1
|
Saki H, Nazem F, Fariba F, Sheikhsharbafan R. A High intensity Interval training (running and swimming) and resistance training intervention on heart rate variability and the selected biochemical factors in boys with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 204:110915. [PMID: 37742805 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of High Intensity Interval Training and Resistance training (HIITR) on heart rate variability (HRV), blood glucose, and plasma biomarkers levels in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 24 boys with T1D (FBS: 274.66 ± 52.99, age: 15.2 ± 1.78 years, and BMI = 19.61 ± 1.11) and 12 healthy boys (FBS: 92.75 ± 5.22, age: 15.08 ± 1.67 years, and BMI = 20.26 ± 2.66) were divided into three groups: Diabetes Training (DT, n = 12), Diabetes Control (DC, n = 12), and Healthy Control (HC, n = 12). HRV (24 h) was computed in time and frequency domains, anthropometric, biochemical parameters at rest, and aerobic capacity (VO2peak) obtained during a graded exercise testing (GXT). All variables were evaluated at the baseline and following 12 weeks of exercise training, done 3 days weekly. The statistical method used for data analysis was analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test. RESULTS HRV, Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and Fasting blood sugar (FBS), VO2peak, norepinephrine (NEP), and HDL-C indicated significant differences between both T1D groups compared to HC at baseline (p < 0.001). BMI, LDL-C, TC, and TG parameters were similar in all groups. HRV parameters, VO2peak and HDL-C, and NEP were significantly improved by exercise training, and HbA1c and FBS levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.001). There is a negative and significant correlation between LF/HF Ratio Difference (post-test minus pre-test) and VO2Peak Difference variables (post-test minus pre-test) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests the importance of early screening for CVD risk factors in adolescent males with T1D. Also, it was revealed HIITR training compared to other training patterns, and cardiovascular health improves via enhancement of autonomic modulation, VO2peak, plasma lipids, and catecholamine levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Saki
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sports Science Faculty, Hamadan Bu Ali Sina University, Iran
| | - Farzad Nazem
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sports Science Faculty, Hamadan Bu Ali Sina University, Iran.
| | - Farnaz Fariba
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reza Sheikhsharbafan
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lundstrom CJ, Foreman NA, Biltz G. Practices and Applications of Heart Rate Variability Monitoring in Endurance Athletes. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:9-19. [PMID: 35853460 DOI: 10.1055/a-1864-9726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate variability reflects fluctuations in the changes in consecutive heartbeats, providing insight into cardiac autonomic function and overall physiological state. Endurance athletes typically demonstrate better cardiac autonomic function than non-athletes, with lower resting heart rates and greater variability. The availability and use of heart rate variability metrics has increased in the broader population and may be particularly useful to endurance athletes. The purpose of this review is to characterize current practices and applications of heart rate variability analysis in endurance athletes. Important considerations for heart rate variability analysis will be discussed, including analysis techniques, monitoring tools, the importance of stationarity of data, body position, timing and duration of the recording window, average heart rate, and sex and age differences. Key factors affecting resting heart rate variability will be discussed, including exercise intensity, duration, modality, overall training load, and lifestyle factors. Training applications will be explored, including heart rate variability-guided training and the identification and monitoring of maladaptive states such as overtraining. Lastly, we will examine some alternative uses of heart rate variability, including during exercise, post-exercise, and for physiological forecasting and predicting performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas A Foreman
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
| | - George Biltz
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muñoz-Pérez I, Varela-Sanz A, Lago-Fuentes C, Navarro-Patón R, Mecías-Calvo M. Central and Peripheral Fatigue in Recreational Trail Runners: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:402. [PMID: 36612727 PMCID: PMC9819577 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding fatigue mechanisms is crucial for exercise performance. However, scientific evidence on non-invasive methods for assessing fatigue in trail running competitions is scarce, especially when vertical kilometer trail running races (VK) are considered. The main purpose of this study was to assess the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity (i.e., central fatigue) and the state of muscle activation (i.e., peripheral fatigue) before and after a VK competition. METHODS A cross-sectional pilot study was performed. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 8 recreational male trail runners (31.63 ± 7.21 yrs, 1.75 m ± 0.05 m, 70.38 ± 5.41 kg, BMI: 22.88 ± 0.48, running experience: 8.0 ± 3.63 yrs, weekly training volume: 58.75 ± 10.35 km) volunteered to participate and were assessed for both central (i.e., via heart rate variability, HRV) and peripheral (via tensiomyography, TMG) fatigue before and after a VK race. RESULTS After the VK, resting heart rate, RMSSD (p = 0.01 for both) and SDNN significantly decreased (p = 0.02), while the stress score and the sympathetic-parasympathetic ratio increased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). The TMG analyses suggest that runners already suffered peripheral fatigue before the VK and that 20-30 min are enough for muscular recovery after the race. In summary, our data suggest that participants experienced a pre-competition fatigue status. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to investigate the mechanisms underlying fatigue during trail running races, while training periodization and tapering strategies could play a key role for minimizing pre-competition fatigue status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iker Muñoz-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y Deporte, Universidad de Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Adrián Varela-Sanz
- Physical and Sports Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, 15179 A Coruna, Spain
| | - Carlos Lago-Fuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Rubén Navarro-Patón
- Facultad de Formación del Profesorado, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27001 Lugo, Spain
| | - Marcos Mecías-Calvo
- Facultad de Formación del Profesorado, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27001 Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mongin D, Chabert C, Extremera MG, Hue O, Courvoisier DS, Carpena P, Galvan PAB. Decrease of heart rate variability during exercise: An index of cardiorespiratory fitness. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273981. [PMID: 36054204 PMCID: PMC9439241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study proposes to measure and quantify the heart rate variability (HRV) changes during effort as a function of the heart rate and to test the capacity of the produced indices to predict cardiorespiratory fitness measures. Therefore, the beat-to-beat cardiac time interval series of 18 adolescent athletes (15.2 ± 2.0 years) measured during maximal graded effort test were detrended using a dynamical first-order differential equation model. HRV was then calculated as the standard deviation of the detrended RR intervals (SDRR) within successive windows of one minute. The variation of this measure of HRV during exercise is properly fitted by an exponential decrease of the heart rate: the SDRR is divided by 2 every increase of heart rate of 20 beats/min. The HR increase necessary to divide by 2 the HRV is linearly inversely correlated with the maximum oxygen consumption (r = -0.60, p = 0.006), the maximal aerobic power (r = -0.62, p = 0.006), and, to a lesser extent, to the power at the ventilatory thresholds (r = -0.53, p = 0.02 and r = -0.47, p = 0.05 for the first and second threshold). It indicates that the decrease of the HRV when the heart rate increases is faster among athletes with better fitness. This analysis, based only on cardiac measurements, provides a promising tool for the study of cardiac measurements generated by portable devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Mongin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Clovis Chabert
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Manuel Gomez Extremera
- Department of Applied Physics II, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Olivier Hue
- ACTES laboratory, UPRES-EA 3596 UFR-STAPS, University of the French West Indies, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Delphine Sophie Courvoisier
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Quality of Care Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Carpena
- Department of Applied Physics II, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Overnight sleeping heart rate variability of Army recruits during a 12-week basic military training course. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2135-2144. [PMID: 35833968 PMCID: PMC9381457 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to quantify sleeping heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV) alongside circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) concentrations during 12-week Basic Military Training (BMT). We hypothesised that, despite a high allostatic load, BMT would increase cardiorespiratory fitness and HRV, while lowering both sleeping HR and TNFα in young healthy recruits. Methods Sixty-three recruits (18–43 years) undertook ≥ 2 overnight cardiac frequency recordings in weeks 1, 8 and 12 of BMT with 4 h of beat-to-beat HR collected between 00:00 and 06:00 h on each night. Beat-to-beat data were used to derive HR and HRV metrics which were analysed as weekly averages (totalling 8 h). A fasted morning blood sample was collected in the equivalent weeks for the measurement of circulating TNFα concentrations and predicted VO2max was assessed in weeks 2 and 8. Results Predicted VO2max was significantly increased at week 8 (+ 3.3 ± 2.6 mL kg−1 min−1; p < 0.001). Sleeping HR (wk1, 63 ± 7 b min−1) was progressively reduced throughout BMT (wk8, 58 ± 6; wk12, 55 ± 6 b min−1; p < 0.01). Sleeping HRV reflected by the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD; wk1, 86 ± 50 ms) was progressively increased (wk8, 98 ± 50; wk12, 106 ± 52 ms; p < 0.01). Fasted circulating TNFα (wk1, 9.1 ± 2.8 pg/mL) remained unchanged at wk8 (8.9 ± 2.5 pg/mL; p = 0.79) but were significantly reduced at wk12 (8.0 ± 2.4 pg/mL; p < 0.01). Conclusion Increased predicted VO2max, HRV and reduced HR during overnight sleep are reflective of typical cardiorespiratory endurance training responses. These results indicate that recruits are achieving cardiovascular health benefits despite the high allostatic load associated with the 12-week BMT.
Collapse
|
6
|
The effect of aerobic exercises of different intensities on anxiety, cigarette addiction, sleep quality, and quality of life in former smokers. Ir J Med Sci 2022:10.1007/s11845-022-03065-z. [PMID: 35723855 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-022-03065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a worldwide struggle to quit smoking and prevent relapsing. Aerobic exercises are frequently utilized to aid in smoking cessation and prevent relapse. AIMS This study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic exercises of different intensity on the level of anxiety, smoking addiction, and quality of sleep and life in former smokers. METHODS The study included 60 people aged 18 to 45 who had quit smoking within the previous month. Individuals were randomly assigned to control (CON), mild-intensity aerobic activity (MIA), and moderate-intensity aerobic activity (MoIA) groups. The MIA group did submaximal aerobic exercises at 40% of maximum heart rate (MHR), while the MoIA group did them at 60% of MHR for 8 weeks/3 days. Participants' anxiety levels were assessed using the Beck Anxiety Scale (BAS), smoking addiction was assessed using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and Substance Craving Scale (SCS), sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 Short Form Scale (SF-36). RESULTS The SCS score of the MoIA group declined more than the MIA and CON groups, and the MIA group had a lower sleep disturbance score than other groups when the influence of exercise training was assessed over time (p < 0.05). Aerobic exercise had no influence on SF-36 or BAS scores (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The benefits of mild and moderate aerobic exercise on quality of life and anxiety are similar. However, mild-intensity aerobic exercises may be suitable for sleep difficulties while moderate-intensity aerobic exercises may be preferred for reducing smoking addiction.
