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Mai P, Hampl J, Baca M, Brauer D, Singh S, Weise F, Borowiec J, Schmidt A, Küstner JM, Klett M, Gebinoga M, Schroeder IS, Markert UR, Glahn F, Schumann B, Eckstein D, Schober A. MatriGrid® Based Biological Morphologies: Tools for 3D Cell Culturing. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9050220. [PMID: 35621498 PMCID: PMC9138054 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9050220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent trends in 3D cell culturing has placed organotypic tissue models at another level. Now, not only is the microenvironment at the cynosure of this research, but rather, microscopic geometrical parameters are also decisive for mimicking a tissue model. Over the years, technologies such as micromachining, 3D printing, and hydrogels are making the foundation of this field. However, mimicking the topography of a particular tissue-relevant substrate can be achieved relatively simply with so-called template or morphology transfer techniques. Over the last 15 years, in one such research venture, we have been investigating a micro thermoforming technique as a facile tool for generating bioinspired topographies. We call them MatriGrid®s. In this research account, we summarize our learning outcome from this technique in terms of the influence of 3D micro morphologies on different cell cultures that we have tested in our laboratory. An integral part of this research is the evolution of unavoidable aspects such as possible label-free sensing and fluidic automatization. The development in the research field is also documented in this account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mai
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Jörg Hampl
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (A.S.); Tel.: +49-3677-6933387 (A.S.)
| | - Martin Baca
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Dana Brauer
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Sukhdeep Singh
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Frank Weise
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Justyna Borowiec
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - André Schmidt
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (A.S.); (U.R.M.)
| | - Johanna Merle Küstner
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Maren Klett
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Gebinoga
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Insa S. Schroeder
- Biophysics Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Udo R. Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (A.S.); (U.R.M.)
| | - Felix Glahn
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany; (F.G.); (B.S.); (D.E.)
| | - Berit Schumann
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany; (F.G.); (B.S.); (D.E.)
| | - Diana Eckstein
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany; (F.G.); (B.S.); (D.E.)
| | - Andreas Schober
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (A.S.); Tel.: +49-3677-6933387 (A.S.)
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Capturing the third dimension in drug discovery: Spatially-resolved tools for interrogation of complex 3D cell models. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107883. [PMID: 34875362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced three-dimensional (3D) cell models have proven to be capable of depicting architectural and microenvironmental features of several tissues. By providing data of higher physiological and pathophysiological relevance, 3D cell models have been contributing to a better understanding of human development, pathology onset and progression mechanisms, as well as for 3D cell-based assays for drug discovery. Nonetheless, the characterization and interrogation of these tissue-like structures pose major challenges on the conventional analytical methods, pushing the development of spatially-resolved technologies. Herein, we review recent advances and pioneering technologies suitable for the interrogation of multicellular 3D models, while capable of retaining biological spatial information. We focused on imaging technologies and omics tools, namely transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. The advantages and shortcomings of these novel methodologies are discussed, alongside the opportunities to intertwine data from the different tools.
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3
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Zarrintaj P, Saeb MR, Stadler FJ, Yazdi MK, Nezhad MN, Mohebbi S, Seidi F, Ganjali MR, Mozafari M. Human Organs-on-Chips: A Review of the State-of-the-Art, Current Prospects, and Future Challenges. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 6:e2000526. [PMID: 34837667 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
New emerging technologies, remarkably miniaturized 3D organ models and microfluidics, enable simulation of the real in vitro microenvironment ex vivo more closely. There are many fascinating features of innovative organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technology, including the possibility of integrating semipermeable and/or stretchable membranes, creating continuous perfusion of fluids into microchannels and chambers (while maintaining laminar flow regime), embedding microdevices like microsensors, microstimulators, micro heaters, or different cell lines, along with other 3D cell culture technologies. OOC systems are designed to imitate the structure and function of human organs, ranging from breathing lungs to beating hearts. This technology is expected to be able to revolutionize cell biology studies, personalized precision medicine, drug development process, and cancer diagnosis/treatment. OOC systems can significantly reduce the cost associated with tedious drug development processes and the risk of adverse drug reactions in the body, which makes drug screening more effective. The review mainly focus on presenting an overview of the several previously developed OOC systems accompanied by subjects relevant to pharmacy-, cancer-, and placenta-on-a-chip. The challenging issues and opportunities related to these systems are discussed, along with a future perspective for this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 420 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Florian J Stadler
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417466191, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Nasiri Nezhad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, 57166-419, Iran
| | - Shabnam Mohebbi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tabriz University, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417466191, Iran.,Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14395-1179, Iran
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
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4
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Sphabmixay P, Raredon MSB, Wang AJS, Lee H, Hammond PT, Fang NX, Griffith LG. High resolution stereolithography fabrication of perfusable scaffolds to enable long-term meso-scale hepatic culture for disease modeling. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 34479229 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac23aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS), comprising human cell cultured in formats that capture features of the three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments of native human organs under microperfusion, are promising tools for biomedical research. Here we report the development of a mesoscale physiological system (MePS) enabling the long-term 3D perfused culture of primary human hepatocytes at scales of over 106cells per MPS. A central feature of the MePS, which employs a commercially-available multiwell bioreactor for perfusion, is a novel scaffold comprising a dense network of nano- and micro-porous polymer channels, designed to provide appropriate convective and diffusive mass transfer of oxygen and other nutrients while maintaining physiological values of shear stress. The scaffold design is realized by a high resolution stereolithography fabrication process employing a novel resin. This new culture system sustains mesoscopic hepatic tissue-like cultures with greater hepatic functionality (assessed by albumin and urea synthesis, and CYP3A4 activity) and lower inflammation markers compared to comparable cultures on the commercial polystyrene scaffold. To illustrate applications to disease modeling, we established an insulin-resistant phenotype by exposing liver cells to hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic media. Future applications of the MePS include the co-culture of hepatocytes with resident immune cells and the integration with multiple organs to model complex liver-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sphabmixay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America.,Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Micha Sam Brickman Raredon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Alex J-S Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Howon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Nicholas X Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America.,Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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5
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Petrillo S, Manco M, Altruda F, Fagoonee S, Tolosano E. Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells at the Crossroad of Iron Overload and Liver Fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:474-486. [PMID: 32689808 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Liver fibrosis results from different etiologies and represents one of the most serious health issues worldwide. Fibrosis is the outcome of chronic insults on the liver and is associated with several factors, including abnormal iron metabolism. Recent Advances: Multiple mechanisms underlying the profibrogenic role of iron have been proposed. The pivotal role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in iron-level regulation, as well as their morphological and molecular dedifferentiation occurring in liver fibrosis, has encouraged research on LSECs as prime regulators of very early fibrotic events. Importantly, normal differentiated LSECs may act as gatekeepers of fibrogenesis by maintaining the quiescence of hepatic stellate cells, while LSECs capillarization precedes the onset of liver fibrosis. Critical Issues: In the present review, the morphological and molecular alterations occurring in LSECs after liver injury are addressed in an attempt to highlight how vascular dysfunction promotes fibrogenesis. In particular, we discuss in depth how a vicious loop can be established in which iron dysregulation and LSEC dedifferentiation synergize to exacerbate and promote the progression of liver fibrosis. Future Directions: LSECs, due to their pivotal role in early liver fibrosis and iron homeostasis, show great promises as a therapeutic target. In particular, new strategies can be devised for restoring LSECs differentiation and thus their role as regulators of iron homeostasis, hence preventing the progression of liver fibrosis or, even better, promoting its regression. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 474-486.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petrillo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Manco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR c/o Molecular Biotechnology Center, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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6
