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Salehi S, Schallmayer E, Bandomir N, Kärcher A, Güth JF, Heitel P. Screening of Chelidonium majus isoquinoline alkaloids reveals berberine and chelidonine as selective ligands for the nuclear receptors RORβ and HNF4α, respectively. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2300756. [PMID: 38501877 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The nuclear receptors hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-β (RORβ) are ligand-regulated transcription factors and potential drug targets for metabolic disorders. However, there is a lack of small molecular, selective ligands to explore the therapeutic potential in further detail. Here, we report the discovery of greater celandine (Chelidonium majus) isoquinoline alkaloids as nuclear receptor modulators: Berberine is a selective RORβ inverse agonist and modulated target genes involved in the circadian clock, photoreceptor cell development, and neuronal function. The structurally related chelidonine was identified as a ligand for the constitutively active HNF4α receptor, with nanomolar potency in a cellular reporter gene assay. In human liver cancer cells naturally expressing high levels of HNF4α, chelidonine acted as an inverse agonist and downregulated genes associated with gluconeogenesis and drug metabolism. Both berberine and chelidonine are promising tool compounds to further investigate their target nuclear receptors and for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Salehi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Prosthodontics, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Espen Schallmayer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nils Bandomir
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Annette Kärcher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan-Frederik Güth
- Department of Prosthodontics, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pascal Heitel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Natural Product Library Screens Identify Sanguinarine Chloride as a Potent Inhibitor of Telomerase Expression and Activity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091485. [PMID: 35563795 PMCID: PMC9104802 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase hTERT is essential to telomerase function in stem cells, as well as in 85–90% of human cancers. Its high expression in stem cells or cancer cells has made telomerase/hTERT an attractive therapeutic target for anti-aging and anti-tumor applications. In this study, we screened a natural product library containing 800 compounds using an endogenous hTERT reporter. Eight candidates have been identified, in which sanguinarine chloride (SC) and brazilin (Braz) were selected due to their leading inhibition. SC could induce an acute and strong suppressive effect on the expression of hTERT and telomerase activity in multiple cancer cells, whereas Braz selectively inhibited telomerase in certain types of cancer cells. Remarkably, SC long-term treatment could cause telomere attrition and cell growth retardation, which lead to senescence features in cancer cells, such as the accumulation of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal)-positive cells, the upregulation of p16/p21/p53 pathways and telomere dysfunction-induced foci (TIFs). Additionally, SC exhibited excellent capabilities of anti-tumorigenesis, both in vitro and in vivo. In the mechanism, the compound down-regulated several active transcription factors including p65, a subunit of NF-κB complex, and reintroducing p65 could alleviate its suppression of the hTERT/telomerase. Moreover, SC could directly bind hTERT and inhibit telomerase activity in vitro. In conclusion, we identified that SC not only down-regulates the hTERT gene’s expression, but also directly affects telomerase/hTERT. The dual function makes this compound an attractive drug candidate for anti-tumor therapy.
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Enioutina EY, Teng L, Fateeva TV, Brown JCS, Job KM, Bortnikova VV, Krepkova LV, Gubarev MI, Sherwin CMT. Phytotherapy as an alternative to conventional antimicrobials: combating microbial resistance. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 10:1203-1214. [PMID: 28836870 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1371591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the modern antimicrobial era, the rapid spread of resistance to antibiotics and introduction of new and mutating viruses is a global concern. Combating antimicrobial resistant microbes (AMR) requires coordinated international efforts that incorporate new conventional antibiotic development as well as development of alternative drugs with antimicrobial activity, management of existing antimicrobials, and rapid detection of AMR pathogens. Areas covered: This manuscript discusses some conventional strategies to control microbial resistance. The main purpose of the manuscript is to present information on specific herbal medicines that may serve as good treatment alternatives to conventional antimicrobials for infections sensitive to conventional as well as resistant strains of microorganisms. Expert commentary: Identification of potential new antimicrobials is challenging; however, one source for potential structurally diverse and complex antimicrobials are natural products. Natural products may have advantages over other post-germ theory antimicrobials. Many antimicrobial herbal medicines possess simultaneous antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and/or antiviral properties. Herbal products have the potential to boost host resistance to infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Antimicrobial broad-spectrum activity in conjunction with immunostimulatory properties may help to prevent microbial resistance to herbal medicine. As part of the efforts to broaden use of herbal medicines to treat microbial infections, pre-clinical and clinical testing guidelines of these compounds as a whole should be implemented to ensure consistency in formulation, efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yu Enioutina