Collapse
|
7
|
Roles of sleep-related cardiovascular autonomic functions in voluntary-exercise-induced alleviation of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:1154-1167. [PMID: 35459851 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic dysfunction and sleep problems are closely associated with hypertension and predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Animal studies and clinical observations have identified exercise as an important factor in preventing and treating hypertension. However, the roles of autonomic function and sleep in the antihypertensive mechanisms of exercise are still not fully understood. This study aimed to clarify the physiological mechanisms associated with autonomic function and sleep through wheel exercise. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were grouped into a wheel-exercised group and a sedentary group (controls). Electroencephalogram, electromyogram, electrocardiogram, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded simultaneously for 24 h once a week over 11 weeks. Wheel exercise was initiated in the SHRs at 12 weeks old and continued for another eight weeks. A significant suppression in the age-related elevation of MAP was noted in the SHRs undergoing wheel exercise. The reduction in MAP was correlated with increased parasympathetic activity and baroreflex sensitivity and decreased sympathetic activity, mainly during quiet sleep. Exercise increased the paradoxical sleep time and theta power (associated with cognitive function) but not the delta power (an indicator of sleep depth) or the attenuation of circadian rhythm flattening (characterized by increased wakefulness and less sleep during the light period and the opposite during the dark period). Furthermore, the exercise-induced changes in autonomic function occurred before those in sleep patterns, which were dependent on each other. In conclusion, wheel exercise can modulate sleep-related cardiovascular dysfunction and the flattening of circadian rhythm, preventing the progression of hypertension, which reduces the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Corrigan SL, Bulmer S, Roberts SSH, Warmington S, Drain J, Main LC. Monitoring Responses to Basic Military Training with Heart Rate Variability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1506-1514. [PMID: 35394465 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heart rate variability (HRV) has shown sensitivity to the acute stressors experienced by defence personnel. This study examines the suitability of overnight HRV as a repeated measure of allostatic load in defence personnel. METHODS Daily measures of sleep, cognitive load and perceived exertion were reported for the 12-week duration of basic military training (BMT) in 48 recruits. Measures of physical activity, subjective wellbeing and HRV were measured weekly. The natural log of the root mean square of successive differences of inter-beat intervals (Ln RMSSD) and the Ln RMSSD to inter-beat interval ratio (Ln RMSSD:RRi ratio) during predicted slow wave sleep were used for HRV. Physical performance was assessed via the 20-m shuttle run and maximal push-up test in week two and eight of BMT with predicted V̇O2 peak values calculated. RESULTS Predicted V̇O2 peak increased from 42.6 ± 4.5 to 48.0 ± 2.7 mL·kg·min (p < 0.001). Ln RMSSD was elevated in week seven and ten and the Ln RMSSD:RRi ratio was elevated in week ten above all other weeks (p < 0.05). An increase in perceived exertion (F = 9.10, p = 0.003) and subjective fatigue (F = 6.97, p = 0.009), as well as a reduction in V̇O2 peak (F = 7.95, p = 0.009), individually predicted an increase in Ln RMSSD. The best predictive model of Ln RMSSD included perceived exertion (F = 8.16, p = 0.005), subjective fatigue (F = 8.49, p = 0.004), the number of awakenings during sleep (F = 7.79, p = 0.006) and the change in V̇O2 peak (F = 19.110, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS HRV was predicted by subjective recruit responses to BMT workloads rather than objective measures of physical activity. Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness depicted recruits who experienced enough stress to facilitate physiological adaptation which was reflected by a reduction in HRV during BMT. Monitoring HRV and HRV in relation to inter-beat interval length may provide a better tool for determining allostatic load than HRV alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean L Corrigan
- Deakin University, Centre for Sport Research, Geelong, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Sean Bulmer
- Deakin University, Centre for Sport Research, Geelong, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | | | - Stuart Warmington
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Geelong, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Jace Drain
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Luana C Main
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Geelong, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hebisz RG, Hebisz P, Zatoń MW. Heart Rate Variability After Sprint Interval Training in Cyclists and Implications for Assessing Physical Fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:558-564. [PMID: 32304516 PMCID: PMC8785771 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hebisz, RG, Hebisz, P, and Zatoń, MW. Heart rate variability after sprint interval training in cyclists and implications for assessing physical fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 558-564, 2022-This study evaluated the time- and frequency-domain indexes of heart rate variability (HRV) during sprint interval exercise test (SIXT) and identify the onset of fatigue by HRV concurrent with changes in average (Pavg) and peak (Ppeak) power output, total oxygen uptake (V̇o2tou), and blood hydrogen (H+) and lactate (La-) concentrations. Twenty-seven cyclists performed 4 sets of SIXT in which each set consisted of four 30-second maximal sprints interspersed with 90 seconds of low-intensity cycling. Each set was separated by 25-40 minutes of recovery. Before beginning each set, HRV was analyzed by time (mean normal-to-normal RR intervals [RRNN], SD of normal-to-normal RR intervals [SDNN], and square root of the mean squared difference between successive normal-to-normal RR intervals [RMSSD]) and frequency (total spectral power [T] and very low- [VLF], low- [LF], and high-frequency [HF] spectral power) domain methods. Pavg, Ppeak, and V̇o2tou were recorded in each set, and H+ and La- were measured after each set. RRNN, SDNN, and VLF decreased in the second set, whereas all time and frequency indexes of HRV decreased in the third and fourth set. Pavg and H+ decreased, while V̇o2tou increased in the fourth set. Ppeak decreased in the second, third, and fourth set. Correlations were found between the changes in the time and frequency indexes of HRV with H+, La-, and V̇o2tou. The results indicate that HRV does not reflect the onset of physical fatigue in SIXT as was observed in Pavg and no correlation was found between the changes in HRV with Pavg and Ppeak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał G Hebisz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Using Actigraphy and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) to Assess Sleep Quality and Sleep Arousal of Three App-Based Interventions: Sleep Music, Sleepcasts, and Guided Mindfulness. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-021-00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Fuster J, Caparrós T, Capdevila L. Evaluation of cognitive load in team sports: literature review. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12045. [PMID: 34707923 PMCID: PMC8504464 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In team sports, load management has become one of the most common areas of investigation, given that effective control over load is the key to being able to optimize performance and avoid injuries. Despite the constant evolution and innovation in the latest theories, we can see a clear tendency in load management that focuses on physiological and mechanical aspects and neglects its cognitive character, which generates the variability inherent in the performance of athletes in a changing environment. Indicators of response that inform methods of control over cognitive load can include cognitive, physiological and behavioral indicators. However, limited investigations exist to support the reliability of each indicator regarding cognitive load. For this reason, the objective of this literature review is to present strategies used to manage cognitive load in team sports, as well as the indicators utilized for such a proposition and their relationships in specific contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Fuster
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Caparrós
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,GRCE Research Group, National Institut of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Capdevila
- Sport Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
An Attempt to Predict Changes in Heart Rate Variability in the Training Intensification Process among Cyclists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147636. [PMID: 34300087 PMCID: PMC8303199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Individual changes in resting heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were assessed in seven Polish cyclists during a training process consisting of: a six-week period (P1) of predominantly low- and moderate-intensity training (L-MIT) and a six-week period (P2) where the proportion of high-intensity interval training (HIT) increased. Daily recorded HRV parameters included high-frequency spectral power (HF), square root of the mean squared difference between successive normal-to-normal RR intervals (RMSSD), and standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN). In each training microcycle, the average values of HFav, RMSSDav, and SDNNav were calculated individually for each participant. In three cyclists, HF was higher in P2 compared to P1, whereas in one cyclist, HF was higher in P1 than in P2. Each of these four cyclists presented an individual correlation between the average daily duration HIT effort in training microcycles (HITav) and HFav. Cyclists with low baseline values of HRV parameters showed increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, while in the cyclist with high baseline values of HRV parameters, an opposite change was observed. In conclusion, changes in resting HRV parameters between period P1 and P2 can be individualised. In the investigated group, it was possible to predict how HRV would change as a result of training intensification on the basis of HRV baseline values.
Collapse
|
13
|
Andreu-Caravaca L, Ramos-Campo DJ, Abellán-Aynés O, Ávila-Gandía V, Chung LH, Manonelles P, Rubio-Arias JÁ. 10-Weeks of resistance training improves sleep quality and cardiac autonomic control in persons with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:5241-5249. [PMID: 34107841 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1934738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the acute and chronic effects of 10-weeks of progressive resistance training on sleep quality and sleeping heart rate variability in persons with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS). METHODS Eighteen pwMS (age = 44.8 ± 10.6 years; EDSS = 3.1 ± 1.7) completed a 10-week of resistance training, with three training sessions per week. Each session consisted of 4 lower body exercises, performing 2-4 sets of each exercise, with 8-15 repetitions each set, at an intensity ranging from 60 to 75% of 1-repetition maximum. Subjective and actigraphic sleep quality and sleeping heart rate variability were carried out at 4 different times: (1) Before the starting of the intervention on a rest day; (2) the night after training week 1 (3) the night after training week 10 and 4) after completing the resistance training program on a rest day. RESULTS Regarding subjective sleep quality, significant main effects were observed on the variables of sleep quality, sleep comfort, easy of falling sleep, easy of waking up and felling of rest. Sleep quality, sleep comfort and easy of falling sleep were greater in rest night in week 1 vs. rest night in week 10. Actigraphic sleep quality also improved after the training program (rest night in week 1 vs. rest night in week 10). In the pair-wise comparison showed an acute effect in the session after the training program (rest night in week 10< training night in week 10) on HF, pNN50 and RMMSD. CONCLUSIONS Resistance training is a non-pharmacological treatment that has the capacity to improve the regulation of autonomic system and, consequently, the sleep quality in pwMS.Implications for rehabilitation10 Weeks of resistance training improves the sleep quality of persons with multiple sclerosis.Resistance training can modulate autonomic cardiac control in this population.Improving the sleep quality is essential for persons with MS because of its close relationship to other variables, such as symptomatic fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Andreu-Caravaca
- International Chair of Sports Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Oriol Abellán-Aynés
- International Chair of Sports Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Linda H Chung
- Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Manonelles
- International Chair of Sports Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jacobo Á Rubio-Arias
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, LFE Research Group, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Education, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
A Systematic Review on Markers of Functional Overreaching in Endurance Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1065–1073. [PMID: 34108275 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this brief review was to present an overview of noninvasive markers in trained to professional endurance athletes that can reflect a state of functional overreaching. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases. After screening 380 articles, 12 research papers were included for the systematic review. RESULTS Good consensus was found between the different papers in which noninvasive parameters were able to reflect a state of functional overreaching. Changes in power output (PO), heart rate (HR; [sub]maximal and HR recovery), rating of perceived exertion, and scores in the Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes (DALDA) and/or Profile of Mood States (POMS) were shown to be able to reflect functional overreaching, whereas changes in maximal oxygen uptake and HR-variability parameters were not. CONCLUSION Functional overreaching within a maximal performance test was characterized by a decrease in peak PO and a lower maximum HR, whereas a lower mean PO and a lower HR were observed during time trials. Changes in parameters during a standardized submaximal test when functionally overreached were characterized by a higher PO at a fixed HR or a lower HR at a fixed intensity, higher rating of perceived exertion, and a faster HR recovery. Although both the DALDA and POMS were able to reflect functional overreaching, the POMS was not able to differentiate this response from acute fatigue, which makes it unsuitable for accurately monitoring functional overreaching.
