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Aramsirirujiwet Y, Leepasert T, Piamariya D, Thong-asa W. Benefits of Erinacines from Different Cultivate Formulas on Cognitive Deficits and Anxiety-Like Behaviour in Mice with Trimethyltin-Induced Toxicity. Trop Life Sci Res 2023; 34:165-183. [PMID: 37860101 PMCID: PMC10583843 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2023.34.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the neurological effects of the varied erinacine composition of different mycelia cultures in mice with trimethyltin (TMT)-induced neurodegeneration. Forty male ICR mice were randomly divided into five groups of Sham-veh, TMT-veh, TMT-EME, TMT-EMR and TMT-EME/R. The TMT groups received 2.6 mg/kg one-time intraperitoneal injections of TMT. Oral dosages of 200 mg/kg erinacine combination from each Hericium erinaceus mycelia (EM) cultivated formula (100% eucalyptus wood [E], 100% rubber wood [R], or 40% eucalyptus wood/60% rubber wood [E/R]) were given for two weeks. Spatial learning, memory, flexibility, and anxious behaviour were evaluated alongside brain tissues' oxidative status and histological analyses. Erinacine composition from EME/R exhibited significant positive effects on spatial learning, memory, flexibility, and anxiety (p < 0.05). These findings emerged concurrently with the significant mitigation of hippocampal lipid peroxidation, CA1 hippocampal, cortical neuron, and corpus callosum white matter degeneration (p < 0.05). These neurological benefits were associated with the EME/R composition of erinacine A, C, D, G, H, I, K and R. The best neuroprotective effect against TMT-induced neurodegeneration in mice is offered by the EME/R erinacine composition according to its anti-lipid peroxidation, its nurturing effect on neuronal and white matter, and mitigation of behavioural deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaovapa Aramsirirujiwet
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Teerachart Leepasert
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Danita Piamariya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wachiryah Thong-asa
- Animal Toxicology and Physiology Specialty Research Unit (ATPSRU), Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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McLarnon JG. Glial-derived Neuroinflammation induced with Amyloid-beta-peptide Plus Fibrinogen Injection in Rat Hippocampus. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:515-522. [PMID: 37702232 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230912113501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study has examined microglial and astrocyte activation in association with neuronal degeneration in an animal model using an injection of amyloid-beta peptide Aβ1-42 (Aβ42) plus fibrinogen into rat hippocampus. METHODS The combination of stimuli is suggested as a novel and potent perturbation to induce gliosis and the production of glial-derived neurotoxic factors in an animal model exhibiting a leaky BBB (blood-brain barrier). Specifically, Aβ42 + fibrinogen stimulation elevated levels of COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) and iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) with a considerable extent of neuronal loss associated with microglia and astrocyte activation. RESULTS Treatment of injected rats with the broad spectrum anti-inflammatory agent, minocycline or the iNOS inhibitor, 1400 W inhibited gliosis, reduced levels of COX-2 and iNOS, and demonstrated efficacy for neuroprotection. CONCLUSION The findings suggest the utility of combining amyloid beta peptide plus fibrinogen as a potent and understudied neuroinflammatory stimulus for the induction of glial-derived neurotoxic factors in BBB-compromised AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G McLarnon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Jehle A, Garaschuk O. The Interplay between cGMP and Calcium Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137048. [PMID: 35806059 PMCID: PMC9266933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger and a key molecule in many important signaling cascades in the body and brain, including phototransduction, olfaction, vasodilation, and functional hyperemia. Additionally, cGMP is involved in long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular correlate of learning and memory, and recent studies have identified the cGMP-increasing drug Sildenafil as a potential risk modifier in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD development is accompanied by a net increase in the expression of nitric oxide (NO) synthases but a decreased activity of soluble guanylate cyclases, so the exact sign and extent of AD-mediated imbalance remain unclear. Moreover, human patients and mouse models of the disease present with entangled deregulation of both cGMP and Ca2+ signaling, e.g., causing changes in cGMP-mediated Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores as well as Ca2+-mediated cGMP production. Still, the mechanisms governing such interplay are poorly understood. Here, we review the recent data on mechanisms underlying the brain cGMP signaling and its interconnection with Ca2+ signaling. We also discuss the recent evidence stressing the importance of such interplay for normal brain function as well as in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Aykac A, Teralı K, Özbeyli D, Ede S, Albayrak Ö, Başer KHC, Şener G. A multi-parameter evaluation of the neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects of Origanum onites L. (Turkish Oregano) essential oil on scopolamine-induced amnestic rats. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1041-1055. [PMID: 35201555 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive deterioration of cognitive functions (dementia) and represents a growing public health concern since the population in the age groups at risk is increasing. The latter raises an urgent need to translate research findings in the basic brain and behavioral sciences into anti-AD drugs and disease-modifying therapies. Origanum onites (L.), also called Turkish oregano, is a perennial and herbaceous plant species grown for centuries for medicinal, cosmetic and culinary purposes. This is the first study to investigate the putative neuroprotective and pro-cognitive activities of O. onites essential oil (OOEO) against scopolamine-induced amnesia of AD-type in Wistar albino rats. The results of behavioral tests revealed that OOEO administration was able to significantly alleviate learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine in vivo. The observed effects could be attributed to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity, attenuation of oxidative stress and prevention of neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of AD rats. Modulation of pro-inflammatory enzymes, including cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase and myeloperoxidase, might further contribute to the neuroprotective properties of OEOO, as predicted by our in silico models. These findings offer novel insights into the therapeutic potential of OEOO in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Aykac
- Department of Biophysics, Near East University, Near East Boulevard, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Kerem Teralı
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Girne American University, Kyrenia, Cyprus
| | - Dilek Özbeyli
- Department of Medical Pathology Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seren Ede
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömercan Albayrak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kemal Hüsnü Can Başer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Göksel Şener
- Department of Pharmacology, Fenerbahce University, Istanbul, Turkey
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5
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Medina-Vera D, Rosell-Valle C, López-Gambero AJ, Navarro JA, Zambrana-Infantes EN, Rivera P, Santín LJ, Suarez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Imbalance of Endocannabinoid/Lysophosphatidylinositol Receptors Marks the Severity of Alzheimer's Disease in a Preclinical Model: A Therapeutic Opportunity. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E377. [PMID: 33167441 PMCID: PMC7694492 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegeneration and dementia. The endocannabinoid (ECB) system has been proposed as a novel therapeutic target to treat AD. The present study explores the expression of the ECB system, the ECB-related receptor GPR55, and cognitive functions (novel object recognition; NOR) in the 5xFAD (FAD: family Alzheimer's disease) transgenic mouse model of AD. Experiments were performed on heterozygous (HTZ) and homozygous (HZ) 11 month old mice. Protein expression of ECB system components, neuroinflammation markers, and β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques were analyzed in the hippocampus. According to the NOR test, anxiety-like behavior and memory were altered in both HTZ and HZ 5xFAD mice. Furthermore, both animal groups displayed a reduction of cannabinoid (CB1) receptor expression in the hippocampus, which is related to memory dysfunction. This finding was associated with indirect markers of enhanced ECB production, resulting from the combination of impaired monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) degradation and increased diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) levels, an effect observed in the HZ group. Regarding neuroinflammation, we observed increased levels of CB2 receptors in the HZ group that positively correlate with Aβ's accumulation. Moreover, HZ 5xFAD mice also exhibited increased expression of the GPR55 receptor. These results highlight the importance of the ECB signaling for the AD pathogenesis development beyond Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Medina-Vera
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (C.R.-V.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.A.N.); (P.R.); (J.S.)
