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Zhang R, Hu G, Wang Y, Li L, Guo Y, Wang Y, Tao L. Development of Phormia regina at seven constant temperatures for minimum postmortem interval estimation. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:1055-1065. [PMID: 37952074 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Phormia regina (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) can colonize carcasses quickly, and its immature stages are reliable entomological evidence for the estimation of the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). There are discrepancies in the developmental data from previous studies on P. regina, and the related PMImin indicators need to be refined. We investigated the accuracy of forensic entomological evidence using development durations, growth accumulated degree hours, and larval body length variations of P. regina at seven constant temperatures ranging from 16 to 34 °C. We also established development models such as the isomorphen diagram, thermal summation model, isomegalen diagram, and body length simulation equation to assist with PMImin estimation. The developmental duration of P. regina from egg to adult at 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34 °C was 840.8 ± 42.8 h, 580.1 ± 10.1 h, 390.4 ± 8.7 h, 316.8 ± 9.4 h, 291.4 ± 21.2 h, 238.4 ± 2.8 h, and 222.5 ± 5.2 h, respectively. The lower threshold temperature TL was 9.97 ± 0.50 °C, while the thermal constant K was 5052.7 ± 229 degree days. The lower developmental thresholds, intrinsic optimum temperature, and upper lethal developmental threshold obtained by the Optim SSI models were 13.15, 21.20, and 36.86 °C, respectively. This study aims to provide developmental models for P. regina aimed at common case-site temperatures in the northern provinces of China, which can be used for accurate PMImin estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Gengwang Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Liangliang Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
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2
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Hu G, Li L, Zhang Y, Shao S, Gao Y, Zhang R, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Kang C, Wang J, Wang Y. A global perspective of forensic entomology case reports from 1935 to 2022. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:1535-1553. [PMID: 37410176 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Forensic entomology case reports are the product of rapid development in the field, the widespread acceptance of the science and the application of forensic entomological knowledge. In this study, we retrospectively summarized information derived from 307 forensic entomology case reports from 1935 to 2022 from a global perspective. Our checklist of relevant information included insect species, specific indoor or outdoor preferences, preferred temperatures, and stages of body decomposition. Finally, a concept and calculation method for postmortem interval (PMI) estimation accuracy was proposed. There were 232 cases using insect developmental data and 28 cases using succession patterns to estimate PMI. A total of 146 species of insects were involved in the cases, of which 62.3% were Diptera and 37.7% were Coleoptera. Postmortem intervals were estimated from eggs in 4 cases, larvae in 180 cases, pupae in 45 cases, and puparia in 38 cases. The majority of cases were from June to October, and the average number of species mentioned in the cases was more at 15-30 °C. Considering the standardization of application, in the majority of cases, insect evidence was collected by other personnel and sent to forensic entomologists, there was a delay in the sampling, and the scene or meteorological data were directly used without correcting. Our data shows that there are still many shortcomings in the universality and standardization of forensic entomology in its practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengwang Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Liangliang Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yingna Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shipeng Shao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yundi Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Chengtao Kang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jiangfeng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China.
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3
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Sharif S, Wunder C, Khan MK, Qamar A, Amendt J. Cuticular hydrocarbons as weathering biomarkers of empty puparia of the forensically important blowfly Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in soil v/s under room conditions. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 349:111748. [PMID: 37301034 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forensic entomology uses the age of insects, such as blow flies, to determine a minimum post-mortem interval (PMImin). Recent research has focused on using the analysis of specific cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) in adult insects and their empty puparia to estimate their age, as it has been shown that their profile changes are consistent with age. The current work is based on the weathering of five CHCs from empty puparia of Calliphora vicina that were stored in soil (field/outdoor) and non-soil (room/indoor conditions) based pupariation media for a total of six months. The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment chamber at a constant temperature of 25 ± 2 °C under constant darkness. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the cuticular hydrocarbons after they were extracted in n-Hexane. n-Pentacosane, n-Hexacosane, n-Heptacosane, n-Octacosane, and n-Nonacosane were the five CHCs investigated. Results showed that CHCs weathered more quickly in the soil than in the non-soil environment. It was also found that the abundance of Heptacosane increased in the samples during the fifth month when stored in a non-soil medium, while the abundances of all five CHCs were not detected after eight weeks onwards in soil pupation medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaima Sharif
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Biology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Cora Wunder
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mohd Kaleem Khan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Ayesha Qamar
- Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India.
