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Buck HV, Stains JP. Osteocyte-mediated mechanical response controls osteoblast differentiation and function. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1364694. [PMID: 38529481 PMCID: PMC10961341 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1364694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Low bone mass is a pervasive global health concern, with implications for osteoporosis, frailty, disability, and mortality. Lifestyle factors, including sedentary habits, metabolic dysfunction, and an aging population, contribute to the escalating prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis. The application of mechanical load to bone through physical activity and exercise prevents bone loss, while sufficient mechanical load stimulates new bone mass acquisition. Osteocytes, cells embedded within the bone, receive mechanical signals and translate these mechanical cues into biological signals, termed mechano-transduction. Mechano-transduction signals regulate other bone resident cells, such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts, to orchestrate changes in bone mass. This review explores the mechanisms through which osteocyte-mediated response to mechanical loading regulates osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. An overview of bone cell biology and the impact of mechanical load will be provided, with emphasis on the mechanical cues, mechano-transduction pathways, and factors that direct progenitor cells toward the osteoblast lineage. While there are a wide range of clinically available treatments for osteoporosis, the majority act through manipulation of the osteoclast and may have significant disadvantages. Despite the central role of osteoblasts to the deposition of new bone, few therapies directly target osteoblasts for the preservation of bone mass. Improved understanding of the mechanisms leading to osteoblastogenesis may reveal novel targets for translational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Paul Stains
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Carpenter DJ, Peluso C, Hilton C, Velasquez F, Annichine A, Matsko K, Rosenberg J, Diaz AK, Hyde P, Beriwal S, Champ CE. EXERT-BC: A pilot study of an exercise regimen designed to improve functional mobility, body composition, and strength after the treatment for breast cancer. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7001. [PMID: 38491821 PMCID: PMC10943368 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance training may offer several unique advantages within breast cancer (BC) survivorship care; however, safety concerns have limited the application of high-intensity compound movements necessary to elicit optimal changes in body composition, strength, and quality of life in this population. The EXERT-BC trial assesses the safety and feasibility of an evidence-based, dose-escalated resistance training regimen among BC survivors, with the goal of improving physical and metabolic function, mobility, muscle mass, and body composition. METHODS Participants included women with breast cancer underwent a 3-month thrice weekly exercise regimen involving dose escalation of high-intensity compound exercises. Coprimary outcomes included safety and adherence. Pre- and post-regimen assessment included body composition testing, functional mobility and balance, total load (weight × repetitions × sets) across compound exercises, and patient reported quality of life. Pairwise comparison was performed via the paired t test. RESULTS Fourty participants completed a 3-month exercise regimen, with a median age of 57 years (range, 27-74 years) and 73% having stage 0-2 BC. BC therapies concurrent with exercise included anti-estrogen therapy (80%), radiotherapy (30%), and non-hormonal systemic therapy (15%). No adverse events were observed aside from a single case of self-limited knee pain. Session attendance exceeded a prespecified threshold of 75%, and 98% patients reported ongoing compliance to an exercise regimen following regimen completion. Significant reductions in percent body fat (p < 0.001) and increases in percent muscle mass (p = 0.011) were observed. Significant increases in resting metabolic rate (p = 0.023), bilateral grip strength (p < 0.001), functional movement screen (p < 0.001), bilateral Y-Balance testing (p < 0.001), and Godin questionnaire scores (p < 0.001) were observed. CONCLUSION A 3-month dose-escalated resistance training regimen comprising high-intensity compound movements appears safe with a high degree of adherence among breast cancer survivors, resulting in demonstrable improvements in body composition, metabolic parameters, strength increases, and patient-reported quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Carpenter
- Department of Radiation OncologyWellstar Paulding Medical CenterHiramGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Radiation OncologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Exercise Oncology ConsortiumPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Chris Peluso
- Exercise Oncology ConsortiumPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute Exercise Oncology and Resiliency CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Christie Hilton
- Department of Medical OncologyAllegheny Health NetworkPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Frank Velasquez
- Allegheny Health Network Sports Performance CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Adam Annichine
- Department of Radiation OncologyWellstar Paulding Medical CenterHiramGeorgiaUSA
- Allegheny Health Network Sports Performance CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Krista Matsko
- Allegheny Health Network Sports Performance CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jared Rosenberg
- Department of Exercise ScienceSyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Alexander K. Diaz
- Department of Radiation OncologyMurray‐Calloway County HospitalMurrayKentuckyUSA
| | - Parker Hyde
- Department of KinesiologyNorthern Georgia UniversityDahlonegaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Sushil Beriwal
- Department of Radiation OncologyAllegheny Health NetworkPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Colin E. Champ
- Exercise Oncology ConsortiumPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute Exercise Oncology and Resiliency CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Radiation OncologyAllegheny Health NetworkPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Bagheri R, Karimi Z, Mousavi Z, Ziaee Bashirzad M, Camera DM, Sadeghi R, Dabbagh VR, Kargarfard M, Dutheil F. High-Protein Diets during either Resistance or Concurrent Training Have No Detrimental Effect on Bone Parameters in Resistance-Trained Males. Nutrients 2024; 16:325. [PMID: 38276563 PMCID: PMC10819948 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of combining resistance training (RT) and concurrent training (CT; resistance + endurance training) with varied protein doses on bone measures remain poorly understood. Hence, we conducted a comparison of the impacts of two high-protein diets (1.6 or 3.2 g kg-1 d-1) over 16 weeks in resistance-trained males, either with CT or RT alone. METHODS A total of forty-eight males, all of whom were resistance-trained, had the following demographics: 26.6 ± 6 years, body mass index: 25.6 ± 2.9 kg m-2 administered either 3.2 g kg-1 d-1 protein (CT2; n = 12; RT2; n = 12) or 1.6 g kg-1 d-1 protein (CT1; n = 12; RT1; n = 12) during 16 weeks (four sessions·w-1). Bone parameters were assessed pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS There was no significant interaction between the intervention group and time for the legs, arms, ribs, or pelvis area BMC and BMD (p > 0.05). For the BMD of the pelvis and the BMC of the right ribs, however, there were significant time effects noted (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between the intervention group and time in the lumbar and thoracic spines, with a particular time effect noted for the thoracic spine region (p < 0.05). The regional differences in skeletal responses to the intervention are highlighted by these data. CONCLUSION Our findings show that the intake of two high-protein diets combined with RT and CT during 16 weeks had no adverse effects on bone tissue parameters. While these findings indicate that protein intake between 2 and 3 times the current RDI does not promote bone demineralization when consumed in conjunction with exercise, future studies investigating the long-term effects of chronic high protein intake on bone tissue health are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran;
| | - Zohreh Karimi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran;
| | - Zeynabalsadat Mousavi
- Nutrition and Food Service, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran;
| | - Mahdi Ziaee Bashirzad
- Department of Sport Science, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd Branch, Bojnourd 9417697796, Iran;
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Department of Health and Biostatistics, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - Ramin Sadeghi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177949025, Iran; (R.S.); (V.R.D.)
| | - Vahid Reza Dabbagh
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177949025, Iran; (R.S.); (V.R.D.)