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Rosell-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (C.R.-V.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.A.N.); (P.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Antonio J. López-Gambero
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (C.R.-V.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.A.N.); (P.R.); (J.S.)
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan A. Navarro
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (C.R.-V.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.A.N.); (P.R.); (J.S.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Emma N. Zambrana-Infantes
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (E.N.Z.-I.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (C.R.-V.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.A.N.); (P.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Luis J. Santín
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (E.N.Z.-I.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Juan Suarez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (C.R.-V.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.A.N.); (P.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (C.R.-V.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.A.N.); (P.R.); (J.S.)
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6
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Alam J, Sharma L. Potential Enzymatic Targets in Alzheimer's: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:316-339. [PMID: 30124150 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180820104723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's, a degenerative cause of the brain cells, is called as a progressive neurodegenerative disease and appears to have a heterogeneous etiology with main emphasis on amyloid-cascade and hyperphosphorylated tau-cascade hypotheses, that are directly linked with macromolecules called enzymes such as β- & γ-secretases, colinesterases, transglutaminases, and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3), cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk-5), microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK). The catalytic activity of the above enzymes is the result of cognitive deficits, memory impairment and synaptic dysfunction and loss, and ultimately neuronal death. However, some other enzymes also lead to these dysfunctional events when reduced to their normal activities and levels in the brain, such as α- secretase, protein kinase C, phosphatases etc; metabolized to neurotransmitters, enzymes like monoamine oxidase (MAO), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) etc. or these abnormalities can occur when enzymes act by other mechanisms such as phosphodiesterase reduces brain nucleotides (cGMP and cAMP) levels, phospholipase A2: PLA2 is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production etc. On therapeutic fronts, several significant clinical trials are underway by targeting different enzymes for development of new therapeutics to treat Alzheimer's, such as inhibitors for β-secretase, GSK-3, MAO, phosphodiesterase, PLA2, cholinesterases etc, modulators of α- & γ-secretase activities and activators for protein kinase C, sirtuins etc. The last decades have perceived an increasing focus on findings and search for new putative and novel enzymatic targets for Alzheimer's. Here, we review the functions, pathological roles, and worth of almost all the Alzheimer's associated enzymes that address to therapeutic strategies and preventive approaches for treatment of Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Alam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., Pin 173229, India
| | - Lalit Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., Pin 173229, India
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7
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d'Angelo M, Castelli V, Catanesi M, Antonosante A, Dominguez-Benot R, Ippoliti R, Benedetti E, Cimini A. PPARγ and Cognitive Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205068. [PMID: 31614739 PMCID: PMC6834178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have led to the discovery of many signaling pathways that link nuclear receptors with human conditions, including mental decline and neurodegenerative diseases. PPARγ agonists have been indicated as neuroprotective agents, supporting synaptic plasticity and neurite outgrowth. For these reasons, many PPARγ ligands have been proposed for the improvement of cognitive performance in different pathological conditions. In this review, the research on this issue is extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mariano Catanesi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Reyes Dominguez-Benot
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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8
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Sheng M, Lu H, Liu P, Li Y, Ravi H, Peng SL, Diaz-Arrastia R, Devous MD, Womack KB. Sildenafil Improves Vascular and Metabolic Function in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:1351-1364. [PMID: 29036811 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of degenerative dementia in the aging population. Patients with AD have alterations in cerebral hemodynamic function including reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate. Therefore, improved cerebrovascular function may be an attractive goal for pharmaceutical intervention in AD. OBJECTIVE We wished to observe the acute effects of sildenafil on cerebrovascular function and brain metabolism in patients with AD. METHODS We used several novel non-invasive MRI techniques to investigate the alterations of CBF, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) after a single dose of sildenafil administration in order to assess its physiological effects in patients with AD. CBF, CMRO2, and CVR measurements using MRI were performed before and one hour after the oral administration of 50 mg sildenafil. Baseline Montreal Cognitive Assessment score was also obtained. RESULTS Complete CBF and CMRO2 data were obtained in twelve patients. Complete CVR data were obtained in eight patients. Global CBF and CMRO2 significantly increased (p = 0.03, p = 0.05, respectively) following sildenafil administration. Voxel-wise analyses of CBF maps showed that increased CBF was most pronounced in the bilateral medial temporal lobes. CVR significantly decreased after administration of sildenafil. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that a single dose of sildenafil improves cerebral hemodynamic function and increases cerebral oxygen metabolism in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sheng
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, Beijing Eden Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peiying Liu
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harshan Ravi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shin-Lei Peng
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael D Devous
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kyle B Womack
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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9
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Park KK, Reuben JS, Soliman KF. The Role of Inducible-Nitric Oxide in Cocaine-Induced Kindling. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 226:185-90. [PMID: 11361036 DOI: 10.1177/153537020122600305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimentally naive male Sprague Dawley rats (weighing 85–110 g) were used to examine the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cocaine-induced kindling. Repeated administration of cocaine (45 mg/kg, ip) to Sprague Dawley male rats for 7 consecutive days produced a progressive increase in the Convulsive responsiveness and death. Pretreatment with iNOS inhibitors, L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine (NIL; 10 mg/kg, ip) and (–)-ePigalloocatechin gallate (EGCG; 10 mg/kg, ip) 30 min before cocaine (45 mg/kg, ip) administration for 7 days attenuated the development of cocaine kindling and blocked cocaine-induced death. Results of NMDA receptor binding assay in the hippocampus showed a significant increase in the affinity without changes in the density in animals treated with cocaine, but there were no changes in these parameters in the cortex. Pretreatment with NIL or EGCG prior to cocaine administration abolished the cocaine-induced effect in the NMDA receptor affinity in the hippocampus. These results suggest that iNOS induction followed by an increase of NMDA receptor affinity in the hippocampus after repeated exposure to cocaine may participate in the process of the development of cocaine kindling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Park
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee 32307, USA
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10
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y. Alzheimer Disease: Crosstalk between the Canonical Wnt/Beta-Catenin Pathway and PPARs Alpha and Gamma. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:459. [PMID: 27807401 PMCID: PMC5069291 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still not fully understood. In AD, Wnt/beta-catenin signaling has been shown to be downregulated while the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma (mARN and protein) is upregulated. Certain neurodegenerative diseases share the same Wnt/beta-catenin/PPAR gamma profile, such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Conversely, other NDs share an opposite profile, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Friedreich's ataxia. AD is characterized by the deposition of extracellular Abeta plaques and the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the central nervous system (CNS). Activation of Wnt signaling or inhibition of both glycogen synthase kinase-3beta and Dickkopf 1, two key negative regulators of the canonical Wnt pathway, are able to protect against Abeta neurotoxicity and to ameliorate cognitive performance in AD patients. Although PPAR gamma is upregulated in AD patients, and despite the fact that it has been shown that the PPAR gamma and Wnt/beta catenin pathway systems work in an opposite manner, PPAR gamma agonists diminish learning and memory deficits, decrease Abeta activation of microglia, and prevent hippocampal and cortical neurons from dying. These beneficial effects observed in AD transgenic mice and patients might be partially due to the anti-inflammatory properties of PPAR gamma agonists. Moreover, activation of PPAR alpha upregulates transcription of the alpha-secretase gene and represents a new therapeutic treatment for AD. This review focuses largely on the behavior of two opposing pathways in AD, namely Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and PPAR gamma. It is hoped that this approach may help to develop novel AD therapeutic strategies integrating PPAR alpha signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- CHU Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules VerneAmiens, France; Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U1084, University of PoitiersPoitiers, France; AP-HP, Epidemiology and Clinical Research Department, University Hospital Bichat-Claude BernardParis, France
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11
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Pandareesh MD, Shrivash MK, Naveen Kumar HN, Misra K, Srinivas Bharath MM. Curcumin Monoglucoside Shows Improved Bioavailability and Mitigates Rotenone Induced Neurotoxicity in Cell and Drosophila Models of Parkinson's Disease. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:3113-3128. [PMID: 27535828 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR), a dietary polyphenol has diverse pharmacologic effects, but is limited by poor bioavailability. This is probably due to decreased solubility, cellular uptake and stability. In order to enhance its solubility and bioavailability, we synthesized the CUR bioconjugate curcumin monoglucoside (CMG) and tested its bioavailability, neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic propensity against rotenone (ROT) induced toxicity in N27 dopaminergic neuronal cells and Drosophila models. Our results elucidate that CMG showed improved bioavailability than CUR in N27 cells. Pre-treatment with CMG protected against ROT neurotoxicity and exerted antioxidant effects by replenishing cellular glutathione levels and significantly decreasing reactive species. CMG pre-treatment also restored mitochondrial complex I and IV activities inhibited by ROT. ROT-induced nuclear damage was also restored by CMG as confirmed by comet assay. CMG induced anti-apoptotic effects was substantiated by decreased phosporylation of JNK3 and c-jun, which in turn decreased the cleavage of pro-caspase 3. Q-PCR analysis of redox genes showed up-regulation of NOS2 and down-regulation of NQO1 upon ROT exposure and this was attenuated by CMG pre-treatment. Studies in the Drosophila ROT model revealed that, CMG administration showed better survival rate and locomotor activity, improved antioxidant activity and dopamine content than ROT treated group and was comparable with the CUR group. Based on these data, we surmise that CMG has improved bioavailability and offered neuroprotection comparable with CUR, against ROT-induced toxicity both in dopaminergic neuronal cell line and Drosophila models, with therapeutic implications for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Pandareesh
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India.,Neurotoxicology Laboratory at the Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - M K Shrivash
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - H N Naveen Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jnana Sahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankargatta, 577451, Karnataka, India
| | - K Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M M Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India. .,Neurotoxicology Laboratory at the Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India.