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Lee-Montiel FT, Laemmle A, Charwat V, Dumont L, Lee CS, Huebsch N, Okochi H, Hancock MJ, Siemons B, Boggess SC, Goswami I, Miller EW, Willenbring H, Healy KE. Integrated Isogenic Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Liver and Heart Microphysiological Systems Predict Unsafe Drug-Drug Interaction. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:667010. [PMID: 34025426 PMCID: PMC8138446 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.667010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) microphysiological systems (MPSs) mimicking human organ function in vitro are an emerging alternative to conventional monolayer cell culture and animal models for drug development. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the potential to capture the diversity of human genetics and provide an unlimited supply of cells. Combining hiPSCs with microfluidics technology in MPSs offers new perspectives for drug development. Here, the integration of a newly developed liver MPS with a cardiac MPS—both created with the same hiPSC line—to study drug–drug interaction (DDI) is reported. As a prominent example of clinically relevant DDI, the interaction of the arrhythmogenic gastroprokinetic cisapride with the fungicide ketoconazole was investigated. As seen in patients, metabolic conversion of cisapride to non-arrhythmogenic norcisapride in the liver MPS by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4 was inhibited by ketoconazole, leading to arrhythmia in the cardiac MPS. These results establish integration of hiPSC-based liver and cardiac MPSs to facilitate screening for DDI, and thus drug efficacy and toxicity, isogenic in the same genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe T Lee-Montiel
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Laemmle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Liver Center and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Verena Charwat
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Laure Dumont
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Liver Center and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Caleb S Lee
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nathaniel Huebsch
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Hideaki Okochi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Brian Siemons
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Steven C Boggess
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ishan Goswami
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Evan W Miller
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Holger Willenbring
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Liver Center and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin E Healy
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Buchroithner B, Mayr S, Hauser F, Priglinger E, Stangl H, Santa-Maria AR, Deli MA, Der A, Klar TA, Axmann M, Sivun D, Mairhofer M, Jacak J. Dual Channel Microfluidics for Mimicking the Blood-Brain Barrier. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2984-2993. [PMID: 33480670 PMCID: PMC7905877 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution imaging is essential for analysis of the steps and way stations of cargo transport in in vitro models of the endothelium. In this study, we demonstrate a microfluidic system consisting of two channels horizontally separated by a cell-growth-promoting membrane. Its design allows for high-resolution (down to single-molecule level) imaging using a high numerical aperture objective with a short working distance. To reduce optical aberrations and enable single-molecule-sensitive imaging, an observation window was constructed in the membrane via laser cutting with subsequent structuring using 3D multiphoton lithography for improved cell growth. The upper channel was loaded with endothelial cells under flow conditions, which showed polarization and junction formation. A coculture of human vascular endothelial cells with pericytes was developed that mimics the blood-brain barrier. Finally, this dual channel microfluidics system enabled 3D localization microscopy of the cytoskeleton and 3D single-molecule-sensitive tracing of lipoprotein particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Buchroithner
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Sandra Mayr
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Fabian Hauser
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Eleni Priglinger
- Ludwig
Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Stangl
- Institute
of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Raquel Santa-Maria
- Institute
of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maria A. Deli
- Institute
of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andras Der
- Institute
of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Axmann
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Dmitry Sivun
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Mario Mairhofer
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
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8
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A modular polymer microbead angiogenesis scaffold to characterize the effects of adhesion ligand density on angiogenic sprouting. Biomaterials 2021; 264:120231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Advanced 3D Cell Culture Techniques in Micro-Bioreactors, Part II: Systems and Applications. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this second part of our systematic review on the research area of 3D cell culture in micro-bioreactors we give a detailed description of the published work with regard to the existing micro-bioreactor types and their applications, and highlight important results gathered with the respective systems. As an interesting detail, we found that micro-bioreactors have already been used in SARS-CoV research prior to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. As our literature research revealed a variety of 3D cell culture configurations in the examined bioreactor systems, we defined in review part one “complexity levels” by means of the corresponding 3D cell culture techniques applied in the systems. The definition of the complexity is thereby based on the knowledge that the spatial distribution of cell-extracellular matrix interactions and the spatial distribution of homologous and heterologous cell–cell contacts play an important role in modulating cell functions. Because at least one of these parameters can be assigned to the 3D cell culture techniques discussed in the present review, we structured the studies according to the complexity levels applied in the MBR systems.
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10
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Advanced 3D Cell Culture Techniques in Micro-Bioreactors, Part I: A Systematic Analysis of the Literature Published between 2000 and 2020. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioreactors have proven useful for a vast amount of applications. Besides classical large-scale bioreactors and fermenters for prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, micro-bioreactors, as specialized bioreactor systems, have become an invaluable tool for mammalian 3D cell cultures. In this systematic review we analyze the literature in the field of eukaryotic 3D cell culture in micro-bioreactors within the last 20 years. For this, we define complexity levels with regard to the cellular 3D microenvironment concerning cell–matrix-contact, cell–cell-contact and the number of different cell types present at the same time. Moreover, we examine the data with regard to the micro-bioreactor design including mode of cell stimulation/nutrient supply and materials used for the micro-bioreactors, the corresponding 3D cell culture techniques and the related cellular microenvironment, the cell types and in vitro models used. As a data source we used the National Library of Medicine and analyzed the studies published from 2000 to 2020.
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Lafoz E, Ruart M, Anton A, Oncins A, Hernández-Gea V. The Endothelium as a Driver of Liver Fibrosis and Regeneration. Cells 2020; 9:E929. [PMID: 32290100 PMCID: PMC7226820 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common feature of sustained liver injury and represents a major public health problem worldwide. Fibrosis is an active research field and discoveries in the last years have contributed to the development of new antifibrotic drugs, although none of them have been approved yet. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) are highly specialized endothelial cells localized at the interface between the blood and other liver cell types. They lack a basement membrane and display open channels (fenestrae), making them exceptionally permeable. LSEC are the first cells affected by any kind of liver injury orchestrating the liver response to damage. LSEC govern the regenerative process initiation, but aberrant LSEC activation in chronic liver injury induces fibrosis. LSEC are also main players in fibrosis resolution. They maintain liver homeostasis and keep hepatic stellate cell and Kupffer cell quiescence. After sustained hepatic injury, they lose their phenotype and protective properties, promoting angiogenesis and vasoconstriction and contributing to inflammation and fibrosis. Therefore, improving LSEC phenotype is a promising strategy to prevent liver injury progression and complications. This review focuses on changes occurring in LSEC after liver injury and their consequences on fibrosis progression, liver regeneration, and resolution. Finally, a synopsis of the available strategies for LSEC-specific targeting is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Lafoz
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
| | - Maria Ruart
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
| | - Aina Anton
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Oncins
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
| | - Virginia Hernández-Gea
- Unidad de Hemodinámica Hepática, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Augusto Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (M.R.); (A.A.); (A.O.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Liver Bioreactor Design Issues of Fluid Flow and Zonation, Fibrosis, and Mechanics: A Computational Perspective. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11010013. [PMID: 32121053 PMCID: PMC7151609 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering, with the goal of repairing or replacing damaged tissue and organs, has continued to make dramatic science-based advances since its origins in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. Such advances are always multi-disciplinary in nature, from basic biology and chemistry through physics and mathematics to various engineering and computer fields. This review will focus its attention on two topics critical for tissue engineering liver development: (a) fluid flow, zonation, and drug screening, and (b) biomechanics, tissue stiffness, and fibrosis, all within the context of 3D structures. First, a general overview of various bioreactor designs developed to investigate fluid transport and tissue biomechanics is given. This includes a mention of computational fluid dynamic methods used to optimize and validate these designs. Thereafter, the perspective provided by computer simulations of flow, reactive transport, and biomechanics responses at the scale of the liver lobule and liver tissue is outlined, in addition to how bioreactor-measured properties can be utilized in these models. Here, the fundamental issues of tortuosity and upscaling are highlighted, as well as the role of disease and fibrosis in these issues. Some idealized simulations of the effects of fibrosis on lobule drug transport and mechanics responses are provided to further illustrate these concepts. This review concludes with an outline of some practical applications of tissue engineering advances and how efficient computational upscaling techniques, such as dual continuum modeling, might be used to quantify the transition of bioreactor results to the full liver scale.
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Agarwal T, Subramanian B, Maiti TK. Liver Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:4167-4182. [PMID: 33417776 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver tissue engineering aims at the possibility of reproducing a fully functional organ for the treatment of acute and chronic liver disorders. Approaches in this field endeavor to replace organ transplantation (gold standard treatment for liver diseases in a clinical setting) with in vitro developed liver tissue constructs. However, the complexity of the liver microarchitecture and functionality along with the limited supply of cellular components of the liver pose numerous challenges. This review provides a comprehensive outlook onto how the physicochemical, mechanobiological, and spatiotemporal aspects of the substrates could be tuned to address current challenges in the field. We also highlight the strategic advancements made in the field so far for the development of artificial liver tissue. We further showcase the currently available prototypes in research and clinical trials, which shows the hope for the future of liver tissue engineering.