| | - Mehdi Kargarfard
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran;
| | - Frederic Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Witty Fit, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
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Schifino AG, Cooley MA, Zhong RX, Heo J, Hoffman DB, Warren GL, Greising SM, Call JA. Tibial bone strength is negatively affected by volumetric muscle loss injury to the adjacent muscle in male mice. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:123-133. [PMID: 37337074 PMCID: PMC10728344 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
This study's objective was to investigate how contractile strength loss associated with a volumetric muscle loss (VML) injury affects the adjacent tibial bone structural and functional properties in male C57BL/6J mice. Mice were randomized into one of two experimental groups: VML-injured mice that were injured at age 12 weeks and aged to 20 weeks (8 weeks postinjury, VML) and 20-week-old age-matched uninjured mice (Uninjured-20). Tibial bone strength, mid-diaphysis cortical geometry, intrinsic material properties, and metaphyseal trabecular bone structure were assessed by three-point bending and microcomputed tomography (µCT). The plantar flexor muscle group (gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris) was analyzed for its functional capacities, that is, peak-isometric torque and peak-isokinetic power. VML-injured limbs had 25% less peak-isometric torque and 31% less peak-isokinetic power compared to those of Uninjured-20 mice (p < 0.001). Ultimate load, but not stiffness, was significantly less (10%) in tibias of VML-injured limbs compared to those from Uninjured-20 (p = 0.014). µCT analyses showed cortical bone thickness was 6% less in tibias of VML-injured limbs compared to Uninjured-20 (p = 0.001). Importantly, tibial bone cross-section moment of inertia, the primary determinant of bone ultimate load, was 16% smaller in bones of VML-injured limbs compared to bones from Uninjured-20 (p = 0.046). Metaphyseal trabecular bone structure was also altered up to 23% in tibias of VML-injured limbs (p < 0.010). These changes in tibial bone structure and function after a VML injury occur during a natural maturation phase between the age of 12 and 20 weeks, as evidenced by Uninjured-20 mice having greater tibial bone size and strength compared to uninjured-aged 12-week mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marion A. Cooley
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, August University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Roger X. Zhong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Junwon Heo
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | | | - Gordon L. Warren
- Department of Physical Therapy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Jarrod A. Call
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
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Vásquez E, Alam MT, Murillo R. Race and ethnic differences in physical activity, osteopenia, and osteoporosis: results from NHANES 2009-2010, 2013-2014, 2017-2018. Arch Osteoporos 2023; 19:7. [PMID: 38150070 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-023-01356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine current physical activity trends association with bone density in a racial and ethnically diverse sample of older adults. We found that those engaged in no and some physical activity had lower femoral BMD when compared to those that met the physical activity recommendation. PURPOSE Most older adults do not engage in the recommended levels of physical activity to improve health, and there are racial and ethnic differences in physical activity participation. This study aims to evaluate whether meeting the physical activity recommendation is related to osteopenia and osteoporosis in a racially and ethnically diverse sample of older adults. METHODS Femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2009-2010, 2013-2014, 2017-2018) was obtained from 5252adults 60-80 years old. Self-reported physical activity was categorized into met recommendation, some physical activity, and no physical activity. We used linear regression models to examine the association between physical activity and BMD for each race and ethnic group adjusting for sociodemographics and other selected variables. RESULTS Non-Latino Blacks (NLB) and Latinos reported the lowest prevalence of meeting the physical activity recommendation, compared with Non-Latino Whites (NLW) (40.0%, 44.0%, and 51.4%, respectively; p < 0.0001). Further, NLB and Latinos had a lower prevalence of osteoporosis when compared to NLW (5.4%, 7.3%, and 9.1% respectively; p < 0.0001). There was a 0.03 g/cm2 difference in BMD between those who met the physical activity recommendation when compared to the no physical activity group; however, this decreased after adjusting for selected covariates. CONCLUSION Considering the prevalence and burden of osteopenia and osteoporosis, and projected increases in the racial and ethnic diversity of the older population, more research is needed to further understand the association between meeting the physical activity recommendation and bone health among racial and ethnic diverse older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Vásquez
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany State University of New York, One University Place, Room 125, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA.
| | | | - Rosenda Murillo
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Bruno RM, Varbiro S, Pucci G, Nemcsik J, Lønnebakken MT, Kublickiene K, Schluchter H, Park C, Mozos I, Guala A, Hametner B, Seeland U, Boutouyrie P. Vascular function in hypertension: does gender dimension matter? J Hum Hypertens 2023; 37:634-643. [PMID: 37061653 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-023-00826-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure and vascular ageing trajectories differ between men and women. These differences develop due to sex-related factors, attributable to sex chromosomes or sex hormones, and due to gender-related factors, mainly related to different sociocultural behaviors. The present review summarizes the relevant facts regarding gender-related differences in vascular function in hypertension. Among sex-related factors, endogenous 17ß-estradiol plays a key role in protecting pre-menopausal women from vascular ageing. However, as vascular ageing (preceding and inducing hypertension) has a steeper increase in women than in men starting already from the third decade, it is likely that gender-related factors play a prominent role, especially in the young. Among gender-related factors, psychological stress (including that one related to gender-based violence and discrimination), depression, some psychological traits, but also low socioeconomic status, are more common in women than men, and their impact on vascular ageing is likely to be greater in women. Men, on the contrary, are more exposed to the vascular adverse consequences of alcohol consumption, as well as of social deprivation, while "toxic masculinity" traits may result in lower adherence to lifestyle and preventive strategies. Unhealthy diet habits are more prevalent in men and smoking is equally prevalent in the two sexes, but have a disproportional negative effect on women's vascular health. In conclusion, given the major and complex role of gender-related factors in driving vascular alterations and blood pressure patterns, gender dimension should be systematically integrated into future research on vascular function and hypertension and to tailor cardiovascular prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa-Maria Bruno
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France.
- Pharmacology Unit, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
| | - Szabolcs Varbiro
- Workgroup for Science Management, Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Giacomo Pucci
- Internal Medicine Unit, "Santa Maria" Terni Hospital and Department of Medicine and Surgery-University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - János Nemcsik
- Department of Family Medicine and Health Service of Zuglo (ZESZ), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mai Tone Lønnebakken
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- Institution for Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Schluchter
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chloe Park
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ioana Mozos
- Department of Functional Sciences-Pathophysiology, Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andrea Guala
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-CV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernhard Hametner
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ute Seeland
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre Boutouyrie
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
- Pharmacology Unit, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries in combat sports practitioners. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2023-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the type of combat sport and the degree of athletic proficiency on the specificity of musculoskeletal injuries suffered by Muay Thai and Mixed Martial Arts practitioners.
Material and methods: The study involved 64 practitioners of two combat sports, MT (age 26.9 ± 8.1, experience 7.4 ± 5.8 years) or MMA (age 26.2 ± 6.4 years, experience 6.6 ± 4.1 years). The research was conducted using a Google Forms survey.
Results: The groups did not differ significantly (p < 0.05) in terms of risk of injury (average 3.1 in MT, 2.6 in MMA). Injuries (mainly fractures 21% and 7% of practitioners) affected the lower limb (44% and 33% practitioners) and were significantly higher in MT, p < 0.05. There were significant (p < 0.05) correlations between training experience and the number of training hours per week compared to the frequency and severity of injuries in both groups.
Conclusion: Injuries to athletes who mainly use striking techniques are more common in the lower limbs and they are more likely to be fractures. Longer training experience, more training hours and a higher level of athletic proficiency significantly increase the risk of injuries and their severity among people practicing both types of combat sports.
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The impact of dietary protein supplementation on recovery from resistance exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022:10.1038/s41430-022-01250-y. [PMID: 36513777 PMCID: PMC10393778 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown whether dietary protein consumption can attenuate resistance exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Managing EIMD may accelerate muscle recovery and allow frequent, high-quality exercise to promote muscle adaptations. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the impact of peri-exercise protein supplementation on resistance EIMD. METHODS A literature search was conducted on PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science up to March 2021 for relevant articles. PEDro criteria were used to assess bias within included studies. A Hedges' g effect size (ES) was calculated for indirect markers of EIMD at h post-exercise. Weighted ESs were included in a random effects model to determine overall ESs over time. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies were included in the systematic review and 40 trials were included in ≥1 meta-analyses (16 total). There were significant overall effects of protein for preserving isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at 96 h (0.563 [0.232, 0.894]) and isokinetic MVC at 24 h (0.639 [0.116, 1.162]), 48 h (0.447 [0.104, 0.790]), and 72 h (0.569 [0.136, 1.002]). Overall ESs were large in favour of protein for attenuating creatine kinase concentration at 48 h (0.836 [-0.001, 1.673]) and 72 h (1.335 [0.294, 2.376]). Protein supplementation had no effect on muscle soreness compared with the control. CONCLUSION Peri-exercise protein consumption could help maintain maximal strength and lower creatine kinase concentration following resistance exercise but not reduce muscle soreness. Conflicting data may be due to methodological divergencies between studies. Standardised methods and data reporting for EIMD research are needed.
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Fitness tracking reveals task-specific associations between memory, mental health, and physical activity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13822. [PMID: 35970908 PMCID: PMC9378644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity can benefit both physical and mental well-being. Different forms of exercise (e.g., aerobic versus anaerobic; running versus walking, swimming, or yoga; high-intensity interval training versus endurance workouts; etc.) impact physical fitness in different ways. For example, running may substantially impact leg and heart strength but only moderately impact arm strength. We hypothesized that the mental benefits of physical activity might be similarly differentiated. We focused specifically on how different intensities of physical activity might relate to different aspects of memory and mental health. To test our hypothesis, we collected (in aggregate) roughly a century’s worth of fitness data. We then asked participants to fill out surveys asking them to self-report on different aspects of their mental health. We also asked participants to engage in a battery of memory tasks that tested their short and long term episodic, semantic, and spatial memory performance. We found that participants with similar physical activity habits and fitness profiles tended to also exhibit similar mental health and task performance profiles. These effects were task-specific in that different physical activity patterns or fitness characteristics varied with different aspects of memory, on different tasks. Taken together, these findings provide foundational work for designing physical activity interventions that target specific components of cognitive performance and mental health by leveraging low-cost fitness tracking devices.
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Loudon J, Parkerson-Mitchell A. Training Habits and Injury Rate in Masters Female Runners. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:501-507. [PMID: 35391857 PMCID: PMC8975576 DOI: 10.26603/001c.32374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of masters females that choose long-distance running as a form of exercise is growing exponentially. As clinicians working with these athletes, it is important to understand their training habits and how these habits relate to running related injuries (RRI). Purpose The primary aim of this study was to identify the training behaviors and cross training engagement in masters female runners. A secondary aim was to determine RRI rates and their relationship to training behaviors. Methods A 31-question online survey was completed by 68 masters females aged 45 and older. Answers from 18 of the 31 questions were used to address the specific aims of the study. Descriptive variables and Chi Square analyses were used to synthesize the data. Results The majority of the cohort ran less than 30 miles week distributed over three days/week. Most participated in cross-training activity that included strength training, cycling, and swimming. Injury was prevalent in this group of runners with many experiencing more than one RRI over their running history. The area of the hip and gluteal region was the most common site of injury. Conclusion This cohort of runners trained in a relatively smart manner, with a moderate volume of running mileage, and utilization of cross-training. Many had experienced some form of injury that halted their running for a period of time. Level of Evidence Level 3 - Case Controlled, retrospective survey.