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,b Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Lida Teng
- c Department of Drug Policy & Management (DPM), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tatyana V Fateeva
- d Center of Medicine , All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR) , Moscow , Russia
| | - Jessica C S Brown
- b Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Kathleen M Job
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Valentina V Bortnikova
- d Center of Medicine , All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR) , Moscow , Russia
| | - Lubov V Krepkova
- d Center of Medicine , All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR) , Moscow , Russia
| | | | - Catherine M T Sherwin
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,f Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
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Antibacterial Potential of Diterpenoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63929-5.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Abstract
A wide spectrum of drugs can sometimes give rise to numerous adverse orofacial manifestations, particularly dry mouth, taste disturbances, oral mucosal ulceration, and/or gingival swelling. There are few relevant randomized double-blind controlled studies in this field, and therefore this paper reviews the data from case reports, small series, and non-peer-reviewed reports of adverse drug reactions affecting the orofacial region (available from a MEDLINE search to April, 2003). The more common and significant adverse orofacial consequences of drug therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scully
- Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College, University of London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK.
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Van der Weijden FA, Van der Sluijs E, Ciancio SG, Slot DE. Can Chemical Mouthwash Agents Achieve Plaque/Gingivitis Control? Dent Clin North Am 2015; 59:799-829. [PMID: 26427569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Also note that structured abstracts are not allowed per journal style: What is the effect of a mouthwash containing various active chemical ingredients on plaque control and managing gingivitis in adults based on evidence gathered from existing systematic reviews? The summarized evidence suggests that mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine(CHX) and essential oils (EO) had a large effect supported by a strong body of evidence. Also there was strong evidence for a moderate effect of cetylpyridinium chloride(CPC). Evidence suggests that a CHX mouthwash is the first choice, the most reliable alternative is EO. No difference between CHX and EO with respect to gingivitis was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridus A Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eveline Van der Sluijs
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian G Ciancio
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dagmar E Slot
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Varoni E, Iriti M. Odontoiatria e nutraceutica: applicazioni cliniche. DENTAL CADMOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-8524(14)70161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chen Y, Wong RWK, McGrath C, Hagg U, Seneviratne CJ. Natural compounds containing mouthrinses in the management of dental plaque and gingivitis: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Antibacterial substances from Albizia myriophylla wood against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:723-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vlachojannis C, Magora F, Chrubasik S. Rise and fall of oral health products with Canadian bloodroot extract. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1423-6. [PMID: 22318955 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The rhizome of Sanguinaria canadensis (SC, bloodroot) contains an active principle with antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antioxidative and immunomodulatory effects. For this reason SC extract has been added to toothpastes and mouthwashes in various concentrations. When tested separately, neither the toothpastes nor the mouthwashes with SC extract had any demonstrable clinical effectiveness against dental plaque and gingivitis. Although using them together twice a day seemed more effective than using placebo, more recent studies have shown conflicting results. Preclinical safety studies up to 2000, which did not include studies longer than 6 months, were thought not to indicate any appreciable potential for harm - to the oral mucosa in particular. In 2003, the FDA Subcommittee on Oral Health Care Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use concluded from a review that using SC-containing products is safe. However, for reasons unknown, the review failed to consider publications between 1999 and 2001 that suggested a possible link between the use of SC-containing products and the pre-neoplastic lesion, leukoplakia. As it happened, bloodroot had already been removed (in 2001) from the formula of one of the most widely used products in question and the brand has since then disappeared altogether from the worldwide market.
