T cells in mice. Our findings establish 5' mRNA cap analogs as yet another module for tuning immunopharmacological properties of recombinant antigen-encoding RNA for vaccination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Kuhn
- Division of Translational and Experimental Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Kozma GT, Martelli F, Verrucci M, Gutiérrez L, Migliaccio G, Sanchez M, Alfani E, Philipsen S, Migliaccio AR. Dynamic regulation of Gata1 expression during the maturation of conventional dendritic cells. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:489-503.e1. [PMID: 20303380 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the regulatory sequences driving Gata1 expression in conventional dendritic cells (cDC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The number and expression levels of Gata1, Gata1-target genes and hypersensitive site (HS) 2 (the eosinophil-specific enhancer)-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter of cDCs from mice lacking HS1 (the erythroid/megakaryocytic-specific enhancer, Gata1(low) mutation) and wild-type littermates, as well as the response to lipopolysaccharide of ex vivo-generated wild-type and Gata1(low) DCs were investigated. RESULTS cDC maturation was associated with bell-shaped changes in Gata1 expression that peaked in cDCs precursors from blood. The Gata1(low) mutation did not affect Gata1 expression in cDC precursors and these cells expressed the HS2-driven reporter, indicating that Gata1 expression is HS2-driven in these cells. By contrast, the Gata1(low) mutation reduced Gata1 expression in mature cDCs and these cells did not express GFP, indicating that mature cDCs express Gata1 driven by HS1. In blood, the number of cDC precursors expressing CD40/CD80 was reduced in Gata1(low) mice, while CD40(pos)/CD80(pos) cDC precursors from wild-type mice expressed the HS2-GFP reporter, suggesting that Gata1 expression in these cells is both HS1- and HS2-driven. In addition, the antigen and accessory molecules presentation process induced by lipopolysaccharide in ex vivo-generated wild-type DC was associated with increased acetylated histone 4 occupancy of HS1, while ex vivo-generated Gata1(low) cDCs failed to respond to lipopolysaccharide, suggesting that HS1 activation is required for cDC maturation. CONCLUSION These results identify a dynamic pattern of Gata1 regulation that switches from an HS1 to an HS2-dependent phase during the maturation of cDCs associated with the antigen-presentation process in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely T Kozma
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Szameit S, Weber E, Noehammer C. DNA microarrays provide new options for allergen testing. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2010; 9:843-50. [PMID: 19895229 DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microarray studies are increasingly used for toxicological research and even for the development of new toxicological test methods. Since gene-expression changes in cultured cells can be conveniently measured with microarrays, this method might be of use for in vitro toxicity testing, for example, in the field of contact sensitization. Allergic contact dermatitis, the clinical manifestation of contact sensitization, may occur when sensitizing chemicals enter the skin and get in contact with epidermal and dermal antigen-presenting cells. The resulting maturation process in these cells can be measured by employing gene-expression analysis. Biomarkers currently known seem to be insufficient to identify all kinds of contact sensitizers, which may partly activate different signaling pathways (e.g., metal or organic sensitizers). Therefore, genome-wide screenings using whole-genome DNA microarrays and extensive data analysis can be performed in order to identify additional genes. Ultimately, marker genes detected in whole-genome experiments can be included in small-scale-targeted microarrays in order to establish the final test method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Szameit
- Toxicology, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
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Abstract
Since their discovery by Steinman and Cohn in 1973, dendritic cells (DCs) have become increasingly recognized for their crucial role as regulators of innate and adaptive immunity. DCs are exquisitely adept at acquiring, processing, and presenting antigens to T cells. They also adjust the context (and hence the outcome) of antigen presentation in response to a plethora of environmental inputs that signal the occurrence of pathogens or tissue damage. Such signals generally boost DC maturation, which promotes their migration from peripheral tissues into and within secondary lymphoid organs and their capacity to induce and regulate effector T cell responses. Conversely, more recent observations indicate that DCs are also crucial to ensure immunological peace. Indeed, DCs constantly present innocuous self- and nonself-antigens in a fashion that promotes tolerance, at least in part, through the control of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs are specialized T cells that exert their immunosuppressive function through a variety of mechanisms affecting both DCs and effector cells. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between tolerogenic DCs and Tregs.