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12
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Halliez MCM, Buret AG. Gastrointestinal Parasites and the Neural Control of Gut Functions. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:452. [PMID: 26635531 PMCID: PMC4658430 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility and transport of water and electrolytes play key roles in the pathophysiology of diarrhea upon exposure to enteric parasites. These processes are actively modulated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), which includes efferent, and afferent neurons, as well as interneurons. ENS integrity is essential to the maintenance of homeostatic gut responses. A number of gastrointestinal parasites are known to cause disease by altering the ENS. The mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis, Giardia lamblia), Trypanosoma cruzi, Schistosoma species and others alter gastrointestinal motility, absorption, or secretion at least in part via effects on the ENS. Recent findings also implicate enteric parasites such as C. parvum and G. duodenalis in the development of post-infectious complications such as irritable bowel syndrome, which further underscores their effects on the gut-brain axis. This article critically reviews recent advances and the current state of knowledge on the impact of enteric parasitism on the neural control of gut functions, and provides insights into mechanisms underlying these abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C M Halliez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interaction NSERC-CREATE, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen and Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes Rouen and Reims, France
| | - André G Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interaction NSERC-CREATE, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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13
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Zhang ZG, Li Y, Ng CT, Song YQ. Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease and Molecular Genetics: Recent Update. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:333-44. [PMID: 26232392 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex age-related neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Since the first description of AD in 1907, many hypotheses have been established to explain its causes. The inflammation theory is one of them. Pathological and biochemical studies of brains from AD individuals have provided solid evidence of the activation of inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, people with long-term medication of anti-inflammatory drugs have shown a reduced risk to develop the disease. After three decades of genetic study in AD, dozens of loci harboring genetic variants influencing inflammatory pathways in AD patients has been identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The most well-known GWAS risk factor that is responsible for immune response and inflammation in AD development should be APOE ε4 allele. However, a growing number of other GWAS risk AD candidate genes in inflammation have recently been discovered. In the present study, we try to review the inflammation in AD and immunity-associated GWAS risk genes like HLA-DRB5/DRB1, INPP5D, MEF2C, CR1, CLU and TREM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Energy Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheung Toa Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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Obulesu M, Jhansilakshmi M. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: an understanding of physiology and pathology. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:227-35. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.831852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Serrano-Pozo A, Frosch MP, Masliah E, Hyman BT. Neuropathological alterations in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 1:a006189. [PMID: 22229116 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1998] [Impact Index Per Article: 181.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD) include "positive" lesions such as amyloid plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, neurofibrillary tangles, and glial responses, and "negative" lesions such as neuronal and synaptic loss. Despite their inherently cross-sectional nature, postmortem studies have enabled the staging of the progression of both amyloid and tangle pathologies, and, consequently, the development of diagnostic criteria that are now used worldwide. In addition, clinicopathological correlation studies have been crucial to generate hypotheses about the pathophysiology of the disease, by establishing that there is a continuum between "normal" aging and AD dementia, and that the amyloid plaque build-up occurs primarily before the onset of cognitive deficits, while neurofibrillary tangles, neuron loss, and particularly synaptic loss, parallel the progression of cognitive decline. Importantly, these cross-sectional neuropathological data have been largely validated by longitudinal in vivo studies using modern imaging biomarkers such as amyloid PET and volumetric MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Alzheimer Research Unit of the MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology of the Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA, 02129-4404
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Mao L, Zhou Q, Zhou S, Wilbur RR, Li X. Roles of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in inflammation and apoptosis in preeclampsia pathogenesis and progression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58168. [PMID: 23472151 PMCID: PMC3589365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate potential roles of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and apolipoprotein (apoE) in inflammation and apoptosis promoting pathological changes in preeclampsia in pregnant mice with apoE and/or iNOS knock out. Methods B6.129 mice were crossed to produce WT, apoE−/−, apoE+/−, iNOS−/−, iNOS+/− and apoE−/−iNOS−/− groups. Variants were confirmed by PCR. Serum lipid parameters (triglycerides, TG; total cholesterol, TC; high density lipoprotein, HDL; and low density lipoprotein, LDL), NO levels and placental electronic microscopic ultrastructures were evaluated, and blood pressure (BP), 24-hour urine protein and pregnancy outcomes were recorded for pregnant F1 generation mice. Placental expressions of inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α; interleukin-6, IL-6; nuclear factor-κB, NF-κb) and apoptotic markers (Bcl-2 associated X protein, Bax, B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3) were evaluated via Western blot. Results Serum lipids, BP and 24-hour urine protein levels were shown to be significantly higher and parturition and placenta weights were lower in apoE−/− and apoE−/−iNOS−/− groups (p<0.05). NO levels were lower in the apoE−/−iNOS−/− group. In addition, inflammatory/apoptosis parameters, including TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κb, Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 in the apoE−/−iNOS−/− group (p<0.01), as well as in the apoE−/− group (p<0.05), and NF-κB, Bax in iNOS−/− group (p<0.05) were higher compared with WT group. However, most of the inflammatory/apoptosis parameters in the iNOS+/− and the apoE+/− groups (p>0.05) showed no differences. In addition, placenta vascular endothelial and trophoblast cell morphological changes were demonstrated in both the apoE−/−iNOS−/− and apoE−/− groups. Conclusion Elevated lipid metabolism and inflammatory/apoptosis parameters suggest a potentially significant role of apoE in preeclampsia pathology, as well as a relationship between iNOS and preeclampsia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Mao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongjie Zhou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shufeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SZ); (XL)
| | - Rhonda R. Wilbur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (XL)
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Lee YW, Kim DH, Jeon SJ, Park SJ, Kim JM, Jung JM, Lee HE, Bae SG, Oh HK, Ho Son KH, Ryu JH. Neuroprotective effects of salvianolic acid B on an Aβ25–35 peptide-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 704:70-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Heneka MT, Reyes-Irisarri E, Hüll M, Kummer MP. Impact and Therapeutic Potential of PPARs in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 9:643-50. [PMID: 22654722 PMCID: PMC3263458 DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are well studied for their role of peripheral metabolism, but they also may be involved in the pathogenesis of various disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) including multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and, Parkinson's disease. The observation that PPARs are able to suppress the inflammatory response in peripheral macrophages and in several models of human autoimmune diseases, lead to the idea that PPARs might be beneficial for CNS disorders possessing an inflammatory component. The neuroinflammatory response during the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is triggered by the deposition of the β-amyloid peptide in extracellular plaques and ongoing neurodegeneration. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been considered to delay the onset and reduce the risk to develop Alzheimer’s disease, while they also directly activate PPARγ. This led to the hypothesis that NSAID protection in AD may be partly mediated by PPARγ. Several lines of evidence have supported this hypothesis, using AD related transgenic cellular and animal models. Stimulation of PPARγ by synthetic agonist (thiazolidinediones) inducing anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloidogenic and insulin sensitizing effects may account for the observed effects. Several clinical trials already revealed promising results using PPARγ agonists, therefore PPARγ represents an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Heneka
- University of Bonn, Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Unit, Bonn, Germany