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Bellver M, Ferrer-Roca V, Del Rio L, Jovell E, Gomez-Chereguini L, Drobnic F, Trilla A. Bone variables and body composition in former artistic swimmers teams. Jump program effects during Covid-19 confinement: A randomized controlled study. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2021.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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‘Prime Time of Life’, A 12-Week Home-Based Online Multimodal Exercise Training and Health Education Programme for Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Laois. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.5334/paah.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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MSTN is an important myokine for weight-bearing training to attenuate bone loss in ovariectomized rats. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 78:61-72. [PMID: 34453705 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Weight-bearing training, as one of resistance exercises, is beneficial to bone health. Myostatin (MSTN) is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and development. Animals lacking MSTN show increased bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effect of weight-bearing training on bone loss in ovariectomized rats and whether it was related to MSTN. In this study, the rats were randomly assigned to three group: Sham-ovariectomized (Sham), ovariectomized (OVX), ovariectomized and weight-bearing training (OWT). The rats in the OWT group ran at 20-m/min bearing with 35% of their body weight for 6 days/week. After 10 weeks, compared with the OVX group, weight-bearing training increased the BMD of total femur and trabecular bone by 8.13% and 57.44%, respectively. The OVX-induced destruction of bone microarchitecture including the thickness and number of trabeculae and bone volume fraction was all significantly improved (9.26%, 47.68%, 63.03%) in the OWT group. The OVX-induced degradation of bone mechanical properties was significantly enhanced in the OWT group (maximum load increased by 35.46%, stiffness increased by 89.19%, energy absorption increased by 53.4%; elastic modulus increased by 26.3%). Ten-week weight-bearing training also significantly upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of Wnt1 and β-catenin, which is crucial in bone development. Compared with the Sham group, MSTN in serum and muscle increased in the OVX group, but it decreased in the OWT group compared with the OVX group. Its receptor ActRIIB and downstream molecules Smad2/3 in the OVX group were downregulated in bone by weight-bearing training. The results indicated that MSTN is an important myokine for weight-bearing training to attenuate bone loss in ovariectomized rats.
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Fredericson M, Kussman A, Misra M, Barrack MT, De Souza MJ, Kraus E, Koltun KJ, Williams NI, Joy E, Nattiv A. The Male Athlete Triad-A Consensus Statement From the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition Part II: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Return-To-Play. Clin J Sport Med 2021; 31:349-366. [PMID: 34091538 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The Male Athlete Triad is a medical syndrome most common in adolescent and young adult male athletes in sports that emphasize a lean physique, especially endurance and weight-class athletes. The 3 interrelated conditions of the Male Athlete Triad occur on spectrums of energy deficiency/low energy availability (EA), suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and impaired bone health, ranging from optimal health to clinically relevant outcomes of energy deficiency/low EA with or without disordered eating or eating disorder, functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and osteoporosis or low bone mineral density with or without bone stress injury (BSI). Because of the importance of bone mass acquisition and health concerns in adolescence, screening is recommended during this time period in the at-risk male athlete. Diagnosis of the Male Athlete Triad is best accomplished by a multidisciplinary medical team. Clearance and return-to-play guidelines are recommended to optimize prevention and treatment. Evidence-based risk assessment protocols for the male athlete at risk for the Male Athlete Triad have been shown to be predictive for BSI and impaired bone health and should be encouraged. Improving energetic status through optimal fueling is the mainstay of treatment. A Roundtable on the Male Athlete Triad was convened by the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition in conjunction with the 64th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine in Denver, Colorado, in May of 2017. In this second article, the latest clinical research to support current models of screening, diagnosis, and management for at-risk male athlete is reviewed with evidence-based recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fredericson
- Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabiilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Andrea Kussman
- Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabiilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Madhusmita Misra
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle T Barrack
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California
| | - Mary Jane De Souza
- Department of Kinesiology and Physiology Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily Kraus
- Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabiilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Nancy I Williams
- Department of Kinesiology and Physiology Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Aurelia Nattiv
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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15
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Zhang X, Butts WJ, You T. Exercise interventions, physical function, and mobility after hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:4986-4996. [PMID: 34101525 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1924299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of different exercise components on physical function and mobility in adults after hip fracture. METHODS Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched up to March 2021. Randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of exercise interventions on physical function and mobility in adults after hip fracture were included. RESULTS Fifteen studies (12 trials) were included (n = 1198, age = 80 ± 8 years). Exercise interventions had a moderate effect on overall physical function after hip fracture compared to non-exercise (SMD = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.27-0.65). Among different exercise components, progressive resistance exercise showed the largest effect (SMD = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.27-0.69), while aerobic exercise alone had no effect (SMD 0.41, 95% -0.44 to1.26) on physical function. Exercise had a small effect on mobility (SMD = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.12-0.43). Specifically, functional exercise showed a moderate effect (SMD = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.16-0.65) on mobility. CONCLUSIONS Available evidence supports that exercise interventions improve physical function and mobility in older adults after hip fracture; specifically, resistance exercise with progressive load of 60-80% 1RM, and functional exercise may be critical intervention components respectively. Future high-quality research is needed to establish best practices.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONProgressive resistance exercise with 60-80% 1RM resulted in the largest improvement in physical function after hip fracture.Functional exercise appears to be a critical component for improving mobility after hip fracture. Functional exercise plus resistance and balance exercises was the most effective intervention for enhancing mobility.Exercise should be supervised by a trainer or a physiotherapist, and self-reported exercise may not result in the same benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Zhang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - William J Butts
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tongjian You
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Rosenberg J, Hyde PN, Yancy WS, Ford KM, Champ CE. Quantity of Resistance Exercise for Breast Cancer Patients: Does the Dose Match the Objective? J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1467-1476. [PMID: 33900267 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rosenberg, J, Hyde, PN, Yancy, WS, Ford, KM, and Champ, CE. Quantity of resistance exercise for breast cancer patients: does the dose match the objective? J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1467-1476, 2021-There is currently a lack of consensus as to what defines exercise and resistance training in the cancer setting and whether current studies comply with exercise guidelines. This study aimed to quantify the available research studies using resistance training exercise interventions in the breast cancer setting for future clinical trial utilization. We systemically reviewed all available resistance exercise studies during and after breast cancer treatment in an attempt to quantify to the prescribed dose and whether regimens aligned with general exercise guidelines to improve functional mobility, body composition, and metabolic function. They were then compared with recommendations set forth by the national committees that create evidence-based exercise guidelines. Fifty studies met the initial criteria, with 35 meeting analysis criteria for evaluation. Fifteen studies evaluated an exercise regimen during cancer treatment, and 20 evaluated a regimen after treatment. The average adherence rates were 84% for all studies. Only 23 studies listed specific exercises used within the protocol. Most exercise regimens relied on open chain movements and machine exercises. Around half of studies met criteria to achieve hypertrophy, and 66% met American College of Sports Medicine exercise guidelines for cancer patients. A minority of breast cancer studies implementing a resistance training exercise regimen prescribed a regimen or specific dose that follows general exercise guidelines. This study highlights a potential deficiency in exercise programs designed for patients with breast cancer, and these findings should be considered in future study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Rosenberg
- Duke Diet and Fitness Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Parker N Hyde
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia
| | | | - Kenneth M Ford
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida; and
| | - Colin E Champ
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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17
