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Gravina AG, Panarese I, Trotta MC, D'Amico M, Pellegrino R, Ferraraccio F, Galdiero M, Alfano R, Grieco P, Federico A. Melanocortin 3,5 receptors immunohistochemical expression in colonic mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease patients: A matter of disease activity? World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:1132-1142. [PMID: 38577176 PMCID: PMC10989484 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i9.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocortin 3 and 5 receptors (i.e., MC3R and MC5R) belong to the melanocortin family. However, data regarding their role in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are currently unavailable. AIM This study aims to ascertain their expression profiles in the colonic mucosa of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), aligning them with IBD disease endoscopic and histologic activity. METHODS Colonic mucosal biopsies from CD/UC patients were sampled, and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate the expression of MC3R and MC5R. Colonic sampling was performed on both traits with endoscopic scores (Mayo endoscopic score and CD endoscopic index of severity) consistent with inflamed mucosa and not consistent with disease activity (i.e., normal appearing mucosa). RESULTS In both CD and UC inflamed mucosa, MC3R (CD: + 7.7 fold vs normal mucosa, P < 0.01; UC: + 12 fold vs normal mucosa, P < 0.01) and MC5R (CD: + 5.5 fold vs normal mucosa, P < 0.01; UC: + 8.1 fold vs normal mucosa, P < 0.01) were significantly more expressed compared to normal mucosa. CONCLUSION MC3R and MC5R are expressed in the colon of IBD patients. Furthermore, expression may differ according to disease endoscopic activity, with a higher degree of expression in the traits affected by disease activity in both CD and UC, suggesting a potential use of these receptors in IBD pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Gerarda Gravina
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Iacopo Panarese
- Pathology Division, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Michele D'Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pellegrino
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Franca Ferraraccio
- Pathology Division, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Roberto Alfano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Paolo Grieco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
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2
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Gravina AG, Pellegrino R, Durante T, Palladino G, Imperio G, D'Amico G, Trotta MC, Dallio M, Romeo M, D'Amico M, Federico A. The Melanocortin System in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Insights into Its Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials. Cells 2023; 12:1889. [PMID: 37508552 PMCID: PMC10378568 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin system is a complex set of molecular mediators and receptors involved in many physiological and homeostatic processes. These include the regulation of melanogenesis, steroidogenesis, neuromodulation and the modulation of inflammatory processes. In the latter context, the system has assumed importance in conditions of chronic digestive inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), in which numerous experiences have been accumulated in mouse models of colitis. Indeed, information on how such a system can counteract colitis inflammation and intervene in the complex cytokine imbalance in the intestinal microenvironment affected by chronic inflammatory damage has emerged. This review summarises the evidence acquired so far and highlights that molecules interfering with the melanocortin system could represent new drugs for treating IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Gerarda Gravina
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pellegrino
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Tommaso Durante
- Mental Health Department, S. Pio Hospital, Via dell'Angelo, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Giovanna Palladino
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Imperio
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Romeo
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele D'Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
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3
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Ng TF, Taylor AW. Stimulating the Melanocortin System in Uveitis and Diabetes Preserves the Structure and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086928. [PMID: 37108092 PMCID: PMC10138492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous neuropeptide α-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (α-MSH) is a potent suppressor of inflammation and has an essential role in maintaining the normal anti-inflammatory microenvironment of the retina. While the therapeutic use of α-MSH peptide in uveitis and diabetic retinopathy models has been demonstrated, its short half-life and instability limit its use as a therapeutic drug. A comparable analog, PL-8331, which has a stronger affinity to melanocortin receptors, longer half-life, and, so far, is functionally identical to α-MSH, has the potential to deliver melanocortin-based therapy. We examined the effects of PL-8331 on two mouse models of retinal disease, Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis (EAU) and Diabetic Retinopathy (DR). PL-8331 therapy applied to mice with EAU suppressed EAU and preserved retinal structures. In diabetic mice, PL-8331 enhanced the survival of retinal cells and suppressed VEGF production in the retina. In addition, retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) from PL-8331-treated diabetic mice retained normal anti-inflammatory activity. The results demonstrated that the pan-melanocortin receptor agonist PL-8331 is a potent therapeutic drug to suppress inflammation, prevent retinal degeneration, and preserve the normal anti-inflammatory activity of RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat Fong Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Andrew W Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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4
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Du Y, Yan B. Ocular immune privilege and retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:288-304. [PMID: 36805720 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular tissue microenvironment is immune-privileged and uses multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms to prevent the induction of inflammation. The retinal pigment epithelium plays an essential role in ocular immune privilege. In addition to serving as a blood barrier separating the fenestrated choriocapillaris from the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium is a source of immunosuppressive cytokines and membrane-bound negative regulators that modulate the activity of immune cells within the retina. This article reviews the current understanding of how retinal pigment epithelium cells mediate immune regulation, focusing on the changes under pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Du
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, No. 133, Hehua Road, Taibaihu New District, Jining, Shandong 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yan
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, No. 133, Hehua Road, Taibaihu New District, Jining, Shandong 272067, People's Republic of China
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5
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Ng TF, Dawit K, Taylor AW. Melanocortin receptor agonists suppress experimental autoimmune uveitis. Exp Eye Res 2022; 218:108986. [PMID: 35196505 PMCID: PMC9050930 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system plays an essential role in the regulation of immune activity. The anti-inflammatory microenvironment of the eye is dependent on the expression of the melanocortin-neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). In addition, the melanocortin system may have a role in retinal development and retinal cell survival under conditions of retinal degeneration. We have found that treating experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) with α-MSH suppresses retinal inflammation. Also, this augmentation of the melanocortin system promotes immune tolerance and protection of the retinal structure. The benefit of α-MSH-therapy appears to be dependent on different melanocortin receptors. Therefore, we treated EAU mice with α-MSH-analogs with different melanocortin-receptor targets. This approach demonstrated which melanocortin-receptors suppress inflammation, preserve retinal structure, and induce immune tolerance in uveitis. At the chronic stage of EAU the mice were injected twice 1 day apart with 50 μg of α-MSH or an α-MSH-analog. The α-MSH-analogs were a pan-agonist PL8331, PL8177 (potent MC1r-only agonist), PL5000 (a pan-agonist with no MC5r functional activity), MT-II (same as PL5000) and PG901 (MC5r agonist, but also an antagonist to MC3r, and MC4r). Clinical EAU scores were measured until resolution in the α-MSH-treated mice, when the eyes were collected for histology, and spleen cells collected for retinal-antigen-stimulated cytokine production. Significant suppression of EAU was seen with α-MSH or PL8331 treatment. This was accompanied with significant preservation of retinal structure. A similar effect was seen in EAU-mice that were treated with PL8177, except the suppression of EAU was temporary. In EAU mice treated with PL5000, MTII, or PG901, there was no suppression of EAU with a significant loss in whole retina and outer-nuclear layer thickness. There was significant suppression of IL-17 with induction of IL-10 by retinal-antigen stimulated spleen T cells from EAU mice treated with α-MSH, PL8331, PL8177, or PL5000, but not from EAU mice treated with MT-II, or PG901. Our previous studies show the melanocortin system's importance in maintaining ocular immune privilege and that α-MSH-treatment accelerates recovery and induces retinal-antigen-specific regulatory immunity in EAU. Our current results show that this activity is centered around MC1r and MC5r. In addition, the results suggest that a therapeutic potential to target MC1r and MC5r together to suppress uveitis induces regulatory immunity with potentially maintaining a normal retinal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat Fong Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Kaleb Dawit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Andrew W Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, United States.