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Woo SB. Diseases of the oral mucosa. MCKEE'S PATHOLOGY OF THE SKIN 2012:362-436. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5649-2.00011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Zheng CJ, Oh HW, Kim WG. Potent anticariogenic activity of Aceriphyllum rossii and its components, aceriphyllic acid A and 3-oxoolean-12-en-27-oic acid. J Food Sci 2010; 75:M78-82. [PMID: 20492245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aceriphyllum rossii Engler (Saxifragaceae) have been used as a nutritious food in Korea. We found that the methanol extract of A. rossii root and its components, aceriphyllic acid A and 3-oxoolean-12-en-27-oic acid, potently inhibited the growth of the key cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, with MIC of 2 to 4 microg/mL. They also showed antibacterial activity against other cariogenic bacteria such as S. oralis, S. sobrinus, and S. salivarius with the similar potency. In the time-kill study, aceriphyllic acid A reduced the viable counts of S. mutans by 90% in 1 min at 8 microg/mL, indicating that aceriphyllic acid A had the fast bacteriostatic activity. Severe damages of the cell surface of S. mutans by aceriphyllic acid A were observed by transmission electron microscopy, suggesting with its fast antibacterial activity that its mechanism of action might be membrane disruption. These results suggest that the methanol extract of A. rossii root and its components, aceriphyllic acid A and 3-oxoolean-12-en-27-oic acid, could have the great potential as natural agents for preventing dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ji Zheng
- Korea Research Inst. of Bioscience and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 115, Yusong, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
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Porto TS, Rangel R, Furtado NAJC, de Carvalho TC, Martins CHG, Veneziani RCS, Da Costa FB, Vinholis AHC, Cunha WR, Heleno VCG, Ambrosio SR. Pimarane-type diterpenes: antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens. Molecules 2009; 14:191-9. [PMID: 19127247 PMCID: PMC6253883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven pimarane type-diterpenes re-isolated from Viguiera arenaria Baker and two semi-synthetic pimarane derivatives were evaluated in vitro against the following main microorganisms responsible for dental caries: Streptococcus salivarius, S. sobrinus, S. mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis and Lactobacillus casei. The compounds ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (PA); ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3beta-ol; ent-15-pimarene-8beta,19-diol; ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3beta-acetoxy and the sodium salt derivative of PA were the most active compounds, displaying MIC values ranging from 2 to 8 microg mL(-1). Thus, this class of compounds seems promising as a class of new effective anticariogenic agents. Furthermore, our results also allow us to conclude that minor structural differences among these diterpenes significantly influence their antimicrobial activity, bringing new perspectives to the discovery of new natural compounds that could be employed in the development of oral care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago S. Porto
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Rander Rangel
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Niege A. J. C. Furtado
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane C. de Carvalho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos H. G. Martins
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C. S. Veneziani
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando B. Da Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana H. C. Vinholis
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson R. Cunha
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Vladimir C. G. Heleno
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (S-R. A.), (V-G. H.); Tel.: +55-16-37118878; Fax: +55-16-37118878
| | - Sergio R. Ambrosio
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (S-R. A.), (V-G. H.); Tel.: +55-16-37118878; Fax: +55-16-37118878
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Graf TN, Levine KE, Andrews ME, Perlmutter JM, Nielsen SJ, Davis JM, Wani MC, Oberlies NH. Variability in the yield of benzophenanthridine alkaloids in wildcrafted vs cultivated bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:1205-11. [PMID: 17253712 DOI: 10.1021/jf062498f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Populations of bloodroot [Sanguinaria canadensis L. (Papaveraceae)] are found throughout the eastern forests of North America, with particular abundance in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Increasingly, it is finding use in Europe as a nonantibiotic animal feed supplement to promote weight gain. As efforts to cultivate this herb are underway, there is a need to understand the effect of agronomic permutations on both the dry mass rhizome yield and the yield of benzophenanthridine alkaloids. Month-to-month variability of the concentration of the alkaloids sanguinarine and chelerythrine in both cultivated and wildcrafted bloodroot was examined. The alkaloid yield was consistently higher, but more variable, in wildcrafted plants. On average, cultivated rhizomes were both larger and more consistently sized than those that were wildcrafted. The concentration of a suite of trace elements was measured in soil that was collected concomitantly with each plant accession. Differences in element profiles were compared against alkaloid yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler N Graf
