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Tardiota N, Jaberolansar N, Lackenby JA, Chappell KJ, O'Donnell JS. HTLV-1 reverse transcriptase homology model provides structural basis for sensitivity to existing nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Virol J 2024; 21:14. [PMID: 38200531 PMCID: PMC10782711 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects millions of people globally and is endemic to various resource-limited regions. Infections persist for life and are associated with increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and severe diseases including adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy-tropical spastic paraparesis. No HTLV-1-specific anti-retrovirals have been developed and it is unclear whether existing anti-retrovirals developed for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have efficacy against HTLV-1. To understand the structural basis for therapeutic binding, homology modelling and machine learning were used to develop a structural model of the HTLV-1 reverse transcriptase. With this, molecular docking experiments using a panel of FDA-approved inhibitors of viral reverse transcriptases to assess their capacity for binding, and in turn, inhibition. Importantly, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor but not non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were predicted to bind the HTLV-1 reverse transcriptase, with similar affinity to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. By strengthening the rationale for clinical testing of therapies such as tenofovir alafenamide, zidovudine, lamivudine, and azvudine for treatment of HTLV-1, this study has demonstrated the power of in silico structural biology approaches in drug design and therapeutic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Tardiota
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Noushin Jaberolansar
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Julia A Lackenby
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Keith J Chappell
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jake S O'Donnell
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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2
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HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence, risk factors and birth outcomes among pregnant women in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau: a retrospective cross-sectional hospital study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12174. [PMID: 32699381 PMCID: PMC7376101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) has proven an effective strategy to end paediatric infections and ensure HIV-infected mothers access treatment. Based on cross-sectional data collected from June 2008 to May 2013, we assessed changes in HIV prevalence, risk factors for HIV, provision of PMTCT antiretroviral treatment (ART), and the association between HIV infection, birth outcomes and maternal characteristics at the Simão Mendes National Hospital, Guinea-Bissau's largest maternity ward. Among 24,107 women, the HIV prevalence was 3.3% for HIV-1, 0.8% for HIV-2 and 0.9% for HIV-1/2. A significant decline in HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV-1/2 prevalence was observed over time. HIV infection was associated with age and ethnicity. A total of 85% of HIV-infected women received ART as part of PMTCT, yet overall treatment coverage during labour and delivery declined significantly for both mothers and infants. Twenty-two percent of infants did not receive treatment, and 67% of HIV-2-infected mothers and 77% of their infants received ineffective non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for PMTCT. Maternal HIV was associated with low birth weight but not stillbirth. Inadequate continuity of care and ART coverage present challenges to optimal PMTCT in Guinea-Bissau.
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3
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Potent inhibition of HIV replication in primary human cells by novel synthetic polyketides inspired by Aureothin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1326. [PMID: 31992748 PMCID: PMC6987146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the global health threat of HIV infection requires continuous pipelines of novel drug candidates. We identified the γ-pyrone polyketides Aureothin/Neoaureothin as potent hits by anti-HIV screening of an extensive natural compound collection. Total synthesis of a structurally diverse group of Aureothin-derivatives successfully identified a lead compound (#7) superior to Aureothin that combines strong anti-HIV activity (IC90<45 nM), photostability and improved cell safety. Compound #7 inhibited de novo virus production from integrated proviruses by blocking the accumulation of HIV RNAs that encode the structural components of virions and include viral genomic RNAs. Thus, the mode-of-action displayed by compound #7 is different from those of all current clinical drugs. Proteomic analysis indicated that compound #7 does not affect global protein expression in primary blood cells and may modulate cellular pathways linked to HIV infection. Compound #7 inhibited multiple HIV genotypes, including HIV-type 1 and 2 and synergistically inhibited HIV in combination with clinical reverse transcriptase and integrase inhibitors. We conclude that compound #7 represents a promising new class of HIV inhibitors that will facilitate the identification of new virus-host interactions exploitable for antiviral attack and holds promise for further drug development.
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Maeda K, Das D, Kobayakawa T, Tamamura H, Takeuchi H. Discovery and Development of Anti-HIV Therapeutic Agents: Progress Towards Improved HIV Medication. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1621-1649. [PMID: 31424371 PMCID: PMC7132033 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190712204603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The history of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS therapy, which spans over 30 years, is one of the most dramatic stories of science and medicine leading to the treatment of a disease. Since the advent of the first AIDS drug, AZT or zidovudine, a number of agents acting on different drug targets, such as HIV enzymes (e.g. reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase) and host cell factors critical for HIV infection (e.g. CD4 and CCR5), have been added to our armamentarium to combat HIV/AIDS. In this review article, we first discuss the history of the development of anti-HIV drugs, during which several problems such as drug-induced side effects and the emergence of drug-resistant viruses became apparent and had to be overcome. Nowadays, the success of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART), combined with recently-developed powerful but nonetheless less toxic drugs has transformed HIV/AIDS from an inevitably fatal disease into a manageable chronic infection. However, even with such potent cART, it is impossible to eradicate HIV because none of the currently available HIV drugs are effective in eliminating occult “dormant” HIV cell reservoirs. A number of novel unique treatment approaches that should drastically improve the quality of life (QOL) of patients or might actually be able to eliminate HIV altogether have also been discussed later in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Maeda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM) Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NCI/NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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5
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Ba S, Raugi DN, Smith RA, Sall F, Faye K, Hawes SE, Sow PS, Seydi M, Gottlieb GS. A Trial of a Single-tablet Regimen of Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate for the Initial Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Infection in a Resource-limited Setting: 48-Week Results From Senegal, West Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:1588-1594. [PMID: 29672676 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is an urgent need for safe and effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection. We undertook the first clinical trial of a single-tablet regimen containing elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (E/C/F/TDF) to assess its effectiveness in HIV-2-infected individuals in Senegal, West Africa. Methods HIV-2-infected, ART-naive adults with World Health Organization stage 3-4 disease or CD4 count <750 cells/μL were eligible for this 48-week, open-label trial. We analyzed HIV-2 viral loads (VL), CD4 counts, clinical and adverse events, mortality, and loss to follow-up. Results We enrolled 30 subjects who initiated E/C/F/TDF. Twenty-nine subjects completed 48 weeks of follow-up. The majority were female (80%). There were no deaths, no new AIDS-associated clinical events, and 1 loss to follow-up. The median baseline CD4 count was 408 (range, 34-747) cells/μL, which increased by a median 161 (range, 27-547) cells/μL at week 48. Twenty-five subjects had baseline HIV-2 VL of <50 copies/mL of plasma. In those with detectable HIV-2 VL, the median was 41 (range, 10-6135) copies/mL. Using a modified intent-to-treat analysis (US Food and Drug Administration Snapshot method), 28 of 30 (93.3%; 95% confidence interval, 77.9%-99.2%) had viral suppression at 48 weeks. The 1 subject with virologic failure had multidrug-resistant HIV-2 (reverse transcriptase mutation: K65R; integrase mutations: G140S and Q148R) detected at week 48. There were 8 grade 3-4 adverse events; none were deemed study related. Adherence and acceptability were good. Conclusions Our data suggest that E/C/F/TDF, a once-daily, single-tablet-regimen, is safe, effective, and well tolerated. Our findings support the use of integrase inhibitor-based regimens for HIV-2 treatment. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02180438.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selly Ba
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Ibrahima Diop Mar, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal; and Departments of
| | | | | | - Fatima Sall
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Ibrahima Diop Mar, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal; and Departments of
| | - Khadim Faye
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Ibrahima Diop Mar, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal; and Departments of
| | - Stephen E Hawes
- Epidemiology.,Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Papa Salif Sow
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Ibrahima Diop Mar, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal; and Departments of
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Ibrahima Diop Mar, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal; and Departments of