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Macke L, Garritsen HSP, Meyring W, Hannig H, Pägelow U, Wörmann B, Piechaczek C, Geffers R, Rohde M, Lindenmaier W, Dittmar KEJ. Evaluating maturation and genetic modification of human dendritic cells in a new polyolefin cell culture bag system. Transfusion 2009; 50:843-55. [PMID: 20003054 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are applied worldwide in several clinical studies of immune therapy of malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and transplantations. Most legislative bodies are demanding high standards for cultivation and transduction of cells. Closed-cell cultivating systems like cell culture bags would simplify and greatly improve the ability to reach these cultivation standards. We investigated if a new polyolefin cell culture bag enables maturation and adenoviral modification of human DCs in a closed system and compare the results with standard polystyrene flasks. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Mononuclear cells were isolated from HLA-A*0201-positive blood donors by leukapheresis. A commercially available separation system (CliniMACS, Miltenyi Biotec) was used to isolate monocytes by positive selection using CD14-specific immunomagnetic beads. The essentially homogenous starting cell population was cultivated in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4 in a closed-bag system in parallel to the standard flask cultivation system. Genetic modification was performed on Day 4. After induction of maturation on Day 5, mature DCs could be harvested and cryopreserved on Day 7. During the cultivation period comparative quality control was performed using flow cytometry, gene expression profiling, and functional assays. RESULTS Both flasks and bags generated mature genetically modified DCs in similar yields. Surface membrane markers, expression profiles, and functional testing results were comparable. The use of a closed-bag system facilitated clinical applicability of genetically modified DCs. CONCLUSIONS The polyolefin bag-based culture system yields DCs qualitatively and quantitatively comparable to the standard flask preparation. All steps including cryopreservation can be performed in a closed system facilitating standardized, safe, and reproducible preparation of therapeutic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Macke
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
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Transcriptional profiles during the differentiation and maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells, analyzed using focused microarrays. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2009; 14:587-608. [PMID: 19554266 PMCID: PMC6275667 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-009-0023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells capable of initiating primary immune responses. They have been intensively studied and are used in both basic immunology research and clinical immunotherapy. However, the genetic pathways leading to DC differentiation and maturation remain poorly understood. Using focused microarrays with oligonucletotide probes for 120 genes encoding co-stimulatory molecules, chemokines, chemokine receptors, cytokines, cytokine receptors, TLRs, and several other related molecules, we analyzed the kinetics of gene expression for the overall differentiation process of monocytes into mature DC. In parallel, we compared the transcriptional profiles in DC maturation in the presence of LPS, TNF-alpha or trimeric CD40L. We found similar transcriptional profiles for early immature DC and immature DC, respectively generated by culturing monocytes with GM-CSF and IL-4 for three or six days. We identified sets of common and stimuli-specific genes, the expression of which changed following stimulation with LPS, TNF-alpha or CD40L. A dynamic analysis of the entire DC differentiation and maturation process showed that some important inflammatory and constitutive chemokines are transcribed in both immature and mature DC. The correlative expression kinetics of the gene pairs IL1R1/IL1R2, IL15/IL15RA, DC-SIGN/ICAM-2 and DC-SIGN/ICAM-3 imply that they all play crucial roles in mediating DC functions. Thus, our analysis with focused microarrays shed light on the transcriptional kinetics of DC differentiation and maturation, and this method may also prove useful for identifying novel marker genes involved in DC functions.