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6
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Ji RL, Huang L, Wang Y, Liu T, Fan SY, Tao M, Tao YX. Topmouth culter melanocortin-3 receptor: regulation by two isoforms of melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein 2. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:1489-1501. [PMID: 34678761 PMCID: PMC8630771 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) is a regulator of energy homeostasis, and interaction of MC3R and melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2) plays a critical role in MC3R signaling of mammals. However, the physiological roles of MC3R in teleosts are not well understood. In this study, qRT-PCR was used to measure gene expression. Radioligand binding assay was used to study the binding properties of topmouth culter MC3R (caMC3R). Intracellular cAMP generation was determined by RIA, and caMC3R expression was quantified with flow cytometry. We showed that culter mc3r had higher expression in the CNS. All agonists could bind and stimulate caMC3R to increase dose dependently intracellular cAMP accumulation. Compared to human MC3R, culter MC3R showed higher constitutive activity, higher efficacies, and Rmax to alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), des-α-MSH, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Both caMRAP2a and caMRAP2b markedly decreased caMC3R basal cAMP production. However, only caMRAP2a significantly decreased cell surface expression, Bmax, and Rmax of caMC3R. Expression analysis suggested that MRAP2a and MRAP2b might be more important in regulating MC3R/MC4R signaling during larval period, and reduced mc3r, mc4r, and pomc expression might be primarily involved in modulation of MC3R/MC4R in adults. These data indicated that the cloned caMC3R was a functional receptor. MRAP2a and MRAP2b had different effects on expression and signaling of caMC3R. In addition, expression analysis suggested that MRAP2s, receptors, and hormones might play different roles in regulating culter development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Lei Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Lu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Si-Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Tao or Y-X Tao: or
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Tao or Y-X Tao: or
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7
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Tenriola A, Hidayah N, Subair S, Massi MN, Handayani I, Natzir R, Djaharuddin I, Halik H. The Significance of Differences in Melanocortin 3 Levels and their Relationship with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Body Mass Index. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Melanocortin 3 Receptors (MC3R) levels plays a role in many biological systems, including energy homeostasis and regulation of fat metabolism. However, very few have researched the relationship between MC3R and tuberculosis (TB) and body mass index.
AIM: This study explores the differences in serum MC3R levels in active TB, household contacts, and control groups, as well as at different body mass index status. This study tries to find out the relationship between MC3R and other variables.
METHODS AND MATERIALS: Blood samples were taken from 53 active TB patients, 49 household contacts, and 30 healthy people as controls. The 132 samples were subjected to IGRA and ELISA examinations to determine differences in MC3R levels in all groups.
RESULTS: The highest mean of MC3R levels were found in the active TB group at 1.259.55 (p = 0.028) and had a positive correlation with a value of p = 0.008. In the sex group, men had the highest levels (p = 0.551). In the 30–49 year age group, the median value increased significantly in the three groups (p = 0.028), and there was a correlation between MC3R and the 17–29 year age group, although the correlation was negative (p = 0.021), in the 30–49 year age group with a positive correlation (p = 0.050). The mean MC3R value increased significantly in the overweight group in the three groups (p = 0.006) but did not significantly correlate.
CONCLUSION: The high level of MC3R in TB patients is related to its role as a defence against microbes that enter the body through the immune process to prevent further infection and inflammation. Meanwhile, high levels of MC3R in excess Body mass index were associated with the function of MC3R as an inhibitor of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to release α-MSH.
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8
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Galozzi P, Bindoli S, Luisetto R, Sfriso P, Ramonda R, Scanu A, Oliviero F. Regulation of crystal induced inflammation: current understandings and clinical implications. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:773-787. [PMID: 34053376 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1937129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Accumulation of abnormal crystals in the body, derived from endogenous or exogenous materials can drive a wide spectrum of inflammatory disease states. It is well established that intra-articular deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) and calcium pyrophoshate (CPP) crystals contributes to joint destruction through pro-inflammatory processes.Areas covered: This review will focus on current understanding and recent novelty about the mechanisms and the clinical implications of the inflammation induced by MSU and CPP crystals.Expert opinion: Advances in molecular biology reveal that at the base of the inflammatory cascade, stimulated by MSU or CPP crystals, there are many complex cellular mechanisms mainly involving the NLRP3 inflammasome, the hallmark of autoinflammatory syndromes. The extensive studies carried out through in vitro and in vivo models along with a better clinical definition of the disease has led to an optimized use of existing drugs and the introduction of novel therapeutic strategies. In particular, the identification of IL-1 as the most important target in gout and pseudogout has made it possible to expand the pharmacological indications of anti-IL-1 biological drugs, opening new therapeutic perspectives for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Galozzi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Bindoli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Luisetto
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology-DISCOG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Sfriso
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Ramonda
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Scanu
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Oliviero
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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9
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Ng TF, Manhapra A, Cluckey D, Choe Y, Vajram S, Taylor AW. Melanocortin 5 Receptor Expression and Recovery of Ocular Immune Privilege after Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021; 30:876-886. [PMID: 33617397 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1849735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The therapeutic use of the RPE-neuropeptide α-MSH suppresses experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). This suppression is partially through the α-MSH melanocortin 5 receptor (MC5r). Therefore, we examined the possible role of MC5r-expression in the recovery of RPE suppression of phagolysosome-activation in macrophages following α-MSH-treatment of EAUMethods: The conditioned media of cultured in situ RPE-eyecup from α-MSH-treated EAU wild-type and MC5r(-/-) mice were used to treat macrophages to assay for phagolysosome activation.Results: MC5r(-/-) mice treated with α-MSH recovered from EAU, but with greater retinal damage, and the RPE suppressed phagolysosome activation in wild type but not in MC5r(-/-) macrophages. In addition, α-MSH did not suppress phagolysosome activation in MC5r(-/-) macrophages, and resting-MC5r(-/-) macrophages had augmented phagocytic activity.Conclusion: α-MSH treatment of EAU mediates a MC5r-dependent recovery of RPE suppression of phagolysosome activation in macrophages possibly altering antigen processing and presentation. Also, MC5r-expression helps protect the retina from inflammatory damage. In addition, MC5r-expression is important in the homeostatic maintenance of phagosome-maturation within macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat Fong Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ambika Manhapra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Cluckey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoona Choe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Srujan Vajram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew W Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Oliviero F, Bindoli S, Scanu A, Feist E, Doria A, Galozzi P, Sfriso P. Autoinflammatory Mechanisms in Crystal-Induced Arthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:166. [PMID: 32426360 PMCID: PMC7203538 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal-induced arthritides have been classified as “type-1 autoinflammatory diseases” for their main features which resemble those of the monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes. They are in fact characterized by spontaneous onset, recurrence of the episodes, self-limitation and resolution, inflammasome activation with huge production of IL-1β and a prevalent involvement of the innate immune system. The term “auto” refers also to the induction of IL-1β gene expression, processing and secretion by IL-1β itself. The concept of autoinflammation in crystal-induced arthritis has been finally reinforced by the efficacy of IL-1 blockade in treating acute and chronic state of this disease. The aim of this article is to review the autoinflammatory mechanisms in crystal-induced arthritis, considering both clinical and molecular aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Oliviero