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Abana CZ, Sagoe KW, Bonney EY, Maina EK, Aziati ID, Agbosu E, Mawuli G, Styer LM, Ishikawa K, Brandful JA, Ampofo WK. Drug resistance mutations and viral load in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and dual HIV-1/HIV-2 infected patients in Ghana. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14313. [PMID: 30732150 PMCID: PMC6380870 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) and drug resistance studies worldwide have focused almost exclusively on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). As a result, there is limited information on ART and drug resistance in HIV-2 patients. In Ghana, the HIV epidemic is characterized by the domination of HIV-1, with cocirculating HIV-2. We, therefore, sought to determine viral load and drug resistance mutations in HIV-2 patients to inform the clinical management of such individuals in Ghana.We used purposive sampling to collect blood from 16 consented patients, confirmed as HIV-2 or HIV-1/2 dual infections by serology. A 2-step real-time RT-PCR assay was used to determine plasma HIV-2 RNA viral loads. For drug resistance testing, nucleic acids were extracted from plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The reverse transcriptase and protease genes of HIV-2 were amplified, sequenced and analyzed for drug resistance mutations and HIV-2 group.HIV-2 viral load was detected in 9 of 16 patients. Six of these had quantifiable viral loads (range: 2.62-5.45 log IU/mL) while 3 had viral loads below the limit of quantification. Sequences were generated from 7 out of 16 samples. Five of these were classified as HIV-2 group B and 2 as HIV-2 group A. HIV-2 drug resistance mutations (M184V, K65R, Y115F) were identified in 1 patient.This study is the first to report HIV-2 viral load and drug resistance mutations in HIV-2 strains from Ghana. The results indicate the need for continuous monitoring of drug resistance among HIV-2- infected patients to improve their clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Z. Abana
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences
| | - Kwamena W.C. Sagoe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Y. Bonney
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences
| | - Edward K. Maina
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
| | - Ishmael D. Aziati
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences
- Virology Department, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Esinam Agbosu
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences
| | - Gifty Mawuli
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences
| | - Linda M. Styer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Koichi Ishikawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, NIID, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James A.M. Brandful
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences
| | - William K. Ampofo
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences
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7
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In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Cabotegravir against HIV-2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01299-18. [PMID: 30012774 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01299-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the antiviral activity of the integrase inhibitor (INI) cabotegravir against HIV-2 isolates from INI-naive individuals. HIV-2 was sensitive to cabotegravir in single-cycle and spreading-infection assays, with 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) in the low to subnanomolar range; comparable results were obtained for HIV-1 in both assay formats. Our findings suggest that cabotegravir should be evaluated in clinical trials as a potential option for antiretroviral therapy and preexposure prophylaxis in HIV-2-prevalent settings.
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8
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Lu HH, Xue P, Zhu YY, Ju XL, Zheng XJ, Zhang X, Xiao T, Pannecouque C, Li TT, Gu SX. Structural modifications of diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) as HIV-1 NNRTIs: Synthesis, anti-HIV activities and SAR. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2491-2497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Döring M, Borrego P, Büch J, Martins A, Friedrich G, Camacho RJ, Eberle J, Kaiser R, Lengauer T, Taveira N, Pfeifer N. A genotypic method for determining HIV-2 coreceptor usage enables epidemiological studies and clinical decision support. Retrovirology 2016; 13:85. [PMID: 27998283 PMCID: PMC5168878 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CCR5-coreceptor antagonists can be used for treating HIV-2 infected individuals. Before initiating treatment with coreceptor antagonists, viral coreceptor usage should be determined to ensure that the virus can use only the CCR5 coreceptor (R5) and cannot evade the drug by using the CXCR4 coreceptor (X4-capable). However, until now, no online tool for the genotypic identification of HIV-2 coreceptor usage had been available. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge on the determinants of HIV-2 coreceptor usage. Therefore, we developed a data-driven web service for the prediction of HIV-2 coreceptor usage from the V3 loop of the HIV-2 glycoprotein and used the tool to identify novel discriminatory features of X4-capable variants. Results Using 10 runs of tenfold cross validation, we selected a linear support vector machine (SVM) as the model for geno2pheno[coreceptor-hiv2], because it outperformed the other SVMs with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.95. We found that SVMs were highly accurate in identifying HIV-2 coreceptor usage, attaining sensitivities of 73.5% and specificities of 96% during tenfold nested cross validation. The predictive performance of SVMs was not significantly different (p value 0.37) from an existing rules-based approach. Moreover, geno2pheno[coreceptor-hiv2] achieved a predictive accuracy of 100% and outperformed the existing approach on an independent data set containing nine new isolates with corresponding phenotypic measurements of coreceptor usage. geno2pheno[coreceptor-hiv2] could not only reproduce the established markers of CXCR4-usage, but also revealed novel markers: the substitutions 27K, 15G, and 8S were significantly predictive of CXCR4 usage. Furthermore, SVMs trained on the amino-acid sequences of the V1 and V2 loops were also quite accurate in predicting coreceptor usage (AUCs of 0.84 and 0.65, respectively). Conclusions In this study, we developed geno2pheno[coreceptor-hiv2], the first online tool for the prediction of HIV-2 coreceptor usage from the V3 loop. Using our method, we identified novel amino-acid markers of X4-capable variants in the V3 loop and found that HIV-2 coreceptor usage is also influenced by the V1/V2 region. The tool can aid clinicians in deciding whether coreceptor antagonists such as maraviroc are a treatment option and enables epidemiological studies investigating HIV-2 coreceptor usage. geno2pheno[coreceptor-hiv2] is freely available at http://coreceptor-hiv2.geno2pheno.org. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0320-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Döring
- Department for Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Campus E 1 4, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Pedro Borrego
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Administração e Políticas Públicas (CAPP), Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas (ISCSP), University of Lisbon, Rua Almerindo Lessa, 1300-663, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joachim Büch
- Department for Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Campus E 1 4, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreia Martins
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Georg Friedrich
- Department for Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Campus E 1 4, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ricardo Jorge Camacho
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Josef Eberle
- Department of Virology, Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pettenkoferstraße 9a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Rolf Kaiser
- Institute for Virology, University of Cologne, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Lengauer
- Department for Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Campus E 1 4, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz (ISCSEM), Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nico Pfeifer
- Department for Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Campus E 1 4, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Hamdy AM, Khaddour Z, Al-Masoudi NA, Rahman Q, Hering-Junghans C, Villinger A, Langer P. Synthesis of arylated coumarins by Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling. Reactions and anti-HIV activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5115-5126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Palomba M, Rossi L, Sancineto L, Tramontano E, Corona A, Bagnoli L, Santi C, Pannecouque C, Tabarrini O, Marini F. A new vinyl selenone-based domino approach to spirocyclopropyl oxindoles endowed with anti-HIV RT activity. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2015-24. [PMID: 26754878 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02451j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a general and flexible access to spirocyclopropyl oxindoles by a domino Michael/intramolecular nucleophilic substitution pathway with variously substituted vinyl selenones and enolizable oxindoles in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The spirocyclopropyl oxindole being a privileged scaffold, some of the synthesized compounds were selected for biological evaluation. Compound showed selective anti-HIV-1 activity thanks to its ability to inhibit the reverse transcriptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Palomba
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - L Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - L Sancineto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - E Tramontano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SS554 - 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - A Corona
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SS554 - 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - L Bagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - C Santi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - C Pannecouque