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Tcherepanova I, Starr A, Lackford B, Adams MD, Routy JP, Boulassel MR, Calderhead D, Healey D, Nicolette C. The immunosuppressive properties of the HIV Vpr protein are linked to a single highly conserved residue, R90. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5853. [PMID: 19516896 PMCID: PMC2689350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hallmark of AIDS progression is a switch of cytokines from Th1 to Th2 in the plasma of patients. IL-12, a critical Th1 cytokine secreted by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is suppressed by Vpr, implicating it as an important virulence factor. We hypothesize that Vpr protein packaged in the virion may be required for disabling APCs of the first infected mucosal tissues. Consistent with this idea are reports that defects in the C-terminus of Vpr are associated with long-term non-progression. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Vpr RNA amplified from various sources was electroporated into monocyte-derived DC and IL-12 levels in supernatants were analyzed. The analysis of previously reported C-terminal Vpr mutations demonstrate that they do not alleviate the block of IL-12 secretion. However, a novel single conservative amino acid substitution, R90K, reverses the IL-12 suppression. Analysis of 1226 Vpr protein sequences demonstrated arginine (R) present at position 90 in 98.8%, with other substitutions at low frequency. Furthermore, none of sequences report lysine (K) in position 90. Vpr clones harboring the reported substitutions in position 90 were studied for their ability to suppress IL-12. Our data demonstrates that none of tested substitutions other than K relieve IL-12 suppression. This suggests a natural selection for sequences which suppress IL-12 secretion by DC and against mutations which relieve such suppression. Further analyses demonstrated that the R90K, as well as deletion of the C-terminus, directs the Vpr protein for rapid degradation. CONCLUSION This study supports Vpr as an HIV virulence factor during HIV infection and for the first time provides a link between evolutionary conservation of Vpr and its ability to suppress IL-12 secretion by DC. DC activated in the presence of Vpr would be defective in the production of IL-12, thus contributing to the prevailing Th2 cytokine profile associated with progressive HIV disease. These findings should be considered in the design of future immunotherapies that incorporate Vpr as an antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Tcherepanova
- Research and Development Department, Argos Therapeutics Inc, Durham, NC, USA.
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Szameit S, Vierlinger K, Farmer L, Tuschl H, Noehammer C. Gene expression studies in cultured dendritic cells: new indicators for the discrimination of skin sensitizers and irritantsin vitro. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:856-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is crucial for the development of T and B lymphocytes from common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) and for the maintenance of mature T lymphocytes. Its in vivo role for dendritic cells (DCs) has been poorly defined. Here, we investigated whether IL-7 is important for the development or maintenance of different DC types. Bone marrow-derived DCs expressed the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) and survived significantly longer in the presence of IL-7. Migratory DCs (migDCs) isolated from lymph nodes also expressed IL-7R. Surprisingly, IL-7R was not required for their maintenance but indirectly for their development. Conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) resident in lymph nodes and spleen were IL-7R(-). Using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we observed an intrinsic requirement for IL-7R signals in their development. As the number of CLPs but not myeloid progenitors was reduced in the absence of IL-7 signals, we propose that a large fraction of cDCs and pDCs derives from CLPs and shares not only the lymphoid origin but also the IL-7 requirement with lymphocyte precursors.
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38
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CD40: an upstream master switch for endothelial cell activation uncovered by RNAi-coupled transcriptional profiling. Blood 2008; 112:3624-37. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-03-143305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD40-CD154 dyad seems to play a prominent role fostering the immune-inflammatory response triggered by endothelial cell (EC)–T-cell communication. To delineate comprehensively the involvement of CD40 (TNFRSF5) in EC activation, we combined RNAi-mediated CD40 knockdown with comparative genome-wide transcriptional profiling of ECs interacting with (CD154+) T cells. We report the initiation of a profound stress response in ECs upon CD40-CD154 engagement through early up-regulation of, among others, the major proinflammatory NF-κB and MAPK/SAPK pathways and their associated transcription factors. Moreover, we have identified novel genes regulated through the CD40-CD154 interaction, and pathways previously unrecognized to be induced by CD40 signaling in ECs. Thus, we document a significant down-regulation of endothelial APLN by CD40-CD154 interaction, TNFα/IFNγ exposure, and in immune-inflammatory pathologies, which could lead to hemodynamic dysfunction. Conversely, CD40-mediated up-regulation of the viral immune surveillance system, notably TLR3, IFIH1, RIG-I, and RNASEL, establishes a reverse link from adaptive to innate immunity in ECs. Moreover, systematic enrichment analysis substantiates endothelial CD40 involvement in the transcriptional regulation of gene networks associated with adhesion and motility, immunity, cell fate control, hemostasis, and metabolism. Our study also highlights the anti-inflammatory potential of RNAi-mediated CD40 inhibition, and the relevance of CD40 signaling for therapeutic intervention.
