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Schratter M, Lass A, Radner FPW. ABHD5-A Regulator of Lipid Metabolism Essential for Diverse Cellular Functions. Metabolites 2022; 12:1015. [PMID: 36355098 PMCID: PMC9694394 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The α/β-Hydrolase domain-containing protein 5 (ABHD5; also known as comparative gene identification-58, or CGI-58) is the causative gene of the Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS), a disorder mainly characterized by systemic triacylglycerol accumulation and a severe defect in skin barrier function. The clinical phenotype of CDS patients and the characterization of global and tissue-specific ABHD5-deficient mouse strains have demonstrated that ABHD5 is a crucial regulator of lipid and energy homeostasis in various tissues. Although ABHD5 lacks intrinsic hydrolase activity, it functions as a co-activating enzyme of the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing (PNPLA) protein family that is involved in triacylglycerol and glycerophospholipid, as well as sphingolipid and retinyl ester metabolism. Moreover, ABHD5 interacts with perilipins (PLINs) and fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), which are important regulators of lipid homeostasis in adipose and non-adipose tissues. This review focuses on the multifaceted role of ABHD5 in modulating the function of key enzymes in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Schratter
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P. W. Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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2
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Beecher G, Fleming MD, Liewluck T. Hereditary myopathies associated with hematological abnormalities. Muscle Nerve 2022; 65:374-390. [PMID: 34985130 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The diagnostic evaluation of a patient with suspected hereditary muscle disease can be challenging. Clinicians rely largely on clinical history and examination features, with additional serological, electrodiagnostic, radiologic, histopathologic, and genetic investigations assisting in definitive diagnosis. Hematological testing is inexpensive and widely available, but frequently overlooked in the hereditary myopathy evaluation. Hematological abnormalities are infrequently encountered in this setting; however, their presence provides a valuable clue, helps refine the differential diagnosis, tailors further investigation, and assists interpretation of variants of uncertain significance. A diverse spectrum of hematological abnormalities is associated with hereditary myopathies, including anemias, leukocyte abnormalities, and thrombocytopenia. Recurrent rhabdomyolysis in certain glycolytic enzymopathies co-occurs with hemolytic anemia, often chronic and mild in phosphofructokinase and phosphoglycerate kinase deficiencies, or acute and fever-associated in aldolase-A and triosephosphate isomerase deficiency. Sideroblastic anemia, commonly severe, accompanies congenital-to-childhood onset mitochondrial myopathies including Pearson marrow-pancreas syndrome and mitochondrial myopathy, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia phenotypes. Congenital megaloblastic macrocytic anemia and mitochondrial dysfunction characterize SFXN4-related myopathy. Neutropenia, chronic or cyclical, with recurrent infections, infantile-to-childhood onset skeletal myopathy and cardiomyopathy are typical of Barth syndrome, while chronic neutropenia without infection occurs rarely in DNM2-centronuclear myopathy. Peripheral eosinophilia may accompany eosinophilic inflammation in recessive calpainopathy. Lipid accumulation in leukocytes on peripheral blood smear (Jordans' anomaly) is pathognomonic for neutral lipid storage diseases. Mild thrombocytopenia occurs in autosomal dominant, childhood-onset STIM1 tubular aggregate myopathy, STIM1 and ORAI1 deficiency syndromes, and GNE myopathy. Herein, we review these hereditary myopathies in which hematological features play a prominent role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson Beecher
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark D Fleming
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Teerin Liewluck
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Quelhas da Costa R, Laranjeira F, Duarte Ribeiro I, Santos AF, Nery F. Dorfman-Chanarin Syndrome: A Rare Cause of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease Related to Homozygosity of the Nonsense Mutation c.934C>T (p.R312*). GE-PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2021; 29:284-290. [PMID: 35979251 PMCID: PMC9274987 DOI: 10.1159/000517103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease became the most common form of chronic liver disease, in the vast majority of the cases related to increased insulin resistance or metabolic dysregulation. Yet, other causes may be implied. We report the late diagnosis of Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome in a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis previously labeled cirrhotic middle-aged man, with consanguineous parents, complicated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Congenital ichthyosis, neurosensory hearing loss and elevated muscular enzymes hit on the track of Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome. The genetic analysis uncovered a first-time described homozygotic nonsense mutation in the ABHD5 gene, responsible for coding the ABHD5 protein. The patient was successfully submitted to liver transplantation. Inborn errors of metabolism are a rare cause of metabolic associated fatty liver disease, but they need to be kept in consideration in all patients who present with atypical clinical features. This shall raise the awareness of physicians to rare forms of presentation since it may imply not only a different prognosis, but also other actions, like particular therapies as liver transplantation due to related complications of cirrhosis, or familial screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Laranjeira
- Unidade de Bioquímica Genética, Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isaura Duarte Ribeiro
- Unidade de Bioquímica Genética, Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Filipe Santos
- Serviço de Hematologia Laboratorial, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Nery
- Serviço de Cuidados Intensivos − Unidade de Cuidados Intermédios Médico-Cirúrgica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- EpiUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Filipe Nery,
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Cakmak E, Bagci G. Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome: A comprehensive review. Liver Int 2021; 41:905-914. [PMID: 33455044 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS) is a rare, autosomal recessively inherited genetic disease. This syndrome is associated with a decrease in the lipolysis activity in multiple tissue cells because of recessive mutations in the abhydrolase domain containing 5 (ABHD5) gene, which leads to the accumulation of lipid droplets in multiple types of cells. Major clinical symptoms in patients with CDS include ichthyosis and intracytoplasmic lipid droplets. The variability of clinical symptoms in patients with CDS depends on a large number of mutations involved. In this syndrome, liver involvement is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. This review aims to summarize the demographic characteristic, clinical symptoms, liver involvement and mutations in CDS patients in the literature to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Cakmak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Bagci
- Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
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Friend or Foe: Lipid Droplets as Organelles for Protein and Lipid Storage in Cellular Stress Response, Aging and Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215053. [PMID: 33143278 PMCID: PMC7663626 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) were considered as a mere lipid storage organelle for a long time. Recent evidence suggests that LDs are in fact distinct and dynamic organelles with a specialized proteome and functions in many cellular roles. As such, LDs contribute to cellular signaling, protein and lipid homeostasis, metabolic diseases and inflammation. In line with the multitude of functions, LDs interact with many cellular organelles including mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus. LDs are highly mobile and dynamic organelles and impaired motility disrupts the interaction with other organelles. The reduction of interorganelle contacts results in a multitude of pathophysiologies and frequently in neurodegenerative diseases. Contacts not only supply lipids for β-oxidation in mitochondria and peroxisomes, but also may include the transfer of toxic lipids as well as misfolded and harmful proteins to LDs. Furthermore, LDs assist in the removal of protein aggregates when severe proteotoxic stress overwhelms the proteasomal system. During imbalance of cellular lipid homeostasis, LDs also support cellular detoxification. Fine-tuning of LD function is of crucial importance and many diseases are associated with dysfunctional LDs. We summarize the current understanding of LDs and their interactions with organelles, providing a storage site for harmful proteins and lipids during cellular stress, aging inflammation and various disease states.