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - O Tabarrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - F Marini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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Amino acid derivatives. Part 6. Synthesis, in vitro antiviral activity and molecular docking study of new N-α-amino acid derivatives conjugated spacer phthalimide backbone. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Stramer SL, Yu G, Herron R, Espinoza N, Foster GA, Naccache SN, Brodsky JP, Ong E, Linnen JM, Dyer N, Styer LM, Parker MM, Chiu CY. Two human immunodeficiency virus Type 2 cases in US blood donors including serologic, molecular, and genomic characterization of an epidemiologically unusual case. Transfusion 2016; 56:1560-8. [PMID: 27079968 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood donation screening for human immunodeficiency virus Type 2 (HIV-2) has been in place in the United States since 1992. However, only three HIV-2 antibody-positive donors have been reported to date, all detected via HIV-1 cross-reactivity. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Here we identify two additional HIV-2-positive donors by routine anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2 screening, including a first-time male donor living in Georgia having recently immigrated to the United States from West Africa (from a 1998 donation) and a Taiwanese female repeat donor (nurse) living in California with no travel outside of Taiwan or apparent connections to West Africa (from a 2015 donation). Neither donor acknowledged any risk factors, and both remained asymptomatic through follow-up. The second donor was further investigated by serologic, molecular, and genomic assays because of her unusual demographics. She was documented to harbor HIV-2 RNA, albeit sporadically by HIV-2-specific nucleic acid tests (35%-100% of replicates) and at very low levels (<9.6 IU/mL). Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) confirmed the identification of a Group B HIV-2 strain, with recovered reads covering 46.9% of the predicted genome. CONCLUSIONS The estimated frequency of an HIV-2-positive blood donor in the United States is one in 57 million donations. Due to the low frequency and low pathogenicity of HIV-2, public health and blood donation screening efforts must focus on HIV-1 detection and prevention. However, detection of HIV-2 infection in a donor with no apparent link to West Africa suggests that the United States must remain vigilant for HIV-2 virus infections. Ultradeep mNGS may be useful in the future for comprehensive identification of rare transfusion-transmissible agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Stramer
- Scientific Affairs, the American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Guixia Yu
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ross Herron
- Southern California Blood Collection Region, American Red Cross, and
| | - Norma Espinoza
- Donor and Client Support Center, American Red Cross, Pomona, California
| | - Gregory A Foster
- Scientific Affairs, the American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Samia N Naccache
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Edgar Ong
- Hologic, Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | - Nicole Dyer
- Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, California
| | - Linda M Styer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Monica M Parker
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Argaw T, Colon-Moran W, Wilson C. Susceptibility of porcine endogenous retrovirus to anti-retroviral inhibitors. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:151-8. [PMID: 27028725 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) is an endogenous retrovirus that poses a risk of iatrogenic transmission in the context of pig-to-human xenotransplantation. The lack of a means to control PERV infection in the context of pig-to-human xenotransplantation is a major concern in the field. In this study, we set out to evaluate the ability of currently licensed anti-HIV drugs, and other types of anti-retroviral compounds, to inhibit PERV infection in vitro. METHODS We used target cells stably expressing one of the known PERV viral receptors, an infectious molecular clone, PERV-A 14/220, and at least one drug from each class of anti-retroviral inhibitors as well as off-label drugs shown to have anti-viral activities. The susceptibility of PERV-A 14/220 LacZ to the anti-retroviral drugs was determined from infected cells by histochemical staining. RESULTS We extend the results of previous studies by showing that, in addition to raltegravir, dolutegravir is found to have a potent inhibitory activity against PERV replication (IC50 8.634 ±0.336 and IC50 3.06 ± 0.844 nM, respectively). The anti-HIV drug zidovudine (AZT) showed considerable anti-PERV activity with IC50 of 1.923 ±0.691 μM as well. CONCLUSIONS The study results indicate that some of the licensed anti-retroviral drugs may be useful for controlling PERV infection. However, the efficacy at nanomolar concentrations put forward integrase inhibitors as a drug that has the potential to be useful in the event that xenotransplantation recipients have evidence of PERV transmission and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takele Argaw
- Gene Transfer and Immunogenicity Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Winston Colon-Moran
- Gene Transfer and Immunogenicity Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Carolyn Wilson
- Gene Transfer and Immunogenicity Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
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15
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Policicchio BB, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Animal Models for HIV Cure Research. Front Immunol 2016; 7:12. [PMID: 26858716 PMCID: PMC4729870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1/AIDS pandemic continues to spread unabated worldwide, and no vaccine exists within our grasp. Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been developed, but ART cannot clear the virus from the infected patient. A cure for HIV-1 is badly needed to stop both the spread of the virus in human populations and disease progression in infected individuals. A safe and effective cure strategy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection will require multiple tools, and appropriate animal models are tools that are central to cure research. An ideal animal model should recapitulate the essential aspects of HIV pathogenesis and associated immune responses, while permitting invasive studies, thus allowing a thorough evaluation of strategies aimed at reducing the size of the reservoir (functional cure) or eliminating the reservoir altogether (sterilizing cure). Since there is no perfect animal model for cure research, multiple models have been tailored and tested to address specific quintessential questions of virus persistence and eradication. The development of new non-human primate and mouse models, along with a certain interest in the feline model, has the potential to fuel cure research. In this review, we highlight the major animal models currently utilized for cure research and the contributions of each model to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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16
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Hamdy AM, Al-Masoudi NA, Pannecouque C, Rahman Q, Villinger A, Langer P. Regioselective Suzuki–Miyaura reactions of 4,7-dichloro-N-methylisatin. Synthesis, anti-HIV activity and modeling study. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16841d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Suzuki–Miyaura reactions of 4,7-dichloro-N-methylisatin provide a convenient access to arylated methylisatins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aws M. Hamdy
- Institut für Chemie
- Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Christophe Pannecouque
- KU Leuven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- B-3000 Leuven
| | - Qamar Rahman
- Institut für Chemie
- Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Amity University
| | | | - Peter Langer
- Institut für Chemie
- Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock
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17
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Auld AF, Ekra KA, Shiraishi RW, Tuho MZ, Kouakou JS, Mohamed F, Ettiègne-Traoré V, Sabatier J, Essombo J, Adjorlolo-Johnson G, Marlink R, Ellerbrock TV. Temporal trends in treatment outcomes for HIV-1 and HIV-2-infected adults enrolled in Côte d'Ivoire's national antiretroviral therapy program. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98183. [PMID: 24866468 PMCID: PMC4035349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Côte d'Ivoire during 2004–2007, numbers of ART enrollees increased from <5,000 to 36,943. Trends in nationally representative ART program outcomes have not yet been reported. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a retrospective chart review to assess trends in patient characteristics and attrition [death or loss to follow-up (LTFU)] over time, among a nationally representative sample of 3,682 adults (≥15 years) initiating ART during 2004–2007 at 34 health facilities. Among ART enrollees during 2004–2007, median age was 36, the proportion female was 67%, the proportion HIV-2-infected or dually HIV-1&2 reactive was 5%, and median baseline CD4+ T-cell (CD4) count was 135 cells/µL. Comparing cohorts initiating ART in 2004 with cohorts initiating ART in 2007, median baseline weight declined from 55 kg to 52 kg (p = 0.008) and the proportion weighing <45 kg increased from 17% to 22% (p = 0.014). During 2004–2007, pharmacy-based estimates of the percentage of new ART enrollees ≥95% adherent to ART declined from 74% to 60% (p = 0.026), and twelve-month retention declined from 86% to 69%, due to increases in 12-month mortality from 2%–4% and LTFU from 12%–28%. In univariate analysis, year of ART initiation was associated with increasing rates of both LTFU and mortality. Controlling for baseline CD4, weight, adherence, and other risk factors, year of ART initiation was still strongly associated with LTFU but not mortality. In multivariate analysis, weight <45 kg and adherence <95% remained strong predictors of LTFU and mortality. Conclusions During 2004–2007, increasing prevalence among ART enrollees of measured mortality risk factors, including weight <45 kg and ART adherence <95%, might explain increases in mortality over time. However, the association between later calendar year and increasing LTFU is not explained by risk factors evaluated in this analysis. Undocumented transfers, political instability, and patient dissatisfaction with crowded facilities might explain increasing LTFU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Auld
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kunomboa A. Ekra
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Ray W. Shiraishi
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Moise Z. Tuho
- National Program for Medical Care of Persons Living with HIV/AIDS, Ministry of Health, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Fayama Mohamed
- Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Department of Economy and Finance, Directorate General of Budget and Finance, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Virginie Ettiègne-Traoré