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Dong WR, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in lower vertebrates: first evidence of this cytokine being involved in antioxidant activity by reconstruction of a novel NAD salvage pathway in E. coli. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:1127-37. [PMID: 18992361 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor identified in mammals is an important cytokine involved in multiple functions, such as immunoregulation, cellular proliferation and differentiation. However, little is known about its existence and function in lower vertebrates; therefore, we investigated the characterization, expression and especially the biofunction of this factor in Tetraodon nigroviridis, a model organism of lower vertebrates. We focus on the question of whether the pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor of lower vertebrates contributes to the NAD mediated antioxidant activity by its involvement in the biosynthesis of NAD through pyridine nucleotide cycles. Experimental data demonstrated that by transforming fish pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor into Escherichia coli cells, the amounts of NAD and NADP significantly increased, and cellular antioxidant activity greatly improved. This is the first report about vertebrate pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor acting as a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase to reconstruct a pyridine nucleotide cycle III pathway in E. coli and playing an important role in antioxidant stress by up-regulation of NAD biosynthesis. We hope that our observations may enrich the study of pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor, and contribute to a better understanding of the molecular and functional evolution of the pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor family in both lower vertebrates and mammals as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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40
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Reig N, Jiang A, Couture R, Sutterwala FS, Ogura Y, Flavell RA, Mellman I, van der Goot FG. Maturation modulates caspase-1-independent responses of dendritic cells to Anthrax lethal toxin. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:1190-207. [PMID: 18194483 PMCID: PMC2861895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax lethal toxin (LT) contributes to the immune evasion strategy of Bacillus anthracis by impairing the function of cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Macrophages from certain inbred mice strains undergo rapid death upon LT treatment mediated by caspase-1 activation dependent on Nalp1b, an inflammasome component. Rapid LT-induced death is however, not observed in macrophages from human and many mouse strains. Here, we focused on the responses of various murine DCs to LT. Using a variety of knockout mice, we found that depending on the mouse strain, death of bone marrow-derived DCs and macrophages was mediated either by a fast Nalp1b and caspase-1-dependent, or by a slow caspase-1-independent pathway that was triggered by the impairment of MEK1/2 pathways. Caspase-1-independent death was observed in cells of different genetic backgrounds and interestingly occurred only in immature DCs. Maturation, triggered by different types of stimuli, led to full protection of DCs. These studies illustrate that the cellular damage inflicted by LT depends not only on the innate responses but also on the maturation stage of the cell, which modulates the more general caspase-1-independent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Reig
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Global Health Institute, Station 15, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT and Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Rachael Couture
- Department of Cell Biology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT and Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Fayyaz S. Sutterwala
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yasunori Ogura
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ira Mellman
- Department of Cell Biology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT and Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Global Health Institute, Station 15, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Emmons J, Townley-Tilson WHD, Deleault KM, Skinner SJ, Gross RH, Whitfield ML, Brooks SA. Identification of TTP mRNA targets in human dendritic cells reveals TTP as a critical regulator of dendritic cell maturation. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 14:888-902. [PMID: 18367721 PMCID: PMC2327351 DOI: 10.1261/rna.748408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells provide a critical link between innate and adaptive immunity and are essential to prime a naive T-cell response. The transition from immature dendritic cells to mature dendritic cells involves numerous changes in gene expression; however, the role of post-transcriptional changes in this process has been largely ignored. Tristetraprolin is an AU-rich element mRNA-binding protein that has been shown to regulate the stability of a number of cytokines and chemokines of mRNAs. Using TTP immunoprecipitations and Affymetrix GeneChips, we identified 393 messages as putative TTP mRNA targets in human dendritic cells. Gene ontology analysis revealed that approximately 25% of the identified mRNAs are associated with protein synthesis. We also identified six MHC Class I