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Coleman RA. The "discovery" of lipid droplets: A brief history of organelles hidden in plain sight. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158762. [PMID: 32622088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian lipid droplets (LDs), first described as early as the 1880s, were virtually ignored for more than 100 years. Between 1991 and the early 2000s, however, a series of discoveries and conceptual breakthroughs led to a resurgent interest in obesity as a disease, in the metabolism of intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG), and in the physical locations of LDs as cellular structures with their associated proteins. Insights included the recognition that obesity underlies major chronic diseases, that appetite is hormonally controlled, that hepatic steatosis is not a benign finding, and that diabetes might fundamentally be a disorder of lipid metabolism. In this brief review, I describe the metamorphosis of LDs from overlooked globs of stored fat to dynamic organelles that control insulin resistance, mitochondrial oxidation, and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind A Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
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Yu L, Li Y, Grisé A, Wang H. CGI-58: Versatile Regulator of Intracellular Lipid Droplet Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1276:197-222. [PMID: 32705602 PMCID: PMC8063591 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6082-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58), also known as α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 5 (ABHD5), is a member of a large family of proteins containing an α/β-hydrolase-fold. CGI-58 is well-known as the co-activator of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which is a key enzyme initiating cytosolic lipid droplet lipolysis. Mutations in either the human CGI-58 or ATGL gene cause an autosomal recessive neutral lipid storage disease, characterized by the excessive accumulation of triglyceride (TAG)-rich lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of almost all cell types. CGI-58, however, has ATGL-independent functions. Distinct phenotypes associated with CGI-58 deficiency commonly include ichthyosis (scaly dry skin), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and hepatic fibrosis. Through regulated interactions with multiple protein families, CGI-58 controls many metabolic and signaling pathways, such as lipid and glucose metabolism, energy balance, insulin signaling, inflammatory responses, and thermogenesis. Recent studies have shown that CGI-58 regulates the pathogenesis of common metabolic diseases in a tissue-specific manner. Future studies are needed to molecularly define ATGL-independent functions of CGI-58, including the newly identified serine protease activity of CGI-58. Elucidation of these versatile functions of CGI-58 may uncover fundamental cellular processes governing lipid and energy homeostasis, which may help develop novel approaches that counter against obesity and its associated metabolic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison Grisé
- College of Computer, Math, and Natural Sciences, College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Li M, Hirano KI, Ikeda Y, Higashi M, Hashimoto C, Zhang B, Kozawa J, Sugimura K, Miyauchi H, Suzuki A, Hara Y, Takagi A, Ikeda Y, Kobayashi K, Futsukaichi Y, Zaima N, Yamaguchi S, Shrestha R, Nakamura H, Kawaguchi K, Sai E, Hui SP, Nakano Y, Sawamura A, Inaba T, Sakata Y, Yasui Y, Nagasawa Y, Kinugawa S, Shimada K, Yamada S, Hao H, Nakatani D, Ide T, Amano T, Naito H, Nagasaka H, Kobayashi K. Triglyceride deposit cardiomyovasculopathy: a rare cardiovascular disorder. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:134. [PMID: 31186072 PMCID: PMC6560904 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triglyceride deposit cardiomyovasculopathy (TGCV) is a phenotype primarily reported in patients carrying genetic mutations in PNPLA2 encoding adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) which releases long chain fatty acid (LCFA) as a major energy source by the intracellular TG hydrolysis. These patients suffered from intractable heart failure requiring cardiac transplantation. Moreover, we identified TGCV patients without PNPLA2 mutations based on pathological and clinical studies. We provided the diagnostic criteria, in which TGCV with and without PNPLA2 mutations were designated as primary TGCV (P-TGCV) and idiopathic TGCV (I-TGCV), respectively. We hereby report clinical profiles of TGCV patients. Between 2014 and 2018, 7 P-TGCV and 18 I-TGCV Japanese patients have been registered in the International Registry. Patients with I-TGCV, of which etiologies and causes are not known yet, suffered from adult-onset severe heart disease, including heart failure and coronary artery disease, associated with a marked reduction in ATGL activity and myocardial washout rate of LCFA tracer, as similar to those with P-TGCV. The present first registry-based study showed that TGCV is an intractable, at least at the moment, and heterogeneous cardiovascular disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirano
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiko Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1, Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, 2-1-14, Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | - Chikako Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukuoka University Medical School, 7-45-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Junji Kozawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichiro Sugimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Miyauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1, Inohara, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hara
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Atsuko Takagi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ikeda
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Futsukaichi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics and Triglyceride Research Center (TGRC), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Rojeet Shrestha
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, National Hospital Organization, 3-1, Aoyama-cho, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0023, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kawaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Komaki City Hospital, 1-20, Jobushi, Komaki, Aichi, 485-8520, Japan
| | - Eiryu Sai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakano
- Department of Cardiology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Akinori Sawamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Tohru Inaba
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yoko Yasui
- Faculty of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nagasawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Kidney and Dialysis, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kinugawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sohsuke Yamada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hao
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Daisaku Nakatani
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medical Innovation, Osaka University Hospital.4F Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 (A8) Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ide
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Amano
- Department of Cardiology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Naito
- Department of Radiology, Nippon Life Hospital, 2-1-54, Enokojima, Nishi-ku, Osaka, 550-0006, Japan
| | - Hironori Nagasaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Takarazuka City Hospital, 4-5-1, Obama, Takarazuka, Hyogo, 665-0827, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, 1-1-1, Zokumyoin, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8502, Japan
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Neutral Lipid Storage Diseases as Cellular Model to Study Lipid Droplet Function. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020187. [PMID: 30795549 PMCID: PMC6406896 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy (NLSDM) and with ichthyosis (NLSDI) are rare autosomal recessive disorders caused by mutations in the PNPLA2 and in the ABHD5/CGI58 genes, respectively. These genes encode the adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and α-β hydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5) proteins, which play key roles in the function of lipid droplets (LDs). LDs, the main cellular storage sites of triacylglycerols and sterol esters, are highly dynamic organelles. Indeed, LDs are critical for both lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. Partial or total PNPLA2 or ABHD5/CGI58 knockdown is characteristic of the cells of NLSD patients; thus, these cells are natural models with which one can unravel LD function. In this review we firstly summarize genetic and clinical data collected from NLSD patients, focusing particularly on muscle, skin, heart, and liver damage due to impaired LD function. Then, we discuss how NLSD cells were used to investigate and expand the current structural and functional knowledge of LDs.
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Vasiljevski ER, Summers MA, Little DG, Schindeler A. Lipid storage myopathies: Current treatments and future directions. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 72:1-17. [PMID: 30099045 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipid storage myopathies (LSMs) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders that present with abnormal lipid storage in multiple body organs, typically muscle. Patients can clinically present with cardiomyopathy, skeletal muscle weakness, myalgia, and extreme fatigue. An early diagnosis is crucial, as some LSMs can be managed by simple nutraceutical supplementation. For example, high dosage l-carnitine is an effective intervention for patients with Primary Carnitine Deficiency (PCD). This review discusses the clinical features and management practices of PCD as well as Neutral Lipid Storage Disease (NLSD) and Multiple Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MADD). We provide a detailed summary of current clinical management strategies, highlighting issues of high-risk contraindicated treatments with case study examples not previously reviewed. Additionally, we outline current preclinical studies providing disease mechanistic insight. Lastly, we propose that a number of other conditions involving lipid metabolic dysfunction that are not classified as LSMs may share common features. These include Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) and autoimmune myopathies, including Polymyositis (PM), Dermatomyositis (DM), and Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Vasiljevski
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.; Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Heath, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew A Summers
- Bone Biology Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David G Little
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.; Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Heath, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.; Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Heath, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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11
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Critical roles for α/β hydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5)/comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) at the lipid droplet interface and beyond. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1233-1241. [PMID: 28827091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58), also known as α β hydrolase domain-containing 5 (ABHD5), cause neutral lipid storage disorder with ichthyosis (NLSDI). This inborn error in metabolism is characterized by ectopic accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAG) within cytoplasmic lipid droplets in multiple cell types. Studies over the past decade have clearly demonstrated that CGI-58 is a potent regulator of TAG hydrolysis in the disease-relevant cell types. However, despite the reproducible genetic link between CGI-58 mutations and TAG storage, the molecular mechanisms by which CGI-58 regulates TAG hydrolysis are still incompletely understood. It is clear that CGI-58 can regulate TAG hydrolysis by activating the major TAG hydrolase adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), yet CGI-58 can also regulate lipid metabolism via mechanisms that do not involve ATGL. This review highlights recent progress made in defining the physiologic and biochemical function of CGI-58, and its broader role in energy homeostasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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12
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Pennisi EM, Arca M, Bertini E, Bruno C, Cassandrini D, D'amico A, Garibaldi M, Gragnani F, Maggi L, Massa R, Missaglia S, Morandi L, Musumeci O, Pegoraro E, Rastelli E, Santorelli FM, Tasca E, Tavian D, Toscano A, Angelini C. Neutral Lipid Storage Diseases: clinical/genetic features and natural history in a large cohort of Italian patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:90. [PMID: 28499397 PMCID: PMC5427600 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A small number of patients affected by Neutral Lipid Storage Diseases (NLSDs: NLSD type M with Myopathy and NLSD type I with Ichthyosis) have been described in various ethnic groups worldwide. However, relatively little is known about the progression and phenotypic variability of the disease in large specific populations. The aim of our study was to assess the natural history, disability and genotype-phenotype correlations in Italian patients with NLSDs. Twenty-one patients who satisfied the criteria for NLSDs were enrolled in a retrospective cross-sectional study to evaluate the genetic aspects, clinical signs at onset, disability progression and comorbidities associated with this group of diseases. Results During the clinical follow-up (range: 2–44 years, median: 17.8 years), two patients (9.5%, both with NLSD-I) died of hepatic failure, and a further five (24%) lost their ability to walk or needed help when walking after a mean period of 30.6 years of disease. None of the patients required mechanical ventilation. No patient required a heart transplant, one patient with NLSD-M was implanted with a cardioverter defibrillator for severe arrhythmias. Conclusion The genotype/phenotype correlation analysis in our population showed that the same gene mutations were associated with a varying clinical onset and course. This study highlights peculiar aspects of Italian NLSD patients that differ from those observed in Japanese patients, who were found to be affected by a marked hypertrophic cardiopathy. Owing to the varying phenotypic expression of the same mutations, it is conceivable that some additional genetic or epigenetic factors affect the symptoms and progression in this group of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maria Pennisi
- UOC of Neurology, San Filippo Neri Hospital, via Martinotti 20, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcello Arca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Allied Sciences, Atherosclerosis Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lorenzo Maggi
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Massa
- Department of Systems Medicine, Centre of Neuromuscular Disorders, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Missaglia
- CRIBENS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Morandi
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Olimpia Musumeci
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Elena Pegoraro
- Department of Neurology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rastelli
- Department of Systems Medicine, Centre of Neuromuscular Disorders, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniela Tavian
- CRIBENS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Toscano
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Molecular characterization of human ABHD2 as TAG lipase and ester hydrolase. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160033. [PMID: 27247428 PMCID: PMC4945992 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in lipid metabolism have been progressively documented as a characteristic property of cancer cells. Though, human ABHD2 gene was found to be highly expressed in breast and lung cancers, its biochemical functionality is yet uncharacterized. In the present study we report, human ABHD2 as triacylglycerol (TAG) lipase along with ester hydrolysing capacity. Sequence analysis of ABHD2 revealed the presence of conserved motifs G205XS207XG209 and H120XXXXD125. Phylogenetic analysis showed homology to known lipases, Drosophila melanogaster CG3488. To evaluate the biochemical role, recombinant ABHD2 was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using pYES2/CT vector and His-tag purified protein showed TAG lipase activity. Ester hydrolase activity was confirmed with pNP acetate, butyrate and palmitate substrates respectively. Further, the ABHD2 homology model was built and the modelled protein was analysed based on the RMSD and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) of the 100 ns simulation trajectory. Docking the acetate, butyrate and palmitate ligands with the model confirmed covalent binding of ligands with the Ser207 of the GXSXG motif. The model was validated with a mutant ABHD2 developed with alanine in place of Ser207 and the docking studies revealed loss of interaction between selected ligands and the mutant protein active site. Based on the above results, human ABHD2 was identified as a novel TAG lipase and ester hydrolase.
