1
|
Bai L, Sato H, Kubo Y, Wada S, Aida Y. CAT1/SLC7A1 acts as a cellular receptor for bovine leukemia virus infection. FASEB J 2019; 33:14516-14527. [PMID: 31648581 PMCID: PMC6894071 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901528r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, the most common neoplastic disease of cattle, which is closely related to human T-cell leukemia viruses. BLV has spread worldwide and causes a serious problem for the cattle industry. The cellular receptor specifically binds with viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), and this attachment mediates cell fusion to lead virus entry. BLV Env reportedly binds to cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1)/solute carrier family 7 member 1 (SLC7A1), but whether the CAT1/SLC7A1 is an actual receptor for BLV remains unknown. Here, we showed that CAT1 functioned as an infection receptor, interacting with BLV particles. Cells expressing undetectable CAT1 levels were resistant to BLV infection but became highly susceptible upon CAT1 overexpression. CAT1 exhibited specific binding to BLV particles on the cell surface and colocalized with the Env in endomembrane compartments and membrane. Knockdown of CAT1 in permissive cells significantly reduced binding to BLV particles and BLV infection. Expression of CAT1 from various species demonstrated no species specificity for BLV infection, implicating CAT1 as a functional BLV receptor responsible for its broad host range. These findings provide insights for BLV infection and for developing new strategies for treating BLV and preventing its spread.-Bai, L., Sato, H., Kubo, Y., Wada, S., Aida, Y. CAT1/SLC7A1 acts as a cellular receptor for bovine leukemia virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Bai
- Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN.,Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN.,Nakamura Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology, and Innovation Hub, Wako, Japan; and
| | - Yoshinao Kubo
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN.,Nakamura Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology, and Innovation Hub, Wako, Japan; and
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gillet NA, Willems L. Whole genome sequencing of 51 breast cancers reveals that tumors are devoid of bovine leukemia virus DNA. Retrovirology 2016; 13:75. [PMID: 27814725 PMCID: PMC5095936 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversy exists regarding the association of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and breast cancer. PCR-based experimental evidence indicates that BLV DNA is present in breast tissue and that as many as 37% of cancer cases may be attributable to viral exposure. Since this association might have major consequences for human health, we evaluated 51 whole genomes of breast cancer samples for the presence of BLV DNA. Among 32 billion sequencing reads retrieved from the NCBI database of genotype and phenotype, none mapped on different strains of the BLV genome. Controls for sequence divergence and proviral loads further validated the approach. This unbiased analysis thus excludes a clonal insertion of BLV in breast tumor cells and strongly argues against an association between BLV and breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Gillet
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA), University of Liège (ULg), B34, 1 Avenue de l'Hôpital, 4000, Sart-Tilman Liège, Belgium.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio TechUniversity of Liège (ULg), 13 Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA), University of Liège (ULg), B34, 1 Avenue de l'Hôpital, 4000, Sart-Tilman Liège, Belgium.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio TechUniversity of Liège (ULg), 13 Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gillet N, Florins A, Boxus M, Burteau C, Nigro A, Vandermeers F, Balon H, Bouzar AB, Defoiche J, Burny A, Reichert M, Kettmann R, Willems L. Mechanisms of leukemogenesis induced by bovine leukemia virus: prospects for novel anti-retroviral therapies in human. Retrovirology 2007; 4:18. [PMID: 17362524 PMCID: PMC1839114 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1871, the observation of yellowish nodules in the enlarged spleen of a cow was considered to be the first reported case of bovine leukemia. The etiological agent of this lymphoproliferative disease, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), belongs to the deltaretrovirus genus which also includes the related human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). This review summarizes current knowledge of this viral system, which is important as a model for leukemogenesis. Recently, the BLV model has also cast light onto novel prospects for therapies of HTLV induced diseases, for which no satisfactory treatment exists so far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gillet
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Florins
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Boxus
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Catherine Burteau
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Annamaria Nigro
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Fabian Vandermeers
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hervé Balon
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Amel-Baya Bouzar
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Julien Defoiche
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Arsène Burny
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Richard Kettmann
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
