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Mesquita EC, Hottz ED, Amancio RT, Carneiro AB, Palhinha L, Coelho LE, Grinsztejn B, Zimmerman GA, Rondina MT, Weyrich AS, Bozza PT, Bozza FA. Persistent platelet activation and apoptosis in virologically suppressed HIV-infected individuals. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14999. [PMID: 30301959 PMCID: PMC6178345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases and thrombotic events became major clinical problems in the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era. Although the precise mechanisms behind these clinical problems have not been fully elucidated, a persistent pro-inflammatory state plays a central role. As platelets play important roles on both, thrombus formation and inflammatory/immune response, we aimed at investigating platelet function in HIV-infected subjects virologically controlled through cART. We evaluate parameters of activation, mitochondrial function and activation of apoptosis pathways in platelets from 30 HIV-infected individuals under stable cART and 36 healthy volunteers. Despite viral control achieved through cART, HIV-infected individuals exhibited increased platelet activation as indicated by P-selectin expression and platelet spreading when adhered on fibrinogen-coated surfaces. Platelets from HIV-infected subjects also exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of apoptosis pathways. Finally, thrombin stimuli induced lower levels of P-selectin translocation and RANTES secretion, but not TXA2 synthesis, in platelets from HIV-infected individuals compared to control; and labeling of platelet alpha granules showed reduced granule content in platelets from HIV-infected individuals when compared to healthy subjects. In summary, platelets derived from HIV-infected individuals under stable cART exhibit a phenotype of increased activation, activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and undermined granule secretion in response to thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emersom C Mesquita
- Laboratório de Medicina Intensiva, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eugenio D Hottz
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T Amancio
- Laboratório de Medicina Intensiva, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alan B Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lohanna Palhinha
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lara E Coelho
- Laboratório de HIV, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Laboratório de HIV, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guy A Zimmerman
- Molecular Medicine Program and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew T Rondina
- Molecular Medicine Program and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Andrew S Weyrich
- Molecular Medicine Program and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Laboratório de Medicina Intensiva, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Cai R, Liu L, Luo B, Wang J, Shen J, Shen Y, Zhang R, Chen J, Lu H. Caspase-1 Activity in CD4 T Cells Is Downregulated Following Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV-1 Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:164-171. [PMID: 27832707 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Caspase 1-induced cell death and Caspase 3-induced cell death were reported to be the causes of CD4+ T cell depletion in HIV infection. We measured by flow cytometry the expression of key proteins associated with pyroptosis (Caspase 1), apoptosis (Caspase 3, Caspase 8, Caspase 9), and immune activation in peripheral T cells. The percentages of CD4+ T cells that expressed Caspase 1 and Caspase 3 were significantly higher in untreated human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) patients compared with healthy control (Caspase 1: 19.40% vs. 4.65%, p = .006; Caspase 3: 12.75% vs. 4.18%, p < .001). However, the percentages of Caspase 3 in CD8+ T cells increased significantly, while the percentages of Caspase 1 in CD8+ T cells did not change significantly (Caspase 1: 3.33% vs. 1.99%, p = .821; Caspase 3: 20.35% vs 4.74%, p < .001). The percentages of HLA-DR+ CD38+ CD8+ T cells were positively correlated with those of Caspase 1+ CD4+ T cells, but not with those of Caspase 3+ CD4+ T cells. After highly active antiretroviral therapy, the percentages of Caspase 1, but not of Caspase 3, -expressing CD4+ T cells decreased to a level comparable with those of healthy controls (Caspase 1: 6.05% vs. 4.65%, p = .514; Caspase 3: 9.67% vs. 4.18%, p < .001). Our study indicated that CD4+ T cells experience both pyroptosis and apoptosis, while CD8+ T cells undergo only apoptosis in HIV-1 infection. Pyroptosis, but not apoptosis, in CD4+ T cells may be inhibited by effective antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rentian Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiangrong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinzhong Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renfang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Elimination of Latently HIV-infected Cells from Antiretroviral Therapy-suppressed Subjects by Engineered Immune-mobilizing T-cell Receptors. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1913-1925. [PMID: 27401039 PMCID: PMC5154472 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a latent state in long-lived CD4+ T-cells is a major barrier to eradication. Latency-reversing agents that induce direct or immune-mediated cell death upon reactivation of HIV are a possible solution. However, clearance of reactivated cells may require immunotherapeutic agents that are fine-tuned to detect viral antigens when expressed at low levels. We tested the antiviral efficacy of immune-mobilizing monoclonal T-cell receptors against viruses (ImmTAVs), bispecific molecules that redirect CD8+ T-cells to kill HIV-infected CD4+ T-cells. T-cell receptors specific for an immunodominant Gag epitope, SL9, and its escape variants were engineered to achieve supraphysiological affinity and fused to a humanised CD3-specific single chain antibody fragment. Ex vivo polyclonal CD8+ T-cells were efficiently redirected by immune-mobilising monoclonal T-cell receptors against viruses to eliminate CD4+ T-cells from human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201-positive antiretroviral therapy-treated patients after reactivation of inducible HIV in vitro. The efficiency of infected cell elimination correlated with HIV Gag expression. Immune-mobilising monoclonal T-cell receptors against viruses have potential as a therapy to facilitate clearance of reactivated HIV reservoir cells.