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14
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Schlager S, Goeritzer M, Jandl K, Frei R, Vujic N, Kolb D, Strohmaier H, Dorow J, Eichmann TO, Rosenberger A, Wölfler A, Lass A, Kershaw EE, Ceglarek U, Dichlberger A, Heinemann A, Kratky D. Adipose triglyceride lipase acts on neutrophil lipid droplets to regulate substrate availability for lipid mediator synthesis. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:837-50. [PMID: 26109679 PMCID: PMC4594763 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0515-206r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid mediator release depends on the hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipid droplets mediated by ATGL, a potent regulator of inflammatory diseases. In humans, mutations in ATGL lead to TG accumulation in LDs of most tissues and cells, including peripheral blood leukocytes. This pathologic condition is called Jordans’ anomaly, in which functional consequences have not been investigated. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that ATGL plays a role in leukocyte LD metabolism and immune cell function. Similar to humans with loss-of-function mutations in ATGL, we found that global and myeloid-specific Atgl−/− mice exhibit Jordans’ anomaly with increased abundance of intracellular TG-rich LDs in neutrophil granulocytes. In a model of inflammatory peritonitis, lipid accumulation was also observed in monocytes and macrophages but not in eosinophils or lymphocytes. Neutrophils from Atgl−/− mice showed enhanced immune responses in vitro, which were more prominent in cells from global compared with myeloid-specific Atgl−/− mice. Mechanistically, ATGL−/− as well as pharmacological inhibition of ATGL led to an impaired release of lipid mediators from neutrophils. These findings demonstrate that the release of lipid mediators is dependent on the liberation of precursor molecules from the TG-rich pool of LDs by ATGL. Our data provide mechanistic insights into Jordans’ anomaly in neutrophils and suggest that ATGL is a potent regulator of immune cell function and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schlager
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Madeleine Goeritzer
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katharina Jandl
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Frei
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nemanja Vujic
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heimo Strohmaier
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juliane Dorow
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angelika Rosenberger
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Wölfler
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Achim Lass
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erin E Kershaw
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Dichlberger
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Xie P, Kadegowda AKG, Ma Y, Guo F, Han X, Wang M, Groban L, Xue B, Shi H, Li H, Yu L. Muscle-specific deletion of comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) causes muscle steatosis but improves insulin sensitivity in male mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1648-58. [PMID: 25751639 PMCID: PMC4398773 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intramyocellular accumulation of lipids is often associated with insulin resistance. Deficiency of comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) causes cytosolic deposition of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipid droplets in most cell types, including muscle due to defective TG hydrolysis. It was unclear, however, whether CGI-58 deficiency-induced lipid accumulation in muscle influences insulin sensitivity. Here we show that muscle-specific CGI-58 knockout mice relative to their controls have increased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity on a Western-type high-fat diet, despite TG accumulation in both heart and oxidative skeletal muscle and cholesterol deposition in heart. Although the intracardiomyocellular lipid deposition results in cardiac ventricular fibrosis and systolic dysfunction, muscle-specific CGI-58 knockout mice show increased glucose uptake in heart and soleus muscle, improved insulin signaling in insulin-sensitive tissues, and reduced plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and cholesterol. Hepatic contents of TG and cholesterol are also decreased in these animals. Cardiac steatosis is attributable, at least in part, to decreases in cardiac TG hydrolase activity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1-dependent mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. In conclusion, muscle CGI-58 deficiency causes cardiac dysfunction and fat deposition in oxidative muscles but induces a series of favorable metabolic changes in mice fed a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Departments of Biochemistry (P.X., Y.M., F.G., L.Y.) and Anesthesiology (L.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157; Department of Animal and Avian Sciences (A.K.G.G., Y.M., L.Y.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742; Diabetes and Obesity Research Center (X.H., M.W.), Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827; Department of Biology (B.X., H.S.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303; and The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases (H.L.), Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated the Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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16
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Wu JW, Yang H, Wang SP, Soni KG, Brunel-Guitton C, Mitchell GA. Inborn errors of cytoplasmic triglyceride metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:85-98. [PMID: 25300978 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Triglyceride (TG) synthesis, storage, and degradation together constitute cytoplasmic TG metabolism (CTGM). CTGM is mostly studied in adipocytes, where starting from glycerol-3-phosphate and fatty acyl (FA)-coenzyme A (CoA), TGs are synthesized then stored in cytoplasmic lipid droplets. TG hydrolysis proceeds sequentially, producing FAs and glycerol. Several reactions of CTGM can be catalyzed by more than one enzyme, creating great potential for complex tissue-specific physiology. In adipose tissue, CTGM provides FA as a systemic energy source during fasting and is related to obesity. Inborn errors and mouse models have demonstrated the importance of CTGM for non-adipose tissues, including skeletal muscle, myocardium and liver, because steatosis and dysfunction can occur. We discuss known inborn errors of CTGM, including deficiencies of: AGPAT2 (a form of generalized lipodystrophy), LPIN1 (childhood rhabdomyolysis), LPIN2 (an inflammatory condition, Majeed syndrome, described elsewhere in this issue), DGAT1 (protein loosing enteropathy), perilipin 1 (partial lipodystrophy), CGI-58 (gene ABHD5, neutral lipid storage disease (NLSD) with ichthyosis and "Jordan's anomaly" of vacuolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL, gene PNPLA2, NLSD with myopathy, cardiomyopathy and Jordan's anomaly), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL, gene LIPE, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance). Two inborn errors of glycerol metabolism are known: glycerol kinase (GK, causing pseudohypertriglyceridemia) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1, childhood hepatic steatosis). Mouse models often resemble human phenotypes but may diverge markedly. Inborn errors have been described for less than one-third of CTGM enzymes, and new phenotypes may yet be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wei Wu
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
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17
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Ou J, Miao H, Ma Y, Guo F, Deng J, Wei X, Zhou J, Xie G, Shi H, Xue B, Liang H, Yu L. Loss of abhd5 promotes colorectal tumor development and progression by inducing aerobic glycolysis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1798-1811. [PMID: 25482557 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How cancer cells shift metabolism to aerobic glycolysis is largely unknown. Here, we show that deficiency of α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 5 (Abhd5), an intracellular lipolytic activator that is also known as comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58), promotes this metabolic shift and enhances malignancies of colorectal carcinomas (CRCs). Silencing of Abhd5 in normal fibroblasts induces malignant transformation. Intestine-specific knockout of Abhd5 in Apc(Min/+) mice robustly increases tumorigenesis and malignant transformation of adenomatous polyps. In colon cancer cells, Abhd5 deficiency induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition by suppressing the AMPKα-p53 pathway, which is attributable to increased aerobic glycolysis. In human CRCs, Abhd5 expression falls substantially and correlates negatively with malignant features. Our findings link Abhd5 to CRC pathogenesis and suggest that cancer cells develop aerobic glycolysis by suppressing Abhd5-mediated intracellular lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Ou
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hongming Miao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yinyan Ma
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jia Deng
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ganfeng Xie
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Houjie Liang
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Liqing Yu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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18
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Sahu-Osen A, Montero-Moran G, Schittmayer M, Fritz K, Dinh A, Chang YF, McMahon D, Boeszoermenyi A, Cornaciu I, Russell D, Oberer M, Carman GM, Birner-Gruenberger R, Brasaemle DL. CGI-58/ABHD5 is phosphorylated on Ser239 by protein kinase A: control of subcellular localization. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:109-21. [PMID: 25421061 PMCID: PMC4274058 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CGI-58/ABHD5 coactivates adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). In adipocytes, CGI-58 binds to perilipin 1A on lipid droplets under basal conditions, preventing interaction with ATGL. Upon activation of protein kinase A (PKA), perilipin 1A is phosphorylated and CGI-58 rapidly disperses into the cytoplasm, enabling lipase coactivation. Because the amino acid sequence of murine CGI-58 has a predicted PKA consensus sequence of RKYS239S240, we hypothesized that phosphorylation of CGI-58 is involved in this process. We show that Ser239 of murine CGI-58 is a substrate for PKA using phosphoamino acid analysis, MS, and immunoblotting approaches to study phosphorylation of recombinant CGI-58 and endogenous CGI-58 of adipose tissue. Phosphorylation of CGI-58 neither increased nor impaired coactivation of ATGL in vitro. Moreover, Ser239 was not required for CGI-58 function to increase triacylglycerol turnover in human neutral lipid storage disorder fibroblasts that lack endogenous CGI-58. Both CGI-58 and S239A/S240A-mutated CGI-58 localized to perilipin 1A-coated lipid droplets in cells. When PKA was activated, WT CGI-58 dispersed into the cytoplasm, whereas substantial S239A/S240A-mutated CGI-58 remained on lipid droplets. Perilipin phosphorylation also contributed to CGI-58 dispersion. PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CGI-58 is required for dispersion of CGI-58 from perilipin 1A-coated lipid droplets, thereby increasing CGI-58 availability for ATGL coactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Sahu-Osen
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria A-8036, and Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria A-8010
| | - Gabriela Montero-Moran
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Departments of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria A-8036, and Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria A-8010