- Natural Products Laboratory, Trace Inorganics Department, and Social and Statistical Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
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Chang MC, Chan CP, Wang YJ, Lee PH, Chen LI, Tsai YL, Lin BR, Wang YL, Jeng JH. Induction of necrosis and apoptosis to KB cancer cells by sanguinarine is associated with reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 218:143-51. [PMID: 17196629 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sanguinarine is a benzopheanthridine alkaloid present in the root of Sanguinaria canadensis L. and Chellidonium majus L. In this study, sanguinarine (2 and 3 microM) exhibited cytotoxicity to KB cancer cells by decreasing MTT reduction to 83% and 52% of control after 24-h of exposure. Sanguinarine also inhibited the colony forming capacity (>52-58%) and growth of KB cancer cells at concentrations higher than 0.5-1 microM. Short-term exposure to sanguinarine (>0.5 microM) effectively suppressed the adhesion of KB cells to collagen and fibronectin (FN). Sanguinarine (2 and 3 microM) induced evident apoptosis as indicated by an increase in sub-G0/G1 populations, which was detected after 6-h of exposure. Only a slight increase in cells arresting in S-phase and G2/M was noted. Induction of KB cell apoptosis and necrosis by sanguinarine (2 and 3 microM) was further confirmed by Annexin V-PI dual staining flow cytometry and the presence of DNA fragmentation. The cytotoxicity by sanguinarine was accompanied by an increase in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential as indicated by single cell flow cytometric analysis of DCF and rhodamine fluorescence. NAC (1 and 3 mM) and catalase (2000 U/ml) prevented the sanguinarine-induced ROS production and cytotoxicity, whereas dimethylthiourea (DMT) showed no marked preventive effect. These results suggest that sanguinarine has anticarcinogenic properties with induction of ROS production and mitochondrial membrane depolarization, which mediate cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Chang
- Biomedical Science Team, Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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A Case-Control Study on Tobacco and Alcohol Addicted Subjects. ADDICTIVE DISORDERS & THEIR TREATMENT 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/01.adt.0000185137.58631.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chung JY, Choo JH, Lee MH, Hwang JK. Anticariogenic activity of macelignan isolated from Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) against Streptococcus mutans. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 13:261-6. [PMID: 16492529 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of dental caries is mainly associated with oral pathogens, especially cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. Preliminary antibacterial screening revealed that the extract of Myristica fragrans, widely cultivated for the spice and flavor of foods, possessed strong inhibitory activity against S. mutans. The anticariogenic compound was successfully isolated from the methanol extract of M. fragrans by repeated silica gel chromatography, and its structure was identified as macelignan by instrumental analysis using 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR and EI-MS. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of macelignan against S. mutans was 3.9 microg/ml, which was much lower than those of other natural anticariogenic agents such as 15.6 microg/ml of sanguinarine, 250 microg/ml of eucalyptol, 500 microg/ml of menthol and thymol, and 1000 microg/ml of methyl salicylate. Macelignan also possessed preferential activity against other oral microorganisms such as Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei in the MIC range of 2-31.3 microg/ml. In particular, the bactericidal test showed that macelignan, at a concentration of 20 microg/ml, completely inactivated S. mutans in 1 min. The specific activity and fast-effectiveness of macelignan against oral bacteria strongly suggest that it could be employed as a natural antibacterial agent in functional foods or oral care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Chung
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Anderson KM, Stoner GD, Fields HW, Chacon GE, Dohar AL, Gregg BR, Mallery SR. Immunohistochemical assessment of Viadent-associated leukoplakia. Oral Oncol 2005; 41:200-7. [PMID: 15695122 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies show an association between sanguinarine, the active ingredient in Viadent oral health care products, and oral premalignant lesions. The study was undertaken to quantitatively compare the staining profiles of sanguinarine-associated leukoplakia to normal and dysplastic specimens. Archived oral mucosal specimens were stained for tumor markers p16, p53, cyclin D1, Ki-67, and Bcl-x and analyzed through Simple PCI image analysis software. Quantitative analyses showed trends towards intermediate staining in Viadent-related specimens (Ki-67: normal: 18.12+/-2.15, Viadent: 16.12+/-2.16, dysplasia: 14.53+/-2.04, p>0.05; cyclin D1: normal: 15.65+/-3.68, Viadent: 12.52+/-3.57, dysplasia: 1.94+/-3.93, p<0.05; p16: normal: 55.04+/-4.16, Viadent: 49.74+/-4.16, dysplasia: 45.03+/-4.45; p>0.05; p53:normal: 2.65+/-1.37, Viadent: 4.64+/-1.52, dysplasia: 8.71+/-1.37; p<0.05 Kruskal Wallace, Tukey/Kramer). Our Viadent profiles, intermediate between normal and dysplasia, support a preneoplastic nature of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mark Anderson
- American Cancer Society, Ohio Division, 5555 Frantz Road, Dublin, OH 43017, USA.