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Bindoli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Scanu
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eugen Feist
- Department of Rheumatology, Cooperation Partner of the Otto-von-Guericke, University Magdeburg, Helios Clinic, Vogelsang-Gommern, Germany
| | - Andrea Doria
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Galozzi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Sfriso
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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11
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Montero-Melendez T, Nagano A, Chelala C, Filer A, Buckley CD, Perretti M. Therapeutic senescence via GPCR activation in synovial fibroblasts facilitates resolution of arthritis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:745. [PMID: 32029712 PMCID: PMC7005314 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis affects individuals commonly during the most productive years of adulthood. Poor response rates and high costs associated with treatment mandate the search for new therapies. Here we show that targeting a specific G-protein coupled receptor promotes senescence in synovial fibroblasts, enabling amelioration of joint inflammation. Following activation of the melanocortin type 1 receptor (MC1), synovial fibroblasts acquire a senescence phenotype characterized by arrested proliferation, metabolic re-programming and marked gene alteration resembling the remodeling phase of wound healing, with increased matrix metalloproteinase expression and reduced collagen production. This biological response is attained by selective agonism of MC1, not shared by non-selective ligands, and dependent on downstream ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In vivo, activation of MC1 leads to anti-arthritic effects associated with induction of senescence in the synovial tissue and cartilage protection. Altogether, selective activation of MC1 is a viable strategy to induce cellular senescence, affording a distinct way to control joint inflammation and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Montero-Melendez
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK. .,Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Ai Nagano
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Claude Chelala
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.,Life Sciences Initiative, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Filer
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK. .,Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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12
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Can VC, Locke IC, Kaneva MK, Kerrigan MJP, Merlino F, De Pascale C, Grieco P, Getting SJ. Novel anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects of the human melanocortin MC1 receptor agonist BMS-470539 dihydrochloride and human melanocortin MC3 receptor agonist PG-990 on lipopolysaccharide activated chondrocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 872:172971. [PMID: 32004526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human melanocortin MC1 and MC3 receptors expressed on C-20/A4 chondrocytes exhibit chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects when activated by melanocortin peptides. Nearly 9 million people in the UK suffer from osteoarthritis, and bacterial infections play a role in its development. Here, we evaluate the effect of a panel of melanocortin peptides with different selectivity for human melanocortin MC1 (α-MSH, BMS-470539 dihydrochloride) and MC3 ([DTrp8]-γ-MSH, PG-990) receptors and C-terminal peptide α-MSH11-13(KPV), on inhibiting LPS-induced chondrocyte death, pro-inflammatory mediators and induction of anti-inflammatory proteins. C-20/A4 chondrocytes were treated with a panel of melanocortin peptides prophylactically and therapeutically in presence of LPS (0.1 μg/ml). The chondroprotective properties of these peptides determined by cell viability assay, RT-PCR, ELISA for detection of changes in inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8 and MMP-1, -3 and -13) and western blotting for expression of the anti-inflammatory protein heme-oxygenase-1. C-20/A4 expressed human melanocortin MC1 and MC3 receptors and melanocortin peptides elevated cAMP. LPS stimulation caused a reduction in C-20/A4 viability, attenuated by the human melanocortin MC1 receptor agonist BMS-470539 dihydrochloride, and MC3 receptor agonists PG-990 and [DTrp8]-γ-MSH. Prophylactic and therapeutic regimes of [DTrp8]-γ-MSH significantly inhibited LPS-induced modulation of cartilage-damaging IL-6, IL-8, MMPs -1,-3 and -13 mediators both prophylactically and therapeutically, whilst human melanocortin MC1 and MC3 receptor agonists promoted an increase in HO-1 production. In the presence of LPS, activation of human melanocortin MC1 and MC3 receptors provided potent chondroprotection, upregulation of anti-inflammatory proteins and downregulation of inflammatory and proteolytic mediators involved in cartilage degradation, suggesting a new avenue for osteoarthritis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedia C Can
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Ian C Locke
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Magdalena K Kaneva
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark J P Kerrigan
- Plymouth College of Art, Tavistock Place, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AT, UK
| | - Francesco Merlino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples, Via D. Montesano, 49 - 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Clara De Pascale
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Paolo Grieco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples, Via D. Montesano, 49 - 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Stephen J Getting
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
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Wang W, Guo DY, Lin YJ, Tao YX. Melanocortin Regulation of Inflammation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:683. [PMID: 31649620 PMCID: PMC6794349 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and α-, β-, and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormones (α-, β-, γ-MSH), collectively known as melanocortins, together with their receptors (melanocortin receptors), are components of an ancient modulatory system. The clinical use of ACTH in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis started in 1949, originally thought that the anti-inflammatory action was through hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and glucocorticoid-dependent. Subsequent decades have witnessed extensive attempts in unraveling the physiology and pharmacology of the melanocortin system. It is now known that ACTH, together with α-, β-, and γ-MSHs, also possess glucocorticoid-independent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects by activating the melanocortin receptors expressed in the brain or peripheral immune cells. This review will briefly introduce the melanocortin system and highlight the action of melanocortins in the regulation of immune functions from in vitro, in vivo, preclinical, and clinical studies. The potential therapeutic use of melanocortins are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Huli Guoyu Clinic, Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Dong-Yu Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Huli Guoyu Clinic, Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Dong-Yu Guo
| | - Yue-Jun Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Huli Guoyu Clinic, Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Ya-Xiong Tao
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Daoussis D, Kordas P. ACTH vs betamethasone for the treatment of acute gout in hospitalized patients: A randomized, open label, comparative study. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2018; 29:178-181. [PMID: 32185321 PMCID: PMC7046044 DOI: 10.31138/mjr.29.3.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hospitalized patients usually have significant comorbidities and receive multiple medications which leads to a high frequency of contraindications to standard treatment options for acute gout (NSAIDs, colchicine, steroids). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) has long been used in acute gout, exhibiting significant clinical efficacy and an excellent safety profile. Aim To assess 1) the clinical efficacy of ACTH in gout compared to betamethasone in hospitalized patients 2) the safety profile of ACTH vs betamethasone and 3) the effect of ACTH on immune responses and metabolic parameters. Methods This is a randomized, open label comparative study directly comparing ACTH vs betamethasone for acute gout. We plan to recruit 60 hospitalized patients who will be randomly assigned to either the ACTH or the betamethasone group on a 1:1 basis. Patients will be clinically assessed at baseline and at 24, 48, 72h and 5days time points. (Intensity of pain, physician and patient global assessment, tenderness, swelling and redness). Serum and plasma samples will be collected at baseline and at the 24, 48, 72h time points from all study subjects. We will assess the effect of ACTH vs betamethasone on several metabolic parameters concentrating on glucose homeostasis. Results The study is currently recruiting patients. Conclusions If the efficacy and safety profile of ACTH is verified in this randomized controlled trial, the use of ACTH for the treatment of gout in the hospital setting will be strongly supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Daoussis