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Becker L, Semmlinger L, Rohleder N. Resistance training as an acute stressor in healthy young men: associations with heart rate variability, alpha-amylase, and cortisol levels. Stress 2021; 24:318-330. [PMID: 32744460 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1799193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular resistance training has been shown to have many physiological and psychological health benefits. However, the underlying physiological processes are not yet fully understood. One explanation is that resistance training acts like an acute stressor and modulates physiological pathways that are associated with the stress response such as the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This was systematically investigated in our study. Participants were 45 healthy men who had been doing resistance training regularly for at least nine months. Salivary α-amylase and heart rate that were used as markers for SNS activity increased during the training and decreased afterwards. PNS activity that was assessed by means of heart rate variability parameters decreased during the training and increased after it. Salivary cortisol that was used as marker for HPA axis activity decreased throughout the session. Furthermore, an improvement of positive affect was found after the training. However, additional analyses indicated that the physiological response patterns were found for participants who chose upper-body exercises (in contrast to lower-body exercises) only. Therefore, we were able to show that an upper-body resistance training acts partially like an acute stressor which leads to the typical SNS and PNS - but not HPA axis - stress responses. We conclude that resistance trainings might be an alternative to classical relaxation programs which would have the additional advantage that it is a physical training at the same time. However, more research is needed to develop specific trainings which entirely fulfill this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Becker
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucas Semmlinger
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Pataky MW, Young WF, Nair KS. Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications. Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96:788-814. [PMID: 33673927 PMCID: PMC8020896 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased life expectancy combined with the aging baby boomer generation has resulted in an unprecedented global expansion of the elderly population. The growing population of older adults and increased rate of age-related chronic illness has caused a substantial socioeconomic burden. The gradual and progressive age-related decline in hormone production and action has a detrimental impact on human health by increasing risk for chronic disease and reducing life span. This article reviews the age-related decline in hormone production, as well as age-related biochemical and body composition changes that reduce the bioavailability and actions of some hormones. The impact of hormonal changes on various chronic conditions including frailty, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and dementia are also discussed. Hormone replacement therapy has been attempted in many clinical trials to reverse and/or prevent the hormonal decline in aging to combat the progression of age-related diseases. Unfortunately, hormone replacement therapy is not a panacea, as it often results in various adverse events that outweigh its potential health benefits. Therefore, except in some specific individual cases, hormone replacement is not recommended. Rather, positive lifestyle modifications such as regular aerobic and resistance exercise programs and/or healthy calorically restricted diet can favorably affect endocrine and metabolic functions and act as countermeasures to various age-related diseases. We provide a critical review of the available data and offer recommendations that hopefully will form the groundwork for physicians/scientists to develop and optimize new endocrine-targeted therapies and lifestyle modifications that can better address age-related decline in heath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Pataky
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - William F Young
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - K Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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19
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Schwarz I, Houck DA, Shah V, Jolly AJ, Lindsay A, Bravman JT, Frank RM. Bone and body characteristics of freestyle and nonfreestyle skiers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:74-80. [PMID: 33555668 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freestyle skiers must optimize their aerial performance by maintaining the strength and coordination to propel themselves in the air and adapt to landings and take-offs on uneven surfaces. The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and body composition in freestyle skiers and nonfreestyle skiing controls. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that the unique demands and summation of forces experienced by freestyle athletes would manifest as greater femoral neck aBMD, lower percent body fat, and lower BMI than nonfreestyle skiing controls. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3, Retrospective Cohort Study. METHODS 18 freestyle skiers (14M 4F, [27.56 ± 5.22 years]) and 15 controls (7M 8F, [26.93 ± 3.54 years]) were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to determine total body composition, hip and lumbar spine aBMD, and bone mineral composition (BMC). Height and weight were measured with an in-office stadiometer and scale. Questionnaires were used to determine physical activity and pertinent medical history. Between-group variations were analyzed with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and stratified by sex. RESULTS Percent body fat, hip and lumbar spine aBMD, BMC, and area were all similar between freeski and nonfreeski athletes (p<0.05 for all). BMI was significantly lower in male freeski athletes (23.97kg/m2, 95% CI [22.75-25.18]) compared to nonfreestyle skiing controls (26.64kg/m2, 95% CI [24.43-28.86]) (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Freestyle skiers have a lower BMI than nonfreestyle skiers. All skiers in this study has similar percent body fat, aBMD, and BMC. This pilot study supports that there are unique musculoskeletal adaptations based on type of skiing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Skiers endure a variety of intense physical forces yet remain understudied despite high orthopedic injury rates. This study serves to broaden the current sports health literature and explore the physical demands and subsequent physiology of freestyle skiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Schwarz
- Division of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA -
| | - Darby A Houck
- Division of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Viral Shah
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Austin J Jolly
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adam Lindsay
- Division of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan T Bravman
- Division of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rachel M Frank
- Division of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Linero C, Choi SJ. Effect of blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance training on bone markers and physical functions in postmenopausal women. J Exerc Sci Fit 2021; 19:57-65. [PMID: 33293983 PMCID: PMC7683332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12-week low intensity resistance training (RT) with blood flow restriction on bone mineral density (BMD), bone turnover markers (BTM), physical functions, and blood lactate concentration in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia. METHODS 26 study participants (56 ± 1.8yrs, T-score: -2.5 ± 0.7) were randomly assigned into Moderate to High-Intensity RT (MHIRT, n = 7), BFR combined with Low-Intensity RT (LIBFR, n = 7), Low-Intensity RT (LIRT, n = 6), or Control group (CON, n = 6). Exercise group performed leg press, leg extension, biceps curl, and triceps extension 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Training intensity were set at 60% of 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) for MHIRT, and at 30% of 1-RM for LIBFR and LIRT, and reset every 4 weeks for increasing intensity. RESULTS Lower, and upper limb 1-RM only increased in MHIRT (65%, p < 0.001), and LIBFR (40%, p < 0.05), while LIRT only showed increment on lower limb 1-RM (28%, p < 0.05). All exercise groups demonstrated significant increment on blood lactate concentration after training session (p < 0.001). However, LIBFR showed 2.7 folds higher increment than LIRT (p < 0.001). Although no changes were observed in MHIRT, LIBFR, and LIRT, CON showed significant decrease in BMD (p < 0.05). While, LIRT showed no responses on BTM, LIBFR significantly increased bone formation markers (P1NP) about 7.05 ng/ml (p < 0.05). Lastly, balance improvement was only found in MHIRT, and LIBFR (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION 12-week LIBFR can be implied as a safe, and effective method to improve muscle strength, P1NP, and balance similar to MHIRT in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Linero
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Kyungsung University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Choi
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Kyungsung University, Busan, South Korea
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21
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Shoepe TC, LaBrie JW, Mello GT, Leggett AG, Almstedt HC. Intensity of resistance training via self-reported history is critical in properly characterizing musculoskeletal health. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:729. [PMID: 33172425 PMCID: PMC7654594 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03753-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensity of resistance training history might be omitted or poorly ascertained in prescreening or data questionnaires involving musculoskeletal health. Failure to identify history of high-versus low-intensity training may overlook higher effect sizes with higher intensities and therefore diminish the precision of statistical analysis with resistance training as a covariate and bias the confirmation of baseline homogeneity for experimental group designation. The purpose was to determine the degree to which a single question assessing participant history of resistance training intensity predicted differences in musculoskeletal health. METHODS In the first research aim, participants were separated into groups with a history (RT) and no history (NRT) of resistance training. The second research aim evaluated the history of resistance training intensity on muscular strength, lean mass, and bone mineral density (BMD), RT participants were reassigned into a low- (LIRT) or high-intensity resistance training group (HIRT). 83 males and 87 females (19.3 ± 0.6 yrs., 171.1 ± 9.9 cm, 67.1 ± 10.5 kg, 22.9 ± 2.8 BMI, 26.2 ± 7.2% body fat) completed handgrip dynamometry (HG) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans (DXA) for BMD and bone mineral-free lean mass (BFLM). RESULTS A 3-group method (NRT, LIRT, HIRT) reduced type-I error compared with the 2-group method (NRT, RT) in characterizing the likely effects of one's history of resistance training. For the second aim, HIRT had significantly (p < 0.05) greater HG strength (76.2 ± 2.2 kg) and arm BFLM (6.10 ± 0.16 kg) than NRT (67.5 ± 1.3 kg; 4.96 ± 0.09 kg) and LIRT (69.7 ± 2.0 kg; 5.42 ± 0.14 kg) while also showing significantly lower muscle quality (HG/BFLM) than NRT (13.9 ± 0.2 vs. 12.9 ± 0.3). HIRT had greater BMD at all sites compared to NRT (whole body = 1.068 ± 0.008 vs. 1.120 ± 0.014; AP spine = 1.013 ± 0.011 vs. 1.059 ± 0.019; lateral spine = 0.785 ± 0.009 vs. 0.846 ± 0.016; femoral neck = 0.915 ± 0.013 vs. 0.970 ± 0.022; total hip = 1.016 ± 0.012 vs. 1.068 ± 0.021 g/cm2) while LIRT revealed no significant skeletal differences to NRT. CONCLUSIONS Retrospective identification of high-intensity history of resistance training appears critical in characterizing musculoskeletal health and can be ascertained easily in as little as a single, standalone question. Both retrospective-questionnaire style investigations and pre-screening for potential participation in prospective research studies should include participant history of resistance training intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Shoepe
- Health and Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Life Sciences Building 181, 1 LMU Drive, MS 8888, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA.