Collapse
|
15
|
Paech C, Schrieber S, Daehnert I, Schmidt-Hellinger PJ, Wolfarth B, Wuestenfeld J, Thouet T. Influence of a 100-mile ultramarathon on heart rate and heart rate variability. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001005. [PMID: 34046186 PMCID: PMC8126321 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims This study aimed to investigate the impact of an ultramarathon (UM) with a distance of 100 miles on heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). Methods 28 runners (25 men and 3 women) underwent 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring 1 week before the UM, immediately after the UM and after a week of recovery. The influence of age, body mass index (BMI), HR and HRV on the run time and recovery was investigated. Results A rise in the baseline HR (18.98%) immediately after the run accompanied by a significant drop in the SD of all normal RR intervals (7.12%) 1 week after. Except for the runners' age, BMI, HR and HRV showed no influence on the competition time. Full return of HRV to the athletes' baseline did not occur within 1 week. There were no significant differences between finishers and non-finishers in the analysed parameters. Conclusion The present results show that a 100-mile run leads to an increase in sympathetic activity and thus to an increase in HR and a decrease in HRV. Also, HRV might be a suitable parameter to evaluate the state of recovery after a 100-mile run but does not help to quantify the status of recovery, as the damage to the tendomuscular system primarily characterises this after completing a UM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Paech
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, Leipzig Heart Centre University Hospital, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Simone Schrieber
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Daehnert
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, Leipzig Heart Centre University Hospital, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Wuestenfeld
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Sports Medicine, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Thouet
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kujawski S, Cossington J, Słomko J, Zawadka-Kunikowska M, Tafil-Klawe M, Klawe JJ, Buszko K, Jakovljevic DG, Kozakiewicz M, Morten KJ, Dawes H, Strong JWL, Murovska M, Van Oosterwijck J, Estevez-Lopez F, Newton JL, Hodges L, Zalewski P. Relationship between Cardiopulmonary, Mitochondrial and Autonomic Nervous System Function Improvement after an Individualised Activity Programme upon Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1542. [PMID: 33917586 PMCID: PMC8038762 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic effects of exercise from structured activity programmes have recently been questioned; as a result, this study examines the impact of an Individualised Activity Program (IAP) on the relationship with cardiovascular, mitochondrial and fatigue parameters. METHODS Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients were assessed using Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ), Fatigue Severity Score (FSS) and the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS). VO2peak, VO2submax and heart rate (HR) were assessed using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Mfn1 and Mfn2 levels in plasma were assessed. A Task Force Monitor was used to assess ANS functioning in supine rest and in response to the Head-Up Tilt Test (HUTT). RESULTS Thirty-four patients completed 16 weeks of the IAP. The CFQ, FSS and FIS scores decreased significantly along with a significant increase in Mfn1 and Mfn2 levels (p = 0.002 and p = 0.00005, respectively). The relationships between VO2 peak and Mfn1 increase in response to IAP (p = 0.03) and between VO2 at anaerobic threshold and ANS response to the HUTT (p = 0.03) were noted. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that IAP reduces fatigue and improves functional performance along with changes in autonomic and mitochondrial function. However, caution must be applied as exercise was not well tolerated by 51% of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Kujawski
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.S.); (M.Z.-K.); (J.J.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Jo Cossington
- Centre for Movement Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Rd, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (J.C.); (H.D.)
| | - Joanna Słomko
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.S.); (M.Z.-K.); (J.J.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Monika Zawadka-Kunikowska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.S.); (M.Z.-K.); (J.J.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe
- Department of Human Physiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Jacek J. Klawe
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.S.); (M.Z.-K.); (J.J.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Katarzyna Buszko
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Systems Theory, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jagiellonska Street, 85–067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Djordje G. Jakovljevic
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Priory St, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK;
| | - Mariusz Kozakiewicz
- Department of Geriatrics, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Karl J. Morten
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, The Women Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (K.J.M.); (J.W.L.S.)
| | - Helen Dawes
- Centre for Movement Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Rd, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (J.C.); (H.D.)
- NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - James W. L. Strong
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, The Women Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (K.J.M.); (J.W.L.S.)
| | - Modra Murovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Jessica Van Oosterwijck
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fernando Estevez-Lopez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Postbus 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Julia L. Newton
- Population Health Sciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4AX, UK;
| | - Lynette Hodges
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Paweł Zalewski
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.S.); (M.Z.-K.); (J.J.K.); (P.Z.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sekiguchi Y, Huggins RA, Curtis RM, Benjamin CL, Adams WM, Looney DP, West CA, Casa DJ. Relationship Between Heart Rate Variability and Acute:Chronic Load Ratio Throughout a Season in NCAA D1 Men's Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1103-1109. [PMID: 30289866 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sekiguchi, Y, Huggins, RA, Curtis, RM, Benjamin, CL, Adams, WM, Looney, DP, West, CA, and Casa, DJ. Relationship between heart rate variability and acute:chronic load ratio throughout a season in NCAA D1 men's soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1103-1109, 2021-The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to examine the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR)-based training load (TL) metrics and (b) to examine relationships across various A:C ratio-based TL metrics. Heart rate variability in 23 male college soccer players (mean ± SD; age, 21 ± 1 years; body mass, 80.3 ± 5.8 kg; height, 181.9 ± 6.5 cm; %body fat, 11.9 ± 2.0%; and V̇o2max, 51.9 ± 5.0 ml·kg-1·min-1) was measured at 5 time points: week(W)1, W3, W7, W12, and W14 during the 2015 NCAA men's soccer season. Heart rate variability was calculated from beat to beat intervals using a heart rate monitor. Players donned a global position satellite-enabled device that measured the following TL metrics: session time (ST), Player Load (PL), PL·min-1, and total distance (TD). Acute:chronic workload ratio was calculated for each TL metric: ACWR-based ST (ACWRST), ACWR-based PL (ACWRPL), ACWR-based PL·min-1 (ACWRPLM), and ACWR-based TD (ACWRTD): ACWR = week average TLs/mo average (30 ± 1 days) TLs. Relationships between HRV and ACWR-based each TL metric were evaluated using mixed effects models. Tukey pairwise comparisons were used to examine differences between types of ACWR-based TL metrics. An increase in ACWRST significantly reduced HRV throughout a season (-7.4 ± 3.6 m·s-1; p = 0.04). There were significant differences between ACWRPLM and ACWRST, ACWRPL and ACWRTD at W1, ACWRPLM and ACWRST at W3 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ACWRST, ACWRPL, and ACWRTD were significantly different from ACWRPLM. ACWRST was found to significantly predict HRV; higher ACWRST was significantly associated with lower HRV. Therefore, tracking of the ACWR using ST may help to optimize athlete's physiological state throughout a season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Robert A Huggins
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Ryan M Curtis
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Courteney L Benjamin
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - William M Adams
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - David P Looney
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts; and
| | - Chris A West
- Department of Athletics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sautillet B, Leprêtre PM, Schmitt L, Ahmaidi S, Costalat G. Post-exercise Heart Rate Variability: Whole-body Cryotherapy vs. Contrast Water Therapy. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:979-984. [PMID: 33735918 DOI: 10.1055/a-1312-6914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity training sessions are known to alter cardiac autonomic modulation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of whole-body cryotherapy, contrast water therapy and passive recovery on the time course of cardiac autonomic markers following a standardized HIT session. Eleven runners completed a high intensity session followed by one of the following recovery interventions: whole-body cryotherapy, contrast water therapy or passive recovery. Changes in cardiac autonomic modulation were assessed in supine and standing positions during an active tilt test at pre-, post-14 h and post-38 h. In supine, high-frequency power increased from pre- to post-14 h following whole-body cryotherapy (1661.1±914.5 vs. 2799.0±948.4 ms2, respectively; p=0.023) and contrast water therapy (1906.1±1327.9 vs. 4174.3±2762.9 ms2, respectively; p=0.004) whereas high frequency power decreased in response to passive recovery (p=0.009). In standing, low-frequency power increased from pre-to post-38 h (1784.3 ± 953.7 vs. 3339.8±1862.7 ms2, respectively; p=0.017) leading to an increase in total power from pre- to post-38 h (1990.8 ± 1089.4 vs. 3606.1±1992.0 ms2, respectively; p=0.017). Spectral analysis revealed that contrast water therapy appears to be a more efficient recovery strategy than whole-body cryotherapy in restoring cardiac autonomic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Sautillet
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Amiens, France
| | - Pierre Marie Leprêtre
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculty of Sport Sciences/APERE laboratory, Amiens, France
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- National Centre of Nordic-Ski, Research and Performance, Premanon, France
| | - Said Ahmaidi
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculty of Sport Sciences/APERE laboratory, Amiens, France
| | - Guillaume Costalat