| | - Jens Amendt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Biology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Iwasa M, Okura M. Fauna of flies (Diptera) on bones and emergence succession: Forensic implications in skeletal remains. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 348:111705. [PMID: 37098290 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Fauna of flies on pig carcasses and bones and their emergence succession were investigated in Hokkaido, Japan. A total of 55,937 flies consisting 23 identified species in 16 families was collected from emergence traps after removal of carcasses and emergence containers containing bones. In emergence traps, Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus) emerged earliest, followed by Hydrotaea ignava (Harris). Piophilid flies emerged 22-25 days later than L. caesar, and their emergence periods were prolonged. In emergent flies from bones, Piophilidae was the dominant family, comprising five species; Stearibia nigriceps (Meigen) was the most abundant, followed by Liopiophila varipes (Meigen) and Protopiophila latipes (Meigen). Stearibia nigriceps and L. varipes remarkably dominated in summer bones and overwintering spring bones, respectively. Piophilids emerged from all 11 types of bones; the thoracic spine significantly yielded the most numerous individuals in S. nigriceps. The developmental duration of larvae of S. nigriceps in bones was estimated to be 12-34 days after placement of carcasses in summer. Observations of overwintering bones showed that L. varipes and Centrophlebomyia grunini (Ozerov) overwintered in larvae inside of bones. The importance of examining piophilid larvae in bones and their potential forensic usefulness are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Iwasa
- Laboratory of Entomology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Mai Okura
- Laboratory of Entomology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Yan WL, Yang CH, Tan SH, Pai CY, Li KK, Chung CC. The Study of Forensically Important Insects Recovered from Human Corpses in Taiwan. INSECTS 2023; 14:346. [PMID: 37103159 PMCID: PMC10141353 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A study of entomological specimens recovered from 117 human corpses in 114 forensic cases was conducted in Taiwan between 2011 and 2018. The comparisons and discussions of the entomological data were based on the locations (indoor vs. outdoor), environments (urban vs. suburban), season and decomposition stages of corpses. In the study, both morphology and DNA-based comparison methods were used to facilitate species identification. In total, nine families and twenty-two species were thus identified. The two most abundant fly species recovered from human corpses were Chrysomya megacephala (35.1%, 1735 out of 4949) and Chrysomya rufifacies (21.7%, 1072 out of 4949). As for case frequency, both the two were also the most common fly species (both 40%, 46 out of 114), particularly in outdoor cases (also both 74%, 25 out of 34). We found that Chrysomya pinguis and Lucilia porphyrina appeared in low temperature scenes in this study. Synthesiomyia nudiseta was the most common species detected on indoor (36%, 29 out of 80 cases) and urban (41%, 22 out of 54 cases) corpses. Sarcophagidae were strongly associated with urban environments (35%, 19 out of 54 cases), and Parasarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) dux, Liopygia ruficornis and Boettcherisca peregrina were the most frequent sarcophagid species collected from corpses. Hydrotaea spinigera was often found on corpses immersed in water (60%, three out of five cases) with advanced decay or remains stages. Megaselia scalaris was closely correlated with indoor cases (24%, 19 out of 80). In addition, Piophila megastigmata was collected from a corpse in the remains stage and the data represent the first report in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, Central Police University, No. 56, Shuren Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333322, Taiwan
- Forensic Science Center, Taoyuan Police Department, No. 3, Xianfu Rd., Taoyuan Dist., Taoyuan City 330206, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Herr Yang
- Department of Forensic Science, Central Police University, No. 56, Shuren Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333322, Taiwan
| | - Siew Hwa Tan
- Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chung-Yen Pai
- Department of Criminal Investigation, Central Police University, No. 56, Shuren Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333322, Taiwan
| | - Kan-Kun Li
- Department of Forensic Science, Central Police University, No. 56, Shuren Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333322, Taiwan
- Forensic Science Center, Tainan Police Department, No. 3, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinying Dist., Tainan City 730207, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chou Chung
- Department of Forensic Science, Central Police University, No. 56, Shuren Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333322, Taiwan
- Forensic Science Section, Hualien County Police Department, No. 21, Fuqian Rd., Hualien City 970018, Taiwan
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Matuszewski S. Post-Mortem Interval Estimation Based on Insect Evidence: Current Challenges. INSECTS 2021; 12:314. [PMID: 33915957 PMCID: PMC8066566 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During death investigations insects are used mostly to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI). These estimates are only as good as they are close to the true PMI. Therefore, the major challenge for forensic entomology is to reduce the estimation inaccuracy. Here, I review literature in this field to identify research areas that may contribute to the increase in the accuracy of PMI estimation. I conclude that research on the development and succession of carrion insects, thermogenesis in aggregations of their larvae and error rates of the PMI estimation protocols should be prioritized. Challenges of educational and promotional nature are discussed as well, particularly in relation to the collection of insect evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Matuszewski
- Laboratory of Criminalistics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Święty Marcin 90, 61-809 Poznań, Poland;
- Wielkopolska Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Niederegger S, Mall G. Flies Do Not Jump to Conclusions: Estimation of the Minimum Post-Mortem Interval for a Partly Skeletonized Body Based on Larvae of Phromia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040294. [PMID: 33800533 PMCID: PMC8065831 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Many factors can influence the appearance of human remains. In the case presented here, the remains appeared to be exposed for months, because the bones were visible. Fly maggots collected from the body, however, suggested a much shorter period of only about two weeks. The confession of the perpetrator ultimately confirmed the shorter exposure time of the remains. Abstract Skeletonization is often perceived as an indicator of long post-mortem intervals. The finding of feeding larvae of first colonizers, on the other hand, indicates days. We present a case in which both findings were present. Larvae of Phormia regina, aged 9 days, and skeletonization of the head and part of the thorax were both found on an unidentified female body. Identification of dentures eventually led to resolution of the case and a confession, which settled the seeming contradiction in favor of forensic entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senta Niederegger
