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Niño-Sandoval TC, Rocha NS, Sarinho FW, Vasconcelos CFDM, Vasconcelos AFDM, Vasconcelos BC. Effect of autohemotherapy in the treatment of viral infections - a systematic review. Public Health 2021; 201:78-88. [PMID: 34798327 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the literature to determine whether autohemotherapy has any effect either clinically or on the immune system on viral diseases on the last ten years. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS Searches from the year 2010, with at least 5 patients were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, LILACS, SciELO, and Web of Science databases. Hand searches were performed in systematic reviews and literature reviews related to autohemotherapy. Unpublished manuscripts were hand-searched in specialized journals. RESULTS Eight articles were included. Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and Coronavirus were evaluated. Autohemotherapy had good results in hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and Coronavirus. CONCLUSION Autohemotherapy is a safe practice that improves symptoms in the treatment of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and Coronavirus. It is necessary to perform more prospective comparative studies with homogeneous protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Niño-Sandoval
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology, University of Pernambuco - School of Dentistry (UPE/FOP), University Hospital Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310 - Santo Amaro, Recife PE, CEP: 50.100-130, Brazil.
| | - N S Rocha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology, University of Pernambuco - School of Dentistry (UPE/FOP), University Hospital Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310 - Santo Amaro, Recife PE, CEP: 50.100-130, Brazil.
| | - F W Sarinho
- Master Program of Graduate Studies in Child and Adolescent Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife PE: 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - C F de M Vasconcelos
- Doctorate Program in Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife PE: 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - A F de M Vasconcelos
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife PE: 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - B C Vasconcelos
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology, University of Pernambuco - School of Dentistry (UPE/FOP), University Hospital Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310 - Santo Amaro, Recife PE, CEP: 50.100-130, Brazil.
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SZOMOLAY BARBARA, LUNGU EDWARDM. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE TREATMENT OF AIDS-RELATED KAPOSI'S SARCOMA. J BIOL SYST 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339014500247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We formulate a mathematical model to study the dynamics of HIV-1 related Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) pathogenesis. KS progression is modeled as a dual process involving the primary infection of B cells, which sustains HHV-8 replication and the secondary infection of progenitor cells by HHV-8, which sustains the KS cell replication. We incorporate the pharmacodynamics of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), or combination therapy (HAART plus KS therapy) and consider how each treatment strategy alters the disease progression. Our results indicate that administration of HAART to individuals co-infected with the HIV-1 and HHV-8 viruses can greatly amplify the therapeutic response of low-dose KS therapies. We have found that adherence levels above 85% can significantly reduce the risk of KS and HIV for a treatment periods under 1 year. For longer treatment periods, however, at least 90% adherence level is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- BARBARA SZOMOLAY
- Department of Mathematics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - EDWARD M. LUNGU
- Department of Mathematics, University of Botswana, P. Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana, Southern Africa
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3
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Clinical and Immunologic Effects of Autologous Lymph Node Cell Transplant in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1300/j092v08n01_03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Among the microorganisms that cause diseases of medical or veterinary importance, the only group that is entirely dependent on the host, and hence not easily amenable to therapy via pharmaceuticals, is the viruses. Since viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens, and therefore depend a great deal on cellular processes, direct therapy of viral infections is difficult. Thus, modifying or targeting nonspecific or specific immune responses is an important aspect of intervention of ongoing viral infections. However, as a result of the unavailability of effective vaccines and the extended duration of manifestation, chronic viral infections are the most suitable for immunotherapies. We present an overview of various immunological strategies that have been applied for treating viral infections after exposure to the infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra R Hegde
- Bharat Biotech Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, India.