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculty of Sport Sciences/APERE laboratory, Amiens, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Manresa-Rocamora A, Flatt AA, Casanova-Lizón A, Ballester-Ferrer JA, Sarabia JM, Vera-Garcia FJ, Moya-Ramón M. Heart rate-based indices to detect parasympathetic hyperactivity in functionally overreached athletes. A meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1164-1182. [PMID: 33533045 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Investigations into the sensitivity of heart rate-(HR) derived indices for tracking parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) changes in functionally overreached (F-OR) endurance-trained athletes have produced equivocal findings. Lack of clarity may be a result of methodological inconsistencies. Therefore, the aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were (a) to determine the sensitivity of resting and post-exercise vagal-related HR variability (HRV) and HR recovery (HRR) indices to detect PNS modulation in F-OR and non-overreached (non-OR) athletes, and (b) to investigate the influence of methodological factors on the sensitivity of HR-based indices to detect PNS hyperactivity in F-OR athletes. We searched CENTRAL, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science up to May 2020 for the following terms: male and female endurance-trained athletes, controlled and uncontrolled studies that carried out an overload training period, and PNS modulation measured in resting and post-exercise, pre- and post-overload training period. A random-effects model of standardized mean difference (SMD) was estimated for each outcome measure based on the training-induced fatigue status (F-OR vs non-OR athletes), and the influence of methodological issues to detect PNS hyperactivity in F-OR was assessed by subgroup analyses. Pooled analysis showed that resting vagal-related HRV indices did not detect PNS hyperactivity in F-OR athletes (SMD+ = -0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.51, 0.50), and no statistical difference (P = .600) was found with non-OR athletes (SMD+ = 0.15; 95% CI = -0.14, 0.45). However, subgroup analysis based on HRV parameter showed a moderate statistical increase in weekly averaged HRV in F-OR athletes (SMD+ = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.35, 1.26), while isolated HRV values did not reach statistical significance (SMD+ = -0.45; 95% CI = -0.96, 0.06). We observed a moderate and statistically significant increase in HRR indices among F-OR athletes (SMD+ = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.44, 0.87), no changes for non-OR athletes (SMD+ = 0.10; 95% CI = -0.15, 0.34), and statistically significant differences between F-OR and non-OR athletes (P < .001). Insufficient data prevented meta-analysis for post-exercise vagal-related HRV indices. Our findings show that when methodological factors are considered, HR-based indices are sensitive to increased PNS modulation in F-OR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Manresa-Rocamora
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Andrew A Flatt
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Georgia, USA
| | - Antonio Casanova-Lizón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Juan A Ballester-Ferrer
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - José M Sarabia
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain.,Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco J Vera-Garcia
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain.,Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Figueiredo P, Costa J, Lastella M, Morais J, Brito J. Sleep Indices and Cardiac Autonomic Activity Responses during an International Tournament in a Youth National Soccer Team. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042076. [PMID: 33672683 PMCID: PMC7924379 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe habitual sleep and nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity (CAA), and their relationship with training/match load in male youth soccer players during an international tournament. Eighteen elite male youth soccer players (aged 14.8 ± 0.3 years; mean ± SD) participated in the study. Sleep indices were measured using wrist actigraphy, and heart rate (HR) monitors were used to measure CAA during night-sleep throughout 5 consecutive days. Training and match loads were characterized using the session-rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE). During the five nights 8 to 17 players slept less than <8 h and only one to two players had a sleep efficiency <75%. Players' sleep duration coefficient of variation (CV) ranged between 4 and 17%. Nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV) indices for the time-domain analyses ranged from 3.8 (95% confidence interval, 3.6; 4.0) to 4.1 ln[ms] (3.9; 4.3) and for the frequency-domain analyses ranged from 5.9 (5.6; 6.5) to 6.6 (6.3; 7.4). Time-domain HRV CV ranged from 3 to 10% and frequency-domain HRV ranged from 2 to 12%. A moderate within-subjects correlation was found between s-RPE and sleep duration [r = -0.41 (-0.62; -0.14); p = 0.003]. The present findings suggest that youth soccer players slept less than the recommended during the international tournament, and sleep duration was negatively associated with training/match load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (J.C.); (J.M.); (J.B.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-914-805-002
| | - Júlio Costa
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (J.C.); (J.M.); (J.B.)
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Michele Lastella
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, QLD 5034, Australia;
| | - João Morais
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (J.C.); (J.M.); (J.B.)
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (J.C.); (J.M.); (J.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Respiratory impact of a grand tour: insight from professional cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1027-1036. [PMID: 33420604 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the respiratory function and symptom perception in professional cyclists completing a Grand Tour (GT). METHODS Nine male cyclists completed La Vuelta or Tour de France (2018/19). At study entry, airway inflammation was measured via fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function were assessed prior to the first stage (Pre-GT), at the second rest day (Mid-GT) and prior to the final stage of the GT (Late-GT). Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) was assessed at pre and late-GT timepoints. RESULTS Seven cyclists reported respiratory symptoms during the race (with a prominence of upper airway issues). Symptom severity increased either mid or late-GT for most cyclists. A decline in FEV1 from pre-to-mid GT (- 0.27 ± 0.24 l, - 5.7%) (P = 0.02) and pre-to-late GT (- 0.27 ± 0.13 l, - 5.7%) (P < 0.001) was observed. Similarly, a decline in FVC (- 0.22 ± 0.17 l, - 3.7%) (P = 0.01) and FEF25-75 (- 0.49 ± 0.34 l/s, - 11%) (P = 0.02) was observed pre-to-late GT. Overall, eight (89%) and six (67%) demonstrated a clinically meaningful decline (> 200 ml) in FEV1 and FVC during the GT follow-up, respectively. SNIP remained unchanged pre-to-late GT (n = 5), however, a positive correlation was observed between ΔSNIP and ΔFVC (r = 0.99, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION GT competition is associated with a high prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms and a meaningful decline in lung function in professional cyclists. Further research is now required to understand the underpinning physiological mechanisms and determine the impact on overall respiratory health and elite cycling performance and recovery.
Collapse
|
22
|
Pinto JCBDL, Medeiros RMV, Mortatti AL, Nakamura FY, Fortes LDS, Machado DGDS, Fonteles AI. Do heart rate variability is relationed to endurance performance in female futsal players? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2021v23e73799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
abstract The study aimed to verify the correlation between resting heart rate variability (HRVrest) and endurance performance in female futsal players, as well as to evaluate the reliability of this parasympathetic autonomic marker. A total of 16 female futsal players (age: 22 ± 3 years; VO2max: 42.3 ± 2.0 ml.kg-1.min-1) were evaluated during the first week of preseason training. Vagal modulation was evaluated from the HRVrest (i.e., log-transformed root mean square of successive R-R interval differences - Ln-RMSSD) for two consecutive days, while endurance performance was evaluated by the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). Pearson correlation was used to analyze the relationship between the variables. Strong correlation between the HRVrest index and endurance performance (r = 0.643; p = 0.007). Reliability was tested through the intraclass correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation (CV), and Bland-Altman analysis of the agreement. Furthermore, acceptable repeatability of HRVrest, but with great inter-subject variability (ICC = 0.670, 95%CI = 0.056-0.885, CV = 15.8%). The current study demonstrated a strong correlation between Ln-RMSSD and endurance performance, and despite the acceptable values of intrasubject reliability, HRVrest presented high inter-individual variability in female futsal players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil; James Cook University, Australia; “G. d'Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Iizuka T, Kon M, Maegawa T, Yuda J, Aoyanagi T, Takahashi H, Atomi T, Shimizu M, Atomi Y. Comparison of Morning Heart Rate Variability at the Beginning and End of a Competition Season in Elite Speed Skaters. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8120164. [PMID: 33327399 PMCID: PMC7764897 DOI: 10.3390/sports8120164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify whether the physiological fatigue status of elite speed skaters is influenced by the approximately five-month international competition season by comparing morning heart rate variability (HRV) at the beginning of the competition season (Japan Single Distances Championships: JSDC) with that at the end of the competition season (World Single Distances Championships: WSDC). Five international-class speed skaters participated in the study. HRV indices and subjective fatigue were measured each morning of the four days prior to the first races of the JSDC and WSDC in the 2007/2008 season. The parasympathetic HRV indices: root mean square of the successive R-R interval differences (RMSSD) (JSDC, 61.0 ms; WSDC, 42.1 ms; p < 0.05), high-frequency component power (HF) (JSDC, 1393 ms2; WSDC, 443 ms2; p < 0.05), and normalized unit of HF (HFnu) (JSDC, 53.2%; WSDC, 25.5%; p < 0.05) were lower for the WSDC than for the JSDC. The decrease in these indices may reflect the skaters’ accumulated fatigue during the course of the competition season. Morning measurements of HRV may thus be an efficient way for elite speed skaters and coaches to objectively monitor physiological fatigue throughout the competition season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Iizuka
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (T.I.); (M.S.)
- Nippon Badminton Association, Tokyo 160-0013, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kon
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Nagoya 466-8666, Japan;
| | - Taketeru Maegawa
- Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan;
| | - Jun Yuda
- Faculty of Physical Education, Japan Women’s College of Physical Education, Tokyo 157-8565, Japan;
| | - Toru Aoyanagi
- Department of Sport Life Management, Nippon Sport Science University, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan;
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan;
| | - Tomoaki Atomi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan;
| | - Miho Shimizu
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (T.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Yoriko Atomi
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (T.I.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Iizuka T, Ohiwa N, Atomi T, Shimizu M, Atomi Y. Morning Heart Rate Variability as an Indication of Fatigue Status in Badminton Players during a Training Camp. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8110147. [PMID: 33182645 PMCID: PMC7697084 DOI: 10.3390/sports8110147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify whether changes in the fatigue status of elite athletes during a precompetition period could be evaluated using morning heart rate variability (HRV) indices. Eight Japanese National Badminton Team players (age, 23.0 ± 2.8 years) participated in this study. HRV and subjective fatigue were measured during the first (days 1–4: Phase 1) and the second half (days 5–8: Phase 2) of an 8-day national team training camp. The global and parasympathetic HRV indices were as follows: standard deviation of all R-R intervals (SDNN) (Phase 1, 87.5 ms; Phase 2, 104.3 ms; p < 0.05), root mean square of the successive R-R interval differences (RMSSD) (Phase 1, 66.6 ms; Phase 2, 103.6 ms; p < 0.05), and high-frequency component power (HF) (Phase 1, 1412.0 ms2; Phase 2, 3318.5 ms2; p < 0.05). All the aforementioned indices increased significantly from Phase 1 to Phase 2. Significant correlations were observed between the change in subjective fatigue and changes in SDNN, RMSSD, and HF (ρ = −0.80, p = 0.017; ρ = −0.77, p = 0.027; and ρ = −0.80, p = 0.017, respectively). Measuring morning HRV indices may be effective for objectively evaluating changes in the fatigue status of elite athletes during a precompetition period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Iizuka
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (T.I.); (M.S.)