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Karp JM, Rodrigo KA, Pei P, Pavlick MD, Andersen JD, McTigue DJ, Fields HW, Mallery SR. Sanguinarine activates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon associated metabolic pathways in human oral keratinocytes and tissues. Toxicol Lett 2005; 158:50-60. [PMID: 15993743 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2004] [Revised: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sanguinarine's use in human clinical applications is currently controversial. While some studies have demonstrated sanguinarine's anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, other investigations reported sanguinarine's procarcinogenic effects. Like the tobacco-associated carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), sanguinarine is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). PAH exposure activates the aryl hydrocarbon transcription activating factor (AhR), resulting in nuclear translocation, binding to the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (ARNT), which thereby increases expression of a pool of carcinogen metabolizing enzymes. The goal of this study was to investigate whether sanguinarine activates this PAH-associated signaling cascade in human oral cells and tissues. Our results demonstrate that sanguinarine: (i) results in formation of the AhR-ARNT complex, (ii) induces AhR-associated gene expression, (iii) inhibits cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP 1A1) microsomal oxidative activity and (iv) pretreatment upregulates CYP 1A1 function. Collectively, these data provide evidence that sanguinarine activates PAH-associated signaling and metabolic pathways. Notably, previous studies have demonstrated that mammalian hepatic microsomes metabolize sanguinarine to a mutagenic epoxide. Persons who respond to sanguinarine exposure with induction of primarily Phase I relative to Phase II enzymes are, therefore, at risk for sanguinarine bioactivation and its potential mutagenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Karp
- The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Fisher MA, Bouquot JE, Shelton BJ. Assessment of risk factors for oral leukoplakia in West Virginia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005; 33:45-52. [PMID: 15642046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess risk factors associated with oral leukoplakia in a US population with high use of smoked tobacco and smokeless tobacco. METHODS The RJ Gorlin Leukoplakia Tissue Registry was used to identify individuals with oral leukoplakia in West Virginia, USA. This case-control study consisted of 90 cases with oral leukoplakia and 78 controls with periapical cysts. Univariate-univariable (one dependent variable and one independent variable) and univariate-multivariable (one dependent variable and multiple independent variables) logistic regression modeling quantified the association between oral leukoplakia and potential explanatory variables. RESULTS Unadjusted measures of association indicate that those with oral leukoplakia were more likely to be older [odds ratio of crude: OR(Crude) = 2.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45-5.11], more likely to currently use smokeless tobacco (OR(Crude) = 3.16; 95% CI: 1.10-9.07), and more likely to currently use snuff (OR(Crude) = 8.32; 95% CI: 1.83-37.80). Individuals currently using smokeless tobacco or currently using snuff were more likely to have oral leukoplakia [adjusted odds ratio, OR(Adj) = 9.21 and 30.08; 95% CI: 1.49-57.00 and 2.67-338.48, respectively], after simultaneously adjusting for age, gender, currently using smoked tobacco, currently using alcohol daily, and dental prostheses use. CONCLUSIONS Generalizability is an issue when studying risk factors associated with oral leukoplakia because of geographical variations in the composition of smokeless tobacco (i.e. betel, lime, ash, and N-nitrosamines) and cultural variations in the use of tobacco (i.e. reverse smoking). Snuff was the main smokeless tobacco product currently used in West Virginia, and was strongly associated with oral leukoplakia, after adjusting for potential explanatory variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Fisher
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, SDB 219, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA.