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Utkan T, Gocmez SS, Ozer C, Gacar N, Aricioglu F. Selective and nonselective neuronal NOS inhibitors impair cognitive function in the three panel runway and passive avoidance tasks in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:515-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Rubio-Perez JM, Morillas-Ruiz JM. A review: inflammatory process in Alzheimer's disease, role of cytokines. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:756357. [PMID: 22566778 PMCID: PMC3330269 DOI: 10.1100/2012/756357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder to date. Neuropathological hallmarks are β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, but the inflammatory process has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of AD. Inflammatory components related to AD neuroinflammation include brain cells such as microglia and astrocytes, the complement system, as well as cytokines and chemokines. Cytokines play a key role in inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes in AD. An important factor in the onset of inflammatory process is the overexpression of interleukin (IL)-1, which produces many reactions in a vicious circle that cause dysfunction and neuronal death. Other important cytokines in neuroinflammation are IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. By contrast, other cytokines such as IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β can suppress both proinflammatory cytokine production and their action, subsequently protecting the brain. It has been observed in epidemiological studies that treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decreases the risk for developing AD. Unfortunately, clinical trials of NSAIDs in AD patients have not been very fruitful. Proinflammatory responses may be countered through polyphenols. Supplementation of these natural compounds may provide a new therapeutic line of approach to this brain disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Miguel Rubio-Perez
- Department of Food and Nutrition Technology, St. Anthony Catholic University, Campus de Los Jerónimos, s/n Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Juana Maria Morillas-Ruiz
- Department of Food and Nutrition Technology, St. Anthony Catholic University, Campus de Los Jerónimos, s/n Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
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Karl T, Cheng D, Garner B, Arnold JC. The therapeutic potential of the endocannabinoid system for Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:407-20. [PMID: 22448595 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.671812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dementia currently affects over 35 million people worldwide. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Currently, treatments for AD do not stop or reverse the progression of the disease and they are accompanied by side effects. AREAS COVERED The main features of AD pathology, treatment options currently available, the endocannabinoid system and its functionality in general and its role in AD pathology in detail will be outlined. A particular focus will be on the therapeutic potential of the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol. EXPERT OPINION Based on the complex pathology of AD, a preventative, multimodal drug approach targeting a combination of pathological AD symptoms appears ideal. Importantly, cannabinoids show anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and antioxidant properties and have immunosuppressive effects. Thus, the cannabinoid system should be a prime target for AD therapy. The cannabinoid receptor 2 appears to be a promising candidate but its role in AD has to be investigated cautiously. Furthermore, the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol is of particular interest as it lacks the psychoactive and cognition-impairing properties of other cannabinoids. In conclusion, future research should focus on the evaluation of the effects of manipulations to the endocannabinoid system in established animal models for AD, combined with early-phase studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Karl
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
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22
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Nitric Oxide Decreases the Enzymatic Activity of Insulin Degrading Enzyme in APP/PS1 Mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:165-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Lu P, Mamiya T, Lu L, Mouri A, Ikejima T, Kim HC, Zou LB, Nabeshima T. Xanthoceraside attenuates amyloid β peptide₂₅₋₃₅-induced learning and memory impairments in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:181-90. [PMID: 21735075 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the deposition of amyloid peptides is invariably associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Xanthoceraside has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities. However, it remains unclear whether xanthoceraside improves amyloid β (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of xanthoceraside on behavioral impairments, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress induced by Aβ peptide(25-35) (Aβ(25-35)) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice were treated orally with xanthoceraside (0.02, 0.08, or 0.32 mg/kg, once daily) after the intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ(25-35) (day 0). Cognitive functions were evaluated in Y-maze (day 6) and novel object recognition tests (days 7 and 8). Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine levels in the hippocampus were examined (day 9). The mRNA expressions of iNOS and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in the hippocampus were measured 2 h and 3 days after the Aβ(25-35) injection by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Xanthoceraside significantly attenuated behavioral impairments induced by Aβ(25-35) in the Y-maze and novel object recognition tests. Repeated treatment with xanthoceraside significantly inhibited the increase in the expression of iNOS and nitrotyrosine in the hippocampus induced by Aβ(25-35), which is associated with an enhanced expression of the IL-4 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that xanthoceraside attenuates memory impairments through amelioration of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses induced by Aβ(25-35) and is a potential candidate for an AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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Ha S, Furukawa R, Fechheimer M. Association of AICD and Fe65 with Hirano bodies reduces transcriptional activation and initiation of apoptosis. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:2287-98. [PMID: 20133016 PMCID: PMC2894277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hirano bodies are cytoplasmic inclusions predominantly found in the central nervous system associated with various conditions including aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since most studies of Hirano bodies have been performed in post-mortem samples, the physiological roles of Hirano bodies have not been investigated. Astrocytoma H4 cells were employed to test the hypothesis that Hirano bodies interact with and modulate signaling by the C-terminal fragment of amyloid-β precursor protein (AICD). We demonstrated by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation that model Hirano bodies accumulate AICD. Since stimulation of transcription by AICD is dependent on its interaction with the nuclear adaptor protein Fe65, we examined localization of Fe65, and employed a dual luciferase reporter assay to test the effects of Hirano bodies on AICD- and Fe65-dependent modulation of gene expression. We find that both AICD and Fe65 are co-localized in model Hirano bodies. Model Hirano bodies also down-regulate both AICD-dependent apoptosis and AICD- and Fe65-dependent transcriptional activity. Thus, association of AICD and Fe65 with Hirano bodies impedes their function in promoting apoptosis and modulating transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangdeuk Ha
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Ruth Furukawa
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Marcus Fechheimer
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
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25
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Ha S, Furukawa R, Stramiello M, Wagner JJ, Fechheimer M. Transgenic mouse model for the formation of Hirano bodies. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:97. [PMID: 21978358 PMCID: PMC3203848 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hirano bodies are actin-rich cytoplasmic inclusions found predominantly in the brain in association with a variety of conditions including aging and Alzheimer's disease. The function of Hirano bodies in normal aging and in progression of disease has not been extensively investigated due to a lack of experimental model systems. We have developed a transgenic mouse model by expression of a gain-of-function actin cross-linking protein mutant. Results We used the Cre/loxP system to permit tissue specific expression of Hirano bodies, and employed the murine Thy 1 promoter to drive expression of Cre recombinase in the brain. Hirano bodies were observed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of homozygous double transgenic 6 month old mice containing Cre. The Hirano bodies were eosinophilic rods, and also exhibited the paracrystalline F-actin filament organization that is characteristic of these inclusions. Mice with Hirano bodies appear healthy and fertile, but exhibited some alterations in both short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity, including paired-pulse depression rather than facilitation, and decreased magnitude of early LTP. Conclusions Hirano bodies are not lethal and appear to have little or no effect on histology and tissue organization. Hirano bodies do modulate synaptic plasticity and exert clearly discernable effects on LTP and paired-pulse paradigms. This model system will allow us to investigate the impact of Hirano bodies in vivo, the pathways for formation and degradation of Hirano bodies, and whether Hirano bodies promote or modulate development of pathology and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangdeuk Ha