- Nippon Badminton Association, Tokyo 160-0013, Japan
| | - Nao Ohiwa
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan;
| | - Tomoaki Atomi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan;
| | - Miho Shimizu
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (T.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Yoriko Atomi
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (T.I.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The Effects of an Intensive 2-wk Resistance Training Period on Strength Performance and Nocturnal Heart Rate Variability. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1448-1454. [PMID: 32871555 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is known that modifying the endurance-type training load of athletes may result in altered cardiac autonomic modulation that may be estimated with heart rate variability (HRV). However, the specific effects of intensive resistance-type training remain unclear. The main aim of this study was to find out whether an intensive 2-wk resistance training period affects the nocturnal HRV and strength performance of healthy participants. METHODS Young healthy men (N = 13, age 24 [2] y) performed 2-wk baseline training, 2-wk intensive training, and a 9-d tapering periods, with 2, 5, and 2 hypertrophic whole-body resistance exercise sessions per week, respectively. Maximal isometric and dynamic strength were tested at the end of these training periods. Nocturnal HRV was also analyzed at the end of these training periods. RESULTS As a main finding, the nocturnal root mean square of differences of successive R-R intervals decreased (P = .004; from 49 [18] to 43 [15] ms; 95% CI, 2.4-10.4; effect size = 0.97) during the 2-wk intensive resistance training period. In addition, maximal isometric strength improved slightly (P = .045; from 3933 [1362] to 4138 [1540] N; 95% CI, 5.4-404; effect size = 0.60). No changes were found in 1-repetition-maximum leg press or leg press repetitions at 80% 1-repetition maximum. CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest that increased training load due to a short-term intensive resistance training period can be detected by nocturnal HRV. However, despite short-term accumulated physiological stress, a tendency of improvement in strength performance was detected.
Collapse
|
26
|
Botonis PG, Arsoniadis GG, Platanou TI, Toubekis AG. Heart rate recovery responses after acute training load changes in top-class water polo players. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:158-165. [PMID: 32101102 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1736181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of acute training load changes of elite water polo players on heart rate recovery (HRR) responses after a standardized swimming test. Nine water polo players were tested after a two-day light-load and two-day heavy-load training. Preliminarily, critical swimming speed was calculated. Testing comprised of an intermittent 4 × 100-m swimming separated by 10 s of rest with an intensity corresponding to 85% of their maximum speed previously attained during a 100-m swim test followed immediately by assessment of HRR. Internal training load (ITL) was measured using the rating of perceived exertion and the duration of training sessions. The swimming speed corresponded to 1.43 ± 0.06 m·s-1 and 1.45 ± 0.06 m·s-1 after light-load and heavy-load training, respectively (p = 0.06, d = 0.74). ITL was increased in high-load compared to light-load training (p < 0.001, d = 11.54). The difference in HR at end of exercise (HR-end) and after 60 s rest and the difference in mean HR during last min of exercise and HR after 60 s rest were higher in light-load training (p < 0.05, d = 0.85-1.15). The absolute change in ITL was correlated with the respective change in the percentage change of HR-end at 10 s of recovery (%HRR10s) (r = 0.72, p = 0.03). Significant correlation was observed between the percentage change of ITL with the %HRR10s (r = 0.67, p = 0.05). We conclude that HRR tracks acute changes in training load. The lower HRR following high-load training likely indicates a blunted parasympathetic re-activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petros G Botonis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gavriil G Arsoniadis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros I Platanou
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyris G Toubekis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Sports Performance Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Clemente-Suárez VJ, Delgado-Moreno R, González B, Ortega J, Ramos-Campo DJ. Amateur endurance triathletes' performance is improved independently of volume or intensity based training. Physiol Behav 2019; 205:2-8. [PMID: 29655762 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to compare the effects in swimming and running performance, horizontal jump test, autonomic modulation, and body composition of four training weeks with emphasis on volume versus intensity in moderate trained triathletes. Thirty-two amateur triathletes (20 males and 12 females) were randomly divided in three different groups that performed 6 training session per week: Intensity (INT): training focused on performs intensity training Volume (VOL): training focused on performs volume training; and Control (CON): physical active group with no periodized training. Body composition, heart rate variability, horizontal jump test, swimming and 2000 m running test were tested before and after the training period. There were no significant differences between INT and VOL in running test. Furthermore, both INT and VOL training groups improved 50 m (p: 0.046 and 0.042 respectively) and 400 m (p: 0.044 and 0.041 respectively) swimming performance. Moreover, there were no significant differences among groups in any moment in HRV variables. No significant difference was observed for horizontal jump test and body composition between the INT and VOL group at any time. According to the results of the present study, four weeks of training with either high intensity or volume results to similar adaptations in endurance, horizontal jump test and body composition parameters in amateur triathletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Psychophysiological Research Group, European University of Madrid, Spain; Tritoledo Triathlon Club, Toledo, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | | | | | | | - Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo
- Tritoledo Triathlon Club, Toledo, Spain; Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Poffé C, Ramaekers M, Van Thienen R, Hespel P. Ketone ester supplementation blunts overreaching symptoms during endurance training overload. J Physiol 2019; 597:3009-3027. [PMID: 31039280 PMCID: PMC6851819 DOI: 10.1113/jp277831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Overload training is required for sustained performance gain in athletes (functional overreaching). However, excess overload may result in a catabolic state which causes performance decrements for weeks (non‐functional overreaching) up to months (overtraining). Blood ketone bodies can attenuate training‐ or fasting‐induced catabolic events. Therefore, we investigated whether increasing blood ketone levels by oral ketone ester (KE) intake can protect against endurance training‐induced overreaching. We show for the first time that KE intake following exercise markedly blunts the development of physiological symptoms indicating overreaching, and at the same time significantly enhances endurance exercise performance. We provide preliminary data to indicate that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) may be a relevant hormonal marker to diagnose the development of overtraining. Collectively, our data indicate that ketone ester intake is a potent nutritional strategy to prevent the development of non‐functional overreaching and to stimulate endurance exercise performance.
Abstract It is well known that elevated blood ketones attenuate net muscle protein breakdown, as well as negate catabolic events, during energy deficit. Therefore, we hypothesized that oral ketones can blunt endurance training‐induced overreaching. Fit male subjects participated in two daily training sessions (3 weeks, 6 days/week) while receiving either a ketone ester (KE, n = 9) or a control drink (CON, n = 9) following each session. Sustainable training load in week 3 as well as power output in the final 30 min of a 2‐h standardized endurance session were 15% higher in KE than in CON (both P < 0.05). KE inhibited the training‐induced increase in nocturnal adrenaline (P < 0.01) and noradrenaline (P < 0.01) excretion, as well as blunted the decrease in resting (CON: −6 ± 2 bpm; KE: +2 ± 3 bpm, P < 0.05), submaximal (CON: −15 ± 3 bpm; KE: −7 ± 2 bpm, P < 0.05) and maximal (CON: −17 ± 2 bpm; KE: −10 ± 2 bpm, P < 0.01) heart rate. Energy balance during the training period spontaneously turned negative in CON (−2135 kJ/day), but not in KE (+198 kJ/day). The training consistently increased growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), but ∼2‐fold more in CON than in KE (P < 0.05). In addition, delta GDF15 correlated with the training‐induced drop in maximal heart rate (r = 0.60, P < 0.001) and decrease in osteocalcin (r = 0.61, P < 0.01). Other measurements such as blood ACTH, cortisol, IL‐6, leptin, ghrelin and lymphocyte count, and muscle glycogen content did not differentiate KE from CON. In conclusion, KE during strenuous endurance training attenuates the development of overreaching. We also identify GDF15 as a possible marker of overtraining. Overload training is required for sustained performance gain in athletes (functional overreaching). However, excess overload may result in a catabolic state which causes performance decrements for weeks (non‐functional overreaching) up to months (overtraining). Blood ketone bodies can attenuate training‐ or fasting‐induced catabolic events. Therefore, we investigated whether increasing blood ketone levels by oral ketone ester (KE) intake can protect against endurance training‐induced overreaching. We show for the first time that KE intake following exercise markedly blunts the development of physiological symptoms indicating overreaching, and at the same time significantly enhances endurance exercise performance. We provide preliminary data to indicate that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) may be a relevant hormonal marker to diagnose the development of overtraining. Collectively, our data indicate that ketone ester intake is a potent nutritional strategy to prevent the development of non‐functional overreaching and to stimulate endurance exercise performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monique Ramaekers
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Bakala Academy-Athletic Performance Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Borges-Cosic M, Aparicio VA, Estévez-López F, Soriano-Maldonado A, Acosta-Manzano P, Gavilán-Carrera B, Delgado-Fernández M, Geenen R, Segura-Jiménez V. Sedentary time, physical activity, and sleep quality in fibromyalgia: The al-Ándalus project. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29:266-274. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milkana Borges-Cosic
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Virginia A. Aparicio
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, Sport and Health Research Centre; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Fernando Estévez-López
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences; Ulster University; Northern Ireland UK
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences; University of Almería; Almería Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Pedro Acosta-Manzano
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Blanca Gavilán-Carrera
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Manuel Delgado-Fernández
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Rinie Geenen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Víctor Segura-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences; University of Cádiz; Cádiz Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Berger C, Casagranda L, Pichot V, Trombert-Paviot B, Faure-Conter C, Freycon C, Isfan F, Guichard I, Durieu I, Garcin A, Roche F, Patural H. Dysautonomia in Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Widely Underestimated Risk. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2018; 8:9-17. [PMID: 30136876 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2018.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Survival rate of childhood cancers is now reaching 80% overall. However, early or late complications related to surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy remain at a high rate and greatly increase the risk of late mortality. The objective of this study is to assess the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, measured through heart rate variability indices in childhood cancer survivors compared with healthy controls. METHODS This prospective study included 51 long-term childhood cancer survivors diagnosed before 15 years of age between 1987 and 1992 and controlled for age and sex with healthy volunteers. RESULTS We observed a significant increase in spontaneous heart rate (beats per minute) (67 ± 10 vs. 60 ± 10, p = 0.001), and all the studied parameters showed a significantly altered ANS activity in cases compared with healthy controls. In both groups, the main cofactors of dysautonomia (tobacco, drugs, cannabis, estro-progestative pills, alcohol, limited physical activity) were analyzed without any significant difference. The effect of cancer treatments received was not analyzed due to the small number of participants. CONCLUSION The results showed a significant ANS dysfunction in childhood cancer survivors compared with healthy controls and suggested the value of autonomic screening to underscore and possibly quantify the effect of the cancer treatments in a larger cohort. This evaluation could lead to the recommendation to increase physical activity, the most efficient way known to improve ANS activity, as already shown in other pathologies (breast cancer).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Berger