| | - Joseph W LaBrie
- Department of Psychology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Grant T Mello
- Department of Psychology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allison G Leggett
- Health and Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Life Sciences Building 181, 1 LMU Drive, MS 8888, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA
| | - Hawley C Almstedt
- Health and Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Life Sciences Building 181, 1 LMU Drive, MS 8888, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA
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Montalcini T, Pujia A, Donini LM, Frittitta L, Galvano F, Natali A, Pironi L, Porrini M, Riso P, Rivellese AA, Russo D, Scapagnini G, Serafini M, Tagliabue A, De Lorenzo A. A Call to Action: Now Is the Time to Screen Elderly and Treat Osteosarcopenia, a Position Paper of the Italian College of Academic Nutritionists MED/49 (ICAN-49). Nutrients 2020; 12:E2662. [PMID: 32878316 PMCID: PMC7550989 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for the development of multiple chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer and dementia. Life expectancy has increased in certain countries but this phenomenon is associated with a reduction of years of healthy life. Aging is associated with a number of physical and functional changes, especially sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is a clinical condition associated with a decrease in skeletal muscle and muscle strength, however, sarcopenia is a reversible condition. On the basis of the current scientific literature, sarcopenia could more appropriately capture an individual's vulnerability to negative health-related outcomes since it represents an early form of the chronic diseases. Recognition of this clinical condition can improve the management of older individuals in many different clinical settings. Despite the limitations of the indirect methods used to study body composition, the Italian College of the Academic Nutritionists ME/49 recommends that health authorities and health professionals around the world should make a greater effort to diagnose sarcopenia earlier and to manage it more effectively. In line with the development of cancer screening, the use of two diagnostic tools for sarcopenia (BIA and DXA) should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Montalcini
- Department of Clinical and Experiment Medicine, University of Catanzaro Magna Grecia, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Arturo Pujia
- Department of Clinical and Experiment Medicine, University of Catanzaro Magna Grecia, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo M. Donini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of la Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lucia Frittitta
- Department of Clinical and Experiment Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 86-95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Science, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 86-95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experiment Medicine, University of Pisa, Lungarno Antonio Pacinotti, 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Loris Pironi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Via Pupilli, 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marisa Porrini
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Environment Science, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milano, Italy; (M.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Environment Science, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milano, Italy; (M.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Angela Albarosa Rivellese
- Department of Clinical and Experiment Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health Science, University of Catanzaro Magna Grecia, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Mauro Serafini
- Department of Bioscience and food technology, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini, 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Anna Tagliabue
- Department of Public Health, University of Pavia, Corso Str. Nuova, 65, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Antonino De Lorenzo
- Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy;
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Souza D, Barbalho M, Ramirez-Campillo R, Martins W, Gentil P. High and low-load resistance training produce similar effects on bone mineral density of middle-aged and older people: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Exp Gerontol 2020; 138:110973. [PMID: 32454079 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of high-load (≥ 70 of 1RM) and low-load (< 70 of 1RM) resistance training (RT) on femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) in middle-aged and older people. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCE English language searches of the electronic databases PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Web of Science. INCLUSION CRITERIA (i) older or middle-aged (≥ 45 years old) participants of both sexes with or without comorbidities, (ii) studies that compared high-load (≥70% 1 RM) versus low-load (<70% 1RM) RT, (iii) studies that examined femoral neck or lumbar spine BMD. RESULTS From 1052 studies found, six were included in qualitative and quantitative analysis. The meta-analysis revealed no difference between groups for femoral neck (weighted mean difference [MD] and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.00 g/cm2 [95% CI, -0.01 to 0.01]; P = 0.63) and lumbar spine (MD = 0.01 g/cm2 [95% CI, -0.00 to 0.02]; P = 0.12) BDM. There was a substantial heterogeneity for femoral neck (I2 = 47%; P = 0.07) and lumbar spine (I2 = 59%; P = 0.02). Subgroup analysis revealed a significant effect of high-load RT on femoral neck BMD when participants presented normal BMD values (MD = 0.01 g/cm2 [95% CI, -0.00 to 0.02]; P = 0.04) and on interventions lasting up to 6 months (MD = 0.01 g/cm2 [95% CI, -0.00 to 0.02]; P = 0.03). CONCLUSION Both high- and low-load RT have similar effects on femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD in aging people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Souza
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Barbalho
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Wagner Martins
- University of Brasilia, Division of Physical Therapy, Ceilandia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Swinarew AS, Stanula AJ, Gabor J, Raif P, Paluch J, Karpiński J, Kubik K, Okła H, Ostrowski A, Tkacz E, Skoczyński S, Waśkiewicz Z, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers. Respir Res 2020; 21:88. [PMID: 32295600 PMCID: PMC7161211 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Swimming is one of the most popular forms of physical activity. Pool water is cleaned with chlorine, which - in combination with compounds contained in water - could form chloramines and trichloromethane in the swimmer's lungs. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of swimming training in an indoor pool on the composition of swimmers' respiratory phase metabolomics, and develop a system to provide basic information about its impact on the swimmer's airway mucosa metabolism, which could help to assess the risk of secondary respiratory tract diseases i.e. sport results, condition, and health including lung acute and chronic diseases). DESIGN A group of competitive swimmers participated in the study and samples of their respiratory phase before training, immediately after training, and 2 h after training were assessed. METHODS Sixteen male national and international-level competitive swimmers participated in this study. Respiratory phase analysis of the indoor swimming pool swimmers was performed. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used in the measurements. All collected data were transferred to numerical analysis for trends of tracking and mapping. The breathing phase was collected on special porous material and analyzed using GCMS headspace. RESULTS The obtained samples of exhaled air were composed of significantly different metabolomics when compared before, during and after exercise training. This suggests that exposition to indoor chlorine causes changes in the airway mucosa. CONCLUSION This phenomenon may be explained by occurrence of a chlorine-initiated bio-reaction in the swimmers' lungs. The obtained results indicate that chromatographic exhaled gas analysis is a sensitive method of pulmonary metabolomic changes assessment. Presented analysis of swimmers exhaled air indicates, that indoor swimming may be responsible for airway irritation caused by volatile chlorine compounds and their influence on lung metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej S. Swinarew
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
- Department of Swimming and Water Rescue, Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz J. Stanula
- Department of Swimming and Water Rescue, Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Gabor
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Paweł Raif
- Department of Biosensors and Biomedical Signals Processing, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jarosław Paluch
- Department of Laryngology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Karpiński
- Department of Swimming and Water Rescue, Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Klaudia Kubik
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Hubert Okła
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ostrowski
- Department of Water Sports, Academy of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewaryst Tkacz
- Department of Biosensors and Biomedical Signals Processing, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Szymon Skoczyński
- Department of Pneumonology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Waśkiewicz
- Department of Swimming and Water Rescue, Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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A Narrative Review on Female Physique Athletes: The Physiological and Psychological Implications of Weight Management Practices. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:682-689. [PMID: 31141414 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Physique competitions are events in which aesthetic appearance and posing ability are valued above physical performance. Female physique athletes are required to possess high lean body mass and extremely low fat mass in competition. As such, extended periods of reduced energy intake and intensive training regimens are used with acute weight loss practices at the end of the precompetition phase. This represents an increased risk for chronic low energy availability and associated symptoms of relative energy deficiency in sport, compromising both psychological and physiological health. Available literature suggests that a large proportion of female physique athletes report menstrual irregularities (e.g., amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea), which are unlikely to normalize immediately postcompetition. Furthermore, the tendency to reduce intakes of numerous essential micronutrients is prominent among those using restrictive eating patterns. Following competition, reduced resting metabolic rate, and hyperphagia, is also a concern for these female athletes, which can result in frequent weight cycling, distorted body image, and disordered eating/eating disorders. Overall, female physique athletes are an understudied population, and the need for more robust studies to detect low energy availability and associated health effects is warranted. This narrative review aims to define the natural female physique athlete, explore some of the physiological and psychological implications of weight management practices experienced by female physique athletes, and propose future research directions.