- Luc Willems, National fund for Scientific Research, Molecular and Cellular Biology laboratory, 13 avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Altanerova V, Holicova D, Kucerova L, Altaner C, Lairmore MD, Boris-Lawrie K. Long-term infection with retroviral structural gene vector provides protection against bovine leukemia virus disease in rabbits. Virology 2005; 329:434-9. [PMID: 15518821 PMCID: PMC3049242 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Revised: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection of rabbits is a tractable model system to evaluate vaccination strategies against lymphotropic retroviruses, which represent a global human health problem. We have previously developed genetically simplified BLV structural gene vector (SGV) that replicates BLV structural and enzymatic genes independently of BLV regulatory and accessory genes. Results of a 20-month study in a rabbit model demonstrated that BLV SGV induces an antiviral immunological response and lacks pathogenicity. Here, these chronically infected-BLV SGV rabbits are assessed in a proof-of-principle study of preventative vaccination against challenge with pathogenic BLV. This study commences 24 months after BLV SGV inoculation and proceeds for an additional 20 months. The previously characterized BLV SGV rabbits and age-matched control rabbits were challenged with 1 x 10(8) fetal lamb kidney/BLV producer cells. BLV SGV rabbits seroconverted upon BLV challenge, but did not progress to BLV infection nor clinical disease. By contrast, naive rabbits became infected and succumbed to lymphotropic disease. Our findings provide proof-of-principle that chronic infection with BLV SGV induces protection against BLV infection. The data indicate that SGV based on HTLV or HIV is a promising approach against lymphotropic disease by human retroviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Altanerova
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-833 91 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre of Excellence of SAS Bratislava Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-833 91 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Holicova
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-833 91 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kucerova
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-833 91 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Cestmir Altaner
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-833 91 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre of Excellence of SAS Bratislava Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-833 91 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michael D. Lairmore
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210-1093, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210-1093, USA
- Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210-1093, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210-1093, USA
| | - Kathleen Boris-Lawrie
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210-1093, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210-1093, USA
- Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210-1093, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210-1093, USA
- Corresponding author. Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210-1093. Fax: +1 614 292 6473.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Svoboda J, Hejnar J, Geryk J, Elleder D, Vernerová Z. Retroviruses in foreign species and the problem of provirus silencing. Gene 2000; 261:181-8. [PMID: 11164049 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retroviruses are known to integrate in the host cell genome as proviruses, and therefore they are prone to cell-mediated control at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. This plays an important role especially after retrovirus heterotransmission to foreign species, but also to differentiated cells. In addition to host cell-mediated blocks in provirus expression, also so far undefined host specificities, deciding upon the pathogenic manifestation of retrovirus heterotransmission, are in play. In this respect, we discuss especially the occurrence of wasting disease and immunodeficiency syndrome, which we established also in avian species using avian leukosis virus subgroup C (ALV-C) inoculated in mid-embryogenesis in duck or chicken embryos. The problem of provirus downregulation in foreign species or in differentiated cells has been in the recent years approached experimentally. From a series of observations it became apparent that provirus downregulation is mediated by its methylation, especially in the region of proviral enhancer-promoter located in long terminal repeats (LTR). Several strategies have been devised in order to protect the provirus from methylation using LTR modification and/or introducing in the LTR sequence motifs acting as antimethylation tags. In such a way the expression of retroviruses and vectors in foreign species, as well as in differentiated cells, has been significantly improved. The complexity of the mechanisms involved in provirus downregulation and further possibilities to modulate it are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Svoboda
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 37, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Willems L, Burny A, Collete D, Dangoisse O, Dequiedt F, Gatot JS, Kerkhofs P, Lefèbvre L, Merezak C, Peremans T, Portetelle D, Twizere JC, Kettmann R. Genetic determinants of bovine leukemia virus pathogenesis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:1787-95. [PMID: 11080828 DOI: 10.1089/08892220050193326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of HTLV-induced disease is hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model allowing the study of both viral replication and leukemogenesis in vivo. Although valuable information has been obtained in different species, such as rabbits, mice, rats, and monkeys, none of these systems was able to conciliate topics as different as viral infectivity, propagation within the host, and generation of leukemic cells. An alternate strategy is based on the understanding of diseases induced by viruses closely related to HTLV-1, like bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Both viruses indeed belong to the same subfamily of retroviruses, harbor a similar genomic organization, and infect and transform cells of the hematopoietic system. The main advantage of the BLV system is that it allows direct experimentation in two different species, cattle and sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Willems