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5
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Mealey RH, Littke MH, Leib SR, Davis WC, McGuire TC. Failure of low-dose recombinant human IL-2 to support the survival of virus-specific CTL clones infused into severe combined immunodeficient foals: lack of correlation between in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 121:8-22. [PMID: 17727961 PMCID: PMC2967287 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 06/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although CTL are important for control of lentiviruses, including equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), it is not known if CTL can limit lentiviral replication in the absence of CD4 help and neutralizing antibody. Adoptive transfer of EIAV-specific CTL clones into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) foals could resolve this issue, but it is not known whether exogenous IL-2 administration is sufficient to support the engraftment and proliferation of CTL clones infused into immunodeficient horses. To address this question we adoptively transferred EIAV Rev-specific CTL clones into four EIAV-challenged SCID foals, concurrent with low-dose aldesleukin (180,000U/m2), a modified recombinant human IL-2 (rhuIL-2) product. The dose was calculated based on the specific activity on equine PBMC in vitro, and resulted in plasma concentrations considered sufficient to saturate high affinity IL-2 receptors in humans. Despite specific activity on equine PBMC that was equivalent to recombinant equine IL-2 and another form of rhuIL-2, aldesleukin did not support the engraftment and expansion of infused CTL clones, and control of viral load and clinical disease did not occur. It was concluded that survival of Rev-specific CTL clones infused into EIAV-challenged SCID foals was not enhanced by aldesleukin at the doses used in this study, and that in vitro specific activity did not correlate with in vivo efficacy. Successful adoptive immunotherapy with CTL clones in immunodeficient horses will likely require higher doses of rhuIL-2, co-infusion of CD4+ T lymphocytes, or administration of equine IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Mealey
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040, United States.
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6
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Hoffmann C, Stellbrink HJ, Dielschneider T, Degen O, Stoehr A, Knechten H, Wolf E, van Lunzen J. Adoptive transfer of syngeneic T cells in HIV-1 discordant twins indicates rapid regulation of T-cell homeostasis. Br J Haematol 2007; 136:641-8. [PMID: 17223918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of adoptive T-cell transfer (ATT) was tested in the context of viral suppression in syngeneic twins discordant for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Human leucocyte antigen-matched T cells of seven HIV-negative twins were obtained by lymphapheresis and immediately transfused into the HIV-infected sibling. Four twins received 12 ATTs each, with a mean of 2.10 +/- 0.97 x 10(9) CD4(+) T cells and 1.74 +/- 0.81 x 10(9) CD8(+) T cells. Additional transfers were performed in three more twin pairs to study the short-term kinetics of transfused syngeneic T cells. Mean CD4(+) T-cell counts increased significantly, by 0.133 +/- 0.136 x 10(9) cells/l at 1 h and 0.144 +/- 0.12 x 10(9) cells/l at 3 h post-transfusion (P < 0.0001). Short-term kinetic studies suggested a rapid clearance of transferred T cells from the peripheral blood within minutes due to a distribution to marginal pools. After a mean follow up of 39 months, however, a sustained increase of the mean CD4(+) T-cell count was observed (from 0.232 x 10(9) to 0.523 x 10(9) cells/l) without changes of plasma viraemia. We conclude that ATT combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy is safe and leads to a considerable increase in CD4(+) T-cell numbers. The clearance kinetics of the transfused cells from peripheral blood indicates a very rapid regulation of T-cell homeostasis in HIV infection.
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Abstract
Recently, there has been a renewed interest in therapeutic vaccination as an adjunct or alternative to current treatment options for HIV. The first immunotherapeutic trial relevant to this topic was published in 1983. Since then, several dozen therapeutic vaccine trials have been carried out. The results have consistently shown that although in vitro-measured HIV-specific immune responses were evident as a result of vaccination, clinical improvement has been seldom observed. The instances of apparent clinical benefit however, were invariably associated with the usage of vaccines that acted in accord with the principles of allo- or autoimmunization. The majority of these vaccines were derived from the blood of HIV carriers or a cell culture and therefore inherently contained host-cell antigens unrelated to HIV. These observations raise the issue of whether this clinically successful approach has been unduly neglected. Most commercial vaccines on the market today are made the old-fashioned way, but very little support or attention has been given to the development of such vaccines for AIDS therapy. The current strategy, biased toward vaccines which have shown little evidence of clinical efficacy, is shortsighted and needs to be revised.