- University Hospital of Patras, University of Patras Medical School, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Rheumatology
| | - Panagiotis Kordas
- University Hospital of Patras, University of Patras Medical School, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Rheumatology
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15
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Taylor AW, Ng TF. Negative regulators that mediate ocular immune privilege. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1179-1187. [PMID: 29431864 PMCID: PMC6240388 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0817-337r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular microenvironment has adapted several negative regulators of inflammation to maintain immune privilege and health of the visual axis. Several constitutively produced negative regulators within the eye TGF-β2, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), Fas ligand (FasL), and PD-L1 standout because of their capacity to influence multiple pathways of inflammation, and that they are part of promoting immune tolerance. These regulators demonstrate the capacity of immune privilege to prevent the activation of inflammation, and to suppress activation of effector immune cells even under conditions of ocular inflammation induced by endotoxin and autoimmune disease. In addition, these negative regulators promote and expand immune cells that mediate regulatory and tolerogenic immunity. This in turn makes the immune cells themselves negative regulators of inflammation. This provides for a greater understanding of immune privilege in that it includes both molecular and cellular negative regulators of inflammation. This would mean that potentially new approaches to the treatment of autoimmune disease can be developed through the use of molecules and cells as negative regulators of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Taylor
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tat Fong Ng
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Andersen M, Nagaev I, Meyer MK, Nagaeva O, Wikberg J, Mincheva-Nilsson L, Andersen G. Melanocortin 2, 3 and 4 Receptor Gene Expressions are Downregulated in CD8+T Cytotoxic Lymphocytes and CD19+B Lymphocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis Responding to TNF-αInhibition. Scand J Immunol 2017; 86:31-39. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Andersen
- Department of Rheumatology; North Denmark Regional Hospital; Hjørring Denmark
- Department of Health Science and Technology; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
| | - I. Nagaev
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; Division of Clinical Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - M. K. Meyer
- Department of Health Science and Technology; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
- Centre of Clinical Science; North Denmark Regional Hospital; Hjørring Denmark
| | - O. Nagaeva
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; Division of Clinical Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - J. Wikberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - L. Mincheva-Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; Division of Clinical Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - G. N. Andersen
- Department of Rheumatology; North Denmark Regional Hospital; Hjørring Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
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17
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Oliviero F, Scanu A. How Factors Involved in the Resolution of Crystal-Induced Inflammation Target IL-1β. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:164. [PMID: 28400732 PMCID: PMC5368178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main clinical features characterizing crystal-induced inflammation is its spontaneous resolution. The aim of this review is to outline the various factors involved in the self-limiting course of crystal-induced inflammation focusing on their effect on IL-1β production. Endogenous molecules that are induced or locally recruited by the process itself, inhibitory proteins naturally present in the joint and exogenous dietary factors are discussed. Aside from the classical well-known molecules involved in the resolution of crystal-induced acute attack such as TGFβ, IL-10, IL-1Ra, and lipoproteins, particular attention is paid to recently uncovered mechanisms such as the aggregation of neutrophil extracellular traps, the release of ectosomes from neutrophil surface, and alpha-1-anti-trypsin-mediated IL-1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Oliviero
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Scanu
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova Padova, Italy
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18
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Montero-Melendez T, Forfar RAE, Cook JM, Jerman JC, Taylor DL, Perretti M. Old drugs with new skills: fenoprofen as an allosteric enhancer at melanocortin receptor 3. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:1335-1345. [PMID: 27853832 PMCID: PMC5346439 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of drug research and development has paradoxically declined over the last decades despite major scientific and technological advances, promoting new cost-effective strategies such as drug repositioning by systematic screening for new actions of known drugs. Here, we performed a screening for positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) at melanocortin (MC) receptors. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug fenoprofen, but not the similar compound ibuprofen, presented PAM activity at MC3, MC4, and MC5 receptors. In a model of inflammatory arthritis, fenoprofen afforded potent inhibition while ibuprofen was nearly inactive. Fenoprofen presented anti-arthritic actions on cartilage integrity and synovitis, effects markedly attenuated in Mc3r−/− mice. Fenoprofen displayed pro-resolving properties promoting macrophage phagocytosis and efferocytosis, independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. In conclusion, combining repositioning with advances in G-protein coupled receptor biology (allosterism) may lead to potential new therapeutics. In addition, MC3 PAMs emerged as a viable approach to the development of innovative therapeutics for joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Montero-Melendez
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Rachel A E Forfar
- Medical Research Council Technology, Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AD, UK
| | - Jennifer M Cook
- Medical Research Council Technology, Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AD, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Jerman
- Medical Research Council Technology, Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AD, UK
| | - Debra L Taylor
- Medical Research Council Technology, Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AD, UK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
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19
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Abstract
The melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) is a member of the family A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The MC3R remains the most enigmatic of the melanocortin receptors with regard to its physiological functions, especially its role in energy homeostasis. The N/DPxxY motif and the eighth helix (helix 8) in the carboxyl terminus of GPCRs have been identified to be important for receptor expression, ligand binding, signal transduction and internalization. To gain a better understanding of the structure-function relationship of MC3R, we performed a systematic study of all 20 residues in this domain using alanine-scanning mutagenesis. We showed that although all mutants were expressed normally on the cell surface, eleven residues were important for ligand binding and one was indispensable for downstream cAMP generation. F347A showed constitutive activity in cAMP signaling while all the other mutants had normal basal activities. We studied the signaling capacity of nine mutants in the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. All of these mutants showed normal basal ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels. The pERK1/2 levels of six binding- or signaling-defective mutants were enhanced upon agonist stimulation. The unbalanced cAMP and pERK1/2 signaling pathways suggested the existence of biased signaling in MC3R mutants. In summary, we showed that the DPLIY motif and helix 8 was important for MC3R activation and signal transduction. Our data led to a better understanding of the structure-function relationship of MC3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Department of AnatomyPhysiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 212 Greene Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USASchool of Applied Chemistry and Biological TechnologyShenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of AnatomyPhysiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 212 Greene Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USASchool of Applied Chemistry and Biological TechnologyShenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China Department of AnatomyPhysiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 212 Greene Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USASchool of Applied Chemistry and Biological TechnologyShenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of AnatomyPhysiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 212 Greene Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USASchool of Applied Chemistry and Biological TechnologyShenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