- National Program for Medical Care of Persons Living with HIV/AIDS, Ministry of Health, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jennifer Sabatier
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joseph Essombo
- Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Richard Marlink
- Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tedd V. Ellerbrock
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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18
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Singh L, Parboosing R, Manasa J, Moodley P, de Oliveira T. High level of HIV-2 false positivity in KwaZulu-Natal province: a region of South Africa with a very high HIV-1 subtype C prevalence. J Med Virol 2013; 85:2065-71. [PMID: 23959597 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 2 (HIV-2) is found predominantly in West Africa. It is not unlikely, however, that HIV-2 may also be found in South Africa, due to the influx of immigrants into this country. It is important to distinguish between HIV-1 and HIV-2 since the clinical courses and treatment responses of these viruses are different. Routine serological methods for diagnosing HIV do not differentiate between HIV-1 and -2 infections, while rapid tests, viral load quantification and PCR are HIV-type--specific. The objective of this study was to describe the seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology of HIV-2 in KwaZulu-Natal, one of the regions with the highest HIV prevalence in the world and home of the two largest harbors in South Africa. HIV-1 positive samples were screened for antibodies against HIV-2, using a rapid test. The confirmation of HIV-2 positive samples was done by PCR. Of the 2,123 samples screened, 319 (15%) were identified as positive by the rapid test. None of these samples were confirmed positive by PCR. To explore this discrepancy in the results, a subset (n = 52) of the rapid HIV-2 positive samples was subjected to Western blotting. Thirty-seven (71%) of these were positive, yielding an overall HIV-2 seroprevalence of 10.6%. Three out of 28 (10.7%) Western blot positive samples were positive by a Pepti-LAV assay. This discrepancy between serological and molecular confirmation may be attributed to non-specific or cross-reacting antibodies. The use of rapid tests and Western blots for HIV-2 diagnosis in South Africa should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Singh
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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19
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Abstract
The most significant advance in the medical management of HIV-1 infection has been the treatment of patients with antiviral drugs, which can suppress HIV-1 replication to undetectable levels. The discovery of HIV-1 as the causative agent of AIDS together with an ever-increasing understanding of the virus replication cycle have been instrumental in this effort by providing researchers with the knowledge and tools required to prosecute drug discovery efforts focused on targeted inhibition with specific pharmacological agents. To date, an arsenal of 24 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs are available for treatment of HIV-1 infections. These drugs are distributed into six distinct classes based on their molecular mechanism and resistance profiles: (1) nucleoside-analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), (2) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), (3) integrase inhibitors, (4) protease inhibitors (PIs), (5) fusion inhibitors, and (6) coreceptor antagonists. In this article, we will review the basic principles of antiretroviral drug therapy, the mode of drug action, and the factors leading to treatment failure (i.e., drug resistance).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Arts
- Ugandan CFAR Laboratories, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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20
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Ordonez P, Hamasaki T, Isono Y, Sakakibara N, Ikejiri M, Maruyama T, Baba M. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity of novel 6-substituted 1-benzyl-3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)uracil derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2581-9. [PMID: 22290950 PMCID: PMC3346622 DOI: 10.1128/aac.06307-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTIs) are important components of current combination therapies for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. In screening of chemical libraries, we found 6-azido-1-benzyl-3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)uracil (AzBBU) and 6-amino-1-benzyl-3-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)uracil (AmBBU) to be highly active and selective inhibitors of HIV-1 replication in vitro. To determine the resistance profiles of these compounds, we conducted a long-term culture of HIV-1-infected MT-4 cells with escalating concentrations of each compound. After serial passages of the infected cells, escape viruses were obtained, and they were more than 500-fold resistant to the uracil derivatives compared to the wild type. Sequence analysis was conducted for RT of the escape viruses at passages 12 and 24. The amino acid mutation Y181C in the polymerase domain of RT was detected for all escape viruses. Docking studies using the crystal structure of RT showed that AmBBU requires the amino acid residues Leu100, Val106, Tyr181, and Trp229 for exerting its inhibitory effect on HIV-1. Four additional amino acid changes (K451R, R461K, T468P, and D471N) were identified in the RNase H domain of RT; however, their precise role in the acquisition of resistance is still unclear. In conclusion, the initial mutation Y181C seems sufficient for the acquisition of resistance to the uracil derivatives AzBBU and AmBBU. Further studies are required to determine the precise role of each mutation in the acquisition of HIV-1 resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ordonez
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hamasaki
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yohei Isono
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Norikazu Sakakibara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ikejiri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Tokumi Maruyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Masanori Baba
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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21
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of cycloalkyl arylpyrimidines (CAPYs) as HIV-1 NNRTIs. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7093-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Gu SX, He QQ, Yang SQ, Ma XD, Chen FE, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Pannecouque C. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of novel diarylpyrimidines with hydromethyl linker (CH(OH)-DAPYs) as HIV-1 NNRTIs. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5117-24. [PMID: 21824782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 26 diarylpyrimidines, characterized by the hydroxymethyl linker between the left wing benzene ring and the central pyrimidine, were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro anti-HIV activity. Most of the compounds exhibited moderate to excellent activities against wild-type HIV-1. Among them, compound 10i, bearing a chlorine atom at the C-2 position of left benzene ring, was the best congener and showed potent activity against wild-type HIV-1 with an EC(50) value of 0.009 μM, along with moderate activities against the double RT mutant (K103N+Y181C) HIV-1(III(B)) and HIV-2(ROD) with an EC(50) value of 6.2 and 6.0 μM, respectively. The preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) of this new series of compounds was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Xi Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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23
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Ibe S, Sugiura W. Clinical significance of HIV reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-resistance mutations. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:295-315. [PMID: 21449841 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we summarize recent knowledge on drug-resistance mutations within HIV reverse transcriptase (RT). Several large-scale HIV-1 genotypic analyses have revealed that the most prevalent nucleos(t)ide analog RT inhibitor (NRTI)-resistance mutation is M184V/I followed by a series of thymidine analog-associated mutations: M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F and K219Q/E. Among non-nucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistance mutations, K103N was frequently observed, followed by Y181C and G190A. Interestingly, V106M was identified in HIV-1 subtype C as a subtype-specific multi-NNRTI-resistance mutation. Regarding mutations in the HIV-1 RT C-terminal region, including the connection subdomain and RNase H domain, their clinical impacts are still controversial, although their effects on NRTI and NNRTI resistance have been confirmed in vitro. In HIV-2 infections, the high prevalence of the Q151M mutation associated with multi-NRTI resistance has been frequently observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Ibe
- Department of Infection & Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
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24
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Gu SX, Zhang X, He QQ, Yang LM, Ma XD, Zheng YT, Yang SQ, Chen FE. Synthesis and biological evaluation of naphthyl phenyl ethers (NPEs) as novel nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4220-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Differential sensitivities of retroviruses to integrase strand transfer inhibitors. J Virol 2011; 85:3677-82. [PMID: 21270168 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02541-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrase inhibitors are emerging anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs, and multiple retroviruses and transposable elements were evaluated here for susceptibilities to raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG). All viruses, including primate and nonprimate lentiviruses, a Betaretrovirus, a Gammaretrovirus, and the Alpharetrovirus Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), were susceptible to inhibition by RAL. EVG potently inhibited all lentiviruses and intermediately inhibited Betaretrovirus and Gammaretrovirus infections yet was basically ineffective against RSV. Substitutions based on HIV type 1 (HIV-1) resistance changes revealed that integrase residue Ser150 contributed significantly to the resistance of RSV. The drugs intermediately inhibited intracisternal A-particle retrotransposition but were inactive against Sleeping Beauty transposition and long interspersed nucleotide element 1 (LINE-1) retrotransposition.