| | - Katarina Fritz
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria A-8036, and Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria A-8010
| | - Anna Dinh
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Departments of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Yu-Fang Chang
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Derek McMahon
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Departments of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | | | - Irina Cornaciu
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria A-8010
| | - Deanna Russell
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Departments of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria A-8010
| | - George M Carman
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria A-8036, and Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria A-8010
| | - Dawn L Brasaemle
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Departments of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
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19
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Lord CC, Brown JM. Distinct roles for alpha-beta hydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5/CGI-58) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL/PNPLA2) in lipid metabolism and signaling. Adipocyte 2014; 1:123-131. [PMID: 23145367 PMCID: PMC3492958 DOI: 10.4161/adip.20035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Catabolism of stored triacylglycerol (TAG) from cytoplasmic lipid droplets is critical for providing energy substrates, membrane building blocks and signaling lipids in most cells of the body. However, the lipolytic machinery dictating TAG hydrolysis varies greatly among different cell types. Within the adipocyte, TAG hydrolysis is dynamically regulated by hormones to ensure appropriate metabolic adaptation to nutritional and physiologic cues. In other cell types such as hepatocytes, myocytes and macrophages, mobilization of stored TAG is regulated quite differently. Within the last decade, mutations in two key genes involved in TAG hydrolysis, α-β hydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5/CGI-58) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL/PNPLA2), were found to cause two distinct neutral lipid storage diseases (NLSD) in humans. These genetic links, along with supporting evidence in mouse models, have prompted a number of studies surrounding the biochemical function(s) of these proteins. Although both CGI-58 and ATGL have been clearly implicated in TAG hydrolysis in multiple tissues and have even been shown to physically interact with each other, recent evidence suggests that they may also have distinct roles. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent insights into how CGI-58 and ATGL regulate lipid metabolism and signaling.
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20
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Nielsen TS, Jessen N, Jørgensen JOL, Møller N, Lund S. Dissecting adipose tissue lipolysis: molecular regulation and implications for metabolic disease. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:R199-222. [PMID: 24577718 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipolysis is the process by which triglycerides (TGs) are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol. In adipocytes, this is achieved by sequential action of adipose TG lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and monoglyceride lipase. The activity in the lipolytic pathway is tightly regulated by hormonal and nutritional factors. Under conditions of negative energy balance such as fasting and exercise, stimulation of lipolysis results in a profound increase in FFA release from adipose tissue (AT). This response is crucial in order to provide the organism with a sufficient supply of substrate for oxidative metabolism. However, failure to efficiently suppress lipolysis when FFA demands are low can have serious metabolic consequences and is believed to be a key mechanism in the development of type 2 diabetes in obesity. As the discovery of ATGL in 2004, substantial progress has been made in the delineation of the remarkable complexity of the regulatory network controlling adipocyte lipolysis. Notably, regulatory mechanisms have been identified on multiple levels of the lipolytic pathway, including gene transcription and translation, post-translational modifications, intracellular localization, protein-protein interactions, and protein stability/degradation. Here, we provide an overview of the recent advances in the field of AT lipolysis with particular focus on the molecular regulation of the two main lipases, ATGL and HSL, and the intracellular and extracellular signals affecting their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Svava Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, DenmarkThe Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, DenmarkThe Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto L Jørgensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sten Lund
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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21
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McMahon D, Dinh A, Kurz D, Shah D, Han GS, Carman GM, Brasaemle DL. Comparative gene identification 58/α/β hydrolase domain 5 lacks lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase activity. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1750-61. [PMID: 24879803 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m051151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58)/α/β hydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5) cause Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, characterized by excessive triacylglycerol storage in cells and tissues. CGI-58 has been identified as a coactivator of adipose TG lipase (ATGL) and a lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT). We developed a molecular model of CGI-58 structure and then mutated predicted active site residues and performed LPAAT activity assays of recombinant WT and mutated CGI-58. When mutations of predicted catalytic residues failed to reduce LPAAT activity, we determined that LPAAT activity was due to a bacterial contaminant of affinity purification procedures, plsC, the sole LPAAT in Escherichia coli Purification protocols were optimized to reduce plsC contamination, in turn reducing LPAAT activity. When CGI-58 was expressed in SM2-1(DE3) cells that lack plsC, lysates lacked LPAAT activity. Additionally, mouse CGI-58 expressed in bacteria as a glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein and human CGI-58 expressed in yeast lacked LPAAT activity. Previously reported lipid binding activity of CGI-58 was revisited using protein-lipid overlays. Recombinant CGI-58 failed to bind lysophosphatidic acid, but interestingly, bound phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] and phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate [PI(5)P]. Prebinding CGI-58 with PI(3)P or PI(5)P did not alter its coactivation of ATGL in vitro. In summary, purified recombinant CGI-58 that is functional as an ATGL coactivator lacks LPAAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek McMahon
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Food Science
| | - Anna Dinh
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Food Science
| | - Daniel Kurz
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Food Science
| | - Dharika Shah
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Food Science
| | - Gil-Soo Han
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - George M Carman
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Dawn L Brasaemle
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Food Science
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22
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Xie P, Guo F, Ma Y, Zhu H, Wang F, Xue B, Shi H, Yang J, Yu L. Intestinal Cgi-58 deficiency reduces postprandial lipid absorption. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91652. [PMID: 24618586 PMCID: PMC3950255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative Gene Identification-58 (CGI-58), a lipid droplet (LD)-associated protein, promotes intracellular triglyceride (TG) hydrolysis in vitro. Mutations in human CGI-58 cause TG accumulation in numerous tissues including intestine. Enterocytes are thought not to store TG-rich LDs, but a fatty meal does induce temporary cytosolic accumulation of LDs. Accumulated LDs are eventually cleared out, implying existence of TG hydrolytic machinery in enterocytes. However, identities of proteins responsible for LD-TG hydrolysis remain unknown. Here we report that intestine-specific inactivation of CGI-58 in mice significantly reduces postprandial plasma TG concentrations and intestinal TG hydrolase activity, which is associated with a 4-fold increase in intestinal TG content and large cytosolic LD accumulation in absorptive enterocytes during the fasting state. Intestine-specific CGI-58 knockout mice also display mild yet significant decreases in intestinal fatty acid absorption and oxidation. Surprisingly, inactivation of CGI-58 in intestine significantly raises plasma and intestinal cholesterol, and reduces hepatic cholesterol, without altering intestinal cholesterol absorption and fecal neutral sterol excretion. In conclusion, intestinal CGI-58 is required for efficient postprandial lipoprotein-TG secretion and for maintaining hepatic and plasma lipid homeostasis. Our animal model will serve as a valuable tool to further define how intestinal fat metabolism influences the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Department Of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Institute Of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy Of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department Of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yinyan Ma
- Department Of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department Of Animal And Avian Sciences, University Of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hongling Zhu
- Department Of Animal And Avian Sciences, University Of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Freddy Wang
- Department Of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department Of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hang Shi
- Department Of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jian Yang
- Department Of Physiology, University Of South Alabama College Of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Liqing Yu
- Department Of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department Of Animal And Avian Sciences, University Of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Inaba T, Nomura N, Takahashi M, Ishizuka K, Yoshika K, Yuasa S, Nakanishi M, Fujita N. Characteristic scattergram of white blood cells obtained using the Pentra MS CRP hematology analyzer in a patient with neutral lipid storage disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:22-4. [PMID: 24370872 DOI: 10.1532/lh96.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Inaba
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Masaki Nakanishi
- Department of Medical Instrumental Research and Technology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naohisa Fujita
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
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24
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Abstract
Neutral lipid storage disease (Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism, characterized by systemic accumulation of neutral lipids in multiple tissues. We report a case of a 14-year-old girl with generalized ichthyosis, liver cirrhosis, and a hearing impairment. A peripheral blood smear demonstrated marked cytoplasmatic vacuoles in most polymorphonuclear cells (Jordan's anomaly). Bone marrow examination revealed vacuoles in myeloid precursors. Genetic analysis showed that the patient was homozygous for the p.Arg312Ter mutation in the CGI-58 gene, a key enzyme in lipid metabolism. The peripheral blood smear is diagnostic, and should be performed in any patient with ichthyosis.