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20
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Montero-Melendez T, Gobbetti T, Cooray SN, Jonassen TEN, Perretti M. Biased agonism as a novel strategy to harness the proresolving properties of melanocortin receptors without eliciting melanogenic effects. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3381-8. [PMID: 25725103 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for novel approaches to control pathologies with overexuberant inflammatory reactions. Targeting melanocortin (MC) receptors represents a promising therapy for obesity and chronic inflammation, but lack of selectivity and safety concerns limit development. A new way to increase selectivity of biological effects entails the identification of biased agonists. In this study, we characterize the small molecule AP1189 as a biased agonist at receptors MC1 and MC3. Although not provoking canonical cAMP generation, AP1189 addition to MC1 or MC3, but not empty vector, transfected HEK293 cells caused ERK1/2 phosphorylation, a signaling responsible for the proefferocytic effect evoked in mouse primary macrophages. Added to macrophage cultures, AP1189 reduced cytokine release, an effect reliant on both MC1 and MC3 as evident from the use of Mc1r(-/-) and Mc3r(-/-) macrophages. No melanogenesis was induced by AP1189 in B16-F10 melanocytes. In vivo, oral AP1189 elicited anti-inflammatory actions in peritonitis and, upon administration at the peak of inflammation, accelerated the resolution phase by ∼3-fold. Finally, given the clinical efficacy of adrenocorticotropin in joint diseases, AP1189 was tested in experimental inflammatory arthritis, where this biased agonist afforded significant reduction of macroscopic and histological parameters of joint disruption. These proof-of-concept analyses with AP1189, an active oral anti-inflammatory and resolution-promoting compound, indicate that biased agonism at MC receptors is an innovative, viable approach to yield novel anti-inflammatory molecules endowed with a more favorable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Montero-Melendez
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas Gobbetti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sadani N Cooray
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas E N Jonassen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
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21
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Mohammad S, Giattino SL, Keenan RT. Current and Emerging Therapies for Gout. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40674-015-0015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Management of gout and hyperuricemia. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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23
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Abstract
The melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) regulates several physiological functions, including feed efficiency, nutrient partitioning, fasting response, natriuresis, and immune reactions. Naturally occurring mutations in the MC3R gene have been shown to be associated with increased adiposity and lung diseases such as tuberculosis and cystic fibrosis. The DRY motif at the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane domain 3 (TM3) and the second intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) are known to be important for receptor function in several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). To gain a better understanding of the functions of this domain in MC3R, we performed alanine-scanning mutagenesis on 18 residues. We showed that alanine mutation of 11 residues reduced the maximal binding and maximal cAMP production stimulated by agonists. Mutation of two residues did not change maximal binding but resulted in impaired signaling in the Gs-cAMP pathway. Mutation of five residues impaired signaling in the ERK1/2 pathway. We have also shown that alanine mutants of seven residues that were defective in the cAMP pathway were not defective in the ERK1/2 pathway, demonstrating biased signaling. In summary, we demonstrated that the cytoplasmic end of TM3 and the ICL2 were critical for MC3R function. We also reported for the first time biased signaling in MC3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Department of AnatomyPhysiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 212 Greene Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of AnatomyPhysiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 212 Greene Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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24
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Kaneva MK, Kerrigan MJ, Grieco P, Curley GP, Locke IC, Getting SJ. Melanocortin peptides protect chondrocytes from mechanically induced cartilage injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:336-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Exploiting Endogenous Anti-Inflammatory Pathways as a Therapeutic Approach to Multiorgan Inflammatory Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2154-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Ahmed TJ, Kaneva MK, Pitzalis C, Cooper D, Perretti M. Resolution of inflammation: examples of peptidergic players and pathways. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1166-71. [PMID: 24880108 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Appreciation for the resolution of inflammation has increased in recent years, with the detailing of specific mediators and pathways and the identification of (receptor) targets that could be exploited for innovative anti-inflammatory drug discovery programmes. Thus, acute inflammation resolves by the intervention of endogenous anti-inflammatory mediators that reduce white blood cell recruitment and promote removal of migrated leukocytes by apoptosis and phagocytosis by resident 'cleaners', such as the macrophages, resulting ultimately in the repair of the inflamed or injured tissue. Here, we explore a selection of pro-resolving proteinaceous mediators and targets, such as melanocortins and galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazeen J Ahmed
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Magdalena K Kaneva
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Dianne Cooper
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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27
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Zmijewski MA, Slominski AT. Is Mc1r an important regulator of non-pigmentary responses to UV radiation? Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:790-1. [PMID: 24279915 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
MC1R is recognized for its role in the regulation of melanin pigmentation. In addition, many investigators believe that it also plays a crucial role in immunomodulation (immunosuppression) and in melanogenesis-independent protective responses against ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Surprisingly, Wolnicka-Glubisz et al. have shown that loss of function in the MC1R has no effect on inflammatory responses and immunosuppression induced by UVR in C57BL/6 mice as well as on the degree of UVA-induced DNA damage in the epidermis and dermis. These findings, by challenging the existing dogmas on the precise role of MC1R in non-pigmentary responses to the UVR, mandate further research to either validate the presented data or to define to which degree these phenomena are restricted to the C57BL/6 mouse model or are applicable to other species including humans. The alternative target for immunomodulation is represented by MC3R. However, cutaneous expression of MC3R remains to be demonstrated.
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28
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Association between periodontal disease and inflammatory arthritis reveals modulatory functions by melanocortin receptor type 3. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2333-41. [PMID: 24979595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Because there is clinical evidence for an association between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis, it is important to develop suitable experimental models to explore pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. The K/BxN serum model of inflammatory arthritis was applied using distinct protocols, and modulation of joint disruption afforded by dexamethasone and calcitonin was established in comparison to the melanocortin (MC) receptor agonist DTrp(8)-γ-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH; DTrp). Wild-type and MC receptor type 3 (MC3)-null mice of different ages were also used. There was significant association between severity of joint disease, induced with distinct protocols and volumes of the arthritogenic K/BxN serum, and periodontal bone damage. Therapeutic treatment with 10 μg dexamethasone, 30 ng elcatonin, and 20 μg DTrp per mouse revealed unique and distinctive pharmacological properties, with only DTrp protecting both joint and periodontal tissue. Further analyses in nonarthritic animals revealed higher susceptibility to periodontal bone loss in Mc3r(-/-) compared with wild-type mice, with significant exacerbation at 14 weeks of age. These data reveal novel protective properties of endogenous MC3 on periodontal status in health and disease and indicate that MC3 activation could lead to the development of a new genus of anti-arthritic bone-sparing therapeutics.