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Cummins NW, Sainski AM, Natesampillai S, Bren GD, Badley AD. Choice of antiretroviral therapy differentially impacts survival of HIV-infected CD4 T cells. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:1. [PMID: 26057236 PMCID: PMC4448955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV eradication strategies are now being evaluated in vitro and in vivo. A cornerstone of such approaches is maximal suppression of viral replication with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). Since many antiretroviral agents have off target effects, and different classes target different components of the viral life cycle, we questioned whether different classes of ART might differentially affect the survival and persistence of productively HIV-infected CD4 T cells. METHODS In vitro infections of primary CD4 T cells using clinical isolates of HIV-1 that were either protease inhibitor susceptible (HIV PI-S), or resistant (HIV PI-R) were treated with nothing, lopinavir, efavirenz or raltegravir. Cell viability, apoptosis, and the proportion of surviving cells that were P24 positive was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS In HIV PI-S infected primary cultures, all three antiretroviral agents decreased viral replication, and reduced the total number of cells that were undergoing apoptosis (P < 0.01) similarly. Similarly, in the HIV PI-R infected cultures, both efavirenz and raltegravir reduced viral replication and reduced apoptosis compared to untreated control (P < 0.01), while lopinavir did not, suggesting that HIV replication drives T cell apoptosis, which was confirmed by association by linear regression (P < 0.0001) . However since HIV protease has been suggested to directly induce apoptosis of infected CD4 T cells, and HIV PI are intrinsically antiapoptotic, we evaluated apoptosis in productively infected (HIV P24+) cells. More HIV p24 positive cells were apoptotic in the Efavirenz or raltegravir treated cultures than the lopinavir treated cultures (P = 0.0008 for HIV PI-R and P = 0.06 for the HIV PI-S), indicating that drug class impacts survival of productively infected CD4 T cells. CONCLUSIONS Inhibiting HIV replication with a PI, NNRTI or INSTI reduces total HIV-induced T cell apoptosis. However, blocking HIV replication with PI but not with NNRTI or INSTI promotes survival of productively HIV-infected cells. Thus, selection of antiretroviral agents may impact the success of HIV eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Cummins
- />Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Amy M Sainski
- />Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | - Gary D Bren
- />Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- />Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
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Cummins NW, Sainski AM, Natesampillai S, Bren GD, Badley AD. Choice of antiretroviral therapy differentially impacts survival of HIV-infected CD4 T cells. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:1. [PMID: 26057236 PMCID: PMC4448955 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background HIV eradication strategies are now being evaluated in vitro and in vivo. A cornerstone of such approaches is maximal suppression of viral replication with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). Since many antiretroviral agents have off target effects, and different classes target different components of the viral life cycle, we questioned whether different classes of ART might differentially affect the survival and persistence of productively HIV-infected CD4 T cells. Methods In vitro infections of primary CD4 T cells using clinical isolates of HIV-1 that were either protease inhibitor susceptible (HIV PI-S), or resistant (HIV PI-R) were treated with nothing, lopinavir, efavirenz or raltegravir. Cell viability, apoptosis, and the proportion of surviving cells that were P24 positive was assessed by flow cytometry. Results In HIV PI-S infected primary cultures, all three antiretroviral agents decreased viral replication, and reduced the total number of cells that were undergoing apoptosis (P < 0.01) similarly. Similarly, in the HIV PI-R infected cultures, both efavirenz and raltegravir reduced viral replication and reduced apoptosis compared to untreated control (P < 0.01), while lopinavir did not, suggesting that HIV replication drives T cell apoptosis, which was confirmed by association by linear regression (P < 0.0001) . However since HIV protease has been suggested to directly induce apoptosis of infected CD4 T cells, and HIV PI are intrinsically antiapoptotic, we evaluated apoptosis in productively infected (HIV P24+) cells. More HIV p24 positive cells were apoptotic in the Efavirenz or raltegravir treated cultures than the lopinavir treated cultures (P = 0.0008 for HIV PI-R and P = 0.06 for the HIV PI-S), indicating that drug class impacts survival of productively infected CD4 T cells. Conclusions Inhibiting HIV replication with a PI, NNRTI or INSTI reduces total HIV-induced T cell apoptosis. However, blocking HIV replication with PI but not with NNRTI or INSTI promotes survival of productively HIV-infected cells. Thus, selection of antiretroviral agents may impact the success of HIV eradication strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2052-8426-2-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Amy M Sainski
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | - Gary D Bren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