- Department of Forensic Entomology, Institute of Legal Medicine at the University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Gita Mall
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine at the University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany;
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8
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Feng DX, Wu J, Sun DP. Intrapuparial Age Estimation of Forensically Important Dohrniphora cornuta (Diptera: Phoridae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:616-624. [PMID: 33112405 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dohrniphora cornuta (Bigot) is a forensically important phorid fly indoors and in burial environments. The determination of a minimum postmortem interval (PMImin) often relies on the determination of the age of the immatures. Although the larval development data of D. cornuta under different temperatures has been established, the intrapuparial stage which lasts for about half of the total immature development is scarce. In this study, we investigated the key morphological changes during intrapuparial development at constant temperatures (15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, and 36°C), with an aim to estimate the intrapuparial age of D. cornuta. Puparia were sampled at 12-h (24, 27, 30, and 33°C), 24-h (18 and 21°C), and 48-h (15°C) intervals. The morphological developments within the puparium were analyzed using a stereomicroscope after the puparium was removed. The average minimum duration of intrapuparial stage was inversely related to temperature, ranging from 184.79 ± 3.00 h at 30°C to 1102.86 ± 25.55 h at 15°C for female, and 197.40 ± 4.12 h at 30°C to 1175.33 ± 18.55 h at 15°C for male. It did not develop at 36°C. Some morphological traits that changed during development within the puparium could be used as age markers. According to these changes, the intrapuparial stage of D. cornuta was divided into nine stages which could be used for both sexes. This study provides relatively systematic development data of D. cornuta intrapuparial for the estimation of PMImin in forensic entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Xing Feng
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Dadong District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Dadong District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Peng Sun
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Dadong District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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García MD, Arnaldos MI, Lago V, Ramírez M, Ubero N, Prieto J, Presa JJ, Luna A. The paradigm of interdisciplinarity in forensic investigation. A case in Southeastern Spain. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 48:101817. [PMID: 33264697 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents the procedure followed to fully solve a forensic case which occurred in Southeastern Spain through the collaboration of specialists from different scientific areas belonging to two different government institutions, a public University and the Guardia Civil. Entomological evidence was required to estimate the PMI in order to settle the perimortem circumstances. Piophila megastigmata (Diptera: Piophilidae) is reported for the first time from a forensic case in Spain, enhancing the interest of its presence in corpses to estimate the PMI. The procedure followed for each scientific specialist is detailed and the possibilities and requirements of each discipline are discussed in detail. Taking into account that institutional interdisciplinary collaboration is not a rule in solving cases of forensic investigation in Spain, the relevance and need of such interdisciplinary collaboration in solving cases of forensic investigation is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vicente Lago
- Identification Department, Forensic Services, Guardia Civil, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- University Expert, Regional Forensic Laboratory, Guardia Civil, 30007 Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicolás Ubero
- Area of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Prieto
- Regional Headquarter, Guardia Civil, 30007 Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan-José Presa
- Area of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Aurelio Luna
- Area of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Liu Z, Tang H, Tong L, Liu X, Meng F. The complete mitochondrial genome of a forensic potential wasp, Vespa auraria (Smith). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2020; 5:3455-3456. [PMID: 33458202 PMCID: PMC7782305 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1824594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Vespa auraria (Smith) is a common wasp species which is broadly distributed in south Asia. This species was spotted in filed forensic studies and disrupted the insect succession on the decaying corpse. Complete mitochondrial genome of V. auraria was presented here for its forensically potential influence. The mitogenome was assemblied to 18613 bp in length. The nucleotide composition of present mitogenome was calculated (A: 40.1%, G: 5.5%, T: 41.7%, C: 12.7%). Gene annotation analysis found 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA, and 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs). All the tRNA sequences could be folded into the typical structure of clover-leaf with the excepstion of tRNA-Ser (AGN). Phylogenetic development was analyzed based on V. auraria with other species of Hymenoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZiChao Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Leech Resources in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - HongMei Tang
- Pu'er Health School of Yunnan Province, Pu'er, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Engineering Research Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Leech Resources in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Xingzhu Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Leech Resources in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - FanMing Meng
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Abstract
Manganese is among Earth’s most abundant elements. Its oxidation had long been theorized1, yet undemonstrated2–4, to fuel chemolithoautotrophic microbial growth. Here, an enrichment culture exhibiting Mn(II)-oxidation-dependent, exponential growth was refined to a two species co-culture. Oxidation required viable bacteria at permissive temperatures, resulting in the generation of small Mn oxide nodules to which the cells associated. The majority member of the culture, ‘Candidatus Manganitrophus noduliformans’, affiliates within phylum Nitrospirae (Nitrospirota) but is distantly related to known Nitrospira and Leptospirillum species. The minority member has been isolated, but does not oxidise Mn(II) alone. Stable isotope probing revealed Mn(II)-oxidation-dependent, 13CO2-fixation into cellular biomass. Transcriptomics reveals candidate pathways for coupling extracellular manganese oxidation to aerobic energy conservation and to autotrophic CO2-fixation. These findings expand the known diversity of inorganic metabolisms supporting life, while completing a biogeochemical energy cycle for manganese5,6, one that may interface with other major global elemental cycles.