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29
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Daoussis D, Antonopoulos I, Andonopoulos AP. ACTH as a treatment for acute crystal-induced arthritis: Update on clinical evidence and mechanisms of action. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2014; 43:648-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Caruso C, Carniglia L, Durand D, Scimonelli TN, Lasaga M. Astrocytes: new targets of melanocortin 4 receptor actions. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 51:R33-50. [PMID: 23881919 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes exert a wide variety of functions with paramount importance in brain physiology. After injury or infection, astrocytes become reactive and they respond by producing a variety of inflammatory mediators that help maintain brain homeostasis. Loss of astrocyte functions as well as their excessive activation can contribute to disease processes; thus, it is important to modulate reactive astrocyte response. Melanocortins are peptides with well-recognized anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activity. Although melanocortin efficacy was shown in systemic models of inflammatory disease, mechanisms involved in their effects have not yet been fully elucidated. Central anti-inflammatory effects of melanocortins and their mechanisms are even less well known, and, in particular, the effects of melanocortins in glial cells are poorly understood. Of the five known melanocortin receptors (MCRs), only subtype 4 is present in astrocytes. MC4R has been shown to mediate melanocortin effects on energy homeostasis, reproduction, inflammation, and neuroprotection and, recently, to modulate astrocyte functions. In this review, we will describe MC4R involvement in anti-inflammatory, anorexigenic, and anti-apoptotic effects of melanocortins in the brain. We will highlight MC4R action in astrocytes and discuss their possible mechanisms of action. Melanocortin effects on astrocytes provide a new means of treating inflammation, obesity, and neurodegeneration, making them attractive targets for therapeutic interventions in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Caruso
- School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 piso 10, 1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina IFEC (CONICET) Department of Pharmacology, School of Chemistry, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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31
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Daoussis D, Antonopoulos I, Yiannopoulos G, Andonopoulos AP. ACTH as first line treatment for acute calcium pyrophosphate crystal arthritis in 14 hospitalized patients. Joint Bone Spine 2013; 81:98-100. [PMID: 23809214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Daoussis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, 26504 Rion, Patras, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Antonopoulos
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, 26504 Rion, Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios Yiannopoulos
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, 26504 Rion, Patras, Greece
| | - Andrew P Andonopoulos
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, 26504 Rion, Patras, Greece
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The neuropeptides α-MSH and NPY modulate phagocytosis and phagolysosome activation in RAW 264.7 cells. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 260:9-16. [PMID: 23689030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Within the immunosuppressive ocular microenvironment, there are constitutively present the immunomodulating neuropeptides alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) that promote suppressor functionality in macrophages. In this study, we examined the possibility that α-MSH and NPY modulate phagocytic activity in macrophages. The macrophages treated with α-MSH and NPY were significantly suppressed in their capacity to phagocytize unopsonized Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bioparticles, but not antibody-opsonized bioparticles. The neuropeptides significantly suppressed phagolysosome activation, and the FcR-associated generation of reactive oxidative species as well. This suppression corresponds to neuropeptide modulation of macrophage functionality within the ocular microenvironment to suppress the activation of immunogenic inflammation.
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Curbing Inflammation through Endogenous Pathways: Focus on Melanocortin Peptides. Int J Inflam 2013; 2013:985815. [PMID: 23738228 PMCID: PMC3664505 DOI: 10.1155/2013/985815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation is now known to be an active process, armed with a multitude of mediators both lipid and protein in nature. Melanocortins are peptides endowed with considerable promise with their proresolution and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical models of inflammatory disease, with tissue protective effects. These peptides and their targets are appealing because they can be seen as a natural way of inducing these effects as they harness endogenous pathways of control. Whereas most of the information generated about these mediators derives from several acute models of inflammation (such as zymosan induced peritonitis), there is some indication that these mediators may inhibit chronic inflammation by modulating cytokines, chemokines, and leukocyte apoptosis. In addition, proresolving mediators and their mimics have often been tested alongside therapeutic protocols, hence have been tested in settings more relevant to real life clinical scenarios. We provide here an overview on some of these mediators with a focus on melanocortin peptides and receptors, proposing that they may unveil new opportunities for innovative treatments of inflammatory arthritis.
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Kaneva MK, Kerrigan MJP, Grieco P, Curley GP, Locke IC, Getting SJ. Chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory role of melanocortin peptides in TNF-α activated human C-20/A4 chondrocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:67-79. [PMID: 22471953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Melanocortin MC(1) and MC(3 ) receptors, mediate the anti-inflammatory effects of melanocortin peptides. Targeting these receptors could therefore lead to development of novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents. We investigated the expression of MC(1) and MC(3) receptors on chondrocytes and the role of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and the selective MC(3) receptor agonist, [DTRP(8) ]-γ-MSH, in modulating production of inflammatory cytokines, tissue-destructive proteins and induction of apoptotic pathway(s) in the human chondrocytic C-20/A4 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of α-MSH, [DTRP(8) ]-γ-MSH alone or in the presence of the MC(3/4) receptor antagonist, SHU9119, on TNF-α induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, MMPs, apoptotic pathway(s) and cell death in C-20/A4 chondrocytes were investigated, along with their effect on the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. KEY RESULTS C-20/A4 chondrocytes expressed functionally active MC(1,3) receptors. α-MSH and [DTRP(8) ]-γ-MSH treatment, for 30 min before TNF-α stimulation, provided a time-and-bell-shaped concentration-dependent decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) release and increased release of the chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, whilst decreasing expression of MMP1, MMP3, MMP13 genes.α-MSH and [DTRP(8) ]-γ-MSH treatment also inhibited TNF-α-induced caspase-3/7 activation and chondrocyte death. The effects of [DTRP(8) ]-γ-MSH, but not α-MSH, were abolished by the MC(3/4) receptor antagonist, SHU9119. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Activation of MC(1) /MC(3) receptors in C-20/A4 chondrocytes down-regulated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cartilage-destroying proteinases, inhibited initiation of apoptotic pathways and promoted release of chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Developing small molecule agonists to MC(1) /MC(3) receptors could be a viable approach for developing chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory therapies in rheumatoid and osteoarthritis.
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Daoussis D, Antonopoulos I, Yiannopoulos G, Andonopoulos AP. ACTH as first line treatment for acute gout in 181 hospitalized patients. Joint Bone Spine 2012. [PMID: 23195793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed at assessing the efficacy and safety of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) for the treatment of acute gout in hospitalized patients. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed our inpatient consultation records and identified 181 cases of gout where ACTH was used as first line treatment. The hospital medical records of these patients were fully reviewed. A total of 181 patients were treated with 1mg of synthetic ACTH intramuscularly. RESULTS A response was seen in 77.90% of patients and was evident the day following ACTH injection. The majority of non-responders (87.50%) were treated once more with ACTH the day following the first injection; 82.85% of these patients responded. A relatively small percentage of responders suffered a second gouty attack (11.34%) at a median of four days from the initial attack. They were retreated with a single ACTH course and all responded. Blood pressure and potassium levels remained stable 24 and 48 hours following ACTH administration. Diabetic patients showed an increase in fasting glucose levels 24 hours following the injection compared to baseline but this increase was not evident at 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that ACTH is effective and safe for the treatment of gout in hospitalized patients. ACTH is an attractive therapeutic option for hospitalized patients since the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids or colchicine in this patient population may be problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Daoussis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, 26504 Rion, Patras, Greece.