- Department Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Dumont M, Beal MF. Neuroprotective strategies involving ROS in Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1014-26. [PMID: 21130159 PMCID: PMC3070183 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which oxidative stress is a key hallmark. It occurs early in disease pathogenesis and can exacerbate its progression. Several causes of oxidative stress have been determined over the years. First, mitochondria play an important role in the generation and accumulation of free radicals. In addition to mitochondria, inflammation can also induce oxidative damage, especially via microglia, and microglia are also important for Aβ clearance. In AD, both mitochondrial function and inflammatory response are affected, leading to increased ROS formation and oxidative damage to lipid, proteins, and nucleic acids. Some other sources have also been identified. From these findings, various neuroprotective strategies against ROS-mediated damages have been elaborated in AD research. This review recapitulates some of the major strategies used to prevent oxidative stress and disease progression. Outcomes from in vitro and in vivo studies using models of AD are encouraging. However, only a few clinical trials have provided positive results in terms of slowing down cognitive decline. Nonetheless, there is still hope for improved compounds that would better target pathways implicated in ROS production. In fact, facilitating the endogenous antioxidant system by modulating transcription has great promise for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Dumont
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are well studied for their peripheral physiological and pathological impact, but they also play an important role for the pathogenesis of various disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) like multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease. The observation that PPARs are able to suppress the inflammatory response in peripheral macrophages and in several models of human autoimmune diseases lead to the idea that PPARs might be beneficial for CNS disorders possessing an inflammatory component. The neuroinflammatory response during the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is triggered by the neurodegeneration and the deposition of the β-amyloid peptide in extracellular plaques. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been considered to delay the onset and reduce the risk to develop Alzheimer's disease, while they also directly activate PPARγ. This led to the hypothesis that NSAID protection in AD may be partly mediated by PPARγ. Several lines of evidence have supported this hypothesis, using AD-related transgenic cellular and animal models. Stimulation of PPARγ receptors by synthetic agonist (thiazolidinediones) inducing anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloidogenic, and insulin sensitising effects may account for the observed effects. Several clinical trials already revealed promising results using PPAR agonists, therefore PPARs represent an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
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28
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Farfara D, Trudler D, Segev-Amzaleg N, Galron R, Stein R, Frenkel D. γ-Secretase component presenilin is important for microglia β-amyloid clearance. Ann Neurol 2010; 69:170-80. [PMID: 21280087 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by γ-secretase is an important aspect of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. γ-Secretase also cleaves other membrane proteins (eg, Notch), which control cell development and homeostasis. Presenilin 1 and 2 are considered important determinants of the γ-secretase catalytic site. Our aim was to investigate whether γ-secretase can be important for microglial phagocytosis of Alzheimer's disease β-amyloid. METHODS We investigated the role of γ-secretase in microglia activity toward β-amyloid phagocytosis in cell culture using γ-secretase inhibitors and small hairpin RNA and presenilin-deficient mice. RESULTS We found that γ-secretase inhibitors impair microglial activity as measured in gene expression, protein levels, and migration ability, which resulted in a reduction of soluble β-amyloid phagocytosis. Moreover, microglia deficient in presenilin 1 and 2 showed impairment in phagocytosis of soluble β-amyloid. Dysfunction in the γ-secretase catalytic site led to an impairment in clearing insoluble β-amyloid from brain sections taken from an Alzheimer's disease mouse model when compared to microglia from wild-type mice. INTERPRETATION We suggest for the first time, a dual role for γ-secretase in Alzheimer's disease. One role is the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein for pathologic β-amyloid production and the other is to regulate microglia activity that is important for clearing neurotoxic β-amyloid deposits. Further studies of γ-secretase-mediated cellular pathways in microglia may provide useful insights into the development of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, providing future avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Farfara
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Heneka MT, O'Banion MK, Terwel D, Kummer MP. Neuroinflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:919-47. [PMID: 20632195 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Generation of neurotoxic amyloid beta peptides and their deposition along with neurofibrillary tangle formation represent key pathological hallmarks in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent evidence suggests that inflammation may be a third important component which, once initiated in response to neurodegeneration or dysfunction, may actively contribute to disease progression and chronicity. Various neuroinflammatory mediators including complement activators and inhibitors, chemokines, cytokines, radical oxygen species and inflammatory enzyme systems are expressed and released by microglia, astrocytes and neurons in the AD brain. Degeneration of aminergic brain stem nuclei including the locus ceruleus and the nucleus basalis of Meynert may facilitate the occurrence of inflammation in their projection areas given the antiinflammatory and neuroprotective action of their key transmitters norepinephrine and acetylcholine. While inflammation has been thought to arise secondary to degeneration, recent experiments demonstrated that inflammatory mediators may stimulate amyloid precursor protein processing by various means and therefore can establish a vicious cycle. Despite the fact that some aspects of inflammation may even be protective for bystander neurons, antiinflammatory treatment strategies should therefore be considered. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been shown to reduce the risk and delay the onset to develop AD. While, the precise molecular mechanism underlying this effect is still unknown, a number of possible mechanisms including cyclooxygenase 2 or gamma-secretase inhibition and activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma may alone or, more likely, in concert account for the epidemiologically observed protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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Hjorth E, Frenkel D, Weiner H, Schultzberg M. Effects of immunomodulatory substances on phagocytosis of abeta(1-42) by human microglia. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20798889 PMCID: PMC2925296 DOI: 10.4061/2010/798424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial activation and increased inflammation characterize neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim was to develop a model for studying phagocytosis of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide by human microglia and to test effects thereupon by immunomodulatory substances. Human CHME3 microglia showed intracellular Abeta(1-42) colocalized with lysosome-associated membrane protein-2, indicating phagocytosis. This was increased by interferon-gamma, and to a lesser degree with Protollin, a proteosome-based adjuvant. Secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was decreased by Abeta(1-42) and by interferon-gamma and interleukin-1beta. These cytokines, but not Abeta(1-42), stimulated interleukin-6 release. Microglia which phagocytosed Abeta(1-42) exhibited a higher degree of expression of interleukin-1 receptor type I and inducible nitric oxide synthase. In conclusion, we show that human microglia are able to phagocytose Abeta(1-42) and that this is associated with expression of inflammatory markers. Abeta(1-42) and interferon-gamma decreased BDNF secretion suggesting a new neuropathological role for Abeta(1-42) and the inflammation accompanying AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hjorth
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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Dumont M, Wille E, Calingasan NY, Nathan C, Flint Beal M, Lin MT. N-iminoethyl-L-lysine improves memory and reduces amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model of amyloid deposition. Neurochem Int 2009; 56:345-51. [PMID: 19914323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence suggests the importance of inflammation and oxidative or nitrosative stress in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Inflammatory stimuli upregulate transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which can lead to the production of nitric oxide and other reactive nitrogen species. We previously found that genetic deletion of iNOS in mice overexpressing the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PS1) reduced mortality, nitrosative stress, amyloid plaque burden, microgliosis, astrocytosis, and peri-plaque tau phosphorylation. We therefore examined the effects of N6-(1-iminoethyl)-L-lysine (L-NIL), a pharmacological iNOS inhibitor, or d-NIL, its enantiomeric control, in a transgenic mouse model of amyloid deposition. Tg19959 mice carry human APP with two mutations and develop amyloid plaques and memory impairment starting at 3-4 months of age. Mice were given L-NIL or D-NIL in the drinking water from 1 month of age and assessed behaviorally and histopathologically at 8 months of age. We found that L-NIL administration reduced disinhibition in the elevated plus maze, improved spatial memory performance in the Morris water maze, and decreased cortical amyloid deposition as well as microglial activation in 8-month-old Tg19959 mice. These findings are consistent with previous reports demonstrating that iNOS inhibition ameliorates AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Dumont