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Agronomy, B5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kucerova L, Altanerova V, Altaner C, Boris-Lawrie K. Bovine leukemia virus structural gene vectors are immunogenic and lack pathogenicity in a rabbit model. J Virol 1999; 73:8160-6. [PMID: 10482566 PMCID: PMC112833 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.10.8160-8166.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with a replication-competent bovine leukemia virus structural gene vector (BLV SGV) is an innovative vaccination approach to prevent disease by complex retroviruses. Previously we developed BLV SGV that constitutively expresses BLV gag, pol, and env and related cis-acting sequences but lacks tax, rex, RIII, and GIV and most of the BLV long terminal repeat sequences, including the cis-acting Tax and Rex response elements. The novel SGV virus is replication competent and replicates a selectable vector to a titer similar to that of the parental BLV in cell culture. The overall goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that infection with BLV SGV is nonpathogenic in rabbits. BLV infection of rabbits by inoculation of cell-free BLV or cell-associated BLV typically causes an immunodeficiency-like syndrome and death by 1 year postinfection. We sought to evaluate whether in vivo transfection of BLV provirus recapitulates pathogenic BLV infection and to compare BLV and BLV SGV with respect to infection, immunogenicity, and clinical outcome. Three groups of rabbits were subjected to in vivo transfection with BLV, BLV SGV, or negative control DNA. The results of our 20-month study indicate that in vivo transfection of rabbits with BLV recapitulates the fatal BLV infection produced by cell-free or cell-associated BLV. The BLV-infected rabbits exhibited sudden onset of clinical decline and immunodeficiency-like symptoms that culminated in death. BLV and BLV SGV infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells and induced similar levels of seroconversion to BLV structural proteins. However, BLV SGV exhibited a reduced proviral load and did not trigger the immunodeficiency-like syndrome. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that BLV SGV is infectious and immunogenic and lacks BLV pathogenicity in rabbits, and they support the use of this modified proviral vector delivery system for vaccines against complex retroviruses like BLV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Kucerova
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-833 91 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pichová I, Teplitsky A, Cubínková R, Zábranský A, Shoham G, Hrusková-Heidingsfeldová O. Subsequent selfprocessing of bovine leukemia virus proteinase in vitro. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 436:109-13. [PMID: 9561207 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5373-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Pichová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Doménech A, Llames L, Goyache J, Suárez G, Gómez-Lucía E. Comparison of four tests to evaluate the reactivity of rabbit sera against envelope or Gag-related proteins of bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Vet Microbiol 1998; 60:13-25. [PMID: 9595624 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has a long latency period during which animals are inapparently infected, may spread the disease, and are only detected by serological techniques or by the most cumbersome molecular biology techniques. We have compared techniques for detecting either total antibodies (ELISA), anti-p24 and Gag-related proteins (Western blot), or anti-gp51 (agar gel immunodiffusion, AGID, and syncytia inhibition, SI) in rabbits inoculated experimentally with inocula of variable immunogenicity. The two tests to detect antibodies to gp51 correlated well in sera clearly positive or clearly negative by either one, but correlation was poor in the intermediate groups. All sera positive by AGID were also positive by ELISA, but results did not agree in sera negative by AGID, ELISA proving to be more sensitive. Western blot was a good technique for detecting antibodies against Gag-related proteins. However, no band was identified to clearly correspond to anti-Env-related proteins. As for other retroviruses, testing of animals for infection with BLV should include the detection of antibodies anti-Gag and anti-Env proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Doménech
- Dpto. Patología Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Doménech A, Llames L, Goyache J, Suárez G, Gómez-Lucía E. Macrophages infected with bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) induce humoral response in rabbits. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1997; 58:309-20. [PMID: 9436274 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(97)00043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BLV is a lymphotropic retrovirus which infects mainly B-cells. However, the possible infection of cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage (M/M) might explain some aspects of the disease such as latency or disease progression. We infected sheep M/M with BLV either by culturing M/M with supernatant containing virus, or coculturing M/M with persistently infected cell lines. These BLV-infected M/M were inoculated into rabbits and the serological response was followed for two years. ELISA results using adsorbed sera showed a persistent production of specific antibodies from as early as the first week post inoculation. Two tests were used to detect the response against envelope glycoprotein gp51: Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and a virus neutralization test read as syncytia inhibition (SI). Sera were positive by AGID after the second or third inoculation. Neutralizing titres (SI) were higher than those seen in control rabbits inoculated with persistently infected cell lines, suggesting that the virus may be expressed better in M/M. Gag-related proteins were analyzed by Western Blot (WB). Sera from rabbits inoculated with BLV-infected M/M recognized as many viral proteins as sera from BLV immunized control rabbits or infected cows, and this profile did not change with repeated inoculations. All these results suggest that BLV may infect M/M, where viral proteins are actively expressed to the point that they induce a humoral immune response in animals, and that animals get persistently infected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Doménech