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25
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Radner FPW, Fischer J. The important role of epidermal triacylglycerol metabolism for maintenance of the skin permeability barrier function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:409-15. [PMID: 23928127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Survival in a terrestrial, dry environment necessitates a permeability barrier for regulated permeation of water and electrolytes in the cornified layer of the skin (the stratum corneum) to minimize desiccation of the body. This barrier is formed during cornification and involves a cross-linking of corneocyte proteins as well as an extensive remodeling of lipids. The cleavage of precursor lipids from lamellar bodies by various hydrolytic enzymes generates ceramides, cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acids for the extracellular lipid lamellae in the stratum corneum. However, the important role of epidermal triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism during formation of a functional permeability barrier in the skin was only recently discovered. Humans with mutations in the ABHD5/CGI-58 (α/β hydrolase domain containing protein 5, also known as comparative gene identification-58, CGI-58) gene suffer from a defect in TAG catabolism that causes neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis. In addition, mice with deficiencies in genes involved in TAG catabolism (Abhd5/Cgi-58 knock-out mice) or TAG synthesis (acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2, Dgat2 knock-out mice) also develop severe skin permeability barrier dysfunctions and die soon after birth due to increased dehydration. As a result of these defects in epidermal TAG metabolism, humans and mice lack ω-(O)-acylceramides, which leads to malformation of the cornified lipid envelope of the skin. In healthy skin, this epidermal structure provides an interface for the linkage of lamellar membranes with corneocyte proteins to maintain permeability barrier homeostasis. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of biochemical mechanisms involved in epidermal neutral lipid metabolism and the generation of a functional skin permeability barrier. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz P W Radner
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany.
| | - Judith Fischer
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
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26
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Guo F, Ma Y, Kadegowda AKG, Betters JL, Xie P, Liu G, Liu X, Miao H, Ou J, Su X, Zheng Z, Xue B, Shi H, Yu L. Deficiency of liver Comparative Gene Identification-58 causes steatohepatitis and fibrosis in mice. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2109-2120. [PMID: 23733885 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m035519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triglyceride (TG) accumulation in hepatocytes (hepatic steatosis) preludes the development of advanced nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs) such as steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Mutations in human Comparative Gene Identification-58 (CGI-58) cause cytosolic TG-rich lipid droplets to accumulate in almost all cell types including hepatocytes. However, it is unclear if CGI-58 mutation causes hepatic steatosis locally or via altering lipid metabolism in other tissues. To directly address this question, we created liver-specific CGI-58 knockout (LivKO) mice. LivKO mice on standard chow diet displayed microvesicular and macrovesicular panlobular steatosis, and progressed to advanced NAFLD stages over time, including lobular inflammation and centrilobular fibrosis. Compared with CGI-58 floxed control littermates, LivKO mice showed 8-fold and 52-fold increases in hepatic TG content, which was associated with 40% and 58% decreases in hepatic TG hydrolase activity at 16 and 42 weeks, respectively. Hepatic cholesterol also increased significantly in LivKO mice. At 42 weeks, LivKO mice showed increased hepatic oxidative stress, plasma aminotransferases, and hepatic mRNAs for genes involved in fibrosis and inflammation, such as α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type 1 α1, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin-1β. In conclusion, CGI-58 deficiency in the liver directly causes not only hepatic steatosis but also steatohepatitis and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Departments of Biochemistry and Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Yinyan Ma
- Departments of Biochemistry and Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Anil K G Kadegowda
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Jenna L Betters
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Ping Xie
- Departments of Biochemistry and Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hongming Miao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Juanjuan Ou
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Xiong Su
- Nutritional Sciences and Departments of Medicine, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Zhenlin Zheng
- Plastic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Liqing Yu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
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27
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Abstract
All organisms use fatty acids (FAs) for energy substrates and as precursors for membrane and signaling lipids. The most efficient way to transport and store FAs is in the form of triglycerides (TGs); however, TGs are not capable of traversing biological membranes and therefore need to be cleaved by TG hydrolases ("lipases") before moving in or out of cells. This biochemical process is generally called "lipolysis." Intravascular lipolysis degrades lipoprotein-associated TGs to FAs for their subsequent uptake by parenchymal cells, whereas intracellular lipolysis generates FAs and glycerol for their release (in the case of white adipose tissue) or use by cells (in the case of other tissues). Although the importance of lipolysis has been recognized for decades, many of the key proteins involved in lipolysis have been uncovered only recently. Important new developments include the discovery of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), the molecule that moves lipoprotein lipase from the interstitial spaces to the capillary lumen, and the discovery of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) as crucial molecules in the hydrolysis of TGs within cells. This review summarizes current views of lipolysis and highlights the relevance of this process to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G. Young
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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28
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Pollak NM, Schweiger M, Jaeger D, Kolb D, Kumari M, Schreiber R, Kolleritsch S, Markolin P, Grabner GF, Heier C, Zierler KA, Rülicke T, Zimmermann R, Lass A, Zechner R, Haemmerle G. Cardiac-specific overexpression of perilipin 5 provokes severe cardiac steatosis via the formation of a lipolytic barrier. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1092-102. [PMID: 23345410 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m034710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac triacylglycerol (TG) catabolism critically depends on the TG hydrolytic activity of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Perilipin 5 (Plin5) is expressed in cardiac muscle (CM) and has been shown to interact with ATGL and its coactivator comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58). Furthermore, ectopic Plin5 expression increases cellular TG content and Plin5-deficient mice exhibit reduced cardiac TG levels. In this study we show that mice with cardiac muscle-specific overexpression of perilipin 5 (CM-Plin5) massively accumulate TG in CM, which is accompanied by moderately reduced fatty acid (FA) oxidizing gene expression levels. Cardiac lipid droplet (LD) preparations from CM of CM-Plin5 mice showed reduced ATGL- and hormone-sensitive lipase-mediated TG mobilization implying that Plin5 overexpression restricts cardiac lipolysis via the formation of a lipolytic barrier. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed TG hydrolytic activities in preparations of Plin5-, ATGL-, and CGI-58-transfected cells. In vitro ATGL-mediated TG hydrolysis of an artificial micellar TG substrate was not inhibited by the presence of Plin5, whereas Plin5-coated LDs were resistant toward ATGL-mediated TG catabolism. These findings strongly suggest that Plin5 functions as a lipolytic barrier to protect the cardiac TG pool from uncontrolled TG mobilization and the excessive release of free FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Pollak
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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29