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Henagan TM, Forney L, Dietrich MA, Harrell BR, Stewart LK. Melanocortin receptor expression is associated with reduced CRP in response to resistance training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:393-400. [PMID: 22678961 PMCID: PMC4422369 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00107.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The existing paradigm of exercise-induced decreases in chronic inflammation focuses on the expression of inflammatory receptors on systemic monocytes in response to exercise training, with the role of anti-inflammatory receptors largely ignored. Our recent preliminary studies indicate that the anti-inflammatory melanocortin receptors (MCRs) may play a role in modulating exercise-induced decreases in chronic inflammation. Here, we present a study designed to determine the effect of intense, resistance exercise training on systemic monocyte MCR expression. Because low-grade chronic inflammation is associated with elevated cardiometabolic risk in healthy populations and exercise decreases chronic inflammation, we investigated the associations between systemic monocyte cell surface expression of MCRs and inflammatory markers as a possible mechanism for the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects of resistance training. To this end, the present study includes 40 adults (aged 19-27 yr) and implements a 12-wk periodized, intensive resistance training intervention. Melanocortin 1 and 3 receptor expression on systemic monocytes and inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-10, were measured before and after the intervention. Resistance training significantly altered MCR systemic monocyte cell surface expression, had no chronic effects on IL-6, IL-1β, or IL-10 expression, but significantly decreased CRP levels from a moderate to a low cardiovascular disease risk category. More specifically, decreased melanocortin 3 receptor expression significantly correlated with decreased CRP, independent of changes in adiposity. These data suggest that the observed responses in MCR expression and decreases in cardiovascular disease risk in response to resistance training represent an important anti-inflammatory mechanism in regulating exercise-induced decreases in chronic inflammation that occur independent of chronic changes in systemic cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Henagan
- Neurosignaling Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Montero-Melendez T, Patel HB, Seed M, Nielsen S, Jonassen TEN, Perretti M. The melanocortin agonist AP214 exerts anti-inflammatory and proresolving properties. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:259-69. [PMID: 21703408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic and natural melanocortin (MC) peptides afford inhibitory properties in inflammation and tissue injury, but characterization of receptor involvement is still elusive. We used the agonist AP214 to test MC-dependent anti-inflammatory effects. In zymosan peritonitis, treatment of mice with AP214 (400 to 800 μg/kg) inhibited cell infiltration, an effect retained in MC receptor type 1, or MC(1), mutant mice but lost in MC(3) null mice. In vitro, cytokine release from zymosan-stimulated macrophages was affected by AP214, with approximately 80%, 30%, and 40% reduction in IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6, respectively. Inhibition of IL-1β release was retained in MC(1) mutant cells but was lost in MC(3) null cells. Furthermore, AP214 augmented uptake of zymosan particles and human apoptotic neutrophils by wild-type macrophages: this proresolving property was lost in MC(3) null macrophages. AP214 displayed its pro-efferocytotic effect also in vivo. Finally, in a model of inflammatory arthritis, AP214 evoked significant reductions in the clinical score. These results indicate that AP214 elicits anti-inflammatory responses, with a preferential effect on IL-1β release. Furthermore, we describe for the first time a positive modulation of an MC agonist on the process of efferocytosis. In all cases, endogenous MC(3) is the receptor that mediates these novel properties of AP214. These findings might clarify the tissue-protective properties of AP214 in clinical settings and may open further development for novel MC agonists.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Blotting, Western
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Male
- Melanocortins/agonists
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation/genetics
- Neutrophils/cytology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Peritonitis/drug therapy
- Peritonitis/metabolism
- Peritonitis/pathology
- Phagocytosis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/physiology
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- alpha-MSH/analogs & derivatives
- alpha-MSH/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Montero-Melendez
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Physiological roles of the melanocortin MC₃ receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:13-20. [PMID: 21211527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin MC(3) receptor remains the most enigmatic of the melanocortin receptors with regard to its physiological functions. The receptor is expressed both in the CNS and in multiple tissues in the periphery. It appears to be an inhibitory autoreceptor on proopiomelanocortin neurons, yet global deletion of the receptor causes an obesity syndrome. Knockout of the receptor increases adipose mass without a readily measurable increase in food intake or decrease in energy expenditure. And finally, no melanocortin MC(3) receptor null humans have been identified and associations between variant alleles of the melanocortin MC(3) receptor and diseases remain controversial, so the physiological role of the receptor in humans remains to be determined.
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40
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Terkeltaub R. The management of gout and hyperuricemia. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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41
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Humphreys MH, Ni XP, Pearce D. Cardiovascular effects of melanocortins. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:43-52. [PMID: 21199648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortins (MSH's) are three structurally related peptides derived from proopiomelanocortin. They regulate several physiologic functions including energy metabolism, appetite, and inflammation. Recent work in rodents has also identified important effects of MSH's, particularly γ-MSH, on sodium metabolism and blood pressure regulation. Normal rats and mice respond to a high sodium diet with an increase in the plasma concentration of γ-MSH, and remain normotensive, while those with genetic or pharmacologic γ-MSH deficiency become hypertensive on a high sodium diet. This hypertension is corrected by exogenous administration of the peptide. Mice lacking the γ-MSH receptor (the melanocortin 3 receptor, Mc3r) also become hypertensive on a high sodium diet but remain so when administered γ-MSH, and infusions of physiologic levels of the peptide stimulate urinary sodium excretion in normal rats and mice, but not in mice with deletion of Mc3r. The salt-sensitive hypertension in rodents with impaired γ-MSH signaling appears due to stimulation of noradrenergic activity, since plasma noradrenaline is increased and the hypertension is rapidly corrected with infusion of the α-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine. In contrast to the antihypertensive property of physiologic levels of γ-MSH, intravenous or intracerebroventricular injections of high levels of the peptide raise blood pressure. This occurs in mice lacking Mc3r, indicating an interaction with some other central receptor. Finally, the salt-sensitive hypertension in rodents with disruption of γ-MSH signaling is accompanied by insulin resistance, an observation which offers a new window into the study of the association of salt-sensitive hypertension with insulin resistance and type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, San Francisco General Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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42
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Patel HB, Bombardieri M, Sampaio ALF, D’Acquisto F, Gray M, Grieco P, Getting SJ, Pitzalis C, Perretti M. Anti‐inflammatory and antiosteoclastogenesis properties of endogenous melanocortin receptor type 3 in experimental arthritis. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10.167759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hetal B. Patel
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Michele Bombardieri
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of London London UK
| | - André L. F. Sampaio
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Fulvio D’Acquisto
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Mohini Gray
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation, Queen's Building, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Paolo Grieco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and ToxicologyUniversity of Naples Naples Italy
| | | | - Costantino Pitzalis
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of London London UK
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43