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Walker TN, Cimakasky LM, Coleman EM, Madison MN, Hildreth JE. Antibody against integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 inhibits HIV type 1 infection in primary cells through caspase-8-mediated apoptosis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:371-83. [PMID: 22697794 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection induces formation of a virological synapse wherein CD4, chemokine receptors, and cell-adhesion molecules such as lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) form localized domains on the cell surface. Studies show that LFA-1 on the surface of HIV-1 particles retains its adhesion function and enhances virus attachment to susceptible cells by binding its counterreceptor intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). This virus-cell interaction augments virus infectivity by facilitating binding and entry events. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction by a monoclonal antibody leads to decreased virus production and spread in association with increased apoptosis of HIV-infected primary T cells. The data indicate that the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction may limit apoptosis in HIV-1-infected T cells. This phenomenon appears similar to anoikis wherein epithelial cells are protected from apoptosis conferred by ligand-bound integrins. These results have implications for further understanding HIV pathogenesis and replication in peripheral compartments and lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany N. Walker
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Ebony M. Coleman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - M. Nia Madison
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James E.K. Hildreth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Enomoto L, Anderson PL, Li S, Edelstein CL, Weinberg A. Effect of nucleoside and nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors on cell-mediated immune functions. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:47-55. [PMID: 20929390 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) constitute the most commonly used drugs in antiretroviral therapy. NRTIs differ with respect to their host cell toxicity. We compared the in vitro effect of zidovudine (AZT; 2 μg/ml), lamivudine (3TC; 5 μg/ml), stavudine (d4T; 1 μg/ml), and tenofovir (TFV; 1 μg/ml) on Candida cell-mediated immunity (CMI) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The concentrations of the active derivative AZT-triphosphate were 4-fold higher in Candida-stimulated compared with unstimulated PBMCs (p = 0.01), but those of 3TC-triphosphate and TFV-diphosphate did not differ significantly. AZT treatment decreased proliferation of unstimulated and Candida-stimulated PBMCs and IFN-γ ELISPOT responses; 3TC decreased proliferation of unstimulated PBMCs only; d4T and TFV decreased proliferation of Candida-stimulated PBMCs only. AZT, but not the other NRTIs, increased unstimulated PBMC apoptosis measured by caspase 3 activity. All NRTIs increased annexin-V-measured apoptosis of Candida-stimulated PBMCs. The effect of d4T on apoptosis of Candida-stimulated PBMCs strongly correlated with its inhibitory effect on mitochondrial DNA synthesis (r² = 0.94; p = 0.007). The other NRTIs did not significantly decrease the mitochondrial:nuclear DNA ratios in Candida-stimulated or unstimulated cultures, suggesting that other mechanisms mediated their effect on apoptosis and CMI. In conclusion, AZT had the most pronounced inhibitory effect on CMI. Further studies are warranted to determine the clinical significance of this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaobing Li
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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Gougeon ML, Chiodi F. Impact of gamma-chain cytokines on T cell homeostasis in HIV-1 infection: therapeutic implications. J Intern Med 2010; 267:502-14. [PMID: 20433577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cell lymphocytes are a major target for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. During this chronic infection, CD4(+) T cell loss (induced through direct viral replication), generalized immune activation and increased susceptibility to apoptosis result in impaired T cell homeostasis with subsequent development of opportunistic infections and cancers. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has a well-defined, beneficial effect on HIV-1-related clinical outcome; however, it does not lead to normalization of immune dysregulation. In order to boost both CD4(+) T cell restoration and HIV-1 specific immunity, immunotherapy with gamma-chain cytokines has been used in HIV-1-infected patients during concomitant HAART. In this review, we summarize the role of gamma-chain cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-7, in influencing T cell homeostasis and proliferation, and discuss how immunotherapy with these cytokines may be beneficial to reconstitute the T cell compartment in the context of HIV-1 infection. The intriguing results of two large trials evaluating the efficacy of IL-2 in restoring immune function during HIV-1 infection are also discussed. In addition, we consider the promises and caveats of the first phase I/II clinical trials with IL-7 in HIV-1-infected patients and the knowledge that is still lacking in the field of T cell reconstitution through gamma-chain cytokines.