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Lord CC, Thomas G, Brown JM. Mammalian alpha beta hydrolase domain (ABHD) proteins: Lipid metabolizing enzymes at the interface of cell signaling and energy metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:792-802. [PMID: 23328280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of lipid metabolism underlies many chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Therefore, understanding enzymatic mechanisms controlling lipid synthesis and degradation is imperative for successful drug discovery for these human diseases. Genes encoding α/β hydrolase fold domain (ABHD) proteins are present in virtually all reported genomes, and conserved structural motifs shared by these proteins predict common roles in lipid synthesis and degradation. However, the physiological substrates and products for these lipid metabolizing enzymes and their broader role in metabolic pathways remain largely uncharacterized. Recently, mutations in several members of the ABHD protein family have been implicated in inherited inborn errors of lipid metabolism. Furthermore, studies in cell and animal models have revealed important roles for ABHD proteins in lipid metabolism, lipid signal transduction, and metabolic disease. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary surrounding the current state of knowledge regarding mammalian ABHD protein family members. In particular, we will discuss how ABHD proteins are ideally suited to act at the interface of lipid metabolism and signal transduction. Although, the current state of knowledge regarding mammalian ABHD proteins is still in its infancy, this review highlights the potential for the ABHD enzymes as being attractive targets for novel therapies targeting metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C Lord
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Gwynneth Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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30
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Yang X, Heckmann BL, Zhang X, Smas CM, Liu J. Distinct mechanisms regulate ATGL-mediated adipocyte lipolysis by lipid droplet coat proteins. Mol Endocrinol 2012. [PMID: 23204327 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is the key triacylglycerol hydrolase in adipocytes. The precise mechanisms by which ATGL action is regulated by lipid droplet (LD) coat proteins and responds to hormonal stimulation are incompletely defined. By combining usage of loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we sought to determine the respective roles of perilipin 1 and fat-specific protein 27 (FSP27) in the control of ATGL-mediated lipolysis in adipocytes. Knockdown of endogenous perilipin 1 expression resulted in elevated basal lipolysis that was less responsive to β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. In comparison, depletion of FSP27 protein increased both basal and stimulated lipolysis with no significant impact on the overall response of cells to isoproterenol. In vitro assays showed that perilipin but not FSP27 was able to inhibit the triacylglycerol hydrolase activity of ATGL. Perilipin 1 also attenuated dose-dependent activation of ATGL by its Coactivator Comparative Gene identification-58. Accordingly, depletion of perilipin 1 and CGI-58 in adipocytes inversely affected basal lipolysis specifically mediated by overexpressed ATGL. Moreover, although depletion of perilipin 1 abolished the LD translocation of ATGL stimulated by isoproterenol, absence of FSP27 resulted in multilocularization of LDs along with increased LD presence of ATGL under both basal and stimulated conditions. Interestingly, knockdown of ATGL expression increased LD size and decreased LD number in FSP27-depeleted cells. Together, our results demonstrate that although FSP27 acts to constitutively limit the LD presence of ATGL, perilipin 1 plays an essential role in mediating the response of ATGL action to β-adrenergic hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyuan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
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Nakamura K, Hirano KI, Wu SM. iPS cell modeling of cardiometabolic diseases. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 6:46-53. [PMID: 23070616 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases encompass simple monogenic enzyme deficiencies with well-established pathogenesis and clinical outcomes to complex polygenic diseases such as the cardiometabolic syndrome. The limited availability of relevant human cell types such as cardiomyocytes has hampered our ability to adequately model and study pathways or drugs relevant to these diseases in the heart. The recent discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology now offers a powerful opportunity to establish translational platforms for cardiac disease modeling, drug discovery, and pre-clinical testing. In this article, we discuss the excitement and challenges of modeling cardiometabolic diseases using iPS cell and their potential to revolutionize translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Dennis EA, Cao J, Hsu YH, Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6130-85. [PMID: 21910409 PMCID: PMC3196595 DOI: 10.1021/cr200085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 802] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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Caviglia JM, Betters JL, Dapito DH, Lord CC, Sullivan S, Chua S, Yin T, Sekowski A, Mu H, Shapiro L, Brown JM, Brasaemle DL. Adipose-selective overexpression of ABHD5/CGI-58 does not increase lipolysis or protect against diet-induced obesity. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2032-42. [PMID: 21885429 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m019117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) catalyzes the first step of triacylglycerol hydrolysis in adipocytes. Abhydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5) increases ATGL activity by an unknown mechanism. Prior studies have suggested that the expression of ABHD5 is limiting for lipolysis in adipocytes, as addition of recombinant ABHD5 increases in vitro TAG hydrolase activity of adipocyte lysates. To test this hypothesis in vivo, we generated transgenic mice that express 6-fold higher ABHD5 in adipose tissue relative to wild-type (WT) mice. In vivo lipolysis increased to a similar extent in ABHD5 transgenic and WT mice following an overnight fast or injection of either a β-adrenergic receptor agonist or lipopolysaccharide. Similarly, basal and β-adrenergic-stimulated lipolysis was comparable in adipocytes isolated from ABHD5 transgenic and WT mice. Although ABHD5 expression was elevated in thioglycolate-elicited macrophages from ABHD5 transgenic mice, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling was comparable in macrophages isolated from ABHD5 transgenic and WT mice. Overexpression of ABHD5 did not prevent the development of obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet, as shown by comparison of body weight, body fat percentage, and adipocyte hypertrophy of ABHD5 transgenic to WT mice. The expression of ABHD5 in mouse adipose tissue is not limiting for either basal or stimulated lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Caviglia
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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ATGL-mediated fat catabolism regulates cardiac mitochondrial function via PPAR-α and PGC-1. Nat Med 2011; 17:1076-85. [PMID: 21857651 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that regulate genes involved in energy metabolism and inflammation. For biological activity, PPARs require cognate lipid ligands, heterodimerization with retinoic X receptors, and coactivation by PPAR-γ coactivator-1α or PPAR-γ coactivator-1β (PGC-1α or PGC-1β, encoded by Ppargc1a and Ppargc1b, respectively). Here we show that lipolysis of cellular triglycerides by adipose triglyceride lipase (patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 2, encoded by Pnpla2; hereafter referred to as Atgl) generates essential mediator(s) involved in the generation of lipid ligands for PPAR activation. Atgl deficiency in mice decreases mRNA levels of PPAR-α and PPAR-δ target genes. In the heart, this leads to decreased PGC-1α and PGC-1β expression and severely disrupted mitochondrial substrate oxidation and respiration; this is followed by excessive lipid accumulation, cardiac insufficiency and lethal cardiomyopathy. Reconstituting normal PPAR target gene expression by pharmacological treatment of Atgl-deficient mice with PPAR-α agonists completely reverses the mitochondrial defects, restores normal heart function and prevents premature death. These findings reveal a potential treatment for the excessive cardiac lipid accumulation and often-lethal cardiomyopathy in people with neutral lipid storage disease, a disease marked by reduced or absent ATGL activity.
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Abstract
Lipid storage myopathy (LSM) is pathologically characterized by prominent lipid accumulation in muscle fibers due to lipid dysmetabolism. Although extensive molecular studies have been performed, there are only four types of genetically diagnosable LSMs: primary carnitine deficiency (PCD), multiple acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis, and neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy. Making an accurate diagnosis, by specific laboratory tests including genetic analyses, is important for LSM as some of the patients are treatable: individuals with PCD show dramatic improvement with high-dose oral L-carnitine supplementation and increasing evidence indicates that MADD due to ETFDH mutations is riboflavin responsive.