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Tsoukas CM, Turner HM, Hatzakis GE, Blake GP, Goodhew JE, Kilby DL, Kovacs CM, Luetkehoelter JR, Routy JP, Walmsley SL, Bernard NF. Improvement of HIV-specific immunity in HIV-infected twins treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy, interleukin 2, and syngeneic adoptively transferred cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:887-900. [PMID: 11461675 DOI: 10.1089/088922201750290014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five HIV-seropositive twins were treated with HAART and given cycles of treatment consisting of adoptive cellular therapy from their HIV-seronegative identical twins followed by a 5-day course of intravenous IL-2. Changes in absolute and percent CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell count were monitored and compared with changes in these parameters occurring in seven age-, sex-, and disease stage-matched HIV-infected patients treated with HAART alone. Increase in the magnitude and breadth of HIV-specific immune responses was monitored in three twin subjects who received multiple treatment cycles. Absolute and percent CD4(+) cell counts rose dramatically and to significantly higher levels in the recipient twins than in control subjects treated with HAART only. The subjects who received multiple cycles of treatment developed new and increased levels of HIV-specific activated and memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, and interferon gamma-secreting effector cells. Treatment consisting of HAART, adoptive cellular therapy, and IL-2 was superior to treatment with HAART alone for improving absolute and percent CD4(+) cell counts and inducing new, or increasing the magnitude of, HIV-specific immune responses in HIV infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Tsoukas
- Immunodeficiency Treatment Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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9
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Ansari AA, Bostik P, Mayne AE, Villinger F. Failure to expand influenza and tetanus toxoid memory T cells in vitro correlates with disease course in SIV infected rhesus macaques. Cell Immunol 2001; 210:125-42. [PMID: 11520079 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2001.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marked decreases in influenza (flu) and tetanus toxoid (T.T.) antigen specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell memory responses were noted shortly after SIV infection in monkeys that go on to develop clinical disease within 18 months (normal progressor, NP) following SIV infection but not in monkeys that remain asymptomatic >3 years post SIV infection (long-term nonprogressor, LTNP). While PBMCs from NP and LTNP monkeys demonstrate both low and high avidity flu and T.T. specific CD8(+) and CD4(+)T cell immune responses prior to SIV infection, the PBMCs from NP but not LTNP fail to generate high avidity T cell responses post SIV infection. This failure to generate high avidity T cell responses in vitro correlated with increased apoptotic cell death in PBMC cultures from NP animals. Since high avidity antigen specific CTLs have been shown to be most efficient in eliminating viral infections, the present finding has important implications for the evaluation of the level of immune reconstitution following various modalities of therapy in HIV-1 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ansari
- Department of Pathology & Lab. Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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10
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Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Shaw K, Friedman L, Ironson G. HIV adolescents show improved immune function following massage therapy. Int J Neurosci 2001; 106:35-45. [PMID: 11264907 DOI: 10.3109/00207450109149736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV+adolescents (M CD4=466 mm3) recruited from a large urban university hospital's outpatient clinic were randomly assigned to receive massage therapy (n=12) or progressive muscle relaxation (n=12) two-times per week for 12 weeks. To assess treatment effects, participants were assessed for depression, anxiety and immune changes before and after treatment the 12 weeks treatment period. Adolescents who received massage therapy versus those who experienced relaxation therapy reported feeling less anxious and they were less depressed, and showed enhanced immune function by the end of the 12 week study. Immune changes included increased Natural Killer cell number (CD56) and CD56+CD3-. In addition, the HIV disease progression markers CD4/CD8 ratio and CD4 number showed an increase for the massage therapy group only.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Diego
- Touch Research Institutes, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101
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11
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Abstract
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) probably play the major role in controlling HIV replication. However, the value of adoptive transfer of HIV-specific CTL expanded in vitro to HIV+ patients has been limited: this contrasts with the success of CTL therapy in treating or preventing Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus disease after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We investigated the fate of expanded HIV-specific CTL clones in vivo following adoptive transfer to a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two autologous CTL clones specific for HIV Gag and Pol were expanded to large numbers (>109) in vitro and infused into an HIV-infected patient whose viral load was rising despite antiretroviral therapy. The fate of one clone was monitored by staining peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with T-cell receptor–specific tetrameric major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes. Although the CTL transfer was well tolerated, there were no significant changes in CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte counts and virus load. By tracking an infused clone using soluble MHC-peptide complexes, we show that cells bearing the Gag-specific T-cell receptors were rapidly eliminated within hours of infusion through apoptosis. Thus, the failure of adoptively transferred HIV-specific CTL to reduce virus load in AIDS may be due to rapid apoptosis of the infused cells, triggered by a number of potential mechanisms. Further trials of adoptive transfer of CTL should take into account the susceptibility of infused cells to in vivo apoptosis.