- 1 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,2 Childhood Cancer Registry of the Rhône-Alpes Region, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,3 Department of Public Health and Medical Informatics, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,4 Host Research Team EA4607 SNA-EPIS (Autonomic Nervous System, Epidemiology, Physiology, Exercise, and Health), Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, PRES (Education and Research Cluster) Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Léonie Casagranda
- 1 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,2 Childhood Cancer Registry of the Rhône-Alpes Region, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,3 Department of Public Health and Medical Informatics, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,4 Host Research Team EA4607 SNA-EPIS (Autonomic Nervous System, Epidemiology, Physiology, Exercise, and Health), Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, PRES (Education and Research Cluster) Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Vincent Pichot
- 4 Host Research Team EA4607 SNA-EPIS (Autonomic Nervous System, Epidemiology, Physiology, Exercise, and Health), Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, PRES (Education and Research Cluster) Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Béatrice Trombert-Paviot
- 2 Childhood Cancer Registry of the Rhône-Alpes Region, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,3 Department of Public Health and Medical Informatics, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,4 Host Research Team EA4607 SNA-EPIS (Autonomic Nervous System, Epidemiology, Physiology, Exercise, and Health), Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, PRES (Education and Research Cluster) Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Claire Freycon
- 6 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Florentina Isfan
- 7 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, University Hospital Estaing Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Guichard
- 8 Department of Internal Medicine Unit, University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Isabelle Durieu
- 9 Department of Internal Medicine and Vascular Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Arnauld Garcin
- 4 Host Research Team EA4607 SNA-EPIS (Autonomic Nervous System, Epidemiology, Physiology, Exercise, and Health), Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, PRES (Education and Research Cluster) Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,10 Department of Research and University Hospital, Saint-Etienne Cedex, France
| | - Fréderic Roche
- 4 Host Research Team EA4607 SNA-EPIS (Autonomic Nervous System, Epidemiology, Physiology, Exercise, and Health), Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, PRES (Education and Research Cluster) Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Hugues Patural
- 4 Host Research Team EA4607 SNA-EPIS (Autonomic Nervous System, Epidemiology, Physiology, Exercise, and Health), Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, PRES (Education and Research Cluster) Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,11 Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Saint-Etienne Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gilfriche P, Arsac LM, Daviaux Y, Diaz-Pineda J, Miard B, Morellec O, André JM. Highly sensitive index of cardiac autonomic control based on time-varying respiration derived from ECG. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R469-R478. [PMID: 29741930 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00057.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Frequency-domain indices of heart rate variability (HRV) have been used as markers of sympathovagal balance. However, they have been shown to be degraded by interindividual or task-dependent variability, and especially variations in breathing frequency. The study introduces a method to analyze respiration-(vagally) mediated HRV, to better assess subtle variations in sympathovagal balance using ECG recordings. The method enhances HRV analysis by focusing the quantification of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) gain on the respiratory frequency. To this end, instantaneous respiratory frequency was obtained with ECG-derived respiration (EDR) and was used for variable frequency complex demodulation (VFCDM) of R-R intervals to extract RSA. The ability to detect cognitive stress in 27 subjects (athletes and nonathletes) was taken as a quality criterion to compare our method to other HRV analyses: Root mean square of successive differences, Fourier transform, wavelet transform, and scaling exponent. Three computer-based tasks from MATB-II were used to induce cognitive stress. Sympathovagal index (HFnu) computed with our method better discriminates cognitive tasks from baseline, as indicated by P values and receiver operating characteristic curves. Here, transient decreases in respiratory frequency have shown to bias classical HRV indices, while only EDR-VFCDM consistently exhibits the expected decrease in the HFnu index with cognitive stress in both groups and all cognitive tasks. We conclude that EDR-VFCDM is robust against atypical respiratory profiles, which seems relevant to assess variations in mental demand. Given the variety of individual respiratory profiles reported especially in highly trained athletes and patients with chronic respiratory conditions, EDR-VFCDM could better perform in a wide range of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gilfriche
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire-de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, UMR 5218, Talence , France.,Centre Aquitain des Technologies de l'Information et Electroniques , Talence , France
| | - Laurent M Arsac
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire-de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, UMR 5218, Talence , France
| | | | - Jaime Diaz-Pineda
- Centre Aquitain des Technologies de l'Information et Electroniques , Talence , France
| | - Brice Miard
- Centre Aquitain des Technologies de l'Information et Electroniques , Talence , France
| | | | - Jean-Marc André
- Bordeaux INP-L'Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Cognitique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, UMR 5218, Talence, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Coates AM, Hammond S, Burr JF. Investigating the use of pre-training measures of autonomic regulation for assessing functional overreaching in endurance athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:965-974. [PMID: 29635969 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1458907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of heart rate variability (HRV) to inform daily training prescription is becoming common in endurance sport. Few studies, however, have investigated the use of pre-training HRV to predict decreased performance or altered exercising autonomic response, typical of functional overreaching (FOR). Further, a new cardiac vagal tone (ProCVT) technology purports to eliminate some of the noise associated with daily HRV, and therefore may be better at predicting same-day performance. The purpose of this investigation was to examine if changes to resting HRV and ProCVT were associated with alterations in performance, maximal heart rate (HRmax), or heart rate recovery (HRrec) in FOR athletes. Twenty-eight recreational cyclists and triathletes were assigned to experimental/control conditions and underwent: 1 week of reduced training, 3 weeks of overload (OL) or regular training (CON), and 1 week of recovery. Testing occurred following the reduced training week (T1), post-3 weeks of training (T2), and following the recovery week (T3). Measures of resting HRV/ProCVT were collected each testing session, followed by maximal incremental exercise tests with HRrec taken 60 s post-exercise. Performance decreased from T1 to T2 in the OL group vs. CON (Δ-9 ± 12 vs. Δ9 ± 11 W, P < .001), as did HRmax (Δ-8 ± 4 vs. Δ-2 ± 4 bpm, P < .001). HRrec increased from T1 to T2 in the OL group vs. CON (Δ10 ± 9 vs. Δ2 ± 5 beats/min, P < .01). HRV and ProCVT did not change in either group. Same-day resting autonomic measures are insufficient in predicting alterations to performance or exercising HR measures following overload training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Coates
- a The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Sarah Hammond
- a The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- a The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Woods AL, Rice AJ, Garvican-Lewis LA, Wallett AM, Lundy B, Rogers MA, Welvaert M, Halson S, McKune A, Thompson KG. The effects of intensified training on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance in trained cyclists. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191644. [PMID: 29444097 PMCID: PMC5812577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research has demonstrated decreases in resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance following a period of intensified training in elite athletes, however the underlying mechanisms of change remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate how an intensified training period, designed to elicit overreaching, affects RMR, body composition, and performance in trained endurance athletes, and to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Method Thirteen (n = 13) trained male cyclists completed a six-week training program consisting of a “Baseline” week (100% of regular training load), a “Build” week (~120% of Baseline load), two “Loading” weeks (~140, 150% of Baseline load, respectively) and two “Recovery” weeks (~80% of Baseline load). Training comprised of a combination of laboratory based interval sessions and on-road cycling. RMR, body composition, energy intake, appetite, heart rate variability (HRV), cycling performance, biochemical markers and mood responses were assessed at multiple time points throughout the six-week period. Data were analysed using a linear mixed modeling approach. Results The intensified training period elicited significant decreases in RMR (F(5,123.36) = 12.0947, p = <0.001), body mass (F(2,19.242) = 4.3362, p = 0.03), fat mass (F(2,20.35) = 56.2494, p = <0.001) and HRV (F(2,22.608) = 6.5212, p = 0.005); all of which improved following a period of recovery. A state of overreaching was induced, as identified by a reduction in anaerobic performance (F(5,121.87) = 8.2622, p = <0.001), aerobic performance (F(5,118.26) = 2.766, p = 0.02) and increase in total mood disturbance (F(5, 110.61) = 8.1159, p = <0.001). Conclusion Intensified training periods elicit greater energy demands in trained cyclists, which, if not sufficiently compensated with increased dietary intake, appears to provoke a cascade of metabolic, hormonal and neural responses in an attempt to restore homeostasis and conserve energy. The proactive monitoring of energy intake, power output, mood state, body mass and HRV during intensified training periods may alleviate fatigue and attenuate the observed decrease in RMR, providing more optimal conditions for a positive training adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Woods
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Anthony J Rice
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice M Wallett
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Bronwen Lundy
- Department of Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Margot A Rogers
- Department of Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Marijke Welvaert
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Shona Halson
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew McKune
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kevin G Thompson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bourdillon N, Yazdani S, Nilchian M, Mariano A, Vesin JM, Millet GP. Overload blunts baroreflex only in overreached athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:941-949. [PMID: 29397314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Heart rate variability (HRV) is commonly used to diagnose overreaching and monitor athletes' responses to training. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is modified by changes in training load and might be another means to detect overreaching. The goal of this study was to assess BRS and HRV changes in two groups of athletes responding either negatively (FOR) or positively (AF) to similar training overload. DESIGN Fifteen athletes performed 2-week baseline (BSL) training followed by 3-week overload (+45%; OVL) and 2-week recovery (-20%; RCV). METHODS HRV, training load and subjective fatigue were measured daily via questionnaires. BRS, salivary cortisol and testosterone, and submaximal exercise and maximal 3-km run performances were measured at the end of each period. RESULTS Based on their performance change during OVL, 8 athletes were diagnosed as FOR and 7 as AF. Subjective fatigue was increased in FOR athletes during OVL. BRS increased in AF but not in FOR athletes during RCV. At the end of RCV, cortisol and testosterone were higher than BSL in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Three weeks of similar training overload can induce either performance enhancement or overreaching. The changes in submaximal exercise and maximal performances and in subjective fatigue were the fastest-responding parameters that distinguished the two groups of athletes during OVL. Training overload blunted the increase in BRS in FOR only. Most of the differences in BRS were observed during the recovery period. BRS appears to be a more sensitive parameter than HRV for early monitoring of responses to training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bourdillon