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Paula MC, Michelutti KB, Eulalio ADMM, Piva RC, Cardoso CAL, Antonialli-Junior WF. New method for estimating the post-mortem interval using the chemical composition of different generations of empty puparia: Indoor cases. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209776. [PMID: 30571776 PMCID: PMC6301778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most flies of forensic importance are in two superfamilies, the Muscoidea and the Oestroidea, with similar life stages including the puparium. Upon completion of metamorphosis the adult fly emerges from the puparium, leaving behind an exuvia that is of potential significance in forensic investigation. The empty puparium is a durable piece of entomological evidence lasting several years. Through the study of chemical compounds, specifically the hydrocarbons of these puparia, it is possible to identify the species, in addition to how long they have been exposed to weathering and for this reason, these parameters can assist forensic entomologists in estimating long-term postmortem interval (minPMI). In corpses that take a relatively longer time to decompose, insects may use the same corpses for several oviposition cycles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a new method to determine the PMI based on chemical compounds of the puparia from different oviposition cycles of the fly Chrysomya megacephala. The chemical composition of 50 puparia from different cycles of oviposition were evaluated by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 60 compounds were identified ranging from C18 to C34, 38 of those were common to all generations. Our results demonstrate that chemical profiles can be used to differentiate puparia collected from successive cycles, and therefore valuable in the estimation of minPMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele C. Paula
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental, Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Kamylla B. Michelutti
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental, Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aylson D. M. M. Eulalio
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental, Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Raul C. Piva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Claudia A. L. Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - William F. Antonialli-Junior
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental, Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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13
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Verves Y, Barták M, Kubík Š. Checklist of flesh flies of Turkey (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Zookeys 2018:95-136. [PMID: 29670438 PMCID: PMC5904541 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.743.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A checklist of 153 flesh fly species (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) recorded to date from Turkey is presented. Updating the list was necessary due to the numerous recent records. Records are listed according to provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Verves
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician Lebedev Str. 37 Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Miroslav Barták
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Kubík
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha Suchdol, Czech Republic
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14
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Badenhorst R, Villet MH. The uses of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in forensic entomology. Forensic Sci Res 2018; 3:2-15. [PMID: 30483647 PMCID: PMC6197084 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2018.1426136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) occurs on every continent and is closely associated with carrion and decaying material in human environments. Its abilities to find dead bodies and carry pathogens give it a prominence in human affairs that may involve prosecution or litigation, and therefore forensic entomologists. The identification, geographical distribution and biology of the species are reviewed to provide a background for approaches that four branches of forensic entomology (urban, stored-product, medico-criminal and environmental) might take to investigations involving this fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozane Badenhorst
- Southern African Forensic Entomology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Martin H. Villet
- Southern African Forensic Entomology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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15
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Patrícia J T. Implications of entomological evidence during the investigation of five cases of violent death in Southern Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.29328/journal.jfsr.1001013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Michaud JP, Schoenly KG, Moreau G. REWRITING ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION HISTORY: DID CARRION ECOLOGISTS GET THERE FIRST? QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2015; 90:45-66. [PMID: 26434165 DOI: 10.1086/679763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Ecological succession is arguably the most enduring contribution of plant ecologists and its origins have never been contested. However, we show that French entomologist Pierre Mégnin, while collaborating with medical examiners in the late 1800s, advanced the first formal definition and testable mechanism of ecological succession. This discovery gave birth to the twin disciplines of carrion ecology and forensic entomology. As a novel case of multiple independent discovery, we chronicle how the disciplines of plant and carrion ecology (including forensic entomology) accumulated strikingly similar parallel histories and contributions. In the 1900s, the two groups diverged in methodology and purpose, with carrion ecologists and forensic entomologists focusing mostly on case reports and observational studies instead of hypothesis testing. Momentum is currently growing, however, to develop the ecological framework of forensic entomology and advance carrion ecology theory. Researchers are recognizing the potential of carcasses as subjects for testing not only succession mechanisms (without assuming space-for-time substitution), but also aggregation and coexistence models, diversity-ecosystem function relationships, and the dynamics of pulsed resources. By comparing the contributions of plant and carrion ecologists, we hope to stimulate future crossover research that leads to a general theory of ecological succession.
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17
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Sharma R, Kumar Garg R, Gaur J. Various methods for the estimation of the post mortem interval from Calliphoridae: A review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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18
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Kirinoki M, Hitosugi M, Kato-Hayashi N, Iwasa M, Chigusa Y. Discovery of Liopiophila varipes and Protopiophila contecta (Diptera: Piophilidae) from human cadavers. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 248:e8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Bao F, Wells JD. Population genetic structure of an invasive forensically important insect. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3193-200. [PMID: 24934687 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The forensic utility of an insect can depend in part on its population structure. Although some native North American species have been characterized in this fashion, information is lacking for species that were introduced from elsewhere and that might have lower genetic diversity and less geographic differentiation. We surveyed Chrysomya megacephala, an Asian fly present in the continental USA since the 1980s. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism profiles were generated from adult insects collected across Florida and in Mobile, Alabama. Analysis of Molecular Variance on 151 polymorphic loci found significant but very small variation among samples. STRUCTURE and principal coordinate analyses produced the same two clusters in the population, consistent with C. megacephala in Florida having originated from two separate source populations. A weak negative correlation between genetic and geographic distances probably reflected the geographic arrangement of the genetic clusters. A positive relative relatedness coefficient for each sample indicated that flies arriving at a bait within a short time were likely to be close relatives, consistent with the earlier results for native North American carrion flies. However, genetic diversity estimated for the introduced Florida C. megacephala was lower than for native species or for published data on Malaysian C. megacephala, perhaps reflecting the genetic effects of being introduced to a new geographic region. Genetic assignment, a method that has been proposed as a way to infer corpse postmortem relocation, was much less successful for C. megacephala compared to the native species, possibly reflecting a history of admixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanchen Bao
- Department of Biological Sciences and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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20
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Ramaraj P, Selvakumar C, Ganesh A, Janarthanan S. Report on the occurrence of synanthropic derived form of Chrysomyamegacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from Royapuram fishing harbour, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Biodivers Data J 2014:e1111. [PMID: 25057250 PMCID: PMC4092320 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.2.e1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of dipteran fly, Chrysomyamegacephala (Fabricius, 1794) is reported for the first time from Royapuram fishing harbour (Chennai), Tamil Nadu, South East India. The fully grown third instar larvae of Chrysomyamegacephala were collected from decaying fishes near Royapuram fishing harbour. This site is found to be the regular breeding site for Chrysomyamegacephala. Larvae were reared under laboratory condition and freshly emerged adult flies from pupae were collected and identified by morphological features and molecular tools. Molecular identification through generation of DNA barcoding using mitochondrial COI gene of Chrysomyamegacephala is appended.