alleles, five MHC Class II alleles, seven chemokine and chemokine receptor genes, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase, and CD86 as putative TTP ligands. Real-time PCR was used to validate the GeneChip data for 15 putative target genes and functional studies performed for six target genes. These data establish that TTP regulates the expression of DUSP1, IDO, SOD2, CD86, and MHC Class I-B and F via the 3'-untranslated region of each gene. A novel finding is the demonstration that TTP can interact with and regulate the expression of non-AU-rich element-containing messages. The data implicate TTP as having a broader role in regulating and limiting the immune response than previously suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Emmons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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Gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to HIV-VLPs stimulation. BMC Bioinformatics 2008; 9 Suppl 2:S5. [PMID: 18387207 PMCID: PMC2323668 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-s2-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Baculovirus-expressed HIV-1 Pr55gag Virus-Like Particles (HIV-VLPs) induce maturation and activation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) with a production of Th1- and Th2-specific cytokines. Results The analysis of genomic transcriptional profile of MDDCs, obtained from normal healthy donors and activated by HIV-VLPs, show the modulation of genes involved in the morphological and functional changes characterizing the MDDCs activation and maturation. Similar data are obtained using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), without further selection, showing the feasibility of a direct and “simplified” experimental procedure. Conclusions The results here described show that the maturation pattern induced by HIV-VLPs in ex vivo generated MDDCs, can be observed also in CD14-expressing freshly derived PBMCs, with the possible identification of genetic predictors of individual response to immunogens.
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Szameit S, Vierlinger K, Farmer L, Tuschl H, Noehammer C. Microarray-Based In Vitro Test System for the Discrimination of Contact Allergens and Irritants: Identification of Potential Marker Genes. Clin Chem 2008; 54:525-33. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.097386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Animal tests have been used to characterize the potential of chemicals to produce allergic contact dermatitis, but this approach is increasingly a matter of public and political concern. Our aim was to develop and validate an alternative in vitro test that can identify contact allergens.
Methods: We developed a targeted microarray containing oligonucleotide probes for 66 immune-relevant genes and analyzed gene expression in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) treated with 1 irritant (SDS) and 2 prominent contact allergens, nickel and Bandrowski’s base (BB), which is the oxidation product of the most important hair dye allergen, p-phenylenediamine.
Results: Comparing RNA amounts in chemical-treated and solvent-treated cells, we identified significant changes in the expression of 21 genes and 10 genes after exposure of immature DCs (iDCs) to nickel and BB, respectively, but not after exposure to SDS. Eight genes were differentially expressed after application of both nickel and BB. Real-time PCR was used to confirm the results for selected genes.
Conclusion: We propose a microarray-based in vitro test that might allow the identification of contact allergens. Independently from donor variability, several immune-relevant genes were up- or downregulated after the application of the tested sensitizers to iDCs, therefore presenting potential marker genes. While reducing the number of laboratory animals used, this test would also enable reliable analysis of chemicals using a human system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Szameit
- Molecular Diagnostics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH, ARC, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Klemens Vierlinger
- Molecular Diagnostics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH, ARC, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Letizia Farmer
- Toxicology, Austrian Research Centers GmbH, ARC, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Helga Tuschl
- Toxicology, Austrian Research Centers GmbH, ARC, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Christa Noehammer
- Molecular Diagnostics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH, ARC, Seibersdorf, Austria
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Kettner S, Kalthoff F, Graf P, Priller E, Kricek F, Lindley I, Schweighoffer T. EWI-2/CD316 is an inducible receptor of HSPA8 on human dendritic cells. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:7718-26. [PMID: 17785435 PMCID: PMC2169036 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00180-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of dendritic cells is marked by changes both on their cell surfaces and in their functions. We define EWI-2/CD316 as an early activation marker of dendritic cells upregulated by Toll-like receptor ligands clearly before CD86 and CD83. By expression cloning, human heat shock protein A8 (HSPA8), a member of the hsp70 family, was identified as the ligand for EWI-2. Soluble EWI-2 bound both to cells expressing HSPA8 and also to immobilized HSPA8 protein. Although heat shock proteins are evolutionarily well conserved, other members of this class, including human hsp60 and mycobacterial hsp65, did not bind to EWI-2. The ligation of EWI-2 enhanced the CCL21/SLC-dependent migration of activated mature dendritic cells but attenuated their antigen-specific stimulatory capacities. Important functions of recently activated dendritic cells are thus critically modulated by the newly discovered HSPA8-EWI-2 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kettner