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9
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Lymphocyte Mitochondrial Depolarization and Apoptosis in HIV-1-Infected HAART Patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 48:381-8. [DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181799662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wu JQ, Dyer WB, Chrisp J, Belov L, Wang B, Saksena NK. Longitudinal microarray analysis of cell surface antigens on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV+ individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Retrovirology 2008; 5:24. [PMID: 18315888 PMCID: PMC2276515 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) determined by simultaneous monitoring over 100 cell-surface antigens overtime has not been attempted. We used an antibody microarray to analyze changes in the expression of 135 different cell-surface antigens overtime on PBMC from HIV+ patients on HAART. Two groups were chosen, one (n = 6) achieved sustainable response by maintaining below detectable plasma viremia and the other (n = 6) responded intermittently. Blood samples were collected over an average of 3 years and 5–8 time points were selected for microarray assay and statistical analysis. Results Significant trends over time were observed for the expression of 7 cell surface antigens (CD2, CD3epsilon, CD5, CD95, CD36, CD27 and CD28) for combined patient groups. Between groups, expression levels of 10 cell surface antigens (CD11a, CD29, CD38, CD45RO, CD52, CD56, CD57, CD62E, CD64 and CD33) were found to be differential. Expression levels of CD9, CD11a, CD27, CD28 and CD52, CD44, CD49d, CD49e, CD11c strongly correlated with CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts, respectively. Conclusion Our findings not only detected markers that may have potential prognostic/diagnostic values in evaluating HAART efficacy, but also showed how density of cell surface antigens could be efficiently exploited in an array-like manner in relation to HAART and HIV-infection. The antigens identified in this study should be further investigated by other methods such as flow cytometry for confirmation as biological analysis of these antigens may help further clarify their role during HAART and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin Wu
- Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia.
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11
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Analysis of apoptotic pathways by multiparametric flow cytometry: application to HIV infection. Methods Enzymol 2008; 442:51-82. [PMID: 18662564 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(08)01403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis allows the detection, at the single cell level, of essential features of apoptotic cells. They include alterations in plasma membrane integrity, detected with the 7-aminoactinomycin D assay, translocation of phosphatidylserine from the inner to the outer layer of the plasma membrane analyzed with the annexin-V/PI assay, DNA strand breaks in apoptotic nuclei measured with the in situ nick translation and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick end labeling assays, and morphological modifications evidenced with FSC/SSC criteria. In addition, mitochondrial events such as the drop in transmembrane potential DeltaPsi(m) can be detected with the cationic lipophilic dye 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide and downregulation of the Bcl-2 molecule by specific intracellular staining. Multiparametric flow cytometry combines all these approaches for a thorough sequential analysis of apoptosis, especially for heterogenous populations such as human peripheral mononuclear cells. Several examples of combined staining of apoptotic cells are shown on peripheral blood lymphocytes from chronically HIV-infected patients, prone to undergo premature apoptosis.