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12
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) probably play the major role in controlling HIV replication. However, the value of adoptive transfer of HIV-specific CTL expanded in vitro to HIV+ patients has been limited: this contrasts with the success of CTL therapy in treating or preventing Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus disease after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We investigated the fate of expanded HIV-specific CTL clones in vivo following adoptive transfer to a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two autologous CTL clones specific for HIV Gag and Pol were expanded to large numbers (>109) in vitro and infused into an HIV-infected patient whose viral load was rising despite antiretroviral therapy. The fate of one clone was monitored by staining peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with T-cell receptor–specific tetrameric major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes. Although the CTL transfer was well tolerated, there were no significant changes in CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte counts and virus load. By tracking an infused clone using soluble MHC-peptide complexes, we show that cells bearing the Gag-specific T-cell receptors were rapidly eliminated within hours of infusion through apoptosis. Thus, the failure of adoptively transferred HIV-specific CTL to reduce virus load in AIDS may be due to rapid apoptosis of the infused cells, triggered by a number of potential mechanisms. Further trials of adoptive transfer of CTL should take into account the susceptibility of infused cells to in vivo apoptosis.
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13
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Levine BL, Cotte J, Small CC, Carroll RG, Riley JL, Bernstein WB, Van Epps DE, Hardwick RA, June CH. Large-scale production of CD4+ T cells from HIV-1-infected donors after CD3/CD28 costimulation. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY 1998; 7:437-48. [PMID: 9829318 DOI: 10.1089/scd.1.1998.7.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe a procedure for large-scale enrichment, growth, and harvesting CD4+ T cells. This method may be effective for HIV-1 immunotherapy, as the mode of stimulation, with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 coated beads (CD3/CD28 beads) induces a potent antiviral effect. PBMC were obtained by density gradient centrifugation of an apheresis product. Monocytes/macrophages were removed by incubating PBMC with beads coated with IgG. The cells were then magnetically depleted of B cells and CD8+ cells with mouse anti-CD20 and anti-CD8 MAbs and sheep antimouse coated beads. The remaining cells were >80% CD4+ and were transferred to gas-permeable bags containing CD3/CD28 beads and cultured in a closed system. After 14 days, the cell number increased an average of 37-fold, and cells were nearly 100% CD4+. Viral load, assessed by DNA PCR for HIV-1 gag, decreased >10-fold during culture in the absence of antiretroviral agents. Removal of CD3/CD28 beads from the cell suspension was accomplished by passing cells plus beads (3-30 x 10(9) cells in 2-12 L) over a MaxSep magnetic separator using gravity-driven flow. The cells were then concentrated to 300 ml in an automated centrifuge. This process allows safe and efficient growth of large numbers of CD4+ T cells from HIV-1+ donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Levine
- Immune Cell Biology Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
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14
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Gollob JA, Schnipper CP, Orsini E, Murphy E, Daley JF, Lazo SB, Frank DA, Neuberg D, Ritz J. Characterization of a novel subset of CD8(+) T cells that expands in patients receiving interleukin-12. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:561-75. [PMID: 9691093 PMCID: PMC508917 DOI: 10.1172/jci3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-12 has significant antitumor activity in mice that may be mediated by CD8(+) T cells. We show in this report that repeated subcutaneous injections of IL-12 in patients with cancer resulted in the selective expansion of a subset of peripheral blood CD8(+) T cells. This T cell subset expressed high levels of CD18 and upregulated IL-12 receptor expression after IL-12 treatment in vivo. In normal subjects, these CD3(+)CD8(+)CD18(bright) T cells expressed IL-12 and IL-2 receptors and adhesion/costimulatory molecules to a greater degree than other CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. They appeared morphologically as large granular lymphocytes, although they did not express NK cell markers such as CD56. In addition, CD8(+)CD18(bright) T cells were almost exclusively T cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta+, and exhibited a TCR Vbeta repertoire that was strikingly oligoclonal, whereas the Vbeta repertoire of CD18(dim) T cells was polyclonal. Although CD8+CD18(bright) T cells demonstrated little functional responsiveness