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Vienna, A-1230 Vienna, Austria
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45
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Ryan CA, Kimber I, Basketter DA, Pallardy M, Gildea LA, Gerberick GF. Dendritic cells and skin sensitization: Biological roles and uses in hazard identification. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 221:384-94. [PMID: 17493650 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have been made in our understanding of the roles played by cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs) in the induction of contact allergy. A number of associated changes in epidermal Langerhans cell phenotype and function required for effective skin sensitization are providing the foundations for the development of cellular assays (using DC and DC-like cells) for skin sensitization hazard identification. These alternative approaches to the identification and characterization of skin sensitizing chemicals were the focus of a Workshop entitled "Dendritic Cells and Skin Sensitization: Biological Roles and Uses in Hazard Identification" that was given at the annual Society of Toxicology meeting held March 6-9, 2006 in San Diego, California. This paper reports information that was presented during the Workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy A Ryan
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Miami Valley Innovation Center, Cincinnati, OH 45253-8707, USA
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46
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Microarray analyses in dendritic cells reveal potential biomarkers for chemical-induced skin sensitization. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3222-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Arkusz J, Stepnik M, Lewińska D, Stańczyk M, Palus J, Dziubałtowska E. Interleukin-1β expression in murine J774A.1 macrophages exposed to platinum compounds: The role of p38 and ERK 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:371-9. [PMID: 17084586 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although skin and respiratory sensitizing properties of platinum compounds have been proved in humans and mice, little is known about signal transduction pathways leading to cytokine production in the induction phase. It is generally assumed that induction of skin sensitization, but not skin irritation, is associated with a rapid increase in the IL-1beta mRNA expression. In this study, IL-1beta expression and a role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in this process were investigated in murine macrophages J774A.1 exposed to four platinum compounds. Potassium tetrachloroplatinate (K(2)PtCl(4); TCPP), ammonium tetrachloroplatinate ((NH(4))(2)PtCl(4); TCPA), ammonium hexachloroplatinate ((NH(4))(2)PtCl(6); HCPA) showed a very similar range of cytotoxic concentrations (IC(50) values: 238 microM+/-30; 269 microM+/-39 and 245 microM+/-31, respectively) as assessed in the 24-h MTT reduction test. Cytotoxicity of cis-diammineplatinum dichloride (cisplatin) was considerably higher (IC(50) of 23 microM+/-4). While increased expression of IL-1beta mRNA was observed in the macrophages exposed to each test compound, IL-1beta protein production was detected in cell lysates after treatment with TCPP, TCPA and HCPA for 24h (concentration range of 150-350 microM) as well as for 2h (450-650 microM). The treatment with each compound resulted in the phosphorylation of both p38 MAPK and ERK 1/2 (p44/42). Blocking the activation of p38 MAPK as well as ERK 1/2 with specific inhibitors (SB203580 and U0126, respectively) down-regulated the IL-1beta expression. Interestingly, the skin irritant sodium dodecyl sulfate did not trigger phosphorylation of these kinases, nor induced IL-1beta production. These data suggest that p38 MAPK and ERK 1/2 play an important role in induction of IL-1beta expression in J774A.1 macrophages exposed to test platinum compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Arkusz
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy St, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
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48
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Wang CY, Chiao MT, Yen PJ, Huang WC, Hou CC, Chien SC, Yeh KC, Yang WC, Shyur LF, Yang NS. Modulatory effects of Echinacea purpurea extracts on human dendritic cells: a cell- and gene-based study. Genomics 2006; 88:801-808. [PMID: 17011161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Echinacea spp. are popularly used as an herbal medicine or food supplement for enhancing the immune system. This study shows that plant extracts from root [R] and stem plus leaf [S+L] tissues of E. purpurea exhibit opposite (enhancing vs inhibitory) modulatory effects on the expression of the CD83 marker in human dendritic cells (DCs), which are known as professional antigen-presenting cells. We developed a function-targeted DNA microarray system to characterize the effects of phytocompounds on human DCs. Down-regulation of mRNA expression of specific chemokines (e.g., CCL3 and CCL8) and their receptors (e.g., CCR1 and CCR9) was observed in [S+L]-treated DCs. Other chemokines and regulatory molecules (e.g., CCL4 and CCL2) involved in the c-Jun pathway were found to be up-regulated in [R]-treated DCs. This study, for the first time, demonstrates that E. purpurea extracts can modulate DC differentiation and expression of specific immune-related genes in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Wang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Tsang Chiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-Jen Yen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Chou Huang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Chung Hou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Chang Chien