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Ferland PM, St-Jean Miron F, Laurier A, Comtois AS. The relationship between body composition measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and maximal strength in classic powerlifting. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 60:407-416. [PMID: 31663317 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09996-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to conduct a detailed body composition analysis by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA scan) on classic powerlifters to understand better the relationship between various body composition variables and maximal strength. METHODS Fifteen drug-free classic powerlifters (9 males and 6 females) underwent a DEXA scan and absolute (kg) and relative (Wilks) maximal strength from all 3 powerlifting events (squat, bench and deadlift) was registered from the previous provincial championship. A 2 tailed Pearson correlation analysis was conducted in order to present the relationships between body composition variables and performance measures. RESULTS The main outcome of the present study is that experience in resistance training (r=0.52 to 0.74), lean body tissue (r= 0.61 to 0.95), arms mass (r=0.57 to 0.86), legs mass (r=0.53 to 0.63), bone mineral content (BMC) (r=0.52 to 0.91) and bone mineral density (BMD) (r=0.53 to 91) measures were significantly correlated (P<0.05) with most absolute (kg) and relative (Wilks) maximal strength measures. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study could guide practitioners working with athletes aged between 22 and 35 years old practicing sports with higher risks of fractures (e.g., alpine skiing) to potentially utilize the squat, the bench press and the deadlift not only to build strength in order to increase sport performance, but also to increase BMC and BMD of their athletes trough heavy eccentric loading to help reduce the risks of fractures. Further studies should be directed towards interventions trying to reveal that some type of relationship does exist between BMC, BMD and powerlifting performance and in what direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marc Ferland
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fanie St-Jean Miron
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antoine Laurier
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain S Comtois
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada -
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27
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Marston KJ, Brown BM, Rainey-Smith SR, Peiffer JJ. Resistance Exercise-Induced Responses in Physiological Factors Linked with Cognitive Health. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 68:39-64. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-181079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kieran J. Marston
- Department of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Ageing, Cognition and Exercise (ACE) Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Belinda M. Brown
- Department of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Ageing, Cognition and Exercise (ACE) Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith
- Ageing, Cognition and Exercise (ACE) Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J. Peiffer
- Department of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Ageing, Cognition and Exercise (ACE) Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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28
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Exercise-induced sympathetic dilatation in arterioles of the guinea pig tibial periosteum. Auton Neurosci 2019; 217:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Dewan N, MacDermid JC, Grewal R, Beattie K. Association of Modifiable Risk Factors with Bone Mineral Density among People with Distal Radius Fracture: A Cross-Sectional Study. Physiother Can 2019; 71:58-68. [PMID: 30787500 DOI: 10.3138/ptc.2017-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study determined the extent to which modifiable risk factors (balance, muscle strength, and physical activity [PA]) explained variability in bone mineral density (BMD) among people with a recent distal radius fracture (DRF). Method: This cross-sectional study included 190 patients, aged 50-80 years, with a DRF. Participants were assessed for balance, muscle strength, PA, fracture-specific pain, and disability. Areal BMD at the femoral neck (BMD-FN) and total hip (BMD-TH) was assessed. Correlation and multiple linear regression was used to determine the contribution of modifiable risk factors to BMD. Results: Balance, handgrip strength, knee extension strength, and plantar-flexion strength had significant bivariate associations with BMD-FN. There was a weak to moderate correlation (r = 0.25-0.40; p < 0.05) of balance and grip strength with BMD. Grip strength independently (p < 0.05) explained 17% and 12% of the variability in BMD-FN (n = 81) and BMD-TH (n = 82), respectively. Stratified by age, balance (R 2 = 0.10; p = 0.04) and grip strength (R 2 = 0.32; p = 0.003) were independent significant predictors of BMD-FN among women aged 50-64 years and 65-80 years, respectively. Conclusions: Grip strength of the unaffected hand is independently associated with BMD-FN and BMD-TH in people with recent DRF. It may act as a surrogate for general bone health, frailty, or overall muscle strength rather than as a direct target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Dewan
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences.,Roth
- McFarlane Clinical Research Laboratory, Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care
| | - Joy C MacDermid
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences.,Roth
- McFarlane Clinical Research Laboratory, Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care.,Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont
| | - Ruby Grewal
- Roth
- McFarlane Clinical Research Laboratory, Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care.,Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont
| | - Karen Beattie
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton
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30
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Klomsten Andersen O, Clarsen B, Garthe I, Mørland M, Stensrud T. Bone health in elite Norwegian endurance cyclists and runners: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000449. [PMID: 30687513 PMCID: PMC6326301 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Athletes who compete in non-weight-bearing activities such as swimming and cycling are at risk of developing low bone mineral density (BMD). Athletes in long-distance running are at risk of low BMD. Objective (1) To evaluate the bone health in Norwegian male and female national elite road cyclists and middle-distance and long-distance runners, and to identify cases of low BMD. (2) To identify possible risk factors associated with low BMD. Methods Twenty-one runners (11 females and 10 males) and 19 road cyclists (7 females and 12 males) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement of BMD in total body, femoral neck and lumbar spine was measured. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding training, injuries, calcium intake and health variables. Results The cyclists had lower BMD for all measured sites compared with the runners (p≤0.05). Ten of 19 cyclists were classified as having low BMD according to American College of Sports Medicine criteria (Z-score ≤−1), despite reporting to train heavy resistance training on the lower extremities. Low BMD was site specific having occurred in the lumbar spine and the femoral neck and was not confined to females. Type of sport was the only factor significantly associated with low BMD. Conclusion National elite Norwegian road cyclists had lower BMD compared with runners, and a large proportion was classified as having low BMD, despite having performed heavy resistance training. Interventions to increase BMD in this population should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Clarsen
- The Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic Training Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ina Garthe
- Norwegian Olympic Training Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Trine Stensrud
- The Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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31
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Liu-Ambrose T, Barha CK, Best JR. Physical activity for brain health in older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1105-1112. [PMID: 30306793 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity is a promising strategy for dementia prevention and disease modification. Here, we provide a narrative review of the current evidence from epidemiological and intervention studies on the role of physical activity and exercise in promoting cognitive health in older adults both without and with cognitive impairment. We highlight some of the potential underlying mechanisms and discuss biological sex as a potential moderating factor. We conclude with limitations and future directions for this rapidly expanding line of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- a Department of Physical Therapy, Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,b Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cindy K Barha
- a Department of Physical Therapy, Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,b Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - John R Best
- a Department of Physical Therapy, Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,b Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Duplanty AA, Levitt DE, Hill DW, McFarlin BK, DiMarco NM, Vingren JL. Resistance Training Is Associated With Higher Bone Mineral Density Among Young Adult Male Distance Runners Independent of Physiological Factors. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1594-1600. [PMID: 29470364 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Duplanty, AA, Levitt, DE, Hill, DW, McFarlin, BK, DiMarco, NM, and Vingren, JL. Resistance training is associated with higher bone mineral density among young adult male distance runners independent of physiological factors. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1594-1600, 2018-Low bone mineral density (BMD) in male distance runners is common and could be modulated by a host of biomarkers involved in the dynamic balance of bone tissue. In contrast, resistance training can increase BMD; however, the efficacy of resistance training in protecting BMD in distance runners has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between resistance training, testosterone and bone metabolism biomarker concentrations, and BMD in young adult male distance runners. Twenty-five apparently healthy men (23-32 years; mean ± SD: 25.9 ± 2.9 years; 1.77 ± 0.04 m; 75.4 ± 8.5 kg) were categorized into 1 of 3 groups: untrained control participants (CON; n = 8); nonresistance-trained runners (NRT; n = 8); or resistance-trained runners (RT; n = 9). Blood was collected and analyzed for concentrations of free and total testosterone and 14 bone metabolism biomarkers. Bone mineral density was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. At all measured sites, BMD was greater (p ≤ 0.05) for RT compared with NRT and CON. Vitamin D concentration was greater (p ≤ 0.05) in RT and NRT compared with CON. Concentrations of testosterone and remaining bone biomarkers did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). Resistance-trained runners had greater BMD than nonresistance-trained runners and untrained peers. This difference did not seem to be modulated by biomarkers that contribute to bone formation or resorption, indicating that differences in BMD are associated with habitual load-bearing exercise using external resistance. Runners should perform resistance exercise at least once per week because this is associated with greater BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Duplanty
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas.,Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Danielle E Levitt
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - David W Hill
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Brian K McFarlin
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Nancy M DiMarco
- Institute for Women's Health, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas
| | - Jakob L Vingren
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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33
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Acute effects of lower and upper body-resistance training on arterial stiffness, peripheral, and central blood pressure in young normotensive women. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Paillard T. Regular Muscle Electrical Stimulation Could Act Favorably On Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Aged Subjects. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1035. [PMID: 30108520 PMCID: PMC6079577 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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35
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Tagawa K, Ra SG, Kumagai H, Yoshikawa T, Yoshida Y, Takekoshi K, Sakai S, Miyauchi T, Maeda S. Effects of resistance training on arterial compliance and plasma endothelin-1 levels in healthy men. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S155-S166. [PMID: 29947536 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial compliance (AC) is an index of the elasticity of large arteries. Endothelial dysfunction has been reported to result in reduced arterial compliance, which represents increased arterial stiffness. A reduction in AC is elicited by high-intensity resistance training, however the mechanisms are obscure. Because a single bout of resistance exercise causes a transient increase in circulating plasma endothelin-1 in humans, some vasoconstrictors may play a role in the mechanisms. The present study aimed to investigate whether resistance training-induced decrease in AC is associated with changes in circulating vasoconstrictors levels in young men. Young sedentary men were assigned to control (n=5) or training (n=9) groups. The training group performed four-week high-intensity resistance training (weight training exercise; three sessions/week). We measured AC and plasma levels of endothelin-1, angiotensin II, and norepinephrine before and after intervention. Resistance training significantly decreased AC, whereas the changes in plasma levels of neither endothelin-1, nor angiotensin II, nor norepinephrine were significantly different between the control and the training groups. Moreover, we found no significant correlations between changes in circulating plasma levels (endothelin-1, angiotensin II, and norepinephrine) and in the AC. Despite of no alteration of the resting circulating plasma levels (endothelin-1, etc.), we cannot exclude a possibility that the tissue/local concentrations of vasoconstrictors (endothelin-1, etc.) around the vessels might be increased and also involved in a reduction of AC in the training group. Taken together, the present results suggest that circulating vasoconstrictors (endothelin-1, etc.) in plasma are not involved in a reduction in AC by the resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tagawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan, Division of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
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36