to IL-12 or IL-2 alone in vitro, they responded to the combination of IL-12+IL-2 with strong IFN-gamma production and proliferation and enhanced non-MHC-restricted cytolytic activity. In contrast, CD18(dim) T cells were not activated by IL-12 or IL-2, alone or in combination. These findings demonstrate that CD8+CD18(bright) T cells are a unique population of peripheral blood lymphocytes with features of both memory and effector cells that are capable of TCR-independent activation through combined stimulation with IL-12+IL-2. As this activation results in IFN-gamma production and enhanced cytolytic activity, these T cells may play a role in innate as well as acquired immunity to tumors and infectious pathogens. Additional studies will be necessary to determine whether CD8+CD18(bright) T cells mediate the antitumor effect of IL-12 or IL-2 administered to cancer patients, and if so, whether maximal activation of these T cells with the combination of IL-12+IL-2 in vivo can augment the clinical effectiveness of these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gollob
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Blakeslee J, Noll G, Olsen R, Triozzi PL. Adoptive immunotherapy of feline leukemia virus infection using autologous lymph node lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1998; 18:1-6. [PMID: 9593451 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199805010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy using autologous cells expanded ex vivo from lymph nodes was examined in cats infected with the retrovirus feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Cells were obtained from popliteal lymph nodes from 18 FeLV-antigen-positive cats without complications; a mean of 6.2 x 10(7) cells were obtained. Lymph node cells were cultured with 600 IU/ml interleukin-2 (IL-2) for 7 days. Cells expanded 0.8- to 11-fold (mean, 2.7; median, 2.4); were 80% +/- 8.0% CD3+, 29% +/- 8.1% CD4+, and 41% +/- 7.0% CD8+, and exhibited cytolytic activity against FeLV-transformed FL74 cells. Sixteen cats received a single intravenous infusion of 0.13 to 3.9 x 10(8) cells. Cell infusion was well tolerated; fever developed approximately 1 hour postinfusion. Clinical activity, antiviral activity, or both was observed in 10 cats. Nine cats had clinical responses with improvement in weight, activity, appearance, or a combination of these that began 2 to 4 weeks after cell infusion and that lasted for up to 13 or more months. FeLV antigen became undetectable in 4 cats. These results indicate that adoptive immunotherapy using autologous lymph node cells, activated and expanded ex vivo in short-term cultures with low concentrations of IL-2, can modulate the course of a retroviral infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/blood
- Cat Diseases/therapy
- Cats
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Flow Cytometry/veterinary
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/veterinary
- Immunophenotyping/veterinary
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/veterinary
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/veterinary
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/immunology
- Leukemia, Feline/therapy
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Male
- Retroviridae Infections/therapy
- Retroviridae Infections/veterinary
- Saliva/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Virus Infections/therapy
- Tumor Virus Infections/veterinary
- Viremia/therapy
- Viremia/veterinary
- Viremia/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blakeslee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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16
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Valdez H, Al-Harthi L, Landay A, Lederman MM. Rationale for immune-based therapies for HIV-1 infection. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1998; 131:197-206. [PMID: 9523842 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(98)90090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Valdez
- Center for AIDS Research and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, USA
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Trickett AE, Kelly M, Cameron BA, Lloyd A, Ffrench RA, Dwyer JM. A preliminary study to determine the effect of an infusion of cryopreserved autologous lymphocytes on immunocompetence and viral load in HIV-infected patients. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1998; 17:129-36. [PMID: 9473013 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199802010-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic measures aimed at boosting the immunity of HIV-infected patients are a critical component of strategies for effective therapy of HIV and AIDS. To improve immunocompetence in patients with progressive disease, autologous lymphocytes that were collected and cryopreserved earlier in the course of HIV-infection were reinfused. None of the 12 patients receiving cell infusions experienced any adverse effects. Improvements in immunologic parameters (CD4+ counts, CD8+ counts, or both; HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity; or viral load) were seen in seven patients. Restoration of the CD4+ count to the level recorded at the time of cell harvest was achieved in two patients with less advanced disease. Plasma HIV RNA was reduced by >0.5 logs in two of the four patients tested. These preliminary results suggest that cellular immunotherapy using cryopreserved autologous lymphocytes has the potential to improve some measures of immunity in patients with HIV/AIDS and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Trickett