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Lu P, Mamiya T, Lu LL, Mouri A, Niwa M, Hiramatsu M, Zou LB, Nagai T, Ikejima T, Nabeshima T. Silibinin attenuates amyloid beta(25-35) peptide-induced memory impairments: implication of inducible nitric-oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:319-26. [PMID: 19638571 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.155069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the deposition of amyloid peptides is invariably associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Silibinin (silybin), a flavonoid derived from the herb milk thistle, has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, it remains unclear whether silibinin improves amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we examined the effect of silibinin on the fear-conditioning memory deficits, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress induced by the intracerebroventricular injection of Abeta peptide(25-35) (Abeta(25-35)) in mice. Mice were treated with silibinin (2, 20, and 200 mg/kg p.o., once a day for 8 days) from the day of the Abeta(25-35) injection (day 0). Memory function was evaluated in cued and contextual fear-conditioning tests (day 6). Nitrotyrosine levels in the hippocampus and amygdala were examined (day 8). The mRNA expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the hippocampus and amygdala was measured 2 h after the Abeta(25-35) injection. We found that silibinin significantly attenuated memory deficits caused by Abeta(25-35) in the cued and contextual fear-conditioning test. Silibinin significantly inhibited the increase in nitrotyrosine levels in the hippocampus and amygdala induced by Abeta(25-35). Nitrotyrosine levels in these regions were negatively correlated with memory performance. Moreover, real-time RT-PCR revealed that silibinin inhibited the overexpression of iNOS and TNF-alpha mRNA in the hippocampus and amygdala induced by Abeta(25-35). These findings suggest that silibinin (i) attenuates memory impairment through amelioration of oxidative stress and inflammatory response induced by Abeta(25-35) and (ii) may be a potential candidate for an AD medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lu
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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The excitotoxin quinolinic acid induces tau phosphorylation in human neurons. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6344. [PMID: 19623258 PMCID: PMC2709912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the tryptophan catabolites produced through the kynurenine pathway (KP), and more particularly the excitotoxin quinolinic acid (QA), are likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have previously shown that the KP is over activated in AD brain and that QA accumulates in amyloid plaques and within dystrophic neurons. We hypothesized that QA in pathophysiological concentrations affects tau phosphorylation. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that QA is co-localized with hyperphosphorylated tau (HPT) within cortical neurons in AD brain. We then investigated in vitro the effects of QA at various pathophysiological concentrations on tau phosphorylation in primary cultures of human neurons. Using western blot, we found that QA treatment increased the phosphorylation of tau at serine 199/202, threonine 231 and serine 396/404 in a dose dependent manner. Increased accumulation of phosphorylated tau was also confirmed by immunocytochemistry. This increase in tau phosphorylation was paralleled by a substantial decrease in the total protein phosphatase activity. A substantial decrease in PP2A expression and modest decrease in PP1 expression were observed in neuronal cultures treated with QA. These data clearly demonstrate that QA can induce tau phosphorylation at residues present in the PHF in the AD brain. To induce tau phosphorylation, QA appears to act through NMDA receptor activation similar to other agonists, glutamate and NMDA. The QA effect was abrogated by the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine. Using PCR arrays, we found that QA significantly induces 10 genes in human neurons all known to be associated with AD pathology. Of these 10 genes, 6 belong to pathways involved in tau phosphorylation and 4 of them in neuroprotection. Altogether these results indicate a likely role of QA in the AD pathology through promotion of tau phosphorylation. Understanding the mechanism of the neurotoxic effects of QA is essential in developing novel therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Dyuizen I, Lamash N. Histo- and immunocytochemical detection of inducible NOS and TNF-α in the locus coeruleus of human opiate addicts. J Chem Neuroanat 2009; 37:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Melatonin inhibits amphetamine-induced nitric oxide synthase mRNA overexpression in microglial cell lines. Neurosci Lett 2008; 439:134-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Davis RC, Furukawa R, Fechheimer M. A cell culture model for investigation of Hirano bodies. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 115:205-17. [PMID: 17978823 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hirano bodies are paracrystalline F-actin-rich aggregations associated with a variety of conditions including aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. The composition and structure of these inclusions have been described by immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure, respectively. However, studies of the physiological function and dynamics of Hirano bodies have been hindered due to lack of a facile in vitro experimental system. We have developed a model for formation of Hirano bodies in mammalian cell cultures by expression of the carboxy-terminal fragment (CT) of a 34-kDa actin-bundling protein. Expression of the CT protein induces F-actin rearrangement in HEK 293, HeLa, Cos7 cells, neuroblastoma and astrocytic cells, and in primary neurons. We have termed these structures model Hirano bodies, since their composition and ultrastructure is quite similar to that reported in vivo. Model Hirano bodies in cell cultures sometimes appeared to be formed of a number of smaller domains, suggesting that small aggregates are intermediates in the formation of Hirano bodies. Stable lines expressing CT and bearing model Hirano bodies exhibit normal growth, morphology, and motility. This model provides a valuable system for the study of the dynamics of Hirano bodies, and their role in disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Davis
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, 724 Biological Sciences, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Nielsen HM, Minthon L, Londos E, Blennow K, Miranda E, Perez J, Crowther DC, Lomas DA, Janciauskiene SM. Plasma and CSF serpins in Alzheimer disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2007; 69:1569-79. [PMID: 17761554 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000271077.82508.a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serine protease inhibitors (serpins), the acute phase reactants and regulators of the proteolytic processing of proteins, have been recognized as potential contributors to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). We measured plasma and CSF levels of serpins in controls and patients with dementia. METHODS Using rocket immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA, and Luminex xMAP technology, we analyzed plasma levels of alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin and alpha(1)-antitrypsin, and CSF levels of alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin, alpha(1)-antitrypsin, and neuroserpin along with three standard biomarkers (total tau, tau phosphorylated at threonine-181, and the A beta(1-42)) in patients with AD (n = 258), patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB; n = 38), and age-matched controls (n = 37). RESULTS The level of CSF neuroserpin was significantly higher in AD compared with controls and DLB, whereas CSF alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin and alpha(1)-antitrypsin were significantly higher in both AD and DLB groups than in controls. Results from logistic regression analyses demonstrate a relationship between higher CSF levels of alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin and neuroserpin and increased predicted probability and odds ratios (ORs) of AD (OR 5.3, 95% CI 1.3 to 20.8 and OR 3.3, CI 1.3 to 8.8). Furthermore, a logistic regression model based on CSF alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin, neuroserpin, and A beta(1-42) enabled us to discriminate between AD patients and controls with a sensitivity of 94.7% and a specificity of 77.8%. CONCLUSIONS Higher CSF levels of neuroserpin and alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin were associated with the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) and facilitated the diagnostic classification of AD vs controls. CSF serpin levels did not improve the diagnostic classification of AD vs dementia with Lewy bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Nielsen
- Chronic Inflammatory and Degenerative Disease Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Lovestone S, Güntert A, Hye A, Lynham S, Thambisetty M, Ward M. Proteomics of Alzheimer's disease: understanding mechanisms and seeking biomarkers. Expert Rev Proteomics 2007; 4:227-38. [PMID: 17425458 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.2.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the scourge of the modern, aging world: a costly, damaging disease that robs the elderly of their ability to function as well as their memories. Three decades of progress have resulted in a deep understanding of the pathological processes and a range of targets for therapy, many of which have advanced to late-stage clinical trials. Proteomics has contributed greatly to these advances and will continue to have a growing role in determining the nature of the pathological lesions in the brain. In addition, proteomics (both gel based and gel free, mass spectrometry based), is likely to play an increasing role in identifying biomarkers that may assist in early diagnosis and in monitoring progression and, most importantly, response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lovestone
- Institute of Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, KCL, London, UK.