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Ablett AD, Wood AD, Barr R, Guillot J, Black AJ, Macdonald HM, Reid DM, Myint PK. A high anticholinergic burden is associated with a history of falls in the previous year in middle-aged women: findings from the Aberdeen Prospective Osteoporosis Screening Study. Ann Epidemiol 2018; 28:557-562.e2. [PMID: 29937404 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the cross-sectional association between anticholinergic medication burden (ACB) and a history of falls, bone mineral density, and low trauma fractures in middle-aged women aged under 65 years from the Aberdeen Prospective Osteoporosis Screening Study. METHODS ACB (0 = none, 1 = possible, ≥2 = definite) was calculated from medication use for 3883 Caucasian women [mean age (SD) = 54.3 (2.3) years] attending the second Aberdeen Prospective Osteoporosis Screening Study visit (1997-2000). Outcomes were examined using logistic regression. Model adjustments were selected a priori based on expert opinion. RESULTS Of 3883 participants, 3293 scored ACB = 0, 328 scored ACB = 1, and 262 scored ACB ≥2. High ACB burden (≥2) was associated with increased odds (ACB = 0 reference) for falls (fully adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence intervals] = 1.81 [1.25-2.62]; P = 0.002) and having low bone mineral density (lowest quintile-20%) at Ward's triangle (3.22 [1.30-7.99]; P = 0.01). A history of falls over the year prior to the study visit in participants with ACB score ≥2 was 32 per 100. For ACB categories 1 and 0, a history of falls per 100 was 21 and 22, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The risk of falling associated with ACB observed in older age may also extend to middle-aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Ablett
- Ageing Clinical & Experimental Research (ACER) Team, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, UK; Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Adrian D Wood
- Ageing Clinical & Experimental Research (ACER) Team, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, UK; Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rebecca Barr
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, UK; Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Medicine Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK; Medicines Monitoring Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jordan Guillot
- Ageing Clinical & Experimental Research (ACER) Team, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alison J Black
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, UK; NHS Grampian, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Helen M Macdonald
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, UK; Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Medicine Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - David M Reid
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, UK; Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Medicine Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Phyo K Myint
- Ageing Clinical & Experimental Research (ACER) Team, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, UK; Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, UK; NHS Grampian, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
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Rosenberg N, Bull AMJ. Simulating localised cellular inflammation and substrate properties in a strain energy density based bone remodelling algorithm for use in modelling trauma. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2018; 21:208-218. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2018.1439025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Rosenberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Forsyth JR, Riddiford-Harland DL, Whitting JW, Sheppard JM, Steele JR. Understanding successful and unsuccessful landings of aerial maneuver variations in professional surfing. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1615-1624. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Forsyth
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory; Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - D. L. Riddiford-Harland
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory; Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - J. W. Whitting
- School of Human & Health Sciences; Southern Cross University; Lismore NSW Australia
| | | | - J. R. Steele
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory; Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
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Zhao M, Garland T, Chappell MA, Andrew JR, Harris BN, Saltzman W. Effects of a physical and energetic challenge on male California mice ( Peromyscus californicus): modulation by reproductive condition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.168559. [PMID: 29170256 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.168559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction strongly influences metabolism, morphology and behavior in female mammals. In species in which males provide parental care, reproduction might have similar effects on fathers. We examined effects of an environmental challenge on metabolically important physiological, morphological and behavioral measures, and determined whether these effects differed between reproductive and non-reproductive males in the biparental California mouse (Peromyscus californicus). Males were paired with an ovary-intact female, an ovariectomized female treated with estrogen and progesterone to induce estrus, or an untreated ovariectomized female. Within each group, half of the animals were housed under standard laboratory conditions and half in cages requiring them to climb wire towers to obtain food and water; these latter animals were also fasted for 24 h every third day. We predicted that few differences would be observed between fathers and non-reproductive males under standard conditions, but that fathers would be in poorer condition than non-reproductive males under challenging conditions. Body and fat mass showed a housing condition×reproductive group interaction: the challenge condition increased body and fat mass in both groups of non-reproductive males, but breeding males were unaffected. Males housed under the physical and energetic challenge had higher blood lipid content, lower maximal aerobic capacity and related traits (hematocrit and relative triceps surae mass), increased pain sensitivity and increased number of fecal boli excreted during tail-suspension tests (a measure of anxiety), compared with controls. Thus, our physical and energetic challenge paradigm altered metabolism, morphology and behavior, but these effects were largely unaffected by reproductive condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Mark A Chappell
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jacob R Andrew
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Wendy Saltzman
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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McMillan LB, Zengin A, Ebeling PR, Scott D. Prescribing Physical Activity for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Older Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2017; 5:healthcare5040085. [PMID: 29113119 PMCID: PMC5746719 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare5040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an age-related disease, characterised by low bone mineral density (BMD) and compromised bone geometry and microarchitecture, leading to reduced bone strength. Physical activity (PA) has potential as a therapy for osteoporosis, yet different modalities of PA have varying influences on bone health. This review explores current evidence for the benefits of PA, and targeted exercise regimes for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in older adults. In particular, the outcomes of interventions involving resistance training, low- and high-impact weight bearing activities, and whole-body vibration therapy are discussed. Finally, we present recommendations for future research that may maximise the potential of exercise in primary and secondary prevention of osteoporosis in the ageing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan B McMillan
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Ayse Zengin
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Peter R Ebeling
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - David Scott
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne Medical School (Western Campus), The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia.
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Phillips BE, Williams JP, Greenhaff PL, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Physiological adaptations to resistance exercise as a function of age. JCI Insight 2017; 2:95581. [PMID: 28878131 PMCID: PMC5621901 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of resistance exercise training (RE-T) across the life span is poorly defined. METHODS To resolve this, we recruited three distinct age cohorts of young (18-28 years; n = 11), middle-aged (45-55 years; n = 20), and older (nonsarcopenic; 65-75 years; n = 17) individuals to a cross-sectional intervention study. All subjects participated in 20 weeks of fully supervised whole-body progressive RE-T, undergoing assessment of body composition, muscle and vascular function, and metabolic health biomarkers before and after RE-T. Individuals also received stable isotope tracer infusions to ascertain muscle protein synthesis (MPS). RESULTS There was an age-related increase in adiposity, but only young and middle-age groups demonstrated reductions following RE-T. Increases in blood pressure with age were attenuated by RE-T in middle-aged, but not older, individuals, while age-related increases in leg vascular conductance were unaffected by RE-T. The index of insulin sensitivity was reduced by RE-T in older age. Despite being matched at baseline, only younger individuals increased muscle mass in response to RE-T, and there existed a negative correlation between age and muscle growth; in contrast, increases in mechanical quality were preserved across ages. Acute increases in MPS (upon feeding plus acute RE-T) were enhanced only in younger individuals, perhaps explaining greater hypertrophy. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that RE-T offsets some, but not all, negative characteristics of ageing - some of which are apparent in midlife. FUNDING Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/C516779/1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul L. Greenhaff
- School of Life Sciences, Medical Research Council Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham and Derby, United Kingdom
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Kim Y, Wijndaele K, Lee DC, Sharp SJ, Wareham N, Brage S. Independent and joint associations of grip strength and adiposity with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in 403,199 adults: the UK Biobank study. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:773-782. [PMID: 28793990 PMCID: PMC6101209 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.156851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Higher grip strength (GS) is associated with lower mortality risk. However, whether this association is independent of adiposity is uncertain.Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between GS, adiposity, and mortality.Design: The UK Biobank study is an ongoing prospective cohort of >0.5 million UK adults aged 40-69 y. Baseline data collection (2006-2010) included measurements of GS and adiposity indicators, including body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2). Age- and sex-specific GS quintiles were used. BMI was classified according to clinical cutoffs.Results: Data from 403,199 participants were included in analyses. Over a median 7.0-y of follow-up, 8287 all-cause deaths occurred. The highest GS quintile had 32% (95% CI: 26%, 38%) and 25% (95% CI: 16%, 33%) lower all-cause mortality risks for men and women, respectively, compared with the lowest GS quintile, after adjustment for confounders and BMI. Obesity class II (BMI ≥35) was associated with a greater all-cause mortality risk. The highest GS quintile and obesity class II category showed relatively higher all-cause mortality hazards (not statistically significant in men) than the highest GS quintile and the normal weight category; however, the increased risk was relatively lower than the risk for the lowest GS quintile and obesity class II category. All-cause mortality risks were generally lower for obese but stronger individuals than for nonobese but weaker individuals. Similar patterns of associations were observed for cardiovascular mortality.Conclusions: Lower grip strength and excess adiposity are both independent predictors of higher mortality risk. The higher mortality risk associated with excess adiposity is attenuated, although not completely attenuated, by greater GS. Interventions and policies should focus on improving the muscular strength of the population regardless of their degree of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwon Kim
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
| | - Katrien Wijndaele
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK CB2 0QQ
| | - Duck-chul Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, 251 Forker Building, 534 Wallace Road, Ames, Iowa, USA 50011-4008
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK CB2 0QQ
| | - Nick Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK CB2 0QQ
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK CB2 0QQ
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Washburn LT, Cornell CE, Traywick L, Felix HC, Phillips ME. Barriers and Facilitators to Adoption of a Lay-Delivered Community-Based Strength Training Program for Women in Rural Areas. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2017.1292970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Therapeutically relevant structural and functional mechanisms triggered by physical and cognitive exercise. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1633-1642. [PMID: 27001615 PMCID: PMC5078857 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Physical and cognitive exercise may prevent or delay dementia in later life but the neural mechanisms underlying these therapeutic benefits are largely unknown. We examined structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain changes after 6 months of progressive resistance training (PRT), computerized cognitive training (CCT) or combined intervention. A total of 100 older individuals (68 females, average age=70.1, s.d.±6.7, 55-87 years) with dementia prodrome mild cognitive impairment were recruited in the SMART (Study of Mental Activity and Resistance Training) Trial. Participants were randomly assigned into four intervention groups: PRT+CCT, PRT+SHAM CCT, CCT+SHAM PRT and double SHAM. Multimodal MRI was conducted at baseline and at 6 months of follow-up (immediately after training) to measure structural and spontaneous functional changes in the brain, with a focus on the hippocampus and posterior cingulate regions. Participants' cognitive changes were also assessed before and after training. We found that PRT but not CCT significantly improved global cognition (F(90)=4.1, P<0.05) as well as expanded gray matter in the posterior cingulate (Pcorrected <0.05), and these changes were related to each other (r=0.25, P=0.03). PRT also reversed progression of white matter hyperintensities, a biomarker of cerebrovascular disease, in several brain areas. In contrast, CCT but not PRT attenuated decline in overall memory performance (F(90)=5.7, P<0.02), mediated by enhanced functional connectivity between the hippocampus and superior frontal cortex. Our findings indicate that physical and cognitive training depend on discrete neuronal mechanisms for their therapeutic efficacy, information that may help develop targeted lifestyle-based preventative strategies.