- Department of Haematology, St. George Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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18
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Buijs L, Bogers WM, Eichberg JW, Heeney JL. CD8+ cell-mediated immune responses: relation to disease resistance and susceptibility in lentivirus-infected primates. J Med Primatol 1997; 26:129-38. [PMID: 9379479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1997.tb00044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses mediated by CD8+ lymphocytes have been correlated with protection from HIV infection and disease progression in humans and nonhuman primates. The CD8+ cell population is heterogeneous in terms of biological function and phenotype. We have undertaken a review of the current state of knowledge of subtypes of CD8+ cells and their role in immune responses directed to HIV and related primate lentiviruses. Differences in the pathogenesis of lentivirus infections in various primate hosts were examined and the possible roles of the various subpopulations of CD8+ lymphocytes in the resistance and/or susceptibility to lentivirus-related disease were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Buijs
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Rhodes J. Section Review: Biologicals & Immunologicals: Therapeutic potential of Schiff base-forming drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1996. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.5.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ironson G, Field T, Scafidi F, Hashimoto M, Kumar M, Kumar A, Price A, Goncalves A, Burman I, Tetenman C, Patarca R, Fletcher MA. Massage therapy is associated with enhancement of the immune system's cytotoxic capacity. Int J Neurosci 1996; 84:205-17. [PMID: 8707483 DOI: 10.3109/00207459608987266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-nine gay men (20 HIV+, 9 HIV-) received daily massages for one month. A subset of 11 of the HIV+ subjects served as a within subject control group (one month with and without massages). Major immune findings for the effects of the month of massage included a significant increase in Natural Killer Cell number, Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity, soluble CD8, and the cytotoxic subset of CD8 cells. There were no changes in HIV disease progression markers (CD4, CD4/CD8 ratio, Beta-2 microglobulin, neopterin). Major neuroendocrine findings, measured via 24 hour urines included a significant decrease in cortisol, and nonsignificant trends toward decrease of catecholamines. There were also significant decreases in anxiety and increases in relaxation which were significantly correlated with increases in NK cell number. Thus, there appears to be an increase in cytotoxic capacity associated with massage. Implications for HIV+ men as those with other illnesses, particularly cancer, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ironson
- Touch Research Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Fl, USA
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Ironson G, Solomon G, Cruess D, Barroso J, Stivers M. Psychosocial factors related to long-term survival with HIV/AIDS. Clin Psychol Psychother 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.5640020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Copeland KF, McKay PJ, Rosenthal KL. Suppression of activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by CD8+ T cells is not lentivirus specific. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:1321-6. [PMID: 8573388 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes of HIV-1-infected individuals can efficiently suppress HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T lymphocytes. To elucidate the molecular events underlying this suppression, we have used the HIV-1 LTR directing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (CAT) in transient transfection assays using human Jurkat T cells. In addition to supernatants of patient CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD4+ > 350/microliters), supernatant of a T cell clone derived by Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS)-mediated transformation of CD8+ T lymphocytes of a patient demonstrating inhibition of virus replication were examined. Similar levels of inhibition of LTR-mediated gene expression in response to Tat or mitogenic activation with phorbol ester and calcium ionophore were observed by supernatants of both sources. The inhibitory effect of CD8+ T lymphocytes was not exclusive to lentiviral LTRs since transcription of both the HTLV-I LTR and RSV LTR in response to mitogen was effectively inhibited. In examination of the influence of CD8+ T cell-derived supernatant on NF kappa B-mediated activation, a dimer of the HIV-1 NF kappa B elements directing CAT was markedly inhibited by supernatants of both patient CD8+ lymphocytes and the HVS-derived CD8+ clone. Thus the inhibitory nature of CD8+ T lymphocytes appears not to be specific to lentiviral promoters and may mediate an inhibitory effect via the NF kappa B element.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Copeland