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14
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Marx U, Walles H, Hoffmann S, Lindner G, Horland R, Sonntag F, Klotzbach U, Sakharov D, Tonevitsky A, Lauster R. ‘Human-on-a-chip’ Developments: A Translational Cutting-edge Alternative to Systemic Safety Assessment and Efficiency Evaluation of Substances in Laboratory Animals and Man? Altern Lab Anim 2019; 40:235-57. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291204000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Marx
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Silke Hoffmann
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Lindner
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reyk Horland
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Sonntag
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | - Udo Klotzbach
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Roland Lauster
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Statins attenuate outgrowth of breast cancer metastases. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1094-1105. [PMID: 30401978 PMCID: PMC6220112 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis in breast cancer foreshadows mortality, as clinically evident disease is aggressive and generally chemoresistant. Disseminated breast cancer cells often enter a period of dormancy for years to decades before they emerge as detectable cancers. Harboring of these dormant cells is not individually predictable, and available information suggests that these micrometastatic foci cannot be effectively targeted by existing therapies. As such, long-term, relatively non-toxic interventions that prevent metastatic outgrowth would be an advance in treatment. Epidemiological studies have found that statins reduce breast cancer specific mortality but not the incidence of primary cancer. However, the means by which statins reduce mortality without affecting primary tumor development remains unclear. Methods We examine statin efficacy against two breast cancer cell lines in models of breast cancer metastasis: a 2D in vitro co-culture model of breast cancer cell interaction with the liver, a 3D ex vivo microphysiological system model of breast cancer metastasis, and two independent mouse models of spontaneous breast cancer metastasis to the lung and liver, respectively. Results We demonstrate that statins can directly affect the proliferation of breast cancer cells, specifically at the metastatic site. In a 2D co-culture model of breast cancer cell interaction with the liver, we demonstrate that atorvastatin can directly suppress proliferation of mesenchymal but not epithelial breast cancer cells. Further, in an ex vivo 3D liver microphysiological system of breast cancer metastasis, we found that atorvastatin can block stimulated emergence of dormant breast cancer cells. In two independent models of spontaneous breast cancer metastasis to the liver and to the lung, we find that statins significantly reduce proliferation of the metastatic but not primary tumor cells. Conclusions As statins can block metastatic tumor outgrowth, they should be considered for use as long-term adjuvant drugs to delay clinical emergence and decrease mortality in breast cancer patients.
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Legallais C, Kim D, Mihaila SM, Mihajlovic M, Figliuzzi M, Bonandrini B, Salerno S, Yousef Yengej FA, Rookmaaker MB, Sanchez Romero N, Sainz-Arnal P, Pereira U, Pasqua M, Gerritsen KGF, Verhaar MC, Remuzzi A, Baptista PM, De Bartolo L, Masereeuw R, Stamatialis D. Bioengineering Organs for Blood Detoxification. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800430. [PMID: 30230709 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For patients with severe kidney or liver failure the best solution is currently organ transplantation. However, not all patients are eligible for transplantation and due to limited organ availability, most patients are currently treated with therapies using artificial kidney and artificial liver devices. These therapies, despite their relative success in preserving the patients' life, have important limitations since they can only replace part of the natural kidney or liver functions. As blood detoxification (and other functions) in these highly perfused organs is achieved by specialized cells, it seems relevant to review the approaches leading to bioengineered organs fulfilling most of the native organ functions. There, the culture of cells of specific phenotypes on adapted scaffolds that can be perfused takes place. In this review paper, first the functions of kidney and liver organs are briefly described. Then artificial kidney/liver devices, bioartificial kidney devices, and bioartificial liver devices are focused on, as well as biohybrid constructs obtained by decellularization and recellularization of animal organs. For all organs, a thorough overview of the literature is given and the perspectives for their application in the clinic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Legallais
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Dooli Kim
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia M. Mihaila
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Milos Mihajlovic
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marina Figliuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
| | - Barbara Bonandrini
- Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Simona Salerno
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Fjodor A. Yousef Yengej
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B. Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Pilar Sainz-Arnal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ulysse Pereira
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Mattia Pasqua
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Karin G. F. Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Remuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
| | - Pedro M. Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBERehd); 28029 Barcelona Spain
- Fundación ARAID; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz; 28040 Madrid Spain. Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; 28911 Madrid Spain
| | - Loredana De Bartolo
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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17
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Primary rat LSECs preserve their characteristic phenotype after cryopreservation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14657. [PMID: 30279440 PMCID: PMC6168544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, the liver non-parenchymal cells have gained increasing attention for their potential role in the development of liver disease. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), a specialized type of endothelial cells that have unique morphology and function, play a fundamental role in maintaining liver homeostasis. Current protocols for LSEC isolation and cultivation rely on freshly isolated cells which can only be maintained differentiated in culture for a few days. This creates a limitation in the use of LSECs for research and a need for a consistent and reliable source of these cells. To date, no LSEC cryopreservation protocols have been reported that enable LSECs to retain their functional and morphological characteristics upon thawing and culturing. Here, we report a protocol to cryopreserve rat LSECs that, upon thawing, maintain full LSEC-signature features: fenestrations, scavenger receptor expression and endocytic function on par with freshly isolated cells. We have confirmed these features by a combination of biochemical and functional techniques, and super-resolution microscopy. Our findings offer a means to standardize research using LSECs, opening the prospects for designing pharmacological strategies for various liver diseases, and considering LSECs as a therapeutic target.
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18
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Bale SS, Borenstein JT. Microfluidic Cell Culture Platforms to Capture Hepatic Physiology and Complex Cellular Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1638-1646. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Fomin ME, Beyer AI, Muench MO. Human fetal liver cultures support multiple cell lineages that can engraft immunodeficient mice. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170108. [PMID: 29237808 PMCID: PMC5746544 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During prenatal development the liver is composed of multiple cell types with unique properties compared to their adult counterparts. We aimed to establish multilineage cultures of human fetal liver cells that could maintain stem cell and progenitor populations found in the developing liver. An aim of this study was to test if maturation of fetal hepatocytes in short-term cultures supported by epidermal growth factor and oncostatin M can improve their ability to engraft immunodeficient mice. Fetal liver cultures supported a mixture of albumin+ cytokertin-19+ hepatoblasts, hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, CD14++CD32+ liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and CD34+CD133+ haematopoietic stem cells. Transplantation of cultured cells into uPA-NOG or TK-NOG mice yielded long-term engraftment of hepatocytes, abundant LSEC engraftment and multilineage haematopoiesis. Haematopoietic engraftment included reconstitution of B-, T- and NK-lymphocytes. Colonies of polarized human hepatocytes were observed surrounded by human LSECs in contact with human CD45+ blood cells in the liver sinusoids. Thus, fetal liver cultures support multiple cell lineages including LSECs and haematopoietic stem cells while also promoting the ability of fetal hepatocytes to engraft adult mouse livers. Fetal liver cultures and liver-humanized mice created from these cultures can provide useful model systems to study liver development, function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Fomin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ashley I Beyer
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, USA .,Liver Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Clark AM, Kumar MP, Wheeler SE, Young CL, Venkataramanan R, Stolz DB, Griffith LG, Lauffenburger DA, Wells A. A Model of Dormant-Emergent Metastatic Breast Cancer Progression Enabling Exploration of Biomarker Signatures. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:619-630. [PMID: 29353230 PMCID: PMC5880110 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer mortality predominantly results from dormant micrometastases that emerge as fatal outgrowths years after initial diagnosis. In order to gain insights concerning factors associated with emergence of liver metastases, we recreated spontaneous dormancy in an all-human ex vivo hepatic microphysiological system (MPS). Seeding this MPS with small numbers (<0.05% by cell count) of the aggressive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, two populations formed: actively proliferating ("growing"; EdU+), and spontaneously quiescent ("dormant"; EdU-). Following treatment with a clinically standard chemotherapeutic, the proliferating cells were eliminated and only quiescent cells remained; this residual dormant population could then be induced to a proliferative state ("emergent"; EdU+) by physiologically-relevant inflammatory stimuli, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Multiplexed proteomic analysis of the MPS effluent enabled elucidation of key factors and processes that correlated with the various tumor cell states, and candidate biomarkers for actively proliferating (either primary or secondary emergence) versus dormant metastatic cells in liver tissue. Dormancy was found to be associated with signaling reflective of cellular quiescence even more strongly than the original tumor-free liver tissue, whereas proliferative nodules presented inflammatory signatures. Given the minimal tumor burden, these markers likely represent changes in the tumor microenvironment rather than in the tumor cells. A computational decision tree algorithm applied to these signatures indicated the potential of this MPS for clinical discernment of each metastatic stage from blood protein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Clark
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Manu P Kumar
- §Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah E Wheeler
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carissa L Young
- §Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- ¶Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna B Stolz
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- ‖Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- **University of Pittsburgh Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Linda G Griffith
- §Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- §Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Alan Wells
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