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26
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Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV/AIDS in HIV-infected Koreans. Infect Chemother 2011. [DOI: 10.3947/ic.2011.43.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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27
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Thushan I de Silva, Carla van Tienen, Sarah L Rowland-Jones,. Dual infection with HIV-1 and HIV-2: double trouble or destructive interference? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/hiv.10.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 and HIV-2 are two related retroviruses and, in regions where both infections are endemic, HIV-1/2 dual infection can occur. Several important questions arise about the interplay between these two viruses in a single host, including: what is the potential for HIV-1–HIV-2 recombinants to form, are there synergistic or inhibitory mechanisms that result in distinct viral replication dynamics when compared with HIV-1 or HIV-2 monoinfected individuals and what are the factors to consider when choosing antiretroviral regimes in HIV-1/2 dual-infected individuals? We summarize the relevant evidence to answer these questions, as well as indentify trends in prevalence and how the natural history of HIV-1/2 dual infection differs from that of HIV-1 or HIV-2 monoinfection. The epidemiological and in vitro evidence pertaining to the question of whether HIV-2 infection may protect against HIV-1 superinfection will also be addressed.
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28
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Stegmann S, Manea ME, Charpentier C, Damond F, Karmochkine M, Laureillard D, Si-Mohamed A, Weiss L, Piketty C. Foscarnet as salvage therapy in HIV-2-infected patient with antiretroviral treatment failure. J Clin Virol 2010; 47:79-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Dang Z, Lai W, Qian K, Ho P, Lee KH, Chen CH, Huang L. Betulinic acid derivatives as human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7887-91. [PMID: 19526990 DOI: 10.1021/jm9004253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that [[N-[3beta-hydroxyllup-20(29)-en-28-oyl]-7-aminoheptyl]carbamoyl]methane (A43D, 4) was a potent HIV-1 entry inhibitor. However, 4 was inactive against HIV-2 virus, suggesting the structural requirements for targeting these two retroviruses are different. In this study, a series of new betulinic acid derivatives were synthesized, and some of them displayed selective anti-HIV-2 activity at nanomolar concentrations. In comparison to compounds with anti-HIV-1 activity, a shorter C-28 side chain is required for optimal anti-HIV-2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Dang
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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30
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Ntemgwa ML, d'Aquin Toni T, Brenner BG, Camacho RJ, Wainberg MA. Antiretroviral drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:3611-9. [PMID: 19470514 PMCID: PMC2737883 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00154-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michel L Ntemgwa
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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de Silva TI, Cotten M, Rowland-Jones SL. HIV-2: the forgotten AIDS virus. Trends Microbiol 2008; 16:588-95. [PMID: 18964021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV type 2 (HIV-2), a closely related retrovirus discovered a few years after HIV type 1, causes AIDS in only a minority of infected individuals. Determining why HIV-2 causes asymptomatic infection in most patients could further our understanding of HIV immunopathogenesis. Studies to date have suggested that both enhanced immune responses and lower viral replication could play a role. We summarize the important findings to date and highlight areas that warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushan I de Silva
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Atlantic Road, PO Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia, West Africa.
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Hamers RL, Derdelinckx I, van Vugt M, Stevens W, Rinke de Wit TF, Schuurman R. The Status of HIV-1 Resistance to Antiretroviral drugs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Antivir Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350801300502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for persons infected with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa has greatly improved over the past few years. However, data on long-term clinical outcomes of Africans receiving HAART, patterns of HIV resistance to antiretroviral drugs and implications of HIV type-1 (HIV-1) subtype diversity in Africa for resistance, are limited. In resource-limited settings, concerns have been raised that deficiencies in health systems could create the conditions for accelerated development of resistance. Coordinated surveillance systems are being established to assess the emergence of resistance and the factors associated with resistance development, and to create the possibility for adjusting treatment guidelines as necessary. The purpose of this report is to review the literature on HIV-1 resistance to antiretroviral drugs in sub-Saharan Africa, in relation to the drug regimens used in Africa, HIV-1 subtype diversity and overall prevalence of resistance. The report focuses on resistance associated with treatment, prevention of mother-to-child transmission and transmitted resistance. It also outlines priorities for public health action and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raph L Hamers
- PharmAccess Foundation, Center for Poverty-Related Communicable Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Derdelinckx
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michèle van Vugt
- PharmAccess Foundation, Center for Poverty-Related Communicable Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Stevens
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tobias F Rinke de Wit
- PharmAccess Foundation, Center for Poverty-Related Communicable Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Schuurman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Leligdowicz A, Rowland-Jones S. Tenets of protection from progression to AIDS: lessons from the immune responses to HIV-2 infection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:319-31. [PMID: 18393602 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the past 25 years, life survival curves of many countries have been remodeled owing to HIV infection. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 can cause AIDS, yet patients infected with HIV-2 fare much better clinically and most will never experience detrimental effects of the infection. Despite over two decades of comprehensive research into vaccine development, a prophylactic vaccine is not yet realized. An essential missing link in the innovation of a successful vaccine strategy is the description of a favorable immune response that abolishes virus replication. Lessons learned from studying the role of the immune system in the long-term nonprogression characteristic of HIV-2 infection will offer insight into how a balanced immune response can protect from the destruction of the immune system associated with chronic HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Leligdowicz
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, Atlantic Road, PO Box 273, The Gambia, West Africa.