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Zhu X, Smith MA, Honda K, Aliev G, Moreira PI, Nunomura A, Casadesus G, Harris PL, Siedlak SL, Perry G. Vascular oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease. J Neurol Sci 2007; 257:240-6. [PMID: 17337008 PMCID: PMC1952687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease and cerebrovascular dementia are two common causes of dementia and, by present diagnostic criteria, are mutually exclusive using vascular pathology as an arbitrary demarcation in differential diagnosis. However, evidence from epidemiological, neuropathological, clinical, pharmacological, and functional studies suggest considerable overlap in risk factors and pathological changes suggesting shared common pathogenic mechanisms between these two diseases such that vascular factors play a vital role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. A high energy demand and lack of an endogenous fuel reserve make the brain highly dependent upon a continuous blood supply where disruption of cerebral blood vessels and blood flow can have serious consequences on neural activities. Indeed, many studies implicate metabolic defects in Alzheimer disease, such a reduced brain metabolism is one of the best documented abnormalities in the disease. Notably, since endothelial reactive oxygen species such as nitric oxide act as vasodilators at low concentrations, increased production coupled with elevated reactive oxygen species scavenging of nitric oxide, can lead to reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide and increased oxidative stress that damage sensitive vascular cells. In this respect, we and others have demonstrated that oxidative stress is one of the earliest pathological changes in the brain of Alzheimer disease patients and plays a critical role in the vascular abnormalities underlying metabolic defects in Alzheimer disease. Here, we discuss vascular factors in relation to Alzheimer disease and review hypoperfusion as a potential cause by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress initiating the pathogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Mark A. Smith
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Honda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shinmatsudo Central General Hospital, Chiba 270-0034, Japan
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Paula I. Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Akihiko Nunomura
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Gemma Casadesus
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Peggy L.R. Harris
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Sandra L. Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0661, USA
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Pérez C, Sánchez J, Mármol F, Puig-Parellada P, Pouplana R. Reactivity of Biologically Important NSAID Compounds with Superoxide (O2.−), nitric oxide (.NO) and Cyclooxygenase Inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200630067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Calabrese V, Sultana R, Scapagnini G, Guagliano E, Sapienza M, Bella R, Kanski J, Pennisi G, Mancuso C, Stella AMG, Butterfield DA. Nitrosative stress, cellular stress response, and thiol homeostasis in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:1975-86. [PMID: 17034343 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with cognitive and memory decline, personality changes, and synapse loss. Increasing evidence indicates that factors such as oxidative and nitrosative stress, glutathione depletion, and impaired protein metabolism can interact in a vicious cycle, which is central to AD pathogenesis. In the present study, we demonstrate that brains of AD patients undergo oxidative changes classically associated with a strong induction of the so-called vitagenes, including the heat shock proteins (HSPs) heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), HSP60, and HSP72, as well as thioredoxin reductase (TRXr). In inferior parietal brain of AD patients, a significant increase in the expression of HO-1 and TRXr was observed, whereas HO-2 expression was decreased, compared with controls. TRHr was not increased in AD cerebellum. Plasma GSH was decreased in AD patients, compared with the control group, and was associated with a significant increase in oxidative stress markers (i.e., GSSG, hydroxynonenal, protein carbonyl content, and nitrotyrosine). In AD lymphocytes, we observed an increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, HO-1, Hsp72, HSP60, and TRXr. Our data support a role for nitrative stress in the pathogenesis of AD and indicate that the stress-responsive genes, such as HO-1 and TRXr, may represent important targets for novel cytoprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, & Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Colton CA, Vitek MP, Wink DA, Xu Q, Cantillana V, Previti ML, Van Nostrand WE, Weinberg JB, Weinberg B, Dawson H. NO synthase 2 (NOS2) deletion promotes multiple pathologies in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:12867-72. [PMID: 16908860 PMCID: PMC1550768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601075103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by two primary pathological features: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The interconnection between amyloid and tau aggregates is of intense interest, but mouse models have yet to reveal a direct interrelationship. We now show that NO may be a key factor that connects amyloid and tau pathologies. Genetic removal of NO synthase 2 in mice expressing mutated amyloid precursor protein results in pathological hyperphosphorylation of mouse tau, its redistribution to the somatodendritic compartment in cortical and hippocampal neurons, and aggregate formation. Lack of NO synthase 2 in the amyloid precursor protein Swedish mutant mouse increased insoluble beta-amyloid peptide levels, neuronal degeneration, caspase-3 activation, and tau cleavage, suggesting that NO acts at a junction point between beta-amyloid peptides, caspase activation, and tau aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Colton
- Division of Neurology, and Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Kalinin S, Gavrilyuk V, Polak PE, Vasser R, Zhao J, Heneka MT, Feinstein DL. Noradrenaline deficiency in brain increases beta-amyloid plaque burden in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 28:1206-14. [PMID: 16837104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Loss of Locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic (NA) neurons occurs in several neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NA influences several features of AD disease including inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive function. In the current study we tested if LC loss influenced beta amyloid (Abeta) plaque deposition. LC neuronal degeneration was induced in transgenic mice expressing mutant V717F human amyloid precursor protein (APP) by treatment with the selective neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine DSP4 (5mg/kg every 2 weeks beginning at age 3 months). At 9 months of age, when control mice show low amyloid load, DSP4-treated mice showed an approximately 5-fold increase in the average number of Abeta plaques. This was accompanied by an increase in the levels of APP C-terminal cleavage fragments. DSP4-treatment increased both microglial and astroglial activation. In vivo, DSP4-treatment decreased expression and activity of the Abeta degrading enzyme neprilysin, while in vitro NA increased phagocytosis of Abeta1-42 by microglia. These findings suggest that noradrenergic innervation from LC are needed to maintain adequate Abeta clearance, and therefore that LC degeneration could contribute to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kalinin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, & Jesse Brown Veteran's Affairs Research Division, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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Thal LJ, Kantarci K, Reiman EM, Klunk WE, Weiner MW, Zetterberg H, Galasko D, Praticò D, Griffin S, Schenk D, Siemers E. The role of biomarkers in clinical trials for Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006; 20:6-15. [PMID: 16493230 PMCID: PMC1820855 DOI: 10.1097/01.wad.0000191420.61260.a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers are likely to be important in the study of Alzheimer disease (AD) for a variety of reasons. A clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease is inaccurate even among experienced investigators in about 10% to 15% of cases, and biomarkers might improve the accuracy of diagnosis. Importantly for the development of putative disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer disease, biomarkers might also serve as indirect measures of disease severity. When used in this way, sample sizes of clinical trials might be reduced, and a change in biomarker could be considered supporting evidence of disease modification. This review summarizes a meeting of the Alzheimer's Association's Research Roundtable, during which existing and emerging biomarkers for AD were evaluated. Imaging biomarkers including volumetric magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography assessing either glucose utilization or ligands binding to amyloid plaque are discussed. Additionally, biochemical biomarkers in blood or cerebrospinal fluid are assessed. Currently appropriate uses of biomarkers in the study of Alzheimer disease, and areas where additional work is needed, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J. Thal
- From the University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, California
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric M. Reiman
- Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center, University of Arizona, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Arizona Alzheimer’s Disease Consortium, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - William E. Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VA Medical Center
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California; # Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- From the University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, California
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego; San Diego, California
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sue Griffin
- Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and GRECC VA Medical Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Dale Schenk
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California
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Kalinin S, Polak PE, Madrigal JLM, Gavrilyuk V, Sharp A, Chauhan N, Marien M, Colpaert F, Feinstein DL. Beta-amyloid-dependent expression of NOS2 in neurons: prevention by an alpha2-adrenergic antagonist. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:873-83. [PMID: 16771677 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter noradrenaline (NA) exerts important antiinflammatory effects on glial cells including suppression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2). The authors examined the consequences of manipulating NA in vivo by treating adult rats with the neurotoxin DSP4, which selectively lesions noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus (LC), and reduces cortical NA levels. Following LC lesion, intracortical injection of aggregated amyloid beta 1-42 (Abeta1-42) caused appearance of NOS2 within neurons, and increased neuronal damage assessed by staining for nonphosphorylated neurofilament proteins with antibody SMI-32. Co-treatment with a selective alpha2-adrenergic antagonist reduced neuronal NOS2 staining as well as SMI-32 staining. Neuronal damage was dependent on NOS2 expression since injection of Abeta1-42 into DSP4-treated NOS2-deficient mice did not result in neuronal damage. These results demonstrate that decrease of NA levels in vivo can exacerbate inflammatory responses and neuronal damage due to inflammatory stimuli such as Abeta. These findings suggest that alpha2-adrenergic antagonists could provide therapeutic benefit in neurological diseases such as AD or PD where LC loss is known to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kalinin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, 60612, USA
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Madrigal JLM, Dello Russo C, Gavrilyuk V, Feinstein DL. Effects of noradrenaline on neuronal NOS2 expression and viability. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:885-92. [PMID: 16771678 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The authors previously showed that conditioned media (CM) from activated microglia increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) in cortical neurons. Here they examined the ability of noradrenaline (NA) to reduce neuronal NOS2 or cell death. Primary mouse cortical neurons were activated using CM from microglia incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neuronal NOS2 was assessed by increases in nitrite accumulation, and increases in NOS2 mRNA levels and fluorescence of the NO-sensitive probe DAF-2 DA. NOS2 induction was associated with an increase in neuronal LDH release. When NA was added during microglial activation, neuronal NOS2 was significantly reduced (by approximately 70%); in contrast if NA was added to the neurons along with CM, there was less reduction (about 35% decrease) in NOS2 expression. NA added to either microglia or to neurons reduced neuronal LDH release comparably. Pretreatment of CM with blocking antibody to TNFalpha, alone or with IL1-receptor antagonist, partially reduced neuronal cell death and NOS2. Incubation of neurons with NA increased IkBalpha, which could reduce NOS2. These results demonstrate that NA modulates neuronal NOS2 expression and damage, and that these effects are primarily due to inhibition of microglia released factors. Perturbations of NA could exacerbate neuronal damage by allowing for increased inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L M Madrigal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, and VA Chicago Health Care System, 60612, USA
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Jin DQ, Lim CS, Sung JY, Choi HG, Ha I, Han JS. Ulva conglobata, a marine algae, has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in murine hippocampal and microglial cells. Neurosci Lett 2006; 402:154-8. [PMID: 16644126 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that inflammatory processes are associated with the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the treatment of AD using anti-inflammatory agents slows the progress of AD. Marine algae have been utilized in food products as well as in medicine products for a variety of purposes. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of methanol extracts of Ulva conglobata (U. conglobata), a marine algae, on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in the murine hippocampal HT22 cell line and the anti-inflammatory effects on interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)-induced microglial activation in BV2 cells. U. conglobata methanol extracts significantly attenuated the neurotoxicity induced by glutamate in HT22 cells and inhibited nitric oxide production induced by IFN-gamma in BV2 cells. U. conglobata methanol extract treatments were also examined and it was found that they almost completely suppressed the expression of the proinflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). These results suggest that U. conglobata possesses therapeutic potential for combating neurodegenerative diseases associated with neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Qing Jin
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute for Brain Science and Technology (IBST), Hanwha CC R&D Center Building, Inje University, 6 Shinsung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-804, South Korea
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Lee MH, Kim JY, Ryu JH. Prenylflavones from Psoralea corylifolia inhibit nitric oxide synthase expression through the inhibition of I-kappaB-alpha degradation in activated microglial cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 28:2253-7. [PMID: 16327160 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) switches the function of NO from a physiological neuromodulator to a neurotoxic effector in central nervous system (CNS) after brain injury. From the methanol extracts of Psoralea corylifolia, we purified two inhibitors of NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia by activity guided purification along with two inactive compounds. The active compounds were identified as a chromenoflavanone [7,8-dihydro-8-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-2H,6H-benzo-(1,2-b:5,4-b')dipyran-6-one] (1) and 4-hydroxylonchocarpin (2). And the inactive two compounds were identified as bavachinin (3) and bavachalcone (4) by spectral analysis. The compound 2 was isolated first time from this plant. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited the production of NO in LPS-activated microglia in a dose dependent manner (IC(50)'s were 11.4, 10.2 microM, respectively). They also suppressed the expression of protein and mRNA of iNOS in LPS-activated microglial cells at 10 muM as observed in Western blot analysis and RT-PCR experiment. Furthermore they inhibited the degradation of I-kappaB-alpha in activated microglia. These results imply that compounds 1 and 2 can be lead compounds for the development of neuroprotective drug with the inhibitory activity of NO overproduction by activated microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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Martin BL, Tokheim AM, McCarthy PT, Doms BS, Davis AA, Armitage IM. Metallothionein-3 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase levels in brains from the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 283:129-37. [PMID: 16444595 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-2390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Using antiserum against the recombinant isoform 3 of mouse brain metallothionein (MT3), the amount of MT3 protein was determined in whole brain homogenates from the Tg2576 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease. Twenty-two month old transgenic positive mice showed a 27% decrease of MT3 normalized to the total protein in the extracts compared to same age, control transgenic negative mice. Metallothioneins bind seven molar equivalents of divalent metal ions per mole of protein so metal levels also were measured in these whole brain extracts using inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption (ICP-AA) spectrometry. No significant difference was observed for any metal assayed. Because neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is involved in neurodegenerative disease and nitric oxide specifically interacts with MT3, the concentration and total nNOS activity also were evaluated. The transgenic positive mice showed a decrease of 28% in nNOS protein compared to the same age transgenic negative mice. Normalized to the amount of nNOS protein, total NOS activity was higher in the transgenic positive mice. These data showed that protein levels of both MT3 and nNOS were reduced in transgenic positive mice that show many characteristics of Alzheimer's Disease. In vitro studies suggested that MT3 was not a likely candidate for directly affecting nNOS activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA.
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