- ‡‡McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- §§Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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21
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Underhill GH, Khetani SR. Bioengineered Liver Models for Drug Testing and Cell Differentiation Studies. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:426-439.e1. [PMID: 29675458 PMCID: PMC5904032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models of the human liver are important for the following: (1) mitigating the risk of drug-induced liver injury to human beings, (2) modeling human liver diseases, (3) elucidating the role of single and combinatorial microenvironmental cues on liver cell function, and (4) enabling cell-based therapies in the clinic. Methods to isolate and culture primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), the gold standard for building human liver models, were developed several decades ago; however, PHHs show a precipitous decline in phenotypic functions in 2-dimensional extracellular matrix-coated conventional culture formats, which does not allow chronic treatment with drugs and other stimuli. The development of several engineering tools, such as cellular microarrays, protein micropatterning, microfluidics, biomaterial scaffolds, and bioprinting, now allow precise control over the cellular microenvironment for enhancing the function of both PHHs and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human hepatocyte-like cells; long-term (4+ weeks) stabilization of hepatocellular function typically requires co-cultivation with liver-derived or non-liver-derived nonparenchymal cell types. In addition, the recent development of liver organoid culture systems can provide a strategy for the enhanced expansion of therapeutically relevant cell types. Here, we discuss advances in engineering approaches for constructing in vitro human liver models that have utility in drug screening and for determining microenvironmental determinants of liver cell differentiation/function. Design features and validation data of representative models are presented to highlight major trends followed by the discussion of pending issues that need to be addressed. Overall, bioengineered liver models have significantly advanced our understanding of liver function and injury, which will prove useful for drug development and ultimately cell-based therapies.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- BAL, bioartificial liver
- Bioprinting
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CYP450, cytochrome P450
- Cellular Microarrays
- DILI, drug-induced liver injury
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatocytes
- IL, interleukin
- KC, Kupffer cell
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- MPCC, micropatterned co-culture
- Microfluidics
- Micropatterned Co-Cultures
- NPC, nonparenchymal cell
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PHH, primary human hepatocyte
- Spheroids
- iHep, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human hepatocyte-like cell
- iPS, induced pluripotent stem
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H. Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Salman R. Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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22
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Beckwitt CH, Clark AM, Wheeler S, Taylor DL, Stolz DB, Griffith L, Wells A. Liver 'organ on a chip'. Exp Cell Res 2018; 363:15-25. [PMID: 29291400 PMCID: PMC5944300 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays critical roles in both homeostasis and pathology. It is the major site of drug metabolism in the body and, as such, a common target for drug-induced toxicity and is susceptible to a wide range of diseases. In contrast to other solid organs, the liver possesses the unique ability to regenerate. The physiological importance and plasticity of this organ make it a crucial system of study to better understand human physiology, disease, and response to exogenous compounds. These aspects have impelled many to develop liver tissue systems for study in isolation outside the body. Herein, we discuss these biologically engineered organoids and microphysiological systems. These aspects have impelled many to develop liver tissue systems for study in isolation outside the body. Herein, we discuss these biologically engineered organoids and microphysiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H Beckwitt
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Research and Development Service, VA Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Amanda M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Linda Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Research and Development Service, VA Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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23
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Dioufa N, Clark AM, Ma B, Beckwitt CH, Wells A. Bi-directional exosome-driven intercommunication between the hepatic niche and cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:172. [PMID: 29137633 PMCID: PMC5686836 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our understanding of the multiple roles exosomes play during tumor progression is still very poor and the contribution of the normal tissue derived exosomes in distant seeding and tumor outgrowth has also not been widely appreciated. METHODS Using our all-human liver microphysiological system (MPS) platform as a model to closely recapitulate the early metastatic events, we isolated exosomes from both tumor cells and liver microenvironment. RESULTS We observed that while priming of the hepatic niche (HepN) with MDA-231 breast cancer derived exosomes facilitated seeding of the cancer cells in the liver, subsequent tumor outgrowth was diminished; this was consistent with increased entry into dormancy. We found that hepatic niche (HepN) derived exosomes contribute significantly to the exosome pool and are distinguished from cancer derived exosomes based on their size, protein and miRNA content. By Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of the miRNA content of the HepN, MDA-231/HepN and MDA-231 cells we showed that the HepN derived exosomes affect the breast cancer cells by suppressing pathways involved in cancer cell proliferation and invasion. More importantly exposure of MDA-231 and MDA-468 cells to purified normal HepN derived exosomes, induced changes in the cells consistent with a Mesenchymal to Epithelial reverting Transition (MErT). miRNA arrays performed on MDA-231 treated with Hum Hep/NPC derived exosomes showed significant changes in the levels of a select number of miRNAs involved in epithelial cell differentiation and miRNAs, such as miR186, miR23a and miR205, from our top and bottom bins have previously been reported to regulate E-cadherin transcription and MErT induction in various cancer types. Consistently HepN derived exosome treatment of breast and prostate cancer lines lead to a transient induction of E-cadherin and ZO-1 at the protein level and a more epithelial-like morphology of the cells. CONCLUSIONS Collectively our data revealed a novel mechanism of regulation of the metastatic cascade, showing a well-orchestrated, timely controlled crosstalk between the cancer cells and the HepN and implicating for the first time the normal tissue/HepN derived exosomes in enabling seeding and entry into dormancy of the cancer cells at the metastatic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Dioufa
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Colin H Beckwitt
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, S713 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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24
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Weng YS, Chang SF, Shih MC, Tseng SH, Lai CH. Scaffold-Free Liver-On-A-Chip with Multiscale Organotypic Cultures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701545. [PMID: 28731273 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The considerable advances that have been made in the development of organotypic cultures have failed to overcome the challenges of expressing tissue-specific functions and complexities, especially for organs that require multitasking and complex biological processes, such as the liver. Primary liver cells are ideal biological building blocks for functional organotypic reconstruction, but are limited by their rapid loss of physiological integrity in vitro. Here the concept of lattice growth used in material science is applied to develop a tissue incubator, which provides physiological cues and controls the 3D assembly of primary cells. The cues include a biological growing template, spatial coculture, biomimetic radial flow, and circulation in a scaffold-free condition. The feasibility of recapitulating a multiscale physiological structural hierarchy, complex drug clearance, and zonal physiology from the cell to tissue level in long-term cultured liver-on-a-chip is demonstrated. These methods are promising for future applications in pharmacodynamics and personal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shih Weng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30013, ROC
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology of Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Feng Chang
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology of Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Shih
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology of Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Heng Tseng
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology of Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Huang Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30013, ROC
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25
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Alzebdeh DA, Matthew HW. Metabolic Oscillations in Co-Cultures of Hepatocytes and Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Effects of Seeding Arrangement and Culture Mixing. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3003-3015. [PMID: 28252220 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In vitro assembly of functional liver tissue is a prerequisite for the transplantation of tissue-engineered livers. There is an increasing demand for in vitro models that replicate complex events occurring in the liver. However, tissue engineering of implantable liver systems is currently limited by the difficulty of assembling three dimensional hepatocyte cultures of a useful size, while maintaining full cell viability. Recent reports have demonstrated that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) can provide a number of cues promoting hepatocyte growth and development. In this study, the effects of BM-MSCs co-culture on hepatocyte metabolism were evaluated as a function of scaffold seeding arrangement. BM-MSCs were co-cultured with hepatocytes in porous chitosan-heparin scaffolds using several seeding arrangements. The seeded scaffolds were subjected to orbital shaking to enhance mass transfer. BM-MSC-hepatocyte co-cultures exhibited higher rates of hepatocyte-specific functions, compared to hepatocyte-only cultures, regardless of the seeding arrangement. Cells formed smaller-compact spheroids in the heterotypic systems compared to mono-cultures of hepatocytes only. The spheroids exhibited reduction in size with time in all conditions except for the condition where BM-MSCs were seeded one day after seeding hepatocytes. In this condition, spheroids increased in size due to BM-MSC proliferation. Spheroid size reduction was hypothesized to be the result of cyclic shear stresses generated by the orbital shaking. Furthermore, results suggested that BM-MSC seeding onto preformed hepatocyte spheroids provide a degree of shear-protection and trophic stimuli. Overall, the results indicate that co-culturing hepatocytes with BM-MSCs enhanced their metabolic functions for the first week of culture. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3003-3015, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Howard William Matthew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit 48201, Michigan.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit 48202, Michigan
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26