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Chen Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ching Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Lie-Fen Shyur
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Ning-Sun Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Jiang SS, Chang IS, Huang LW, Chen PC, Wen CC, Liu SC, Chien LC, Lin CY, Hsiung CA, Juang JL. Temporal transcription program of recombinant Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrosis virus. J Virol 2006; 80:8989-99. [PMID: 16940511 PMCID: PMC1563934 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01158-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviruses, a family of large, rod-shaped viruses that mainly infect lepidopteran insects, have been widely used to transduce various cells for exogenous gene expression. Nonetheless, how a virus controls its transcription program in cells is poorly understood. With a custom-made baculovirus DNA microarray, we investigated the recombinant Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) gene expression program in lepidopteran Sf21 cells over the time course of infection. Our analysis of transcription kinetics in the cells uncovered sequential viral gene expression patterns possibly regulated by different mechanisms during different phases of infection. To gain further insight into the regulatory network, we investigated the transcription program of a mutant virus deficient in an early transactivator (pe38) and uncovered several pe38-dependent and pe38-independent genes. This study of baculovirus dynamic transcription programs in different virus genetic backgrounds provides new molecular insights into how gene expression in viruses is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih Sheng Jiang
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
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Brazier H, Stephens S, Ory S, Fort P, Morrison N, Blangy A. Expression profile of RhoGTPases and RhoGEFs during RANKL-stimulated osteoclastogenesis: identification of essential genes in osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:1387-98. [PMID: 16939397 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED RhoGTPases regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics, a key element in osteoclast biology. We identified three novel genes induced during RANKL-stimulated osteoclastogenesis among RhoGTPases and their exchange factors that are essential in osteoclast biology. INTRODUCTION During the process of differentiation, adhesion to the bone matrix or osteolysis, the actin cytoskeleton of osteoclasts undergoes profound reorganization. RhoGTPases are key regulators of actin dynamics. They control cell adhesion, migration, and morphology through their action on actin cytoskeleton. In mice, there are 18 low molecular weight RhoGTPases. They are activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors: the RhoGEFs. There are 76 RhoGEFs in mice: 65 belong to the Dbl family and 11 to the CZH family. To identify novel genes among RhoGTPases and RhoGEFs important in osteoclasts, we established the expression profiles of the complete families of RhoGTPases and RhoGEFs during RANKL-stimulated osteoclastogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The RAW264.7 cell line, mouse bone marrow macrophages, and hematopoietic stem cells were used as precursors for RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Gene arrays and real-time quantitative PCR analyses were performed to establish the transcription profiles of RhoGTPase and RhoGEF genes during differentiation. Small hairpin RNA was used to knock down genes of interest. RESULTS Of the 18 RhoGTPases and 76 RhoGEFs, the expression of three genes was upregulated by RANKL: the RhoGTPase RhoU/Wrch1, the Dbl family exchange factor Arhgef8/Net1, and the CZH family exchange factor Dock5. The inductions were observed in gene array and real-time quantitative PCR experiments performed in RAW264.7 cells. They were further confirmed in bone marrow macrophages and hematopoietic stem cells. Silencing of Wrch1 and Arhgef8 expression severely inhibited differentiation and affected osteoclast morphology. Dock5 suppression was lethal in osteoclast precursors while having no effect in fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS We identified three genes among RhoGTPase signaling pathways that are upregulated during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. These genes are novel essential actors in osteoclasts, most likely through the control of actin cytoskeleton dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Brazier
- Centre de Recherches en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS FRE 2593, Montpellier, France
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