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sasan Yazdani
- ASPG, Applied Signal Processing Group, EPFL, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Alessio Mariano
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Vesin
- ASPG, Applied Signal Processing Group, EPFL, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Singh N, Moneghetti KJ, Christle JW, Hadley D, Froelicher V, Plews D. Heart Rate Variability: An Old Metric with New Meaning in the Era of Using mHealth technologies for Health and Exercise Training Guidance. Part Two: Prognosis and Training. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2018; 7:247-255. [PMID: 30588312 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2018.30.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that heart rate variability (HRV) is predictive of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality using clinical ECG recordings. This is true for rest, exercise and ambulatory HRV clinical ECG device recordings in prospective cohorts. Recently, there has been a rapid increase in the use of mobile health technologies (mHealth) and commercial wearable fitness devices. Most of these devices use ECG or photo-based plethysmography and both are validated for providing accurate heart rate measurements. This offers the opportunity to make risk information from HRV more widely available. The physiology of HRV and the available technology by which it can be assessed has been summarised in Part 1 of this review. In Part 2 the association between HRV and risk stratification is addressed by reviewing the current evidence from data acquired by resting ECG, exercise ECG and medical ambulatory devices. This is followed by a discussion of the use of HRV to guide the training of athletes and as a part of fitness programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Singh
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kegan James Moneghetti
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne Australia.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wilcox Christle
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Victor Froelicher
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Plews
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vesterinen V, Nummela A, Heikura I, Laine T, Hynynen E, Botella J, Häkkinen K. Individual Endurance Training Prescription with Heart Rate Variability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1347-54. [PMID: 26909534 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measures of HR variability (HRV) have shown potential to be of use in training prescription. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of using HRV in endurance training prescription. METHODS Forty recreational endurance runners were divided into the HRV-guided experimental training group (EXP) and traditional predefined training group (TRAD). After a 4-wk preparation training period, TRAD trained according to a predefined training program including two to three moderate- (MOD) and high-intensity training (HIT) sessions per week during an 8-wk intensive training period. The timing of MOD and HIT sessions in EXP was based on HRV, measured every morning. The MOD/HIT session was programmed if HRV was within an individually determined smallest worthwhile change. Otherwise, low-intensity training was performed. Maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) and 3000-m running performance (RS3000m) were measured before and after both training periods. RESULTS The number of MOD and HIT sessions was significantly lower (P = 0.021, effect size = 0.98) in EXP (13.2 ± 6.0 sessions) compared with TRAD (17.7 ± 2.5 sessions). No other differences in training were found between the groups. RS3000m improved in EXP (2.1% ± 2.0%, P = 0.004) but not in TRAD (1.1% ± 2.7%, P = 0.118) during the intensive training period. A small between-group difference (effect size = 0.42) was found in the change in RS3000m. V˙O2max improved in both groups (EXP: 3.7% ± 4.6%, P = 0.027; TRAD: 5.0% ± 5.2%, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest the potential of resting HRV to prescribe endurance training by individualizing the timing of vigorous training sessions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ville Vesterinen
- 1KIHU-Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, FINLAND; and 2Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bellenger CR, Fuller JT, Thomson RL, Davison K, Robertson EY, Buckley JD. Monitoring Athletic Training Status Through Autonomic Heart Rate Regulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2017; 46:1461-86. [PMID: 26888648 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autonomic regulation of heart rate (HR) as an indicator of the body's ability to adapt to an exercise stimulus has been evaluated in many studies through HR variability (HRV) and post-exercise HR recovery (HRR). Recently, HR acceleration has also been investigated. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of negative adaptations to endurance training (i.e., a period of overreaching leading to attenuated performance) and positive adaptations (i.e., training leading to improved performance) on autonomic HR regulation in endurance-trained athletes. METHODS We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Academic Search Premier databases from inception until April 2015. Included articles examined the effects of endurance training leading to increased or decreased exercise performance on four measures of autonomic HR regulation: resting and post-exercise HRV [vagal-related indices of the root-mean-square difference of successive normal R-R intervals (RMSSD), high frequency power (HFP) and the standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat R-R interval variability (SD1) only], and post-exercise HRR and HR acceleration. RESULTS Of the 5377 records retrieved, 27 studies were included in the systematic review and 24 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Studies inducing increases in performance showed small increases in resting RMSSD [standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.58; P < 0.001], HFP (SMD = 0.55; P < 0.001) and SD1 (SMD = 0.23; P = 0.16), and moderate increases in post-exercise RMSSD (SMD = 0.60; P < 0.001), HFP (SMD = 0.90; P < 0.04), SD1 (SMD = 1.20; P = 0.04), and post-exercise HRR (SMD = 0.63; P = 0.002). A large increase in HR acceleration (SMD = 1.34) was found in the single study assessing this parameter. Studies inducing decreases in performance showed a small increase in resting RMSSD (SMD = 0.26; P = 0.01), but trivial changes in resting HFP (SMD = 0.04; P = 0.77) and SD1 (SMD = 0.04; P = 0.82). Post-exercise RMSSD (SMD = 0.64; P = 0.04) and HFP (SMD = 0.49; P = 0.18) were increased, as was HRR (SMD = 0.46; P < 0.001), while HR acceleration was decreased (SMD = -0.48; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Increases in vagal-related indices of resting and post-exercise HRV, post-exercise HRR, and HR acceleration are evident when positive adaptation to training has occurred, allowing for increases in performance. However, increases in post-exercise HRV and HRR also occur in response to overreaching, demonstrating that additional measures of training tolerance may be required to determine whether training-induced changes in these parameters are related to positive or negative adaptations. Resting HRV is largely unaffected by overreaching, although this may be the result of methodological issues that warrant further investigation. HR acceleration appears to decrease in response to overreaching training, and thus may be a potential indicator of training-induced fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clint R Bellenger
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Joel T Fuller
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Thomson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Kade Davison
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kwon Y, Oh S. Differences in School Violence Variables and Psychological Characteristics Based on Exercise Participation Levels among Middle School Students. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.23949/kjpe.2017.03.56.2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
39
|
Nakamura FY, Pereira LA, Cal Abad CC, Cruz IF, Flatt AA, Esco MR, Loturco I. Adequacy of the Ultra-Short-Term HRV to Assess Adaptive Processes in Youth Female Basketball Players. J Hum Kinet 2017; 56:73-80. [PMID: 28469745 PMCID: PMC5384054 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability has been widely used to monitor athletes’ cardiac autonomic control changes induced by training and competition, and recently shorter recording times have been sought to improve its practicality. The aim of this study was to test the agreement between the (ultra-short-term) natural log of the root-mean-square difference of successive normal RR intervals (lnRMSSD - measured in only 1 min post-1 min stabilization) and the criterion lnRMSSD (measured in the last 5 min out of 10 min of recording) in young female basketball players. Furthermore, the correlation between training induced delta change in the ultra-short-term lnRMSSD and the criterion lnRMSSD was calculated. Seventeen players were assessed at rest pre- and post-eight weeks of training. Trivial effect sizes (-0.03 in the pre- and 0.10 in the post- treatment) were found in the comparison between the ultra-short-term lnRMSSD (3.29 ± 0.45 and 3.49 ± 0.35 ms, in the pre- and post-, respectively) and the criterion lnRMSSD (3.30 ± 0.40 and 3.45 ± 0.41 ms, in the pre- and post-, respectively) (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.95 and 0.93). In both cases, the response to training was significant, with Pearson’s correlation of 0.82 between the delta changes of the ultra-short-term lnRMSSD and the criterion lnRMSSD. In conclusion, the lnRMSSD can be calculated within only 2 min of data acquisition (the 1st min discarded) in young female basketball players, with the ultra-short-term measure presenting similar sensitivity to training effects as the standard criterion measure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Y Nakamura
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport - NAR, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport - NAR, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cesar C Cal Abad
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport - NAR, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor F Cruz
- Associação Desportiva Classista Bradesco/Osasco, Osasco, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrew A Flatt
- University of Alabama, Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Michael R Esco
- University of Alabama, Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport - NAR, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen JH, Zhang Q, Liu X, Li Z, Zhang C, Li K, Paul J, Ouyang J, Yu Y, Yu B, Huizinga JD, Chen JD, Luo H. Noninvasive measurements to evaluate the effects of military training on the human autonomic nervous system. ASIAN BIOMED 2017. [DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0804.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Chinese university freshmen receive 4-weeks military training that involved moderate to intense physical exercise. Studies have demonstrated heterogeneous effects of exercise on the autonomic nervous system.
Objective: To evaluate the effects of training on the autonomic nervous system noninvasively using electrogastrograms, heart rate variability (HRV), pulse rate, and the sympathetic skin response (SSR).
Methods: Twenty freshmen received all assessments in the fasting state and after a standard meal: (1) one week before the training, (2) at the end of the second week of the training, and (3) one week after the training.
Results: (1) The training had a significant effect on meal-induced gastric pacemaker activity. Before the training, a standard meal did not increase the dominant frequency of gastric slow waves, but the frequency increased during and after the training; (2) The preprandial high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), and very low frequency (VLF) components of heart rate variability decreased significantly after the training. The ratio of the LF and HF (LF/HF) of the heart rate variability (HRV) did not significantly change after a meal or training condition. The basal pulse rate did not change. The latencies of the sympathetic skin response (SSR), as measured in the arm muscle, increased in response to the training.