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Natarajan V, Harris EN, Kidambi S. SECs (Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells), Liver Microenvironment, and Fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4097205. [PMID: 28293634 PMCID: PMC5331310 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4097205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response to chronic liver injury such as alcoholic/nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and viral hepatitis with no FDA-approved treatments. Liver fibrosis results in a continual accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and paves the way for replacement of parenchyma with nonfunctional scar tissue. The fibrotic condition results in drastic changes in the local mechanical, chemical, and biological microenvironment of the tissue. Liver parenchyma is supported by an efficient network of vasculature lined by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). These nonparenchymal cells are highly specialized resident endothelial cell type with characteristic morphological and functional features. Alterations in LSECs phenotype including lack of LSEC fenestration, capillarization, and formation of an organized basement membrane have been shown to precede fibrosis and promote hepatic stellate cell activation. Here, we review the interplay of LSECs with the dynamic changes in the fibrotic liver microenvironment such as matrix rigidity, altered ECM protein profile, and cell-cell interactions to provide insight into the pivotal changes in LSEC physiology and the extent to which it mediates the progression of liver fibrosis. Establishing the molecular aspects of LSECs in the light of fibrotic microenvironment is valuable towards development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic targets of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishaali Natarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Edward N. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Srivatsan Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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27
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Sistare FD, Mattes WB, LeCluyse EL. The Promise of New Technologies to Reduce, Refine, or Replace Animal Use while Reducing Risks of Drug Induced Liver Injury in Pharmaceutical Development. ILAR J 2017; 57:186-211. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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28
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Clark AM, Wheeler SE, Young CL, Stockdale L, Shepard Neiman J, Zhao W, Stolz DB, Venkataramanan R, Lauffenburger D, Griffith L, Wells A. A liver microphysiological system of tumor cell dormancy and inflammatory responsiveness is affected by scaffold properties. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 17:156-168. [PMID: 27910972 PMCID: PMC5242229 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01171c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Distant metastasis is the major cause of breast cancer-related mortality, commonly emerging clinically after 5 or more years of seeming 'cure' of the primary tumor, indicating a quiescent dormancy. The lack of relevant accessible model systems for metastasis that recreate this latent stage has hindered our understanding of the molecular basis and the development of therapies against these lethal outgrowths. We previously reported on the development of an all-human 3D ex vivo hepatic microphysiological system that reproduces several features of liver physiology and enables spontaneous dormancy in a subpopulation of breast cancer cells. However, we observed that the dormant cells were localized primarily within the 3D tissue, while the proliferative cells were in contact with the polystyrene scaffold. As matrix stiffness is known to drive inflammatory and malignant behaviors, we explored the occurrence of spontaneous tumor dormancy and inflammatory phenotype. The microphysiological system was retrofitted with PEGDa-SynKRGD hydrogel scaffolding, which is softer and differs in the interface with the tissue. The microphysiological system incorporated donor-matched primary human hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Hepatic tissue in hydrogel scaffolds secreted lower levels of pro-inflammatory analytes, and was more responsive to inflammatory stimuli. The proportion of tumor cells entering dormancy was markedly increased in the hydrogel-supported tissue compared to polystyrene. Interestingly, an unexpected differential response of dormant cells to varying chemotherapeutic doses was identified, which if reflective of patient pathophysiology, has important implications for patient dosing regimens. These findings highlight the metastatic microphysiological system fitted with hydrogel scaffolds as a critical tool in the assessment and development of therapeutic strategies to target dormant metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - S E Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - C L Young
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Stockdale
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Shepard Neiman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D B Stolz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. and Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Venkataramanan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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29
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Long TJ, Cosgrove PA, Dunn RT, Stolz DB, Hamadeh H, Afshari C, McBride H, Griffith LG. Modeling Therapeutic Antibody-Small Molecule Drug-Drug Interactions Using a Three-Dimensional Perfusable Human Liver Coculture Platform. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1940-1948. [PMID: 27621203 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional in vitro human liver cell culture models lose key hepatic functions such as metabolic activity during short-term culture. Advanced three-dimensional (3D) liver coculture platforms offer the potential for extended hepatocyte functionality and allow for the study of more complex biologic interactions, which can improve and refine human drug safety evaluations. Here, we use a perfusion flow 3D microreactor platform for the coculture of cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes and Kupffer cells to study the regulation of cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform (CYP3A4) activity by chronic interleukin 6 (IL-6)-mediated inflammation over 2 weeks. Hepatocyte cultures remained stable over 2 weeks, with consistent albumin production and basal IL-6 levels. Direct IL-6 stimulation that mimics an inflammatory state induced a dose-dependent suppression of CYP3A4 activity, an increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) secretion, and a decrease in shed soluble interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) levels, indicating expected hepatic IL-6 bioactivity. Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibody used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, has been demonstrated clinically to impact small molecule drug pharmacokinetics by modulating cytochrome P450 enzyme activities, an effect not observed in traditional hepatic cultures. We have now recapitulated the clinical observation in a 3D bioreactor system. Tocilizumab was shown to desuppress CYP3A4 activity while reducing the CRP concentration after 72 hours in the continued presence of IL-6. This change in CYP3A4 activity decreased the half-life and area under the curve up to the last measurable concentration (AUClast) of the small molecule CYP3A4 substrate simvastatin hydroxy acid, measured before and after tocilizumab treatment. We conclude that next-generation in vitro liver culture platforms are well suited for these types of long-term treatment studies and show promise for improved drug safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Long
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Patrick A Cosgrove
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Robert T Dunn
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Hisham Hamadeh
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Cynthia Afshari
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Helen McBride
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
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30
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Zanetti F, Sewer A, Mathis C, Iskandar AR, Kostadinova R, Schlage WK, Leroy P, Majeed S, Guedj E, Trivedi K, Martin F, Elamin A, Merg C, Ivanov NV, Frentzel S, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Systems Toxicology Assessment of the Biological Impact of a Candidate Modified Risk Tobacco Product on Human Organotypic Oral Epithelial Cultures. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1252-69. [PMID: 27404394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) has been reported to increase predisposition to oral cancer and is also recognized as a risk factor for many conditions including periodontal diseases, gingivitis, and other benign mucosal disorders. Smoking cessation remains the most effective approach for minimizing the risk of smoking-related diseases. However, reduction of harmful constituents by heating rather than combusting tobacco, without modifying the amount of nicotine, is a promising new paradigm in harm reduction. In this study, we compared effects of exposure to aerosol derived from a candidate modified risk tobacco product, the tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2, with those of CS generated from the 3R4F reference cigarette. Human organotypic oral epithelial tissue cultures (EpiOral, MatTek Corporation) were exposed for 28 min to 3R4F CS or THS2.2 aerosol, both diluted with air to comparable nicotine concentrations (0.32 or 0.51 mg nicotine/L aerosol/CS for 3R4F and 0.31 or 0.46 mg/L for THS2.2). We also tested one higher concentration (1.09 mg/L) of THS2.2. A systems toxicology approach was employed combining cellular assays (i.e., cytotoxicity and cytochrome P450 activity assays), comprehensive molecular investigations of the buccal epithelial transcriptome (mRNA and miRNA) by means of computational network biology, measurements of secreted proinflammatory markers, and histopathological analysis. We observed that the impact of 3R4F CS was greater than THS2.2 aerosol in terms of cytotoxicity, morphological tissue alterations, and secretion of inflammatory mediators. Analysis of the transcriptomic changes in the exposed oral cultures revealed significant perturbations in various network models such as apoptosis, necroptosis, senescence, xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2) signaling. The stress responses following THS2.2 aerosol exposure were markedly decreased, and the exposed cultures recovered more completely compared with those exposed to 3R4F CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zanetti
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita R Iskandar
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Radina Kostadinova
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant , Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Merg
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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31
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Marx U, Andersson TB, Bahinski A, Beilmann M, Beken S, Cassee FR, Cirit M, Daneshian M, Fitzpatrick S, Frey O, Gaertner C, Giese C, Griffith L, Hartung T, Heringa MB, Hoeng J, de Jong WH, Kojima H, Kuehnl J, Luch A, Maschmeyer I, Sakharov D, Sips AJAM, Steger-Hartmann T, Tagle DA, Tonevitsky A, Tralau T, Tsyb S, van de Stolpe A, Vandebriel R, Vulto P, Wang J, Wiest J, Rodenburg M, Roth A. Biology-inspired microphysiological system approaches to solve the prediction dilemma of substance testing. ALTEX 2016; 33:272-321. [PMID: 27180100 PMCID: PMC5396467 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1603161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent advent of microphysiological systems - microfluidic biomimetic devices that aspire to emulate the biology of human tissues, organs and circulation in vitro - is envisaged to enable a global paradigm shift in drug development. An extraordinary US governmental initiative and various dedicated research programs in Europe and Asia have led recently to the first cutting-edge achievements of human single-organ and multi-organ engineering based on microphysiological systems. The expectation is that test systems established on this basis would model various disease stages, and predict toxicity, immunogenicity, ADME profiles and treatment efficacy prior to clinical testing. Consequently, this technology could significantly affect the way drug substances are developed in the future. Furthermore, microphysiological system-based assays may revolutionize our current global programs of prioritization of hazard characterization for any new substances to be used, for example, in agriculture, food, ecosystems or cosmetics, thus, replacing laboratory animal models used currently. Thirty-six experts from academia, industry and regulatory bodies present here the results of an intensive workshop (held in June 2015, Berlin, Germany). They review the status quo of microphysiological systems available today against industry needs, and assess the broad variety of approaches with fit-for-purpose potential in the drug development cycle. Feasible technical solutions to reach the next levels of human biology in vitro are proposed. Furthermore, key organ-on-a-chip case studies, as well as various national and international programs are highlighted. Finally, a roadmap into the future is outlined, to allow for more predictive and regulatory-accepted substance testing on a global scale.