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Lewis DE, Gross KL, Diez MM, Martinez ML, Lukefahr HN, Kozinetz CA, Arduino RC. CD8 apoptosis may be a predictor of T cell number normalization after immune reconstitution in HIV. J Transl Med 2007; 5:9. [PMID: 17263884 PMCID: PMC1800849 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-5-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As part of the Houston Vanguard study, a subset of 10 patients randomized to receive IL-2 therapy were compared to 4 patients randomized to not receive IL-2, for markers of T cell activation and death during the first three cycles of IL-2. All patients were treated with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) and were virally suppressed. The purpose of the study was to examine the role of CD8+ T cell death in responses to ART and IL-2 therapy. Methods Lymphocytes were examined at Day 0, 5 and 30 days during three cycles of IL-2 therapy. CD25, CD38, HLA-DR expression and annexin (cell death) were examined on CD4 and CD8 subpopulations. Follow up studies examined CD4 levels and CD4:CD8 reconstitution after 6 years using both univariant and multivariate analyses. Results Human lymphocytes responded to IL-2 therapy by upregulation of CD25 on CD4+ T cells, leading to an increase in CD4 cell counts. CD8+ T cells did not increase CD25 expression, but upregulated activation antigens (CD38 and DR) and had increased death. At baseline, 7 of the 14 patients had high CD8+ T cell apoptosis (mean 17.0% ± 6.0). We did an exploratory analysis of immune status after six years, and found that baseline CD8+ T cell apoptosis was correlated with CD4 cell count gain beginning two years post enrollment. Patients with low levels of CD8+ T cell apoptosis at baseline (mean 2.2% ± 2.1) had significantly higher CD4 cell counts and more normalized CD4:CD8 ratios than patients with high CD8+ T cell apoptosis (mean CD4 cell counts 1,209 ± 164 vs 754 ± 320 cells/mm3; CD4:CD8 ratios 1.55 vs. 0.70, respectively). Conclusion We postulate that CD8+ T cell apoptosis may reflect inherent activation status, which continues in some patients even though viral replication is suppressed which influences the ability of CD4+ T cells to rebound. Levels of CD8+ T cell apoptosis may therefore be an independent predictor of immune status, which should be shown in a prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E Lewis
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine/University of Texas Center for AIDS Research, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimber L Gross
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Martine M Diez
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Health Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
- Cambridge University, UK
- Baylor College of Medicine/University of Texas Center for AIDS Research, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria L Martinez
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Health Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine/University of Texas Center for AIDS Research, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Helen N Lukefahr
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Health Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine/University of Texas Center for AIDS Research, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Claudia A Kozinetz
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine/University of Texas Center for AIDS Research, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Roberto C Arduino
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Health Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine/University of Texas Center for AIDS Research, Houston, Texas, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M-L Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Sabri F, Titanji K, De Milito A, Chiodi F. Astrocyte activation and apoptosis: their roles in the neuropathology of HIV infection. Brain Pathol 2006; 13:84-94. [PMID: 12580548 PMCID: PMC8095843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2003.tb00009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrogliosis is a common neuropathological finding in the brains of HIV infected individuals; both activation and apoptosis of astrocytes are seen. This review aims to discuss the Fas pathway in the context of proliferation and apoptosis of astrocytes during HIV infection, and as a result of astrogliosis, the dysregulation of astrocyte-neuron networks. The presence of molecules reflecting astrocyte activation, which are derived from the solubilization of receptor/ligand from the surface of proliferating astrocytes, in the cerebrospinal fluid may be used to evaluate the degree of brain cell activation during HAART therapy. A better understanding of the molecular pathway(s) leading to increase activation and apoptosis of astrocytes, in parallel with studies conducted to unravel the molecules involved in T-cell apoptosis during HIV infection, may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for controlling HIV replication and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Sabri
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 16, S‐17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kehmia Titanji
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 16, S‐17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelo De Milito
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 16, S‐17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 16, S‐17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Hansjee N, Kaufmann GR, Strub C, Weber R, Battegay M, Erb P. Persistent apoptosis in HIV-1-infected individuals receiving potent antiretroviral therapy is associated with poor recovery of CD4 T lymphocytes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 36:671-7. [PMID: 15167285 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200406010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection is partly the result of T-cell apoptosis. Spontaneous apoptosis (SA) and apoptosis markers Fas-associated death-domain-like IL-1 beta converting enzyme (FLICE)-like inhibitory protein (FLIP), Bcl-2, TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), TRAIL receptor 1, and Fas were determined in 55 HIV-1 infected persons treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for 48 months. Despite suppressive HAART, SA remained elevated. Increased SA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD8 T lymphocytes and increased TRAIL receptor 1 expression strongly predicted a poorer recovery of CD4 T-cell count. HAART did not significantly alter anti-or proapoptotic markers in cultured PBMCs and T lymphocytes. The significant relationship between residual T-lymphocyte apoptosis and CD4 T-cell recovery suggests that persistent apoptosis may impede immune restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Hansjee