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Comparison of viro-immunological marker changes between HIV-1 and HIV-2-infected patients in France. AIDS 2008; 22:457-68. [PMID: 18301058 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3282f4ddfc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-2 is known to be less pathogenic than HIV-1, although the underlying mechanisms are still debated. We compared the changes over time in viro-immunological markers in HIV-1 and HIV-2-infected patients living in France during natural history and after initiation of the first combination antiretroviral therapy (CART). METHOD Patients were included in the ANRS CO3 HIV-1 cohort (N = 6707) or the ANRS CO5 HIV-2 cohort (N = 572). HIV-1-infected patients were matched to HIV-2 patients according to sex, age, HIV transmission group and period of treatment initiation. Changes in markers were estimated using linear mixed models. RESULTS Analyses were performed for three groups of patients: those with estimated date of contamination (98 HIV-1 and 49 HIV-2-seroincident patients); untreated seroprevalent patients (320 HIV-1 and 160 HIV-2); and those initiating a first CART (59 HIV-1 and 63 HIV-2). In group 1, CD4 T-cell counts decreased less rapidly in HIV-2 than HIV-1 patients (-9 versus -49 cells/microl per year, P < 10(-4)). Results were similar in group 2. Baseline CD4 cell count at CART initiation was not different according to the type of infection. During the first 2 months of treatment, the CD4 cell count increased by +59 cells/microl per month (CI 34; 84) for HIV-1 and +24 (CI 6; 42) for HIV-2. The plasma viral load drop was threefold more important in HIV-1 patients: -1.56 log10/ml per month versus -0.62 among HIV-2 patients (P < 10(-4)). CONCLUSION Differences between the two infections during natural history are similar to those previously described in Africa. Once treatment is started, response is poorer in HIV-2 than in HIV-1 patients.
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Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the lack of disease progression in natural simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) hosts are still poorly understood. To test the hypothesis that SIV-infected African green monkeys (AGMs) avoid AIDS due to virus replication occurring in long-lived infected cells, we infected six animals with SIVagm and treated them with potent antiretroviral therapy [ART; 9-R-(2-phosphonomethoxypropyl) adenine (tenofovir) and beta-2,3-dideoxy-3-thia-5-fluorocytidine (emtricitabine)]. All AGMs showed a rapid decay of plasma viremia that became undetectable 36 h after ART initiation. A significant decrease of viral load was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and intestine. Mathematical modeling of viremia decay post-ART indicates a half-life of productively infected cells ranging from 4 to 9.5 h, i.e., faster than previously reported for human immunodeficiency virus and SIV. ART induced a slight but significant increase in peripheral CD4(+) T-cell counts but no significant changes in CD4(+) T-cell levels in lymph nodes and intestine. Similarly, ART did not significantly change the levels of cell proliferation, activation, and apoptosis, already low in AGMs chronically infected with SIVagm. Collectively, these results indicate that, in SIVagm-infected AGMs, the bulk of virus replication is sustained by short-lived cells; therefore, differences in disease outcome between SIVmac infection of macaques and SIVagm infection of AGMs are unlikely due to intrinsic differences in the in vivo cytopathicities between the two viruses.
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Quiñones-Mateu ME, Moore-Dudley DM, Jegede O, Weber J, J Arts E. Viral drug resistance and fitness. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2008; 56:257-96. [PMID: 18086415 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Epidemiology, Natural History and Treatment of HIV-2 Infections. GLOBAL HIV/AIDS MEDICINE 2008. [PMCID: PMC7151785 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2882-6.50060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Masse S, Lu X, Dekhtyar T, Lu L, Koev G, Gao F, Mo H, Kempf D, Bernstein B, Hanna GJ, Molla A. In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 with decreased susceptibility to lopinavir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3075-80. [PMID: 17576848 PMCID: PMC2043247 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00146-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lopinavir (LPV)-ritonavir has demonstrated durable antiviral activity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected antiretroviral-naïve and protease inhibitor (PI)-experienced patients. However, information on LPV activity against HIV-2 and the patterns of mutations in HIV-2 in response to selection by LPV is limited. The activity of LPV against three strains of HIV-2 was assessed and compared to activity against a reference HIV-1 strain. LPV demonstrated activity similar to that observed against HIV-1 in two HIV-2 strains (HIV-2(MS) and HIV-2(CBL-23)) tested. On the other hand, approximately 10-fold-reduced susceptibility was observed with the third HIV-2 strain, HIV-2(CDC310319). Passage of HIV-2(MS) with increasing concentrations of LPV selected mutations V47A and D17N in the HIV-2 protease gene. The introduction of both 17N and 47A either individually or together into HIV-2(ROD) molecular infectious clones showed that the single V47A substitution in HIV-2 resulted in a substantial reduction in susceptibility to LPV. In contrast, this mutant retained wild-type susceptibility to other PIs and appeared to be hypersusceptible to atazanavir and saquinavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherie Masse
- Antiviral Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, AP52N-1 Rm. 1133, 200 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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Gupta RK, Pillay D. HIV resistance and the developing world. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29:510-7. [PMID: 17346940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rollout of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited countries has been identified as a global public health priority. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment in the industrialised world is routinely accompanied by regular virological monitoring. By contrast, the implementation of ART in resource-limited settings requires use of standard first- and second-line therapy. One major consequence is the likely emergence of high-level resistance during first-line therapy since most people will stay on a virologically failing regimen for longer periods, potentially compromising the efficacy of second-line therapy. The evidence regarding resistance to triple-drug ART relates to the time at which virological failure occurs in populations from developed countries, with little data from resource-poor contexts where monitoring strategies, HIV subtypes and drug combinations are likely to differ.