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32
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Jeong GS, No DY, Lee J, Yoon J, Chung S, Lee SH. Viscoelastic lithography for fabricating self-organizing soft micro-honeycomb structures with ultra-high aspect ratios. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11269. [PMID: 27157977 PMCID: PMC4865738 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-aspect ratio micro- and nano-structures have been used for the production of a variety of applications. In this paper, we describe a simple and cost-effective approach to fabricate an arrayed microarchitecture with an ultra-high aspect ratio using soft materials. The shapes and sizes of the honeycomb structure can be easily modulated by changing the dimensions and position of the base mould pattern and the pressure. The honeycomb structure is used to prepare a drug delivery patch and a microwell array to form cell spheroids without cell loss. The honeycomb structures prepared using natural ECM (collagen-Matrigel) materials are successfully fabricated. The hepatocytes and endothelial cells are seeded and co-cultured in the ECM-based micro-honeycomb to prepare a 3D liver model successfully mimicking an ultrastructure of liver and providing enhanced liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Seok Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science,
Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu,
Seoul
02841, Korea
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life
Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 olympic-Ro,
Songpa-gu, Seoul
05505, Korea
| | - Da Yoon No
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science,
Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu,
Seoul
02841, Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and
Medicine, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega,
Stanford, California
94305, USA
| | - JaeSeo Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology,
Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Junghyo Yoon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University,
Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University,
Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science,
Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu,
Seoul
02841, Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology,
Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
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33
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Bale SS, Geerts S, Jindal R, Yarmush ML. Isolation and co-culture of rat parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells to evaluate cellular interactions and response. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25329. [PMID: 27142224 PMCID: PMC4855170 DOI: 10.1038/srep25329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a central organ in the human body, and first line of defense between host and external environment. Liver response to any external perturbation is a collective reaction of resident liver cells. Most of the current in vitro liver models focus on hepatocytes, the primary metabolic component, omitting interactions and cues from surrounding environment and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs). Recent studies suggest that contributions of NPCs are vital, particularly in disease conditions, and outcomes of drugs and their metabolites. Along with hepatocytes, NPCs–Kupffer (KC), sinusoidal endothelial (LSEC) and stellate cells (SC) are major cellular components of the liver. Incorporation of primary cells in in vitro liver platforms is essential to emulate the functions of the liver, and its overall response. Herein, we isolate individual NPC cell fractions from rat livers and co-culture them in a transwell format incorporating primary rat hepatocytes with LSECs, SCs, and KCs. Our results indicate that the presence and contributions of multiple cells within the co-culture capture the interactions between hepatocytes and NPC, and modulates the responses to inflammatory stimulus such as LPS. The isolation and co-culture methods could provide a stable platform for creating in vitro liver models that provide defined functionality beyond hepatocytes alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundhar Bale
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA 02114
| | - Sharon Geerts
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA 02114
| | - Rohit Jindal
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA 02114
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA 02114.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA 08854
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Pati
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory KTH – Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Schweden
| | - Jesper Gantelius
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory KTH – Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Schweden
| | - Helene Andersson Svahn
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory KTH – Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Schweden
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Pati F, Gantelius J, Svahn HA. 3D Bioprinting of Tissue/Organ Models. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4650-65. [PMID: 26895542 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vitro tissue/organ models are useful platforms that can facilitate systematic, repetitive, and quantitative investigations of drugs/chemicals. The primary objective when developing tissue/organ models is to reproduce physiologically relevant functions that typically require complex culture systems. Bioprinting offers exciting prospects for constructing 3D tissue/organ models, as it enables the reproducible, automated production of complex living tissues. Bioprinted tissues/organs may prove useful for screening novel compounds or predicting toxicity, as the spatial and chemical complexity inherent to native tissues/organs can be recreated. In this Review, we highlight the importance of developing 3D in vitro tissue/organ models by 3D bioprinting techniques, characterization of these models for evaluating their resemblance to native tissue, and their application in the prioritization of lead candidates, toxicity testing, and as disease/tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Pati
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Gantelius
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Andersson Svahn
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Validation of Bioreactor and Human-on-a-Chip Devices for Chemical Safety Assessment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 856:299-316. [PMID: 27671728 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33826-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Equipment and device qualification and test assay validation in the field of tissue engineered human organs for substance assessment remain formidable tasks with only a few successful examples so far. The hurdles seem to increase with the growing complexity of the biological systems, emulated by the respective models. Controlled single tissue or organ culture in bioreactors improves the organ-specific functions and maintains their phenotypic stability for longer periods of time. The reproducibility attained with bioreactor operations is, per se, an advantage for the validation of safety assessment. Regulatory agencies have gradually altered the validation concept from exhaustive "product" to rigorous and detailed process characterization, valuing reproducibility as a standard for validation. "Human-on-a-chip" technologies applying micro-physiological systems to the in vitro combination of miniaturized human organ equivalents into functional human micro-organisms are nowadays thought to be the most elaborate solution created to date. They target the replacement of the current most complex models-laboratory animals. Therefore, we provide here a road map towards the validation of such "human-on-a-chip" models and qualification of their respective bioreactor and microchip equipment along a path currently used for the respective animal models.
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Sarin H. Pressuromodulation at the cell membrane as the basis for small molecule hormone and peptide regulation of cellular and nuclear function. J Transl Med 2015; 13:372. [PMID: 26610602 PMCID: PMC4660824 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Building on recent knowledge that the specificity of the biological interactions of small molecule hydrophiles and lipophiles across microvascular and epithelial barriers, and with cells, can be predicted on the basis of their conserved biophysical properties, and the knowledge that biological peptides are cell membrane impermeant, it has been further discussed herein that cellular, and thus, nuclear function, are primarily regulated by small molecule hormone and peptide/factor interactions at the cell membrane (CM) receptors. The means of regulating cellular, and thus, nuclear function, are the various forms of CM Pressuromodulation that exist, which include Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Pressuromodulation, sub-classified as Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Shift Pressuromodulation (Single, Dual or Tri) or Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Shift Pressuromodulation (Single, Dual or Tri) cum External Cationomodulation (≥3+ → 1+); which are with respect to acute CM receptor-stabilizing effects of small biomolecule hormones, growth factors or cytokines, and also include Indirect CM- or CM Receptor-Mediated Pressuromodulation, sub-classified as Indirect 1ary CM-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Perturbomodulation), Indirect 2ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Tri or Quad Receptor Internal Pseudo-Cationomodulation: SS 1+), Indirect 3ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Single or Dual Receptor Endocytic External Cationomodulation: 2+) or Indirect (Pseudo) 3ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Receptor Endocytic Hydroxylocarbonyloetheroylomodulation: 0), which are with respect to sub-acute CM receptor-stabilizing effects of small biomolecules, growth factors or cytokines. As a generalization, all forms of CM pressuromodulation decrease CM and nuclear membrane (NM) compliance (whole cell compliance), due to pressuromodulation of the intracellular microtubule network and increases the exocytosis of pre-synthesized vesicular endogolgi peptides and small molecules as well as nuclear-to-rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins to the CM, with the potential to simultaneously increase the NM-associated chromatin DNA transcription of higher molecular weight protein forms, secretory and CM-destined, mitochondrial and nuclear, including the highest molecular weight nuclear proteins, Ki67 (359 kDa) and Separase (230 kDa), with the latter leading to mitogenesis and cell division; while, in the case of growth factors or cytokines with external cationomodulation capability, CM Receptor External Cationomodulation of CM receptors (≥3+ → 1+) results in cationic extracellular interaction (≥3+) with extracellular matrix heparan sulfates (≥3+ → 1+) concomitant with lamellopodesis and cell migration. It can be surmised that the modulation of cellular, and nuclear, function is mostly a reactive process, governed, primarily, by small molecule hormone and peptide interactions at the cell membrane, with CM receptors and the CM itself. These insights taken together, provide valuable translationally applicable knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sarin
- Freelance Investigator in Translational Science and Medicine, Charleston, WV, USA.