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21
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Moophayak K, Klong-Klaew T, Sukontason K, Kurahashi H, Tomberlin JK, Sukontason KL. Species composition of carrion blow flies in northern Thailand: altitude appraisal. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 56:179-82. [PMID: 24626423 PMCID: PMC4085854 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Distribution and occurrence of blow flies of forensic importance was
performed during 2007 and 2008 in Chiang Mai and Lampang Provinces, northern
Thailand. Surveys were conducted in forested areas for 30 minutes using a sweep net
to collected flies attracted to a bait. A total of 2,115 blow flies belonging to six
genera and 14 species were collected; Chrysomya megacephala
(Fabricius) (44.7%), C. pinguis (Walker) (15.1%), C.
chani Kurahashi (9.3%), C. thanomthini Kurahashi &
Tumrasvin (0.3%); Achoetandrus rufifacies (Macquart) (10.5%),
A. villeneuvi (Patton) (2.2%); Lucilia papuensis
Macquart (2.2%), L. porphyrina (Walker) (12.4%), L.
sinensis Aubertin (0.7%); Hemipyrellia ligurriens
(Wiedemann) (1.3%), H. pulchra (Wiedemann) (0.1%);
Hypopygiopsis infumata (Bigot) (0.6%), Hy.
tumrasvini Kurahashi (0.2%) and Ceylonomyia nigripes
Aubertin (0.4%). Among them, C. megacephala was the predominant
species collected, particularly in the summer. The species likely to prevail in
highland areas are C. pinguis, C. thanomthini, Hy. tumrasvini, L.
papuensis and L. porphyrina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittikhun Moophayak
- Mahidol University Nakhon Sawan Campus, Nakhon SawanThailand, Mahidol University Nakhon Sawan Campus, Nakhon Sawan, Thailand
| | - Tunwadee Klong-Klaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang MaiThailand, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kom Sukontason
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang MaiThailand, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hiromu Kurahashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kabkaew L Sukontason
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang MaiThailand, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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22
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Klong-Klaew T, Sukontason K, Ngoen-klan R, Moophayak K, Irvine KN, Kurahashi H, Prangkio C, Sanit S, Sukontason KL. Impact of abiotic factor changes in blowfly, Achoetandrus rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae), in northern Thailand. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1353-60. [PMID: 24535731 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how medically important flies respond to abiotic factor changes is necessary for predicting their population dynamics. In this study, we investigated the geographical distribution of the medically important blowfly, Achoetandrus rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and ascertained the response to climatic and physio-environmental factors in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Adult fly surveys were carried out every 2 weeks from May 2009 to May 2010 at 18 systematically randomized study sites in three districts of Chiang Mai province (Mueang Chiang Mai, Mae Rim, and Hang Dong), using reconstructable funnel traps with 1-day tainted beef offal as bait. During the study period, 8,861 adult A. rufifacies were captured, with peak densities being observed at the end of winter (i.e., late February) and throughout most of the summer (May to March). Population density had a weak but significant (α = 0.05) positive correlation with temperature (r = 0.329) and light intensity (r = 0.231), and a weak but significant (α = 0.05) negative correlation with relative humidity (r = -0.236). From the six ecological land use types (disturbed mixed deciduous forest, mixed deciduous forest, mixed orchard, lowland village, city town, and paddy field), greater fly densities were observed generally in the disturbed mixed deciduous forest and lowland village, but not in the paddy fields. In conclusion, A. rufifacies are abundant from the end of winter and throughout most of the summer in northern Thailand, with population density being weakly positively correlated with temperature and light intensity, but weakly negatively correlated with relative humidity. The greatest densities of this fly species were collected in disturbed mixed deciduous forest and lowland village land uses. The prediction of annual and season specific distributions of A. rufifacies were provided in each season and all-year patterns using a co-kriging approach (ArcGIS9.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunwadee Klong-Klaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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23
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Michaud JP, Schoenly KG, Moreau G. Sampling flies or sampling flaws? Experimental design and inference strength in forensic entomology. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 49:1-10. [PMID: 22308765 DOI: 10.1603/me10229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Forensic entomology is an inferential science because postmortem interval estimates are based on the extrapolation of results obtained in field or laboratory settings. Although enormous gains in scientific understanding and methodological practice have been made in forensic entomology over the last few decades, a majority of the field studies we reviewed do not meet the standards for inference, which are 1) adequate replication, 2) independence of experimental units, and 3) experimental conditions that capture a representative range of natural variability. Using a mock case-study approach, we identify design flaws in field and lab experiments and suggest methodological solutions for increasing inference strength that can inform future casework. Suggestions for improving data reporting in future field studies are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Michaud
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, High River, Alberta, T1V 1W2, Canada
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24
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Ahmad NW, Lim LH, Dhang CC, Chin HC, Abdullah AG, Mustaffa WNW, Kian CW, Jeffery J, Hashim R, Azirun SM. Comparative insect fauna succession on indoor and outdoor monkey carrions in a semi-forested area in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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25
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Martín-Vega D. Skipping clues: forensic importance of the family Piophilidae (Diptera). Forensic Sci Int 2011; 212:1-5. [PMID: 21802229 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the insects which are typically considered of forensic interest, the family Piophilidae (Diptera) is frequently cited because of its common occurrence on carcasses in different stages of decay. Piophilids are mainly known from the cosmopolitan species Piophila casei, which can be also a major pest for the food industry and an agent of myiasis. However, many other species of Piophilidae occur frequently on carrion, including human corpses; hence, it is essential to ensure a careful identification of specimens. Reviews of relevant published information about the Piophilidae species of potential forensic use, including recent interesting records, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martín-Vega
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Sukontason K, Sribanditmongkol P, Ngoen-klan R, Klong-klaew T, Moophayak K, Sukontason KL. Differentiation between Lucilia cuprina and Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae for use in forensic entomology applications. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:641-6. [PMID: 20076972 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lucilia cuprina and Hemipyrellia ligurriens are forensically important blow flies in many countries. The immature stage, in particular the third instar, of both species are generally similar in morphological appearance. In this study, the use of three main characteristics, the posterior spiracle, the dorsal spines between the first and second thoracic segments, and the cephalopharyngeal skeleton, allows for identification of both fly species, with the number of papillae on anterior spiracle being a supportive characteristic in some cases. Comparison of these characteristics is illustrated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kom Sukontason
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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27
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Forensically important flesh fly species in Thailand: morphology and developmental rate. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:1055-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Braig HR, Perotti MA. Carcases and mites. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2009; 49:45-84. [PMID: 19629724 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-009-9287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mites are involved in the decomposition of animal carcases and human corpses at every stage. From initial decay at the fresh stage until dry decomposition at the skeletal stage, a huge diversity of Acari, including members of the Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, Astigmata, Endeostigmata, Oribatida and Ixodida, are an integral part of the constantly changing food webs on, in and beneath the carrion. During the desiccation stage in wave 6 of Mégnin's system, mites can become the dominant fauna on the decomposing body. Under conditions unfavourable for the colonisation of insects, such as concealment, low temperature or mummification, mites might become the most important or even the only arthropods on a dead body. Some mite species will be represented by a few specimens, whereas others might build up in numbers to several million individuals. Astigmata are most prominent in numbers and Mesostigmata in diversity. More than 100 mite species and over 60 mite families were collected from animal carcases, and around 75 species and over 20 families from human corpses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk R Braig
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Wales, LL57 2UW, UK.