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Basel, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Kaufmann GR, Furrer H, Ledergerber B, Perrin L, Opravil M, Vernazza P, Cavassini M, Bernasconi E, Rickenbach M, Hirschel B, Battegay M. Characteristics, determinants, and clinical relevance of CD4 T cell recovery to <500 cells/microL in HIV type 1-infected individuals receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:361-72. [PMID: 16007534 DOI: 10.1086/431484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2004] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CD4 T cell count recovery in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals receiving potent antiretroviral therapy (ART) shows high variability. We studied the determinants and the clinical relevance of incomplete CD4 T cell restoration. METHODS Longitudinal CD4 T cell count was analyzed in 293 participants of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study who had had a plasma HIV-1 RNA load <1000 copies/mL for > or =5 years. CD4 T cell recovery was stratified by CD4 T cell count 5 years after initiation of ART (> or =500 cells/microL was defined as a complete response, and <500 cells/microL was defined as an incomplete response). Determinants of incomplete responses and clinical events were evaluated using logistic regression and survival analyses. RESULTS The median CD4 T cell count increased from 180 cells/microL at baseline to 576 cells/microL 5 years after ART initiation. A total of 35.8% of patients were incomplete responders, of whom 47.6% reached a CD4 T cell plateau <500 cells/microL. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV-1 disease category B and/or C events occurred in 21% of incomplete responders and in 14.4% of complete responders (P>.05). Older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.71 per 10-year increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-2.43), lower baseline CD4 T cell count (aOR, 0.37 per 100-cell increase; 95% CI, 0.28-0.49), and longer duration of HIV infection (aOR, 2.39 per 10-year increase; 95% CI, 1.19-4.81) were significantly associated with a CD4 T cell count <500 cells/microL at 5 years. The median increases in CD4 T cell count after 3-6 months of ART were smaller in incomplete responders (P<.001) and predicted, in conjunction with baseline CD4 T cell count and age, incomplete response with 80% sensitivity and 72% specificity. CONCLUSION Individuals with incomplete CD4 T cell recovery to <500 cells/microL had more advanced HIV-1 infection at baseline. CD4 T cell changes during the first 3-6 months of ART already reflect the capacity of the immune system to replenish depleted CD4 T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert R Kaufmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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17
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McCloskey TW, Haridas V, Pontrelli L, Pahwa S. Response to superantigen stimulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children perinatally infected with human immunodeficiency virus and receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 11:957-62. [PMID: 15358659 PMCID: PMC515259 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.11.5.957-962.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the pathogenesis of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is still evolving. We sought to characterize the response to the bacterial superantigen Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) of lymphocytes from HIV-infected children receiving treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Using the flow cytometric methodology, we quantified apoptosis, proliferation, cytokine production, and activation antigen upregulation in CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes following in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with SEB. The levels of proliferation, CD4 interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, CD8 gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production, and upregulation of CD69 expression by cells from HIV-infected children were indistinguishable from those by cells from controls. However, stimulation with SEB dramatically decreased the ratio of resting apoptotic cells to cycling apoptotic cells in the controls but not in the patients. In addition, unstimulated spontaneous apoptosis of CD4 T cells remained greater in the patients than in the controls. The percentages of IL-2-positive CD8 T cells and IFN-gamma-positive CD4 T cells following SEB stimulation were significantly lower in the patients than in the controls. Our multiparameter approach was able to demonstrate differences in lymphocyte superantigen responsiveness in HIV-infected children receiving HAART in comparison to that in uninfected controls, notably, an apoptotic versus a proliferative response to stimulation.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antigens, Bacterial/pharmacology
- Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Enterotoxins/pharmacology
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/etiology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/drug therapy
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/etiology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Superantigens/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W McCloskey
- North Shore-LIJ Research Institute, Immunology & Inflammation Center of Excellence, Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
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18
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Weinberg A, Jesser RD, Edelstein CL, Bill JR, Wohl DA. Excess apoptosis of mononuclear cells contributes to the depressed cytomegalovirus-specific immunity in HIV-infected patients on HAART. Virology 2004; 330:313-21. [PMID: 15527856 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have persistently decreased cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific proliferative responses [lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA)] in spite of increases in CD4+ T cell counts. Here we demonstrate an association between apoptosis of unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (uPBMC) and decreased CMV-LPA. HAART recipients had more apoptosis of uPBMC than controls when measured by caspases 3, 8, and 9 activities and by annexin V binding. Patients with undetectable HIV replication maintained significantly higher apoptosis of CD4+ and CD14+ cells compared to controls. CMV-LPA decreased with higher apoptosis of uPBMC in patients only. This association was independent of CD4+ cell counts or HIV replication. Furthermore, rescuing PBMC from apoptosis with crmA, but not with TRAIL- or Fas-pathway blocking agents or with other caspase inhibitors, increased CMV-LPA in HAART recipients. This effect was not observed in uninfected controls, further indicating that the down regulatory effect of apoptosis on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was specifically associated with the HIV-infected status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80220, USA.