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Ford AJ, Jain G, Rajagopalan P. Designing a fibrotic microenvironment to investigate changes in human liver sinusoidal endothelial cell function. Acta Biomater 2015; 24:220-7. [PMID: 26117313 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by hepatic cells during fibrosis leads to the stiffening of the organ and perturbed cellular functions. Changes in the elasticity of liver tissue are manifested by altered phenotype in hepatic cells. We have investigated changes in human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (hLSECs) that occur as the elastic modulus of their matrix transitions from healthy (6kPa) to fibrotic (36kPa) conditions. We have also investigated the role played by Kupffer cells in the dedifferentiation of hLSECs. We report the complete loss of fenestrae and the expression of CD31 at the surface as a result of increasing elastic moduli. LSECs exhibited a greater number of actin stress fibers and vinculin focal adhesion on the stiffer substrate, as well. A novel finding is that these identical trends can be obtained on soft (6kPa) substrates by introducing an inflamed microenvironment through the addition of Kupffer cells. hLSEC monocultures on 6kPa gels exhibited fenestrae that were 140.7±52.6nm in diameter as well as a lack of surface CD31 expression. Co-culturing hLSECs with rat Kupffer cells (rKCs) on 6kPa substrates, resulted in the complete loss of fenestrae, an increase in CD31 expression and in a well-organized cytoskeleton. These results demonstrate that the increasing stiffness of liver matrices does not solely result in changes in hLSEC phenotype. Even on soft substrates, culturing hLSECs in an inflamed microenvironment can result in their dedifferentiation. Our findings demonstrate the interplay between matrix elasticity and inflammation in the progression of hepatic fibrosis.
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Regulatory toxicology in the twenty-first century: challenges, perspectives and possible solutions. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:823-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Usta OB, McCarty WJ, Bale S, Hegde M, Jindal R, Bhushan A, Golberg I, Yarmush ML. Microengineered cell and tissue systems for drug screening and toxicology applications: Evolution of in-vitro liver technologies. TECHNOLOGY 2015; 3:1-26. [PMID: 26167518 PMCID: PMC4494128 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547815300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver performs many key functions, the most prominent of which is serving as the metabolic hub of the body. For this reason, the liver is the focal point of many investigations aimed at understanding an organism's toxicological response to endogenous and exogenous challenges. Because so many drug failures have involved direct liver toxicity or other organ toxicity from liver generated metabolites, the pharmaceutical industry has constantly sought superior, predictive in-vitro models that can more quickly and efficiently identify problematic drug candidates before they incur major development costs, and certainly before they are released to the public. In this broad review, we present a survey and critical comparison of in-vitro liver technologies along a broad spectrum, but focus on the current renewed push to develop "organs-on-a-chip". One prominent set of conclusions from this review is that while a large body of recent work has steered the field towards an ever more comprehensive understanding of what is needed, the field remains in great need of several key advances, including establishment of standard characterization methods, enhanced technologies that mimic the in-vivo cellular environment, and better computational approaches to bridge the gap between the in-vitro and in-vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- O B Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - W J McCarty
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - S Bale
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M Hegde
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - R Jindal
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - A Bhushan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - I Golberg
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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41
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Bale SS, Golberg I, Jindal R, McCarty WJ, Luitje M, Hegde M, Bhushan A, Usta OB, Yarmush ML. Long-term coculture strategies for primary hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 21:413-22. [PMID: 25233394 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes and their in vitro models are essential tools for preclinical screening studies for drugs that affect the liver. Most of the current models primarily focus on hepatocytes alone and lack the contribution of non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), which are significant through both molecular and the response of the NPCs themselves. Models that incorporate NPCs alongside hepatocytes hold the power to enable more realistic recapitulation and elucidation of cell interactions and cumulative drug response. Hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) account for ∼ 80% of the liver mass where the LSECs line the walls of blood vessels, and act as a barrier between hepatocytes and blood. Culturing LSECs with hepatocytes to generate multicellular physiologically relevant in vitro liver models has been a major hurdle since LSECs lose their phenotype rapidly after isolation. To this end, we describe the application of collagen gel (1) in a sandwich and (2) as an intervening extracellular matrix layer to coculture hepatocytes with LSECs for extended periods. These coculture configurations provide environments wherein hepatocyte and LSECs, through cell-cell contacts and/or secretion factors, lead to enhanced function and stability of the cocultures. Our results show that in these configurations, hepatocytes and LSECs maintained their phenotypes when cultured together as a mixture, and showed stable secretion and metabolic activity for up to 4 weeks. Immunostaining for sinusoidal endothelial 1 (SE-1) antibody demonstrated retention of LSEC phenotype during the culture period. In addition, LSECs cultured alone maintained high viability and SE-1 expression when cultured within a collagen sandwich configuration up to 4 weeks. Albumin production of the cocultures was 10-15 times higher when LSECs were cultured as a bottom layer (with an intervening collagen layer) and as a mixture in a sandwich configuration, and native CYP 1A1/2 activity was at least 20 times higher than monoculture controls. Together, these data suggest that collagen gel-based hepatocyte-LSEC cocultures are highly suitable models for stabilization and long-term culture of both cell types. In summary, these results indicate that collagen gel-based hepatocyte-LSEC coculture models are promising for in vitro toxicity testing, and liver model development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundhar Bale
- 1 Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children , Boston, Massachusetts
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Wheeler SE, Clark AM, Taylor DP, Young CL, Pillai VC, Stolz DB, Venkataramanan R, Lauffenburger D, Griffith L, Wells A. Spontaneous dormancy of metastatic breast cancer cells in an all human liver microphysiologic system. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:2342-50. [PMID: 25314052 PMCID: PMC4264444 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metastatic outgrowth in breast cancer can occur years after a seeming cure. Existing model systems of dormancy are limited as they do not recapitulate human metastatic dormancy without exogenous manipulations and are unable to query early events of micrometastases. Methods: Here, we describe a human ex vivo hepatic microphysiologic system. The system is established with fresh human hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) creating a microenvironment into which breast cancer cells (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231) are added. Results: The hepatic tissue maintains function through 15 days as verified by liver-specific protein production and drug metabolism assays. The NPCs form an integral part of the hepatic niche, demonstrated within the system through their participation in differential signalling cascades and cancer cell outcomes. Breast cancer cells intercalate into the hepatic niche without interfering with hepatocyte function. Examination of cancer cells demonstrated that a significant subset enter a quiescent state of dormancy as shown by lack of cell cycling (EdU− or Ki67−). The presence of NPCs altered the cancer cell fraction entering quiescence, and lead to differential cytokine profiles in the microenvironment effluent. Conclusions: These findings establish the liver microphysiologic system as a relevant model for the study of breast cancer metastases and entry into dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D P Taylor
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [2] Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C L Young
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - V C Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D B Stolz
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [2] Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [3] McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [4] University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Venkataramanan
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A Wells
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [2] Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [3] McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [4] University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [5] Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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43
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Brito IR, Lima IMT, Xu M, Shea LD, Woodruff TK, Figueiredo JR. Three-dimensional systems for in vitro follicular culture: overview of alginate-based matrices. Reprod Fertil Dev 2014; 26:915-30. [PMID: 23866836 PMCID: PMC11287383 DOI: 10.1071/rd12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 08/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The in vitro culture of ovarian follicles has provided critical insight into the biology of the follicle and its enclosed oocyte and the physical interaction and communication between the theca and granulosa cells and the oocyte that is necessary to produce meiotically competent oocytes. Various two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have been developed to evaluate the effect of growth factors, hormones, extracellular matrix components and culture conditions on follicle development and oocyte growth and maturation. Among these culture systems, 3D systems make it possible to maintain follicle structure and support communication between the various cell compartments within the follicle. In this review article, we will discuss the three main approaches to ovarian follicle culture: 2D attachment systems, 3D floating systems and 3D encapsulated systems. We will specifically emphasise the development of and advances in alginate-based encapsulated systems for in vitro follicle culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivina R. Brito
- Faculty of Veterinary, Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocyte and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), PPGCV, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60740-930, Brazil
| | | | - Min Xu