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Fisher MA, Dye BA. Prevalence of oral leukoplakia in the US is not clearly established. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hwang JK, Chung JY, Baek NI, Park JH. Isopanduratin A from Kaempferia pandurata as an active antibacterial agent against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004; 23:377-81. [PMID: 15081087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2003.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2003] [Accepted: 08/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An antibacterial compound active against Streptococcus mutans was isolated from Kaempferia pandurata and identified as isopanduratin A using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and EI-MS. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of isopanduratin A was 4 mg/l which was much lower than that of some other natural anticariogenic agents such as sanguinarine (12 mg/l), green tea extract and carvacrol (125 mg/l), thymol (250 mg/l) and isoeugenol and eucalyptol (500 mg/l). The bactericidal test showed that isopanduratin A completely inactivated S. mutans at 20 mg/l in 1 min. Significant inhibitory activity of isopanduratin A was also observed against S. sobrinus, S. sanguinis and S. salivarius with an MIC of 4 mg/l. Damage to the cell membrane and cell wall of S. mutans by isopanduratin A was shown using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These results suggest that isopanduratin A could be employed as a potential antibacterial agent for preventing dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kwan Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioproducts Research Center, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea.
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Lynch MC. Re: Mouthrinses with alcohol: cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Poggi P, Rodriguez y Baena R, Rizzo S, Rota MT (2003;74: 623-629). J Periodontol 2004; 75:333-4; author reply 334-5. [PMID: 15068124 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.2.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Poggi P, Rodriguez y Baena R, Rizzo S, Rota MT. Mouthrinses with alcohol: cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. J Periodontol 2003; 74:623-9. [PMID: 12816294 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.5.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouthrinses are widely utilized in daily oral and dental hygiene to control plaque. However, most commercially available mouthrinses contain alcohol as an excipient. Most studies have focused on the clinical side effects related to the alcoholic fraction of mouthrinses, overlooking alcohol metabolism in the mouth. Due to this oral enzymatic process, the well-recognized toxic compound acetaldehyde is emitted in the mouth. Since gingival fibroblasts play a key role in oral connective tissue health maintenance, we investigated the effects of different doses of acetaldehyde on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in order to better define the effects of alcohol-containing mouthrinses on oral tissue. METHODS Cultured HGFs were exposed to different concentrations of acetaldehyde (10(-4) M to 10(-2) M). The cell adhesion rate was measured after a 3-hour incubation period, and cell viability over a 5-day period. In order to assess the reversibility of the damage produced by acetaldehyde, treatment was interrupted at critical doses (10(-3) M and 3 x 10(-3) M), and cell viability was evaluated on the third and fifth day of incubation. The HGF cytoskeleton was studied by immunocytochemical technique, and internal cell structures were observed with transmission electron microscopy to evaluate the morphological changes due to acetaldehyde. RESULTS The results showed that acetaldehyde produced a dose- and time-dependent inhibition on cell adhesion and viability, together with disruption of cytoskeletal structures and cytoplasmic organelles. Nevertheless, these quantitative and qualitative damages were reversible when the treatment was interrupted. CONCLUSIONS Although more knowledge is necessary, our results suggest that these deleterious effects may also occur in vivo. Pending further investigations, clinicians should be alerted to the potentially adverse effect of alcohol-containing mouthrinses and, to promote oral health, patients should be warned about improper use of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Poggi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Human Normal Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Mascarenhas AK, Allen CM, Moeschberger ML. The association between Viadent use and oral leukoplakia--results of a matched case-control study. J Public Health Dent 2002; 62:158-62. [PMID: 12180043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.2002.tb03437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several oral pathologists have described oral leukoplakia of the maxillary vestibule in patients with no traditional risk factors for the condition. On questioning these patients, it was determined that Viadent mouthrinse or Viadent toothpaste was commonly used by them. A hypothesis was developed that Viadent or a component of Viadent caused the lesions. This paper evaluates the association between oral leukoplakia and use of Viadent products. METHODS A matched case-control study was designed to test the hypothesis that use of Viadent products increases an individual's risk of oral leukoplakia. Cases included 58 patients diagnosed with oral leukoplakia identified through the biopsy service at the Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, Oral Pathology Section. The matched control was a friend or relative of the patient. Cases and controls were administered a questionnaire about their use of Viadent, and other known risk factors for leukoplakia such as tobacco and excessive alcohol use. RESULTS An age difference was seen between cases and controls, the cases being older (P < .001). After controlling for confounding factors, results of exact conditional logistic regression analyses showed that use of Viadent products was a risk indicator for oral leukoplakia (odds ratio = 10.0; 95% confidence interval = 2.0, 89.2). CONCLUSIONS Viadent use is a risk indicator for oral leukoplakia, confirming our previous findings.
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