- Department of Pathology, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Rayner-Brosnan D. Wellness and HIV: developing a model for progression from theoretical knowledge about psychosocial factors to application. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1995; 17:663-76. [PMID: 8847161 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(95)00053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial factors and immunological markers have been associated not only with progression from HIV to AIDS and AIDS survival, but also with wellness. Not yet identified, and therefore not yet formalized into a system for clinical decision-making, are those individual differences that moderate both the impact of psychosocial factors and the potential benefit of interventions. Therefore the link between theoretical knowledge and application has not yet been established in a manner that would predict the outcome of recommended interventions. Presented here are background considerations to a combination of short-term and longitudinal studies which investigate these issues. The decision process devised here would be suitable for use with individuals with any physical disorder that has a psychosocial component.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rayner-Brosnan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
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van Lunzen J, Schmitz J, Dengler K, Kuhlmann C, Schmitz H, Dietrich M. Investigations on autologous T-cells for adoptive immunotherapy of AIDS. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 374:57-70. [PMID: 7572401 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1995-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report on the preclinical results of an immunotherapeutic approach of AIDS mediated by ex vivo propagated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. A mean yield of 6.23 x 10(9) lymphocytes, containing 1.82 x 10(9) CD4+, 3.23 x 10(9) CD8+ T-lymphocytes and 8.39 x 10(6) CD34+ peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) were be obtained by continuous flow cytapheresis (CFC) in 15 asymptomatic HIV infected patients (CD4-count > 350/mm3). The CD4/CD8 ratio (mean: 0.53, SD: +/- 0.15) in the cell concentrates reflected the distribution of the circulating lymphocyte subsets in vivo. Absolute lymphocyte counts decreased at a mean of 404/microliter (25%) immediately after CFC but were replaced from the extravascular pool within one hour. Neither the CD4/CD8 ratio nor p24-antigen and neopterin levels did change significantly after cell separation. No alteration of the number of proviral DNA copies (1/10(3)-1/10(6)) could be detected in peripheral T-helper cells by semiquantitative PCR after lymphapheresis. Cells were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen without substantial loss of viability or function. Ex vivo propagation of T-cells in a strictly autologous manner in the presence of PHA + IL-2 for 14d resulted in a 50-fold expansion rate (140-fold in healthy controls, p < 0.001). Viral replication could be controlled but not completely eliminated by cocultivation with autologous CD8+ T-lymphocytes as measured by limiting dilution nested PCR (NPCR). The expanded cells showed the typical phenotype of highly activated memory type T-lymphocytes (CD3+ CD45RO+ CD25+ HLA-DR+). The distribution of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells did not reveal significant changes before and after culture indicating that both subsets were equally expanded. Functionally important membrane or intracellular epitopes which were found to be decreased in HIV infected subjects (CD7, CD55, CD59) before culture were reconstituted after ex vivo propagation of T-cells. The functional importance of the up-regulation of complement regulating epitopes (CD55, CD59) after culture could be proven by a significant inhibition of cytolysis of T-cells in the presence of autologous complement. The majority (75%) of expanded CD8+ T-cells stained positive with mAb TIA-1 which is directed to intracellular granules within cytotoxic T-cells. Furthermore, programmed cell death of expanded T-cells could be prevented by cocultivation with fibroblasts which are believed to secrete a cytokine pattern preventing activated T-cells from apoptosis after withdrawal of IL-2 and other stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Lunzen
- Clinical Medicine Section, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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