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Radner FP, Grond S, Haemmerle G, Lass A, Zechner R. Fat in the skin: Triacylglycerol metabolism in keratinocytes and its role in the development of neutral lipid storage disease. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:77-83. [PMID: 21695016 PMCID: PMC3117006 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.2.15472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte differentiation is essential for skin development and the formation of the skin permeability barrier. This process involves an orchestrated remodeling of lipids. The cleavage of precursor lipids from lamellar bodies by β-glucocerebrosidase, sphingomyelinase, phospholipases and sterol sulfatase generates ceramides, non-esterified fatty acids and cholesterol for the lipid-containing extracellular matrix, the lamellar membranes in the stratum corneum. The importance of triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolysis for the formation of a functional permeability barrier was only recently appreciated. Mice with defects in TAG synthesis (acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2-knock-out) or TAG catabolism (comparative gene identification-58, -CGI-58-knock-out) develop severe permeability barrier defects and die soon after birth because of desiccation. In humans, mutations in the CGI-58 gene also cause (non-lethal) neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis. As a result of defective TAG synthesis or catabolism, humans and mice lack ω-(O)-acylceramides, which are essential lipid precursors for the formation of the corneocyte lipid envelope. This structure plays an important role in linking the lipid-enriched lamellar membranes to highly cross-linked corneocyte proteins. This review focuses on the current knowledge of biochemical mechanisms that are essential for epidermal neutral lipid metabolism and the formation of a functional skin permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Pw Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Graz, Austria
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Fujimoto T, Parton RG. Not just fat: the structure and function of the lipid droplet. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a004838. [PMID: 21421923 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are independent organelles that are composed of a lipid ester core and a surface phospholipid monolayer. Recent studies have revealed many new proteins, functions, and phenomena associated with LDs. In addition, a number of diseases related to LDs are beginning to be understood at the molecular level. It is now clear that LDs are not an inert store of excess lipids but are dynamically engaged in various cellular functions, some of which are not directly related to lipid metabolism. Compared to conventional membrane organelles, there are still many uncertainties concerning the molecular architecture of LDs and how each function is placed in a structural context. Recent findings and remaining questions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoshi Fujimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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38
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Abstract
The lipid droplet (LD), an organelle that exists ubiquitously in various organisms, from bacteria to mammals, has attracted much attention from both medical and cell biology fields. The LD in white adipocytes is often treated as the prototype LD, but is rather a special example, considering that its size, intracellular localization and molecular composition are vastly different from those of non-adipocyte LDs. These differences confer distinct properties on adipocyte and non-adipocyte LDs. In this article, we address the current understanding of LDs by discussing the differences between adipocyte and non-adipocyte LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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39
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Redaelli C, Coleman RA, Moro L, Dacou-Voutetakis C, Elsayed SM, Prati D, Colli A, Mela D, Colombo R, Tavian D. Clinical and genetic characterization of Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome patients: first report of large deletions in the ABHD5 gene. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2010; 5:33. [PMID: 21122093 PMCID: PMC3019207 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NCIE) and an intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol (TG) droplets in most tissues. The clinical phenotype involves multiple organs and systems, including liver, eyes, ears, skeletal muscle and central nervous system (CNS). Mutations in ABHD5/CGI58 gene are associated with CDS. Methods Eight CDS patients belonging to six different families from Mediterranean countries were enrolled for genetic study. Molecular analysis of the ABHD5 gene included the sequencing of the 7 coding exons and of the putative 5' regulatory regions, as well as reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction analysis and sequencing of normal and aberrant ABHD5 cDNAs. Results Five different mutations were identified, four of which were novel, including two splice-site mutations (c.47+1G>A and c.960+5G>A) and two large deletions (c.898_*320del and c.662-1330_773+46del). All the reported mutations are predicted to be pathogenic because they lead to an early stop codon or a frameshift producing a premature termination of translation. While nonsense, missense, frameshift and splice-site mutations have been identified in CDS patients, large genomic deletions have not previously been described. Conclusions These results emphasize the need for an efficient approach for genomic deletion screening to ensure an accurate molecular diagnosis of CDS. Moreover, in spite of intensive molecular screening, no mutations were identified in one patient with a confirmed clinical diagnosis of CDS, appointing to genetic heterogeneity of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Redaelli
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
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40
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Lass A, Zimmermann R, Oberer M, Zechner R. Lipolysis - a highly regulated multi-enzyme complex mediates the catabolism of cellular fat stores. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:14-27. [PMID: 21087632 PMCID: PMC3031774 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipolysis is the biochemical pathway responsible for the catabolism of triacylglycerol (TAG) stored in cellular lipid droplets. The hydrolytic cleavage of TAG generates non-esterified fatty acids, which are subsequently used as energy substrates, essential precursors for lipid and membrane synthesis, or mediators in cell signaling processes. Consistent with its central importance in lipid and energy homeostasis, lipolysis occurs in essentially all tissues and cell types, it is most abundant, however, in white and brown adipose tissue. Over the last 5years, important enzymes and regulatory protein factors involved in lipolysis have been identified. These include an essential TAG hydrolase named adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) [annotated as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein A2], the ATGL activator comparative gene identification-58 [annotated as α/β hydrolase containing protein 5], and the ATGL inhibitor G0/G1 switch gene 2. Together with the established hormone-sensitive lipase [annotated as lipase E] and monoglyceride lipase, these proteins constitute the basic "lipolytic machinery". Additionally, a large number of hormonal signaling pathways and lipid droplet-associated protein factors regulate substrate access and the activity of the "lipolysome". This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the enzymes and regulatory processes governing lipolysis of fat stores in adipose and non-adipose tissues. Special emphasis will be given to ATGL, its regulation, and physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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41
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Brown JM, Betters JL, Lord C, Ma Y, Han X, Yang K, Alger HM, Melchior J, Sawyer J, Shah R, Wilson MD, Liu X, Graham MJ, Lee R, Crooke R, Shulman GI, Xue B, Shi H, Yu L. CGI-58 knockdown in mice causes hepatic steatosis but prevents diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3306-15. [PMID: 20802159 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m010256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of Comparative Gene Identification-58 (CGI-58) in humans cause triglyceride (TG) accumulation in multiple tissues. Mice genetically lacking CGI-58 die shortly after birth due to a skin barrier defect. To study the role of CGI-58 in integrated lipid and energy metabolism, we utilized antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to inhibit CGI-58 expression in adult mice. Treatment with two distinct CGI-58-targeting ASOs resulted in ∼80-95% knockdown of CGI-58 protein expression in both liver and white adipose tissue. In chow-fed mice, ASO-mediated depletion of CGI-58 did not alter weight gain, plasma TG, or plasma glucose, yet raised hepatic TG levels ∼4-fold. When challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD), CGI-58 ASO-treated mice were protected against diet-induced obesity, but their hepatic contents of TG, diacylglycerols, and ceramides were all elevated, and intriguingly, their hepatic phosphatidylglycerol content was increased by 10-fold. These hepatic lipid alterations were associated with significant decreases in hepatic TG hydrolase activity, hepatic lipoprotein-TG secretion, and plasma concentrations of ketones, nonesterified fatty acids, and insulin. Additionally, HFD-fed CGI-58 ASO-treated mice were more glucose tolerant and insulin sensitive. Collectively, this work demonstrates that CGI-58 plays a critical role in limiting hepatic steatosis and maintaining hepatic glycerophospholipid homeostasis and has unmasked an unexpected role for CGI-58 in promoting HFD-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Brown
- Departments of Pathology Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Radner FPW, Streith IE, Schoiswohl G, Schweiger M, Kumari M, Eichmann TO, Rechberger G, Koefeler HC, Eder S, Schauer S, Theussl HC, Preiss-Landl K, Lass A, Zimmermann R, Hoefler G, Zechner R, Haemmerle G. Growth retardation, impaired triacylglycerol catabolism, hepatic steatosis, and lethal skin barrier defect in mice lacking comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58). J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7300-11. [PMID: 20023287 PMCID: PMC2844178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58), also designated as alpha/beta-hydrolase domain containing-5 (ABHD-5), is a lipid droplet-associated protein that activates adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and acylates lysophosphatidic acid. Activation of ATGL initiates the hydrolytic catabolism of cellular triacylglycerol (TG) stores to glycerol and nonesterified fatty acids. Mutations in both ATGL and CGI-58 cause "neutral lipid storage disease" characterized by massive accumulation of TG in various tissues. The analysis of CGI-58-deficient (Cgi-58(-/-)) mice, presented in this study, reveals a dual function of CGI-58 in lipid metabolism. First, systemic TG accumulation and severe hepatic steatosis in newborn Cgi-58(-/-) mice establish a limiting role for CGI-58 in ATGL-mediated TG hydrolysis and supply of nonesterified fatty acids as energy substrate. Second, a severe skin permeability barrier defect uncovers an essential ATGL-independent role of CGI-58 in skin lipid metabolism. The neonatal lethal skin barrier defect is linked to an impaired hydrolysis of epidermal TG. As a consequence, sequestration of fatty acids in TG prevents the synthesis of acylceramides, which are essential lipid precursors for the formation of a functional skin permeability barrier. This mechanism may also underlie the pathogenesis of ichthyosis in neutral lipid storage disease patients lacking functional CGI-58.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz P. W. Radner
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Ingo E. Streith
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Gabriele Schoiswohl
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Martina Schweiger
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Manju Kumari
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Thomas O. Eichmann
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Gerald Rechberger
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | | | - Sandra Eder
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Silvia Schauer
- the Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, and