- Division of Reproductive Biology and Clinical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, 60611, USA
| | - Lonnie D. Shea
- Division of Reproductive Biology and Clinical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, 60611, USA
| | - Teresa K. Woodruff
- Division of Reproductive Biology and Clinical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, 60611, USA
| | - José R. Figueiredo
- Faculty of Veterinary, Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocyte and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), PPGCV, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60740-930, Brazil
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Abstract
Despite the tremendous hurdles presented by the complexity of the liver's structure and function, advances in liver physiology, stem cell biology and reprogramming, and the engineering of tissues and devices are accelerating the development of cell-based therapies for treating liver disease and liver failure. This State of the Art Review discusses both the near- and long-term prospects for such cell-based therapies and the unique challenges for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science at MIT, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, David H. Koch Institute at MIT, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Division of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Gregory H Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kenneth S Zaret
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ira J Fox
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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45
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Ebrahimkhani MR, Neiman JAS, Raredon MSB, Hughes DJ, Griffith LG. Bioreactor technologies to support liver function in vitro. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:132-57. [PMID: 24607703 PMCID: PMC4144187 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver is a central nexus integrating metabolic and immunologic homeostasis in the human body, and the direct or indirect target of most molecular therapeutics. A wide spectrum of therapeutic and technological needs drives efforts to capture liver physiology and pathophysiology in vitro, ranging from prediction of metabolism and toxicity of small molecule drugs, to understanding off-target effects of proteins, nucleic acid therapies, and targeted therapeutics, to serving as disease models for drug development. Here we provide perspective on the evolving landscape of bioreactor-based models to meet old and new challenges in drug discovery and development, emphasizing design challenges in maintaining long-term liver-specific function and how emerging technologies in biomaterials and microdevices are providing new experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Shepard Neiman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Micha Sam B Raredon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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46
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Abstract
The liver is a target of in vitro tissue engineering despite its capability to regenerate in vivo. The construction of liver tissues in vitro remains challenging. In this review, conventional 3D cultures of hepatocytes are first discussed. Recent advances in the 3D culturing of liver cells are then summarized in the context of in vitro liver tissue reconstruction at the micro- and macroscales. The application of microfluidics technology to liver tissue engineering has been introduced as a bottom-up approach performed at the microscale, whereas whole-organ bioengineering technology was introduced as a top-down approach performed at the macroscale. Mesoscale approaches are also discussed in considering the integration of micro- and macroscale approaches. Multiple parallel multiscale liver tissue engineering studies are ongoing; however, no tissue-engineered liver that is appropriate for clinical use has yet been realized. The integration of multiscale tissue engineering studies is essential for further understanding of liver reconstruction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sudo
- Department of System Design Engineering; Keio University; Yokohama, Japan
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47
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Bhushan A, Senutovitch N, Bale SS, McCarty WJ, Hegde M, Jindal R, Golberg I, Berk Usta O, Yarmush ML, Vernetti L, Gough A, Bakan A, Shun TY, DeBiasio R, Lansing Taylor D. Towards a three-dimensional microfluidic liver platform for predicting drug efficacy and toxicity in humans. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4 Suppl 1:S16. [PMID: 24565476 PMCID: PMC4028964 DOI: 10.1186/scrt377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the process of drug development requires efficacy and toxicity testing in animals prior to human testing, animal models have limited ability to accurately predict human responses to xenobiotics and other insults. Societal pressures are also focusing on reduction of and, ultimately, replacement of animal testing. However, a variety of in vitro models, explored over the last decade, have not been powerful enough to replace animal models. New initiatives sponsored by several US federal agencies seek to address this problem by funding the development of physiologically relevant human organ models on microscopic chips. The eventual goal is to simulate a human-on-a-chip, by interconnecting the organ models, thereby replacing animal testing in drug discovery and development. As part of this initiative, we aim to build a three-dimensional human liver chip that mimics the acinus, the smallest functional unit of the liver, including its oxygen gradient. Our liver-on-a-chip platform will deliver a microfluidic three-dimensional co-culture environment with stable synthetic and enzymatic function for at least 4 weeks. Sentinel cells that contain fluorescent biosensors will be integrated into the chip to provide multiplexed, real-time readouts of key liver functions and pathology. We are also developing a database to manage experimental data and harness external information to interpret the multimodal data and create a predictive platform.
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48
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Kang YBA, Rawat S, Cirillo J, Bouchard M, Noh HM. Layered long-term co-culture of hepatocytes and endothelial cells on a transwell membrane: toward engineering the liver sinusoid. Biofabrication 2013; 5:045008. [PMID: 24280542 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/5/4/045008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel liver model that mimics the liver sinusoid where most liver activities occur. A key aspect of our current liver model is a layered co-culture of primary rat hepatocytes (PRHs) and primary rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) or bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) on a transwell membrane. When a layered co-culture was attempted with a thin Matrigel layer placed between hepatocytes and endothelial cells to mimic the space of Disse, the cells did not form completely separated monolayers. However, when hepatocytes and endothelial cells were cultured on the opposite sides of a transwell membrane, PRHs co-cultured with LSECs or BAECs maintained their viability and normal morphology for 39 and 57 days, respectively. We assessed the presence of hepatocyte-specific differentiation markers to verify that PRHs remained differentiated in the long-term co-culture and analyzed hepatocyte function by monitoring urea synthesis. We also noted that the expression of cytochrome P-450 remained similar in the co-cultured system from day 1 to day 48. Thus, our novel liver model system demonstrated that primary hepatocytes can be cultured for extended times and retain their hepatocyte-specific functions when layered with endothelial cells.
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49
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Materne EM, Tonevitsky AG, Marx U. Chip-based liver equivalents for toxicity testing--organotypicalness versus cost-efficient high throughput. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3481-95. [PMID: 23722971 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50240f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver toxicity dominates the reasons for pharmaceutical product ban, withdrawal or non-approval since the thalidomide disaster in the late-1950s. Hopes to finally solve the liver toxicity test dilemma have recently risen to a historic level based on the latest progress in human microfluidic tissue culture devices. Chip-based human liver equivalents are envisaged to identify liver toxic agents regularly undiscovered by current test procedures at industrial throughput. In this review, we focus on advanced microfluidic microscale liver equivalents, appraising them against the level of architectural and, consequently, functional identity with their human counterpart in vivo. We emphasise the inherent relationship between human liver architecture and its drug-induced injury. Furthermore, we plot the current socio-economic drug development environment against the possible value such systems may add. Finally, we try to sketch a forecast for translational innovations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Materne
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Department Medical Biotechnology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
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Challenges in using cultured primary rodent hepatocytes or cell lines to study hepatic HDL receptor SR-BI regulation by its cytoplasmic adaptor PDZK1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69725. [PMID: 23936087 PMCID: PMC3720616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PDZK1 is a four PDZ-domain containing cytoplasmic protein that binds to a variety of membrane proteins via their C-termini and can influence the abundance, localization and/or function of its target proteins. One of these targets in hepatocytes in vivo is the HDL receptor SR-BI. Normal hepatic expression of SR-BI protein requires PDZK1 - <5% of normal hepatic SR-BI is seen in the livers of PDZK1 knockout mice. Progress has been made in identifying features of PDZK1 required to control hepatic SR-BI in vivo using hepatic expression of wild-type and mutant forms of PDZK1 in wild-type and PDZK1 KO transgenic mice. Such in vivo studies are time consuming and expensive, and cannot readily be used to explore many features of the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we have explored the potential to use either primary rodent hepatocytes in culture using 2D collagen gels with newly developed optimized conditions or PDZK1/SR-BI co-transfected cultured cell lines (COS, HEK293) for such studies. SR-BI and PDZK1 protein and mRNA expression levels fell rapidly in primary hepatocyte cultures, indicating this system does not adequately mimic hepatocytes in vivo for analysis of the PDZK1 dependence of SR-BI. Although PDZK1 did alter SR-BI protein expression in the cell lines, its influence was independent of SR-BI’s C-terminus, and thus is not likely to occur via the same mechanism as that which occurs in hepatocytes in vivo. Conclusions/Significance Caution must be exercised in using primary hepatocytes or cultured cell lines when studying the mechanism underlying the regulation of hepatic SR-BI by PDZK1. It may be possible to use SR-BI and PDZK1 expression as sensitive markers for the in vivo-like state of hepatocytes to further improve primary hepatocyte cell culture conditions.
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