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Held DM, Kissel JD, Thacker SJ, Michalowski D, Saran D, Ji J, Hardy RW, Rossi JJ, Burke DH. Cross-clade inhibition of recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus SIVcpz reverse transcriptases by RNA pseudoknot aptamers. J Virol 2007; 81:5375-84. [PMID: 17329328 PMCID: PMC1900219 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01923-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) remains a primary target in therapies directed at human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). RNA aptamers that bind RT from HIV-1 subtype B have been shown to protect human cells from infection and to reduce viral infectivity, but little is known about the sensitivity of the inhibition to amino sequence variations of the RT target. Therefore, we assembled a panel of 10 recombinant RTs from phylogenetically diverse lentiviral isolates (including strains of HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus SIVcpz, and HIV-2). After validating the panel by measuring enzymatic activities and inhibition by small-molecule drugs, dose-response curves for each enzyme were established for four pseudoknot RNA aptamers representing two structural subfamilies. All four aptamers potently inhibited RTs from multiple HIV-1 subtypes. For aptamers carrying family 1 pseudoknots, natural resistance was essentially all-or-none and correlated with the identity of the amino acid at position 277. In contrast, natural resistance to aptamers carrying the family 2 pseudoknots was much more heterogeneous, both in degree (gradation of 50% inhibitory concentrations) and in distribution across clades. Site-directed and subunit-specific mutagenesis identified a common R/K polymorphism within the p66 subunit as a primary determinant of resistance to family 1, but not family 2, pseudoknot aptamers. RNA structural diversity therefore translates into a nonoverlapping spectrum of mutations that confer resistance, likely due to differences in atomic-level contacts with RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Held
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Martinez-Steele E, Awasana AA, Corrah T, Sabally S, van der Sande M, Jaye A, Togun T, Sarge-Njie R, McConkey SJ, Whittle H, Schim van der Loeff MF. Is HIV-2- induced AIDS different from HIV-1-associated AIDS? Data from a West African clinic. AIDS 2007; 21:317-24. [PMID: 17255738 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328011d7ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although AIDS is less frequent following HIV-2 than HIV-1 infection, it is unclear whether the clinical picture and clinical course of AIDS are similar in the two infections. OBJECTIVES To compare the pattern of AIDS-defining events, CD4 cell count at the time of AIDS diagnosis, survival from time of AIDS, and CD4 cell count near time of death in HIV-1 and HIV-2-infected patients. METHODS Adult patients with AIDS who attended the clinics of the MRC in The Gambia were enrolled. AIDS was diagnosed according to the expanded World Health Organization case definition for AIDS surveillance (1994). RESULTS Three hundred and forty-one AIDS patients with HIV-1 and 87 with HIV-2 infection were enrolled. The most common AIDS-defining events in both infections were the wasting syndrome and pulmonary tuberculosis. The median CD4 cell count at AIDS was 109 cells/microl in HIV-1 and 176 in HIV-2 (P = 0.01) and remained significantly higher in HIV-2 after adjustment for age and sex (P = 0.03). The median time to death was 6.3 months in HIV-1 and 12.6 months in HIV-2-infected patients (P = 0.03). In a multivariable analysis adjusting for age, sex and CD4 cell count, the mortality rates of HIV-1 and HIV-2-infected patients were similar (P = 0.25). The median CD4 cell count near time of death was 62 and 120 cells/microl in HIV-1 and HIV-2-infected patients, respectively (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS HIV-2 patients have a higher CD4 cell count at the time of AIDS, and a longer survival after AIDS. The mortality after an AIDS diagnosis is more influenced by CD4 cell count than HIV type.
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Parreira R, Monteiro F, Pádua E, Piedade J, Venenno T, Paixão MT, Esteves A. Natural polymorphisms of HIV type 2 pol sequences from drug-naive individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:1178-82. [PMID: 17147507 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Until today, the susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) to protease and nucleosidic reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (PI and NRTI, respectively) has not been clearly documented. In this report we studied HIV-2 proviral sequences (n = 30) from drug-naive patients. Our results revealed that several amino acid positions in the protease and reverse transcriptase coding sequence harbored residues that have been associated with drug resistance in HIV-1-infected patients. In particular, the M46I substitution in the protease was detected in 90% of the sequences analyzed, which, together with the other substitutions identified, may indicate a reduced susceptibility of HIV-2-infected drug-naive patients to PI. Furthermore, interpretation of genotypic data with four available algorithms, developed for interpretation of HIV-1 sequence data, suggested nonoverlapping profiles of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Parreira
- Unidade de Virologia/Unidade de Parasitologia e Microbiologia Médicas, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, P-1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Jochmans D, Deval J, Kesteleyn B, Van Marck H, Bettens E, De Baere I, Dehertogh P, Ivens T, Van Ginderen M, Van Schoubroeck B, Ehteshami M, Wigerinck P, Götte M, Hertogs K. Indolopyridones inhibit human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase with a novel mechanism of action. J Virol 2006; 80:12283-92. [PMID: 17020946 PMCID: PMC1676280 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00889-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have discovered a novel class of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors that block the polymerization reaction in a mode distinct from those of the nucleoside or nucleotide RT inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs). For this class of indolopyridone compounds, steady-state kinetics revealed competitive inhibition with respect to the nucleotide substrate. Despite substantial structural differences with classical chain terminators or natural nucleotides, these data suggest that the nucleotide binding site of HIV RT may accommodate this novel class of RT inhibitors. To test this hypothesis, we have studied the mechanism of action of the prototype compound indolopyridone-1 (INDOPY-1) using a variety of complementary biochemical tools. Time course experiments with heteropolymeric templates showed "hot spots" for inhibition following the incorporation of pyrimidines (T>C). Moreover, binding studies and site-specific footprinting experiments revealed that INDOPY-1 traps the complex in the posttranslocational state, preventing binding and incorporation of the next complementary nucleotide. The novel mode of action translates into a unique resistance profile. While INDOPY-1 susceptibility is unaffected by mutations associated with NNRTI or multidrug NRTI resistance, mutations M184V and Y115F are associated with decreased susceptibility, and mutation K65R confers hypersusceptibility to INDOPY-1. This resistance profile provides additional evidence for active site binding. In conclusion, this class of indolopyridones can occupy the nucleotide binding site of HIV RT by forming a stable ternary complex whose stability is mainly dependent on the nature of the primer 3' end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jochmans
- Tibotec BVBA, Generaal De Wittelaan L 11B 3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium.
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Hazen RJ, Harvey RJ, St Clair MH, Ferris RG, Freeman GA, Tidwell JH, Schaller LT, Cowan JR, Short SA, Romines KR, Chan JH, Boone LR. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor GW678248 in combination with other antiretrovirals against clinical isolate viruses and in vitro selection for resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 49:4465-73. [PMID: 16251284 PMCID: PMC1280120 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.11.4465-4473.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
GW678248, a novel nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, has been evaluated for anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity in a variety of in vitro assays against laboratory strains and clinical isolates. When GW678248 was tested in combination with approved drugs in the nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor classes or the protease inhibitor class, the antiviral activities were either synergistic or additive. When GW678248 was tested in combination with approved drugs in the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor class, the antiviral activities were either additive or slightly antagonistic. Clinical isolates from antiretroviral drug-experienced patients were selected for evaluation of sensitivity to GW678248 in a recombinant virus assay. Efavirenz (EFV) and nevirapine (NVP) had > or = 10-fold increases in their 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) for 85% and 98% of the 55 selected isolates, respectively, whereas GW678248 had a > or = 10-fold increase in the IC50 for only 17% of these isolates. Thus, 81 to 83% of the EFV- and/or NVP-resistant viruses from this data set were susceptible to GW678248. Virus populations resistant to GW678248 were selected by in vitro dose-escalating serial passage. Resistant progeny viruses recovered after eight passages had amino acid substitutions V106I, E138K, and P236L in the reverse transcriptase-coding region in one passage series and amino acid substitutions K102E, V106A, and P236L in a second passage series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Hazen