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19
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Decrion AZ, Varin A, Estavoyer JM, Herbein G. CXCR4-mediated T cell apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1471-1478. [PMID: 15166430 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of CXCR4-mediated T lymphocyte apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are poorly understood. The authors used peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from HIV type 1-infected subjects and assessed both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell apoptosis in the presence and absence of CXCR4 blockade by AMD3100. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell apoptosis could be inhibited by CXCR4 blockade, mostly in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome subjects and more weakly in asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects, and depended only partially on the syncytium-inducing/non-syncytium-inducing viral envelope phenotype. Immune activation of CD8(+), but not CD4(+), T cells was CXCR4-dependent, resulting in increased T cell apoptosis. In the presence of monocyte-derived macrophages, CXCR4-mediated apoptosis targeted mostly CD8(+) T cells, with CD4(+) T cells being more weakly affected. Several immune and viral factors thus play a role in CXCR4-mediated T cell apoptosis in HIV infection: CD4/CD8 phenotype, viral envelope phenotype, T cell activation and T cell-macrophage intercellular contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Zélie Decrion
- Department of Virology and Institut d'Etude et de Transfert de Genes, University of Franche-Comte School of Medicine, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, 2 place Saint-Jacques, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Audrey Varin
- Department of Virology and Institut d'Etude et de Transfert de Genes, University of Franche-Comte School of Medicine, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, 2 place Saint-Jacques, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marie Estavoyer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Franche-Comte School of Medicine, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, 2 place Saint-Jacques, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology and Institut d'Etude et de Transfert de Genes, University of Franche-Comte School of Medicine, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, 2 place Saint-Jacques, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
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20
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Matarrese P, Gambardella L, Cassone A, Vella S, Cauda R, Malorni W. Mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization hijacks activated T lymphocytes toward the apoptotic-prone phenotype: homeostatic mechanisms of HIV protease inhibitors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:6006-15. [PMID: 12794128 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.6006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential has been hypothesized to be a marker of apoptotic cells, including activated T lymphocytes. It was recently demonstrated that HIV protease inhibitors, independently from any viral infection, can hinder lymphocyte apoptosis by influencing mitochondrial homeostasis. To analyze the mechanisms underlying these effects, a specific study was undertaken in both resting and activated human PBL exposed to either receptor (e.g., anti-Fas)- or nonreceptor (e.g., radiation)-mediated apoptotic stimuli. T cell activation was found to be accompanied by a significant increase in mitochondrial membrane potential, or hyperpolarization, which was undetectable in resting cells. We also detected apoptotic hindering by HIV protease inhibitors only in activated T lymphocytes. This was apparently due to the ability of these drugs to block activation-associated mitochondria hyperpolarization, which, in turn, was paralleled by an impairment of cell cycle progression. Remarkably, protease inhibitors also prevented zidovudine-mediated mitochondrial toxicity. Finally, HIV-infected cells from naive patients behaved identically to activated T cells, displaying hyperpolarized mitochondria, while lymphocytes from patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy (which included HIV protease inhibitors) seemed to react as resting cells. Altogether these results clearly indicate that the hyperpolarization state of mitochondria may represent a prerequisite for the sensitization of lymphocytes to the so-called activation-induced cell death. They also suggest that HIV protease inhibitors, by interfering with induction of the mitochondrial hyperpolarization state, can result in cell survival even independent of any viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Matarrese
- Department of Ultrastructures, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
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21
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Abstract
Viruses have evolved numerous mechanisms to evade the host immune system and one of the strategies developed by HIV is to activate apoptotic programmes that destroy immune effectors. Not only does the HIV genome encode pro-apoptotic proteins, which kill both infected and uninfected lymphocytes through either members of the tumour-necrosis factor family or the mitochondrial pathway, but it also creates a state of chronic immune activation that is responsible for the exacerbation of physiological mechanisms of clonal deletion. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms by which HIV manipulates the apoptotic machinery to its advantage, assesses the functional consequences of this process and evaluates how new therapeutics might counteract this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lise Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Cedex 15, Paris, France.
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