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Patel HB, Bombardieri M, Sampaio ALF, D'Acquisto F, Gray M, Grieco P, Getting SJ, Pitzalis C, Perretti M. Anti-inflammatory and antiosteoclastogenesis properties of endogenous melanocortin receptor type 3 in experimental arthritis. FASEB J 2010; 24:4835-43. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-167759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hetal B. Patel
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michele Bombardieri
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - André L. F. Sampaio
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fulvio D'Acquisto
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mohini Gray
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation, Queen's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paolo Grieco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy; and
| | | | - Costantino Pitzalis
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Semple F, Webb S, Li HN, Patel HB, Perretti M, Jackson IJ, Gray M, Davidson DJ, Dorin JR. Human beta-defensin 3 has immunosuppressive activity in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1073-8. [PMID: 20104491 PMCID: PMC2948537 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Beta-defensins are antimicrobial peptides with an essential role in the innate immune response. In addition beta-defensins can also chemoattract cells involved in adaptive immunity. Until now, based on evidence from dendritic cell stimulation, human beta defensin-3 (hBD3) was considered pro-inflammatory. We present evidence here that hBD3 lacks pro-inflammatory activity in human and mouse primary Mphi. In addition, in the presence of LPS, hBD3 and the murine orthologue Defb14 (but not hBD2), effectively inhibit TNF-alpha and IL-6 accumulation implying an anti-inflammatory function. hBD3 also inhibits CD40/IFN-gamma stimulation of Mphi and in vivo, hBD3 significantly reduces the LPS-induced TNF-alpha level in serum. Recent work has revealed that hBD3 binds melanocortin receptors but we provide evidence that these are not involved in hBD3 immunomodulatory activity. This implies a dual role for hBD3 in antimicrobial activity and resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Semple
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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Abstract
Gout, a disease recognized since antiquity, has increased in prevalence in recent years and the clinical profile of this disease has become increasingly complex, owing to large numbers of cases with iatrogenic factors, multiple comorbidities, advanced age, and hyperuricemia and arthritis refractory to treatment. In this Review, key advances in gout research made during the past decade are summarized. Revised strategies for safe and effective employment of dietary measures and pharmacologic treatments for active gouty arthritis, prevention of gout flares and urate lowering are also reviewed, with an emphasis on dosing of colchicine and allopurinol, and the evidence-based approach to systemic glucocorticosteroid treatment of acute gout. Also discussed are new and emerging treatments for gout and hyperuricemia, and the potential influence of dual energy CT imaging on treatment. In this context, the therapeutic role of febuxostat, and clinical development of pegylated uricase urate-lowering therapy and interleukin 1 antagonism for gouty inflammation are reviewed. Collectively, novel approaches will hopefully lead to improved management of hyperuricemia and gout, and also to improvements in patient-centered outcomes, even for those who have previously failed to respond to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Terkeltaub
- Rheumatology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, CA 92161, USA.
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46
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Patel HB, Leoni G, Melendez TM, Sampaio ALF, Perretti M. Melanocortin Control of Cell Trafficking in Vascular Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 681:88-106. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6354-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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47
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Tanaka M, Suganami T, Sugita S, Shimoda Y, Kasahara M, Aoe S, Takeya M, Takeda S, Kamei Y, Ogawa Y. Role of central leptin signaling in renal macrophage infiltration. Endocr J 2010; 57:61-72. [PMID: 19851035 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k09e-296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are key mediators of wound repair, tissue remodeling, and inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage recruitment to the site of inflammation is not fully understood. Leptin acts directly on the hypothalamus, thereby regulating food intake and energy expenditure. The leptin receptor, a single transmembrane protein that belongs to the gp130 family of cytokine receptor superfamily, is expressed not only in the hypothalamus but in a variety of peripheral tissues, suggesting the role of leptin as a pro-inflammatory adipocytokine in peripheral tissues. Here, we show that deficiency of leptin signaling reduces renal macrophage infiltration after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Bone marrow transplantation studies using leptin signaling-deficient db/db mice revealed that leptin signaling in bone marrow cells may not play a major role in the UUO-induced renal macrophage infiltration. Interestingly, central leptin administration reverses the otherwise reduced UUO-induced renal macrophage infiltration in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. This is effectively abolished by central co-administration of SHU9119, a melanocortin-3 receptor/melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist. This study demonstrates that central leptin administration in ob/ ob mice accelerates renal macrophage infiltration through the melanocortin system, thereby suggesting that the central nervous system, which is inherent to integrate information from throughout the organism, is able to control peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Popa‐Nita
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL‐CHUQ, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University Québec Canada
| | - Paul H Naccache
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL‐CHUQ, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University Québec Canada
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Capsoni F, Ongari AM, Reali E, Catania A. Melanocortin peptides inhibit urate crystal-induced activation of phagocytic cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R151. [PMID: 19814819 PMCID: PMC2787256 DOI: 10.1186/ar2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The melanocortin peptides have marked anti-inflammatory potential, primarily through inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production and action on phagocytic cell functions. Gout is an acute form of arthritis caused by the deposition of urate crystals, in which phagocytic cells and cytokines play a major pathogenic role. We examined whether alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and its synthetic derivative (CKPV)2 influence urate crystal-induced monocyte (Mo) activation and neutrophil responses in vitro. METHODS Purified Mos were stimulated with monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the presence or absence of melanocortin peptides. The supernatants were tested for their ability to induce neutrophil activation in terms of chemotaxis, production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), and membrane expression of CD11b, Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) and TLR4. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and caspase-1 were determined in the cell-free supernatants. In parallel experiments, purified neutrophils were preincubated overnight with or without melanocortin peptides before the functional assays. RESULTS The supernatants from MSU crystal-stimulated Mos exerted chemoattractant and priming activity on neutrophils, estimated as ROI production and CD11b membrane expression. The supernatants of Mos stimulated with MSU in the presence of melanocortin peptides had less chemoattractant activity for neutrophils and less ability to prime neutrophils for CD11b membrane expression and oxidative burst. MSU crystal-stimulated Mos produced significant levels of IL-1beta, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and caspase-1. The concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, but not of caspase-1, were reduced in the supernatants from Mos stimulated by MSU crystals in the presence of melanocortin peptides. Overnight incubation of neutrophils with the peptides significantly inhibited their ability to migrate toward chemotactic supernatants and their capacity to be primed in terms of ROI production. CONCLUSIONS Alpha-MSH and (CKPV)2 have a dual effect on MSU crystal-induced inflammation, inhibiting the Mos' ability to produce neutrophil chemoattractants and activating compounds and preventing the neutrophil responses to these proinflammatory substances. These findings reinforce previous observations on the potential role of alpha-MSH and related peptides as a new class of drugs for treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Capsoni
- Rheumatology Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), University of Milan, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.
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