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29
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Kelly JA, van der Linde TC, Anderson GS. The influence of clothing and wrapping on carcass decomposition and arthropod succession during the warmer seasons in central South Africa*. J Forensic Sci 2009; 54:1105-12. [PMID: 19686395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The influence of clothing and wrapping on carcass decomposition and arthropod succession was investigated to provide data to enable estimated postmortem interval in homicide investigations. Six pig carcasses, Sus scrofa, were divided into three sample groups, each with a clothed carcass wrapped and a carcass wrapped with no clothes. Two more carcasses, one with no clothes or wrapping, the other with clothes and no wrapping were used as controls. The clothed or wrapped carcasses had larger visible maggot masses, which moved more freely and these carcasses took longer to dry out. The blow fly maggot masses were dominated by Chrysomya marginalis and Chrysomya albiceps. Oviposition occurred simultaneously on all carcasses. High temperatures in one case caused significant maggot mortality. The Coleoptera community was dominated by Silphidae, Thanathopilus micans larvae, Dermestidae, Dermestes maculatus adults and larvae, and Cleridae, Necrobia rufipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine A Kelly
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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30
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Ordóñez A, García MD, Fagua G. Evaluation of efficiency of Schoenly trap for collecting adult sarcosaprophagous dipterans. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2008; 45:522-532. [PMID: 18533448 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[522:eoeost]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Communities of adult sarcosaprophagous dipterans were evaluated using both Schoenly traps (BST) baited with rabbit carcasses and the traditional forensic methodology (TradC) in the Sabana de Bogotà, Colombia. During 42 sampling days, 2,726 adult dipterans were collected (2,291 by BST and 435 by TradC) belonging to 31 morphospecies (31 by BST and 23 by TradC) and 14 families (14 by BST and 10 by TradC). Significant differences in the species abundance, richness, diversity, and dominance were found between BTC and TradC. BST collected more individuals and species than TradC. Rank correlations and matched rank-abundance plots indicated a significant nesting of the dipteran community collected by TradC with respect to BST captures. By comparing the structure and composition of the collected communities, only those collected by BST showed repeatability of the results. The above-mentioned information allows us to consider BST as a superior methodology to perform inventories of Diptera imagoes associated with carcasses. In the community collected by BST, the most abundant and rich families were Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Phoridae, and Sarcophagidae, all of them necrophagous species associated with carcasses. Calliphoridae and Muscidae were dominant in the first stages of decomposition (fresh and active decomposition), and Phoridae was the principal family during decomposition, dry remains, and bones stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ordóñez
- Community and Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750AA Haren, The Netherlands.