- Dpto. Patología Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Boris-Lawrie K, Altanerova V, Altaner C, Kucerova L, Temin HM. In vivo study of genetically simplified bovine leukemia virus derivatives that lack tax and rex. J Virol 1997; 71:1514-20. [PMID: 8995677 PMCID: PMC191208 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.2.1514-1520.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically simplified derivatives of complex retroviruses that replicate in animal models are useful tools to study the role of the complex regulatory genes in virus infection and pathogenesis and were proposed as a novel approach toward the development of vaccines against complex retroviruses. Previously we developed genetically simple derivatives of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) that can replicate in tissue culture independently of the BLV regulatory proteins, Tax and Rex, and the RIII and GIV open reading frames (K. Boris-Lawrie and H. M. Temin, J. Virol. 69:1920-1924, 1995). These derivatives are encoded on novel, hybrid retrovirus genomes that contain transcriptional control sequences of a simple retrovirus and gag-pol or env genes of the complex BLV. The first-generation simple BLV derivatives replicate as complementary viruses (coviruses) by using separate gag-pol or env genomes, and therefore virus spread is limited to cells that are infected with both covirus genomes. Here we describe a second-generation simple BLV derivative that is encoded on a single hybrid genome. We show the virus to be replication competent by successive passage on D17 target cells and by analysis of viral RNA and proteins in the infected cells. Furthermore, we evaluate the immunogenicity and infectivity of the simple BLV derivatives in a BLV animal model. Small groups of rats were injected either with virus-producing cells or with proviral DNA. Western immunoblot analysis revealed that antibodies against the major viral antigenic determinants are induced in response to either method of introduction and that seroconversion is sustained in most of the rats for at least 6 months (the duration of the study). The magnitudes of the antiviral responses were similar in rats infected with the first-generation simple BLV coviruses, the second-generation replication-competent derivative, or wild-type BLV. Wild-type BLV typically infects peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and the simple BLV derivatives were also found to infect PBMC as demonstrated by PCR amplification of proviral sequences and reverse transcriptase PCR amplification of viral RNA in treated rats. These results establish that simple BLV derivatives lacking tax and rex are infectious and immunogenic in rats. These viruses will be useful tools in comparative studies with BLV to evaluate the role of tax and rex in maintenance of virus load and in disease outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Boris-Lawrie
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Center for Retrovirus Research, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Altaner C, Merza M, Altanerova V, Morein B. Envelope glycoprotein gp51 of bovine leukemia virus is differently glycosylated in cells of various species and organ origin. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1993; 36:163-77. [PMID: 7682744 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(93)90105-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The carbohydrate moiety of the envelope glycoprotein gp51 of bovine leukemia virus, American strain, was studied. The virus was grown in ovine, bovine, porcine, bat and rat cells of various organ specificities. The gp51 was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography from virions of ten different virus-producing cells derived from various body organs of different species. Highly purified glycoproteins (single band in PAGE) were compared for their electrophoretic mobility, for the presence of epitopes by a battery of monoclonal antibodies, and for the glycosylation pattern by lectin blot analysis. Electrophoretic analysis of all tested glycoproteins deglycosylated by glycopeptidase F detected the same polypeptide backbone according to PAGE. The glycoproteins produced in rat cells migrated faster in PAGE, as detected in cells or in virions, than those produced in ovine cells. The pattern of their glycosylation was found to be dependent on the type of cells used for virus production. The differences in glycosylation were most pronounced when comparing the glycoprotein produced in ovine cells versus bat or rat cells. Changes in epitope expression were also detected. The differences in the patterns of glycosylation and in the accessibility of epitopes owing to the virus production in various kind of cells are discussed from virus infectivity and vaccine points of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Altaner
- Department of Molecular Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ban J, Portetelle D, Altaner C, Horion B, Milan D, Krchnak V, Burny A, Kettmann R. Isolation and characterization of a 2.3-kilobase-pair cDNA fragment encoding the binding domain of the bovine leukemia virus cell receptor. J Virol 1993; 67:1050-7. [PMID: 8380453 PMCID: PMC237460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.2.1050-1057.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunoscreening strategy was used to isolate a cDNA clone encoding the binding domain for the external glycoprotein gp51 of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Three recombinant phages demonstrating BLV binding activity and containing 2.3-kbp cDNA inserts with identical nucleotide sequences were isolated from a lambda gt11 cDNA library of bovine kidney cells (MDBK). One clone, BLVRcp1, hybridized with a 4.8-kb mRNA from cells of bovine origin and was also found to be conserved as a single-copy gene in murine, bovine, ovine, primate, canine, feline, and porcine DNAs. The same gene is amplified in caprine DNA isolated from a BLV-induced tumor. The longest open reading frame of BLVRcp1 encodes a protein fragment of 729 amino acids with a putative receptor structure. BLVRcp1 cDNA was cloned in the eucaryotic expression vector pXT-1 and transfected into murine NIH 3T3 and human HEp-2 cells. Cells expressing BLVRcp1 mRNA became susceptible to BLV infection. BLVRcp1 has no known physiological function and has no significant homology with sequences registered in the GenBank and EMBL data libraries (31 July 1992). Expression of deleted constructs of BLVRcp1 indicates that the BLV binding region is encoded at the 5' side of the receptor clone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ban
- Department of Molecular Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Kindt TJ, Hirsch VM, Johnson PR, Sawasdikosol S. Animal models for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Adv Immunol 1992; 52:425-74. [PMID: 1442309 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Kindt
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID Twinbrook II Facility, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- M B Gardner
- Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis
| |
Collapse
|