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DeFina LF, Leonard D, Willis BL, Barlow CE, Finley CE, Jenkins MR, Pence BC, Zhang Y, Chyu MC, Lewiecki EM, Shen CL. High Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Associated with Reduced Risk of Low Bone Density in Postmenopausal Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2016; 25:1073-1080. [PMID: 27749191 PMCID: PMC5069711 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2014.5170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to determine the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck (FN) in postmenopausal women using existing Cooper Center Longitudinal Study data. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cohort of 1,720 predominantly healthy Caucasian women (57.1 ± 6.9 years) underwent preventive medical examinations that included CRF assessment by maximal Balke treadmill testing and measurement of BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. CRF was estimated from total treadmill time and categorized into five categories of CRF (further defined as fitness category 1 = low fitness, 2-3 = moderate fitness, and 4-5 = high fitness). Logistic regression was used to characterize the association between CRF and BMD, adjusting for age, weight, and resistance activity level. RESULTS Overall, the mean body-mass index (BMI) for all subjects was 25.0 ± 4.5 kg/m2, although BMI was in the obese range in the low fitness group. The prevalence of osteoporosis (T-score ≤ -2.5 at the FN) was greater in the low fit group than moderate or high fit (5.8% vs. 3.0% or 3.9%, respectively); with a similar pattern seen for prevalence of osteopenia (T-score > -2.5 and ≤ -1.0 at the FN) (47.5% vs. 46.4% or 44.8%, respectively). Higher age and lower weight were associated with low BMD. Fully adjusted logistic regression models showed an inverse association between CRF and low BMD of the FN. For T-score ≤ -1.0, the primary outcome, the odds ratio (OR) was 0.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32-0.79) for moderate fitness, and OR of 0.32 (95% CI 0.21-0.51) for high fitness was seen. For T-score ≤ -2.5 at the FN, OR was 0.30 (95% CI 0.11-0.80) for moderate fitness, and OR was 0.29 (95% CI 0.12-0.71) for high fitness. CONCLUSION Increased CRF levels are associated with reduced risk for low bone density in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marjorie R. Jenkins
- Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Barbara C. Pence
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Ming-Chien Chyu
- Healthcare Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | | | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
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Loudon JK. The master female triathlete. Phys Ther Sport 2016; 22:123-128. [PMID: 27511062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The world of triathlon has expanded to include all ages and both sexes. One of the largest growing age groups is the master female athlete. It is important for the physical therapist to understand the special needs of this population in order to adequately care for master female athletes so they can participate at a high level and injury-free. Biology of aging, injury prevention and a suggested training program are presented in this Masterclass article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice K Loudon
- Rockhurst University, 1100 Rockhurst Rd, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States.
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Gombos GC, Bajsz V, Pék E, Schmidt B, Sió E, Molics B, Betlehem J. Direct effects of physical training on markers of bone metabolism and serum sclerostin concentrations in older adults with low bone mass. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:254. [PMID: 27278385 PMCID: PMC4899888 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both gravitational loading and the forces generated by muscle contraction have direct effects on serum markers of bone metabolism. The object of this study was to examine the direct effects of a single session of resistance exercise or walking on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in participants with low bone mass. Methods A total of 150 otherwise healthy female subjects (mean age = 59.1 ± 7.1 years) diagnosed with osteoporosis or osteopenia were randomly allocated to either a resistance exercise group (RG; n = 50), walking group (WG; n = 50), or control group (CG; n = 50). Changes in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), carboxy-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), and serum sclerostin concentrations were measured before and immediately after a single exercise intervention. Results There was no significant change in BALP values in any of the groups. Sclerostin levels increased in the RG and WG, and there was significant difference between the WG and CG after the exercise intervention (P < 0.01). In contrast, the changes in CTX concentrations from baseline were significant in the RG (P < 0.01) but not in the WG (P = 0.11), and there was a significant difference between resistance exercise and walking (P < 0.01). Conclusions In participants with low bone mass, resistance exercise influenced the serum concentrations of CTX, a marker of bone resorption, but walking did not. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN16329455; retrospectively registered on 05/05/2016.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viktória Bajsz
- University of Pécs, Faculty of Health Sciences, 33 Landorhegyi Road, Zalaegerszeg, 8900, Hungary
| | - Emese Pék
- University of Pécs, Faculty of Health Sciences, 33 Landorhegyi Road, Zalaegerszeg, 8900, Hungary
| | - Béla Schmidt
- University of Pécs, Faculty of Health Sciences, 33 Landorhegyi Road, Zalaegerszeg, 8900, Hungary
| | - Eszter Sió
- University of Pécs, Faculty of Health Sciences, 33 Landorhegyi Road, Zalaegerszeg, 8900, Hungary
| | - Bálint Molics
- University of Pécs, Faculty of Health Sciences, 33 Landorhegyi Road, Zalaegerszeg, 8900, Hungary
| | - József Betlehem
- University of Pécs, Faculty of Health Sciences, 33 Landorhegyi Road, Zalaegerszeg, 8900, Hungary
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50
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Johnston TE, Marino RJ, Oleson CV, Schmidt-Read M, Leiby BE, Sendecki J, Singh H, Modlesky CM. Musculoskeletal Effects of 2 Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling Paradigms Conducted at Different Cadences for People With Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 97:1413-1422. [PMID: 26705884 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the musculoskeletal effects of low cadence cycling with functional electrical stimulation (FES) with high cadence FES cycling for people with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN Randomized pre-post design. SETTING Outpatient rehabilitation clinic. PARTICIPANTS Participants (N=17; 14 men, 3 women; age range, 22-67y) with C4-T6 motor complete chronic SCI were randomized to low cadence cycling (n=9) or high cadence cycling (n=8). INTERVENTIONS Low cadence cycling at 20 revolutions per minute (RPM) and high cadence cycling at 50 RPM 3 times per week for 6 months. Cycling torque (resistance per pedal rotation) increased if targeted cycling cadence was maintained. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to assess distal femur areal bone mineral density, magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess to assess trabecular bone microarchitecture and cortical bone macroarchitecture and thigh muscle volume, and biochemical markers were used to assess bone turnover. It was hypothesized that subjects using low cadence cycling would cycle with greater torque and therefore show greater musculoskeletal improvements than subjects using high cadence cycling. RESULTS A total of 15 participants completed the study. Low cadence cycling obtained a maximal average torque of 2.9±2.8Nm, and high cadence cycling obtained a maximal average torque of 0.8±0.2Nm. Low cadence cycling showed greater decreases in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, indicating less bone formation (15.5% decrease for low cadence cycling, 10.7% increase for high cadence cycling). N-telopeptide decreased 34% following low cadence cycling, indicating decreased resorption. Both groups increased muscle volume (low cadence cycling by 19%, high cadence cycling by 10%). Low cadence cycling resulted in a nonsignificant 7% increase in apparent trabecular number (P=.08) and 6% decrease in apparent trabecular separation (P=.08) in the distal femur, whereas high cadence cycling resulted in a nonsignificant (P>.3) 2% decrease and 3% increase, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the greater torque achieved with low cadence cycling may result in improved bone health because of decreased bone turnover and improved trabecular bone microarchitecture. Longer-term outcome studies are warranted to identify the effect on fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese E Johnston
- Department of Physical Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Ralph J Marino
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christina V Oleson
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Benjamin E Leiby
- Division of Biostatics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jocelyn Sendecki
- Division of Biostatics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Harshvardhan Singh
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
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