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31
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Morphology and developmental rate of blowflies Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies in Thailand: application in forensic entomology. Parasitol Res 2008; 102:1207-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-0895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Chaiwong T, Sukontason K, Olson JK, Kurahashi H, Chaithong U, Sukontason KL. Fine structure of the reproductive system of Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae): the external sexual organ. Parasitol Res 2008; 102:973-80. [PMID: 18180955 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure of the reproductive system of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), a blow fly species of medical importance, was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to contribute detailed morphological information on the external sexual organs or genitalia of this species. Analysis of the male genitalia or hypopygium revealed that the epandrium is a broad organ resembling a crescent shape, while the ejaculatory apodeme and aedeagal apodeme show similarity in their lengths. The cercus is significantly longer than the surstylus with its apical end being more or less rounded. Dense patches of long bristles, morphologically similar to the sensilla chaetica and sensilla trichodea, were found along the lower half of the cercus. The surstylus has a stout triangular shape, and the proximal half is greatly endowed with sensilla thought to be sensilla chaetica and sensilla trichodea. The aedeagus per se is prominent and has a clavate shape formed by the base theca and elongated phallus. The vesica of the phallus is a smooth bilobed structure, which curves inward. The juxta and juxta process are armed with many rows of strong spines resembling thorns in their appearance. The harpe is slender, recurved anteriorly, and distally pointed like a sickle. Regarding the female genitalia or ovipositor, SEM observation of the supraanal plate revealed it to be sclerotized and more or less triangular-shaped, lying between a pair of short cerci. Several types of sensilla were found on the supraanal plate, subanal plate and cercus, including the sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla placodea, and probably, sensilla styloconica. The possible functions of sensilla distributed in particular regions of the fly genitalia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarinee Chaiwong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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33
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Kelly J, Van Der Linde T, Anderson G. The Influence of Clothing and Wrapping on Carcass Decomposition and Arthropod Succession: A Winter Study in Central South Africa. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2008.10757171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pai CY, Jien MC, Li LH, Cheng YY, Yang CH. Application of forensic entomology to postmortem interval determination of a burned human corpse: a homicide case report from southern Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2007; 106:792-8. [PMID: 17908671 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(08)60043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the postmortem interval (PMI) is strongly impacted by several variables, which consequently results in inaccuracy in the estimation of PMI used in court trials. A PMI experiment was conducted in Kaohsiung County by disposing a burned pig corpse in the woods. One month later, unexpectedly and interestingly, a homicide case, very similar to this mock study, occurred at a distance of 6 km away from the experimental site. The female victim had been killed and burned. The maggots collected from the victim were identified to be Chrysomya megacephala by morphologic observation and were then confirmed by mitochondrial DNA sequence. A PMI of 50 hours was concluded for the burned human body, based on the information of the maggots from the pig corpse. The murderer was eventually arrested and confessed to the crime. According to his statement, the elapsed time since death was calculated to have been 46 hours. In this case, the PMI was estimated successfully and it was almost precise. It would appear that the more similar the surrounding environment between the mock study and the actual case, the more precise can be the PMI estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yen Pai
- Department of Forensic Science, Central Police University, Taiwan
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Sukontason KL, Ngern-Klun R, Sripakdee D, Sukontason K. Identifying fly puparia by clearing technique: application to forensic entomology. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:1407-16. [PMID: 17687570 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0660-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In forensic investigations, immature stages of the fly (egg, larva, or puparia) can be used as entomological evidence at death scenes, not only to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI), analyze toxic substances, and to determine the manner of death but also to indicate the movement of a corpse in homicide cases. Of these immature stages, puparia represent the longest developmental time, which makes them of useful. However, in order for forensic entomologists to use puparia effectively, it is crucial that they are able to accurately identify the species of fly found in a corpse. Typically, these puparia are similar in general appearance, being coarctate and light brown to dark brown in color, which makes identification difficult. In this study, we report on the clearing technique used to pale the integument of fly puparia, thereby allowing observation of the anterior end (second to fourth segments) and the profile of the posterior spiracle, which are important clues for identification. We used puparia of the blowfly, Chrysomya megacephala (F.), as the model species in this experiment. With placement in a 20% potassium hydroxide solution daily and mounting on a clearing medium (Permount(R), New Jersey), the profile of the posterior spiracle could be clearly examined under a light microscope beginning on the fifth day after pupation, and the number of papillae in the anterior spiracle could be counted easily starting from the ninth day. Comparison of morphological features of C. megacephala puparia with those of other blowflies (Chrysomya nigripes [Aubertin], Chrysomya rufifacies [Macquart], Chrysomya villeneuvi [Patton], Lucilia cuprina [Wiedemann], and Hemipyrellia ligurriens [Wiedemann]) and a housefly (Musca domestica L.) revealed that the anterior ends and the profiles of the posterior spiracles had markedly distinguishing characteristics. Morphometric analysis of the length and width of puparia, along with the length of the gaps between the posterior spiracles of seven fly species, displayed differences among them. This provides a key to identifying the puparia of these seven fly species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabkaew L Sukontason
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Zhu GH, Xu XH, Yu XJ, Zhang Y, Wang JF. Puparial case hydrocarbons of Chrysomya megacephala as an indicator of the postmortem interval. Forensic Sci Int 2007; 169:1-5. [PMID: 16930899 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 04/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The puparial case is one of the most common 'stages' of necrophagous flies encountered in crime investigations of highly decomposed corpses. If methods for determining the weathering time of these puparial cases are developed, it is possible that the postmortem interval (PMI) could be estimated accordingly. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the changes with the weathering time in cuticular hydrocarbons of the puparial cases of Chrysomya megacephala in the laboratory. The results have shown that cuticular hydrocarbons of the puparial cases were a mixture of n-alkanes, methyl-branched alkanes, and dimethyl-branched alkanes. The carbon chain length ranged from C21 to C35, and the hydrocarbon composition showed significant regular changes with the weathering time. For the even numbered n-alkanes with low molecular weight, namely n-C22, n-C24 and n-C26, the abundance increased significantly with the weathering time. For n-C26, in particular, a linear increase in abundance with the weathering time was observed. In addition, for most of the other low molecular weight hydrocarbons (n-C26 or below), the abundance decreased significantly with the weathering time. It is concluded that, cuticular hydrocarbon is a potential indicator of the weathering time in C. megacephala, and possibly in other necrophagous flies, and might further be used to determine the PMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang H Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