| | | | - Karina Preiss-Landl
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Achim Lass
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- the Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, and
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
| | - Guenter Haemmerle
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz
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Montero-Moran G, Caviglia JM, McMahon D, Rothenberg A, Subramanian V, Xu Z, Lara-Gonzalez S, Storch J, Carman GM, Brasaemle DL. CGI-58/ABHD5 is a coenzyme A-dependent lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:709-19. [PMID: 19801371 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m001917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in human CGI-58/ABHD5 cause Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS), characterized by excessive storage of triacylglycerol in tissues. CGI-58 is an alpha/beta-hydrolase fold enzyme expressed in all vertebrates. The carboxyl terminus includes a highly conserved consensus sequence (HXXXXD) for acyltransferase activity. Mouse CGI-58 was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with two amino terminal 6-histidine tags. Recombinant CGI-58 displayed acyl-CoA-dependent acyltransferase activity to lysophosphatidic acid, but not to other lysophospholipid or neutral glycerolipid acceptors. Production of phosphatidic acid increased with time and increasing concentrations of recombinant CGI-58 and was optimal between pH 7.0 and 8.5. The enzyme showed saturation kinetics with respect to 1-oleoyl-lysophosphatidic acid and oleoyl-CoA and preference for arachidonoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA. The enzyme showed slight preference for 1-oleoyl lysophosphatidic acid over 1-palmitoyl, 1-stearoyl, or 1-arachidonoyl lysophosphatidic acid. Recombinant CGI-58 showed intrinsic fluorescence for tryptophan that was quenched by the addition of 1-oleoyl-lysophosphatidic acid, oleoyl-CoA, arachidonoyl-CoA, and palmitoyl-CoA, but not by lysophosphatidyl choline. Expression of CGI-58 in fibroblasts from humans with CDS increased the incorporation of radiolabeled fatty acids released from the lipolysis of stored triacylglycerols into phospholipids. CGI-58 is a CoA-dependent lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase that channels fatty acids released from the hydrolysis of stored triacylglycerols into phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Montero-Moran
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Schweiger M, Lass A, Zimmermann R, Eichmann TO, Zechner R. Neutral lipid storage disease: genetic disorders caused by mutations in adipose triglyceride lipase/PNPLA2 or CGI-58/ABHD5. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E289-96. [PMID: 19401457 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00099.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutral lipid storage disease (NLSD) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by the excessive accumulation of neutral lipids in multiple tissues. Recently, two genes, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL/PNPLA2) and comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58/ABHD5), have been shown to cause NLSD. ATGL specifically hydrolyzes the first fatty acid from triacylglycerols (TG) and CGI-58/ABHD5 stimulates ATGL activity by a currently unknown mechanism. Mutations in both the ATGL and the CGI-58 genes are associated with systemic TG accumulation, yet the resulting clinical manifestations are not identical. Patients with defective ATGL function suffer from more severe myopathy (NLSDM) than patients with defective CGI-58 function. On the other hand, CGI-58 mutations are always associated with ichthyosis (NLSDI), which was not observed in patients with defective ATGL function. These observations indicate an ATGL-independent function of CGI-58. This review summarizes recent findings with the goal of relating structural variants of ATGL and CGI-58 to functional consequences in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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45
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Yamaguchi T, Osumi T. Chanarin–Dorfman syndrome: Deficiency in CGI-58, a lipid droplet-bound coactivator of lipase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:519-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Caviglia JM, Sparks JD, Toraskar N, Brinker AM, Yin TC, Dixon JL, Brasaemle DL. ABHD5/CGI-58 facilitates the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B lipoproteins by McA RH7777 rat hepatoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1791:198-205. [PMID: 19211039 PMCID: PMC2697972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipolysis of stored triacylglycerols provides lipid precursors for the assembly of apolipoprotein B (apoB) lipoproteins in hepatocytes. Abhydrolase domain containing 5 (ABHD5) is expressed in liver and facilitates the lipolysis of triacylglycerols. To study the function of ABHD5 in lipoprotein secretion, we silenced the expression of ABHD5 in McA RH7777 cells using RNA interference and studied the metabolism of lipids and secretion of apoB lipoproteins. McA RH7777 cells deficient in ABHD5 secreted reduced amounts of apoB, triacylglycerols, and cholesterol esters. Detailed analysis of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry data for the molecular species of secreted triacylglycerols revealed that deficiency of ABHD5 significantly reduced secretion of triacylglycerols containing oleate, even when oleate was supplied in the culture medium; the ABHD5-deficient cells partially compensated by secreting higher levels of triacylglycerols containing saturated fatty acids. In experiments tracking the metabolism of [(14)C]oleate, silencing of ABHD5 reduced lipolysis of cellular triacylglycerols and incorporation of intermediates derived from stored lipids into secreted triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters. In contrast, the incorporation of exogenous oleate into secreted triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters was unaffected by deficiency of ABHD5. These findings suggest that ABHD5 facilitates the use of lipid intermediates derived from lipolysis of stored triacylglycerols for the assembly of lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. Caviglia
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - Janet D. Sparks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center
| | - Nikhil Toraskar
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - Anita M. Brinker
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - Terry C. Yin
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - Joseph L. Dixon
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - Dawn L. Brasaemle
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
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Selimoglu MA, Esrefoglu M, Gul M, Gungor S, Yildirim C, Seyhan M. Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome: clinical features of a rare lipid metabolism disorder. Pediatr Dermatol 2009; 26:40-3. [PMID: 19250403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS) is a very rare neutral lipid metabolism disorder with multisystem involvement. In order to not underdiagnose the cases, screening of lipid vacuoles in neutrophils from peripheral blood smears in patients with ichthyosiform erythroderma is needed. Few case reports revealing ultrastructural findings of skin and especially liver in that disorder were observed. Here we discuss clinical and electron microscopic findings of two siblings with CDS.
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Kienesberger PC, Oberer M, Lass A, Zechner R. Mammalian patatin domain containing proteins: a family with diverse lipolytic activities involved in multiple biological functions. J Lipid Res 2008; 50 Suppl:S63-8. [PMID: 19029121 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r800082-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome expresses nine patatin-like phospholipase domain containing proteins (PNPLA1-9). Members of this family share a protein domain discovered initially in patatin, the most abundant protein of the potato tuber. Patatin is a lipid hydrolase with an unusual folding topology that differs from classical lipases. Mammalian PNPLAs include lipid hydrolases with specificities for diverse substrates such as triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and retinol esters. Analysis of induced mutant mouse models and the clinical phenotype of patients with mutations revealed important insights into the physiological role of several members of the PNPLA family. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of PNPLA proteins and to document their emerging importance in lipid and energy homeostasis.
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Zechner R, Kienesberger PC, Haemmerle G, Zimmermann R, Lass A. Adipose triglyceride lipase and the lipolytic catabolism of cellular fat stores. J Lipid Res 2008; 50:3-21. [PMID: 18952573 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r800031-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are essential components of all lipid classes and pivotal substrates for energy production in all vertebrates. Additionally, they act directly or indirectly as signaling molecules and, when bonded to amino acid side chains of peptides, anchor proteins in biological membranes. In vertebrates, FAs are predominantly stored in the form of triacylglycerol (TG) within lipid droplets of white adipose tissue. Lipid droplet-associated TGs are also found in most nonadipose tissues, including liver, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle. The mobilization of FAs from all fat depots depends on the activity of TG hydrolases. Currently, three enzymes are known to hydrolyze TG, the well-studied hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and monoglyceride lipase (MGL), discovered more than 40 years ago, as well as the relatively recently identified adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). The phenotype of HSL- and ATGL-deficient mice, as well as the disease pattern of patients with defective ATGL activity (due to mutation in ATGL or in the enzyme's activator, CGI-58), suggest that the consecutive action of ATGL, HSL, and MGL is responsible for the complete hydrolysis of a TG molecule. The complex regulation of these enzymes by numerous, partially uncharacterized effectors creates the "lipolysome," a complex metabolic network that contributes to the control of lipid and energy homeostasis. This review focuses on the structure, function, and regulation of lipolytic enzymes with a special emphasis on ATGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria.
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50
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Aksu G, Kalkan Ucar S, Bulut Y, Aydinok Y, Sen S, Anal O, Simsek Gosen D, Darcan S, Coker M, Kutukculer N. Renal involvement as a rare complication of Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome: a case report. Pediatr Dermatol 2008; 25:326-31. [PMID: 18577036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive inherited lipid storage disease with congenital ichthyotic erythroderma due to an acylglycerol recycling defect. It is characterized by accumulation of neutral lipids in different tissues. Liver, muscle, ear, eye, and central nervous system are generally involved, so we presented a patient with severe ichthyosis, lipid vacuoles in neutrophils, and multiorgan involvement including a very rare complication, renal involvement. A 7-month-old girl was presented with frequent respiratory infection, congenital ichthyotic erithroderma and suspicion for immune deficiency. On her physical examination hepatomegaly, developmental delay, palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis and increased deep tendon reflexes with clonus and high tonus were found. Laboratory investigations revealed elevation at transaminases levels, hypoalbuminemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, presence of autoantibodies and eosinophilia. Vacuolization in leukocytes confirmed Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome, whereas no mutation at RAG1-2 and ARTEMIS genes ruled-out immune deficient status of the patient. At the age of eight months the patient died from severe renal failure. Her necropsies demonstrated microvesicular lipid accumulation not only at the liver but also at the renal species. The variability of involvement of different systems in Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome is well described, however the renal findings has not been reported previously at the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aksu
- Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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