- Department of Virology, Metabolic and Viral Diseases Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Dr., P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Colson P, Henry M, Tivoli N, Gallais H, Gastaut JA, Moreau J, Tamalet C. Polymorphism and drug-selected mutations in the reverse transcriptase gene of HIV-2 from patients living in southeastern France. J Med Virol 2005; 75:381-90. [PMID: 15648062 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Few data are available about the susceptibility and the genotypic resistance pattern of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). The HIV-2 reverse transcriptase (RT) gene from 25 HIV-2-infected patients followed-up in Marseilles and the surrounding area was analyzed. The aims of this study were to characterize the polymorphism of HIV-2 RT in the absence of drug, to determine whether it naturally harbors codons associated with drug-resistance in HIV-1, and to identify mutations emerging under NRTI-selective pressure. Fourteen patients had never undergone antiretroviral therapy and 11 received NRTI. Seventy sequences were analyzed. In untreated patients, 12 spots of high natural polymorphism (at positions 10, 11, 20, 43, 104, 121, 135, 162, 176, 180, 200, and 227) were observed; 4 of them were specific of HIV-2 (10, 176, 180, 227). Moreover, results showed four positions that could be associated with natural resistance to NRTI (75I, 118I, 219E, and perhaps 215S), in addition to those described previously for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (181I, 188L, 190A). In HIV-2-infected patients receiving NRTI-containing therapies, specific genotypic patterns were observed with a high frequency of mutation Q151M (in 45% of patients) often associated with 70R, 115F, 214L, and/or 223R, which might compose an HIV-2 multi-NRTI resistance complex. Four newly or rarely described NRTI-selected mutations were observed: I5V, K35R, F214L, and K223R. As in HIV-1, substitution M184V was found in 3TC-treated patients. In conclusion, these findings highlight the need for specific guidelines for determining genotypic resistance and treatment of HIV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colson
- Féedération Hospitalière de Microbiologie Clinique et d'Hygiène, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Reid P, MacInnes H, Cong ME, Heneine W, García-Lerma JG. Natural resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 to zidovudine. Virology 2005; 336:251-64. [PMID: 15892966 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Zidovudine (AZT) is a reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor widely used to treat persons infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2. Recent data on treated patients suggest differences in the antiviral activity of AZT between HIV-1 and HIV-2. We evaluated the antiviral activity of AZT on HIV-2 by using multiple approaches including in vitro selection experiments, analysis of growth kinetics with AZT, and phenotypic testing. A total of 5 wild-type (WT) HIV-2 viruses were used in the analysis. For comparison, 4 control WT HIV-1 strains and one HIV-1 mutant carrying the 215S mutation were evaluated in parallel. All 5 HIV-1 isolates acquired AZT resistance mutations after 3-6 passages with AZT or a 4- to 32-fold increase in AZT concentration. Among these viruses, the fastest selection of resistance was seen in HIV-1(S215), which acquired S215Y (1-nucleotide change only) at passage 3 after only 17 days in culture. In contrast, none of the 5 HIV-2 viruses that naturally have S215 acquired S215Y/F or any other RT mutation during 10 passages with AZT (1025-fold increase in AZT concentration). In the presence of AZT + didanosine (ddI), 3 of the 5 HIV-1 isolates acquired AZT or ddI resistance mutations, while only ddI resistance mutations were seen in HIV-2 (4 of 5 isolates). All HIV-2 viruses replicated efficiently in high AZT concentrations and were about 200-fold less sensitive to AZT than HIV-1. In contrast, HIV-2 and HIV-1 were equally susceptible to ddI, a finding consistent with the selection of HIV-2 mutants with AZT + ddI. Our results demonstrate that the activity of AZT on HIV-2 is lower than previously thought, and emphasize the need for novel antiretroviral drugs specific for HIV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Reid
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Uhlmann EJ, Tebas P, Storch GA, Powderly WG, Lie YS, Whitcomb JM, Hellmann NS, Arens MQ. Effects of the G190A substitution of HIV reverse transcriptase on phenotypic susceptibility of patient isolates to delavirdine. J Clin Virol 2004; 31:198-203. [PMID: 15465412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross resistance is common among the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). G190A appears in 5-15% of the patients treated with nevirapine or efavirenz who develop clinical resistance. OBJECTIVES In this study we investigated the effect of G190A and other NNRTI substitutions on the phenotypic susceptibility to this class of drugs. STUDY DESIGN We identified 15 individuals, who after treatment with NNRTIs (nevirapine or efavirenz; median exposure of 20 months), developed isolated G190A, G190A in combination with K103N, or K103N alone. Phenotypic and genotypic analyses of stored plasma specimens were performed before and after the mutations occurred to assess NNRTI susceptibility. RESULTS All isolates that developed only G190A substitution became less susceptible to nevirapine (median: 125-fold) and efavirenz (median: 10-fold) but were 2.5-fold more sensitive to delavirdine (Wilcoxon P = 0.06). In the group with only K103N substitution, acquisition of resistance to all NNRTIs was observed. In the group with the double substitutions, G190A and K103N, delavirdine susceptibility decreased 13-fold, while resistance to nevirapine and efavirenz decreased by 239- and 154-folds, respectively (Kruskal-Wallis H P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that the presence of a G190A substitution attenuates the phenotypic resistance associated with a K103N substitution, although resistance is still present. The in vivo significance of the increased phenotypic susceptibility to delavirdine is not known but could be evaluated in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Uhlmann
- Department of Pathology, Box 8118, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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He Y, Chen F, Yu X, Wang Y, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Pannecouque C. Nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors; part 3. Synthesis and antiviral activity of 5-alkyl-2-[(aryl and alkyloxyl-carbonylmethyl)thio]-6-(1-naphthylmethyl) pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones. Bioorg Chem 2004; 32:536-48. [PMID: 15530994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 6-naphthylmethyl substituted S-alkylated dihydroalkoxybenzyloxopyrimidine (S-DABO) analogues with a beta-carbonyl group on the C-2 side chain were synthesized. All of the new compounds were evaluated for their anti-HIV activities in MT-4 cells. The most active compound, 5-isopropyl-2-[(4'-methoxyphenylcarbonyl-methyl)thio]-6-(1-naphthylmethyl)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one showed activity against HIV-1 and against the double mutated strain of HIV(Y181C and K103N) in the micromolar range. Furthermore, some of the compounds are active against both HIV-1 and HIV-2 in cell culture. In view of the fact that the loss of antiviral activity of these compounds when tested against S0561945 was much less pronounced than the loss of activity of typical NNRTIs, it is concluded that some of the compounds might interfere with another target or act on reverse transcriptase in a different way than the typical NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping He
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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50
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Auwerx J, Stevens M, Van Rompay AR, Bird LE, Ren J, De Clercq E, Oberg B, Stammers DK, Karlsson A, Balzarini J. The phenylmethylthiazolylthiourea nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor MSK-076 selects for a resistance mutation in the active site of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 RT. J Virol 2004; 78:7427-37. [PMID: 15220416 PMCID: PMC434123 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.14.7427-7437.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenylmethylthiazolylthiourea (PETT) derivative MSK-076 shows, besides high potency against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), marked activity against HIV-2 (50% effective concentration, 0.63 microM) in cell culture. Time-of-addition experiments pointed to HIV-2 reverse transcriptase (RT) as the target of action of MSK-076. Recombinant HIV-2 RT was inhibited by MSK-076 at 23 microM. As was also found for HIV-1 RT, MSK-076 inhibited HIV-2 RT in a noncompetitive manner with respect to dGTP and poly(rC).oligo(dG) as the substrate and template-primer, respectively. MSK-076 selected for A101P and G112E mutations in HIV-2 RT and for K101E, Y181C, and G190R mutations in HIV-1 RT. The selected mutated strains of HIV-2 were fully resistant to MSK-076, and the mutant HIV-2 RT enzymes into which the A101P and/or G112E mutation was introduced by site-directed mutagenesis showed more than 50-fold resistance to MSK-076. Mapping of the resistance mutations to the HIV-2 RT structure ascertained that A101P is located at a position equivalent to the nonnucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI)-binding site of HIV-1 RT. G112E, however, is distal to the putative NNRTI-binding site in HIV-2 RT but close to the active site, implying a novel molecular mode of action and mechanism of resistance. Our findings have important implications for the development of new NNRTIs with pronounced activity against a wider range of lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Auwerx
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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