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Martinez E, Duque P, Wolff M. Succession pattern of carrion-feeding insects in Paramo, Colombia. Forensic Sci Int 2007; 166:182-9. [PMID: 16797152 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The minimum postmortem interval can be estimated based on knowledge of the pattern of insect succession on a corpse. To use this approach requires that we take into account the rates of insect development associated with particular climatological conditions of the region. This study is the first to look at insect succession on decomposing carcasses in the high altitude plains (Paramo) in Colombia, at 3035 m above sea level. Five stages of decomposition were designated with indicator species identified for each stage: Callíphora nigribasis at the fresh stage; Compsomyiops verena at the bloated stage; Compsomyiops boliviana during active decay; Stearibia nigriceps and Hydrotaea sp. during advanced decay and Leptocera sp. for dry remains. A succession table is presented for carrion-associated species of the region, which can be used for estimating time since death in similar areas. Compsomyiops boliviana is reported for the first time in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain Martinez
- Grupo interdisciplinario de Estudios Moleculares (GIEM), Universidad de Antioquia, AA, 1226 Medellín, Colombia
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Time of Submergence Using Aquatic Invertebrate Succession and Decompositional Changes. J Forensic Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs15215j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Campobasso CP, Introna F. The forensic entomologist in the context of the forensic pathologist's role. Forensic Sci Int 2001; 120:132-9. [PMID: 11457621 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(01)00425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An adequate death investigation requires the combined efforts and cooperation of experts in different disciplines: crime scene technicians, death investigators, forensic pathologists, anthropologists, entomologists, other medical and non-medical professionals. These front-line experts play a crucial role in every death investigation process. The forensic pathologist normally has the legal authority to take charge of the dead body at a death scene and his primary functions are the exterior and interior examination of the cadaver by analyzing the extent of antemortem injuries and the postmortem changes and the recovery of physical evidence. He is responsible for determining how, when and why of any death which is the result of violence, suspicious or unexplained circumstances or a death which is sudden or unattended, defending and explaining the reasons for making these diagnoses in a courtroom. The forensic entomologist can provide invaluable aid in death cases where human remains are colonized by insects and in the overall investigation. His principal role is to identify the arthropods associated with such cases and to analyze entomological data for interpreting insect evidence. He is responsible for determining the period of insect activity according to all the variables affecting insect invasion of remains and their development. The major goal of medico-criminal entomology is to contribute to the determination of the time, cause, manner and place of the investigated death (especially on badly decomposed corpses or skeletonized human remains) with the support of all the elements which can be inferred from the study of insects found on the cadaver or nearby. The application of techniques devised recently in forensic entomology can allow experts in the field to collect strong entomological evidence and provide useful information not only in a death investigation including movement or storage of the remains following death, time of dismemberment, postmortem artifacts on the body but also at the scene, and even more in child neglect, sexual molestation and identification of suspects. As the role of the forensic entomologist at the death scene, at the autopsy and in the laboratory is defined and well known, this paper focuses on the difficulties that could arise if forensic pathologists and entomologists are uncertain about the procedures that they have to follow, do not realize the value of objective findings or fail to evaluate them. Although every forensic case presents a slightly different set of circumstances and has to be tackled individually, the forensic pathologist should work with the forensic entomologist from the visual observations of the cadaver on the scene, through the collection of arthropods and temperature data at the death scene and at the autopsy, up to the final report with the interpretation of entomological and other biological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Campobasso
- Section of Legal Medicine (DIMIMP), University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70100 Policlinico-Bari, Italy
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Richardson MS, Goff ML. Effects of temperature and intraspecific interaction on the development of Dermestes maculatus (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2001; 38:347-351. [PMID: 11372957 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-38.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies were conducted to determine development rates of of Dermestes maculatus DeGeer at temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C. No individuals completed development to the adult stage at 15 degrees C. For the other temperatures, survivorship ranged from 9.3% at 20 degrees C to 36% at 35 degrees C. Time required for development varied inversely with temperature from a mean of 89.7 d at 20 degrees C to 36.4 d at 35 degrees C. For specimens held individually, survivorship was higher at 25 and 30 degrees C, i.e., 83.2 and 60.2%, respectively. No specimens held individually at 35 degrees C survived past the first larval instar. Mortality during the egg stage at 25 and 30 degrees C was 4.52-5.23%, whereas mortality during the first instar was significantly higher for the individuals held at 30 degrees C and 100% for those at 35 degrees C. There was an inverse relation observed between larval density and both survivorship and mean adult weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Richardson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu 96822, USA
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41
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Minimum and Maximum Development Rates of Some Forensically Important Calliphoridae (Diptera). J Forensic Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs14778j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wildlife Forensic Entomology: Determining Time of Death in Two Illegally Killed Black Bear Cubs. J Forensic Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs14567j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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43
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Insect Succession on Buried Carrion in Two Biogeoclimatic Zones of British Columbia. J Forensic Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs14409j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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The Use of Insects to Determine Time of Decapitation: A Case-Study from British Columbia. J Forensic Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs14239j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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WELLS JD, KURAHASHI H. A new species of Chrysomya (Diptera : Calliphoridae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia, with a key to the Oriental, Australasian and Oceanian species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.7601/mez.47.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. WELLS
- Department of Medical Entomology, The National Institute of Health
| | - Hiromu KURAHASHI
- Department of Medical Entomology, The National Institute of Health
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46
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Decomposition of Buried Human Bodies and Associated Death Scene Materials on Coral Atolls in the Tropical Pacific. J Forensic Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs13787j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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47
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Anderson G. The use of Insects in Death Investigations: An Analysis of Cases in British Columbia over a Five Year Period. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.1995.10757488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Preliminary Observations of the Effects of Phencyclidine in Decomposing Tissues on the Development of Parasarcophaga ruficornis(Diptera: Sarcophagidae). J Forensic Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs13577j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Preliminary Observations of the Effect of Methamphetamine in Decomposing Tissues on the Development Rate ofParasarcophaga ruficornis(Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Implications of this Effect on the Estimations of Postmortem Intervals. J Forensic Sci 1992. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs11999j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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A BASIC Algorithm for Calculating the Postmortem Interval from Arthropod Successional Data. J Forensic Sci 1992. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs11992j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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