Conclusion: Military training affects meal-induced changes in gastric pacemaker activity, causes a marked reduction of the vagal tone to the heart with maintenance of the vagal-sympathetic balance, and its effects on SSR may reflect a reduction in sympathetic tone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Cuizhen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Kongling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jonathan Paul
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jingming Ouyang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yuanjie Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Baoping Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jan D. Huizinga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China, Canada
- Wuhan University from McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Jiande D.Z. Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, TX, 77550, United States of America
| | - Hesheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Czick ME, Shapter CL, Silverman DI. Atrial Fibrillation: The Science behind Its Defiance. Aging Dis 2016; 7:635-656. [PMID: 27699086 PMCID: PMC5036958 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent arrhythmia in the world, due both to its tenacious treatment resistance, and to the tremendous number of risk factors that set the stage for the atria to fibrillate. Cardiopulmonary, behavioral, and psychological risk factors generate electrical and structural alterations of the atria that promote reentry and wavebreak. These culminate in fibrillation once atrial ectopic beats set the arrhythmia process in motion. There is growing evidence that chronic stress can physically alter the emotion centers of the limbic system, changing their input to the hypothalamic-limbic-autonomic network that regulates autonomic outflow. This leads to imbalance of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, most often in favor of sympathetic overactivation. Autonomic imbalance acts as a driving force behind the atrial ectopy and reentry that promote AF. Careful study of AF pathophysiology can illuminate the means that enable AF to elude both pharmacological control and surgical cure, by revealing ways in which antiarrhythmic drugs and surgical and ablation procedures may paradoxically promote fibrillation. Understanding AF pathophysiology can also help clarify the mechanisms by which emerging modalities aiming to correct autonomic imbalance, such as renal sympathetic denervation, may offer potential to better control this arrhythmia. Finally, growing evidence supports lifestyle modification approaches as adjuncts to improve AF control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David I. Silverman
- Echocardiography Laboratory, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT 06106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mann TN, Platt CE, Lamberts RP, Lambert MI. Faster Heart Rate Recovery With Increased RPE: Paradoxical Responses After an 87-km Ultramarathon. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:3343-52. [PMID: 25970491 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between heart rate recovery (HRR) and an acute training "overload" by comparing HRR responses before and after an ultramarathon road race. Ten runners completed a standardized laboratory protocol ∼7 days before and between 2 and 4 days after participating in the 87-km Comrades Marathon. The protocol included muscle pain ratings, a 5-bound test, and 20 minutes of treadmill exercise at 70% of maximal oxygen uptake followed by 15 minutes of recovery. Respiratory gases and heart rate measurements were used to calculate steady-state exercise responses, HRR, and excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), and participants also provided a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise. The RPE was significantly increased (13 ± 2 vs. 11 ± 1) (p < 0.01), and HRR was significantly faster (35 ± 5 beats vs. 29 ± 4 beats) (p < 0.01) following the postrace vs. prerace submaximal exercise bout, with no significant changes in respiratory or heart rate parameters during exercise or in EPOC. Although previous studies have shown that faster HRR reflected an "adapted" state with enhanced training status, the current findings suggest that this may not always be the case. It follows that changes in HRR should be considered in the context of other factors, such as recent training load and RPE during submaximal exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa N Mann
- 1Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; and 2Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dong JG. The role of heart rate variability in sports physiology. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1531-1536. [PMID: 27168768 PMCID: PMC4840584 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a relevant marker reflecting cardiac modulation by sympathetic and vagal components of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Although the clinical application of HRV is mainly associated with the prediction of sudden cardiac death and assessing cardiovascular and metabolic illness progression, recent observations have suggested its applicability to physical exercise training. HRV is becoming one of the most useful tools for tracking the time course of training adaptation/maladaptation of athletes and in setting the optimal training loads leading to improved performances. However, little is known regarding the role of HRV and the internal effects of physical exercise on an athlete, which may be useful in designing fitness programs ensuring sufficient training load that may correspond with the specific ability of the athlete. In this review, we offer a comprehensive assessment of investigations concerning the interrelation between HRV and ANS, and examine how the application of HRV to physical exercise may play a role in sports physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Guo Dong
- Institute of Physical Education, Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Soares-Caldeira LF, de Souza EA, de Freitas VH, de Moraes SMF, Leicht AS, Nakamura FY. Effects of additional repeated sprint training during preseason on performance, heart rate variability, and stress symptoms in futsal players: a randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:2815-26. [PMID: 24662230 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether supplementing regular preseason futsal training with weekly sessions of repeated sprints (RS) training would have positive effects on repeated sprint ability (RSA) and field test performance. Thirteen players from a professional futsal team (22.6 ± 6.7 years, 72.8 ± 8.7 kg, 173.2 ± 6.2 cm) were divided randomly into 2 groups (AddT: n = 6 and normal training group: n = 7). Both groups performed a RSA test, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YoYo IR1), squat (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ), body composition, and heart rate variability (HRV) measures at rest before and after 4 weeks of preseason training. Athletes weekly stress symptoms were recorded by psychometric responses using the Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes questionnaire and subjective ratings of well-being scale, respectively. The daily training load (arbitrary units) was assessed using the session of rating perceived exertion method. After the preseason training, there were no significant changes for body composition, SJ, CMJ, and RSAbest. The YoYo IR1, RSAmean, RSAworst, and RSAdecreament were significantly improved for both groups (p ≤ 0.05). The HRV parameters improved significantly within both groups (p ≤ 0.05) except for high frequency (HF, absolute and normalized units, [n.u.]), low frequency (LF) (n.u.), and the LF/HF ratio. A moderate effect size for the AddT group was observed for resting heart rate and several HRV measures. Training load and psychometric responses were similar between both groups. Additional RS training resulted in slightly greater positive changes for vagal-related HRV with similar improvements in performance and training stress during the preseason training in futsal players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lúcio F Soares-Caldeira
- 1Physiological Adaptations to Training Research Group (GEAFIT), Sport and Physical Education Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, Parana, Brazil; 2Research Centre on Health Sciences, Department of Physical Education, University of Northern Parana (UNOPAR), Londrina, Parana, Brazil; 3Integrado College, Department of Physical Education, Campo Mourão, Parana, Brazil; 4Biological Science Center, Department of Physiology, Maringa State University (UEM), Maringa, Parana, Brazil; and 5Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tomoto T, Sugawara J, Hirasawa A, Imai T, Maeda S, Ogoh S. Impact of short-term training camp on arterial stiffness in endurance runners. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:445-9. [PMID: 26037815 PMCID: PMC10717420 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lack of elasticity in the central artery causes an increase in left ventricular (LV) afterload. Although regular moderate-intensity endurance exercise improves cardiovascular function, including arterial destiffening, little is known about the effect of short-term vigorous exercise on cardiovascular function (i.e., the interaction between cardiac and arterial functions). We measured arterial stiffness [via pulse wave velocity from the heart to ankle (haPWV)] and LV contractility (via systolic interval time) before and after a 1-week training camp in a total of 33 regularly highly-trained collegiate endurance runners. They participated in three training sessions per day which mainly consisted of long-distance running and sprint training. The averaged running distance was ≈ 44% longer during the camp than the regular training program. After the camp, heart rate at rest and haPWV were significantly increased, whereas blood pressure remained unchanged. Although a ratio of pre-ejection period and LV ejection time (PEP/LVET, an index of blunted LV contractility) was unaltered, presumably due to the large variability of individual response, there was a significant correlation between changes in haPWV and PEP/LVET (r = 0.54, P < 0.01). These results suggest that, in regularly highly-trained endurance athletes, arterial stiffness increases after a training camp characterized by greater training volume (vs. regular training), and that the individual response in arterial stiffness correlates with the corresponding changes in myocardial contractility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Tomoto
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan
| | - Jun Sugawara
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Imai
- Sports R & D Core, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bellenger CR, Thomson RL, Howe PRC, Karavirta L, Buckley JD. Monitoring athletic training status using the maximal rate of heart rate increase. J Sci Med Sport 2015. [PMID: 26209427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reductions in maximal rate of heart rate increase (rHRI) correlate with performance reductions when training load is increased. This study evaluated whether rHRI tracked performance changes across a range of training states. DESIGN Prospective intervention. METHODS rHRI was assessed during five min of cycling at 100W (rHRIcyc) and running at 8km/h (rHRIrun) in 13 male triathletes following two weeks of light-training (LT), two weeks of heavy-training (HT) and a two-day recovery period (RP). A five min cycling time-trial assessed performance and peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak). RESULTS Performance likely decreased following HT (Effect size±90% confidence interval=-0.18±0.09), then very likely increased following RP (0.32±0.14). rHRIcyc very likely decreased (-0.48±0.24), and rHRIrun possibly decreased (-0.33±0.48), following HT. Changes in both measures were unclear following RP. Steady-state HR was almost certainly lower (-0.81±0.31) during rHRIcyc than rHRIrun. A large correlation was found between reductions in performance and rHRIrun (r±90%; CI=0.65±0.34) from LT to HT, but was unclear for rHRIcyc. Trivial within-subject correlations were found between rHRI and performance, but the strength of relationship between rHRIrun and performance was largely associated with V˙O2peak following LT (r=-0.58±0.38). CONCLUSIONS Performance reductions were most sensitively tracked by rHRIrun following HT. This may be due to rHRIrun being assessed at a higher intensity than rHRIcyc, inferred from a higher steady-state HR and supported by a stronger within-subject relationship between rHRIrun and performance in individuals with a lower V˙O2peak, in whom the same exercise intensity would represent a greater physiological stress. rHRI assessed at relatively high exercise intensities may better track performance changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clint R Bellenger
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia.
| | - Rebecca L Thomson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter R C Howe
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, University of Newcastle, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Effect of chronic training on heart rate variability, salivary IgA and salivary alpha-amylase in elite swimmers with a disability. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127749. [PMID: 26043224 PMCID: PMC4456151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to a) determine the heart rate variability (HRV) and saliva markers of immunity (salivary immunoglobulin A; sIgA) and stress (salivary alpha-amylase; sAA) responses to chronic training in elite swimmers with a disability; and b) identify the relationships between HRV, sIgA, sAA and training volume. Eight members of a high performance Paralympic swimming program were monitored for their weekly resting HRV, sIgA and sAA levels in the 14 weeks leading up to a major international competition. The 14 week training program included aerobic, anaerobic, power and speed, and taper training phases, while also incorporating two swimming step tests and two swimming competitions. Specific time (root mean square of the successive differences; RMSSD) and frequency (high frequency normalized units [HFnu]) domain measures, along with non-linear indices (standard deviation of instantaneous RR variability; SD1 and short term fractal scaling exponent; α1) of HRV were used for all analyses with effects examined using magnitude-based inferences. Relationships between HRV and saliva markers were identified by Spearman rank rho (ρ) correlation coefficients. Compared with week 1, SD1 was very likely lower (96/4/0, ES = -2.21), while sAA was very likely elevated (100/0/0, ES = 2.32) at the beginning of week 7 for all athletes. The training program did not alter HRV or saliva whereas competition did. There were also no apparent differences observed for HRV, sIgA and sAA between each of the training phases during the 14 week swimming program. Correlations were observed between sAA and SD1 (ρ = -0.212, p<0.05), along with sAA and mean HR (ρ = 0.309, p<0.05). These results show that high level national competition influences depresses HRV (SD1) and increases saliva biomarkers of stress (sAA). It appears that a well-managed and periodised swimming program can maintain these indices within normal baseline levels. The study also highlighted the parasympathetic nervous system influence on sAA.
Collapse
|
48
|
Vaz MS, Picanço LM, Del Vecchio FB. Effects of Different Training Amplitudes on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Young Rowers. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:2967-72. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
49
|
Milanez V, Ramos S, Leprêtre P, Leme L, Nakamura F. Physiological and performance changes in response to pre-season training in high level handball players. Sci Sports 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
50
|
Sleep and exercise: a reciprocal issue? Sleep Med Rev 2014; 20:59-72. [PMID: 25127157 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and exercise influence each other through complex, bilateral interactions that involve multiple physiological and psychological pathways. Physical activity is usually considered as beneficial in aiding sleep although this link may be subject to multiple moderating factors such as sex, age, fitness level, sleep quality and the characteristics of the exercise (intensity, duration, time of day, environment). It is therefore vital to improve knowledge in fundamental physiology in order to understand the benefits of exercise on the quantity and quality of sleep in healthy subjects and patients. Conversely, sleep disturbances could also impair a person's cognitive performance or their capacity for exercise and increase the risk of exercise-induced injuries either during extreme and/or prolonged exercise or during team sports. This review aims to describe the reciprocal fundamental physiological effects linking sleep and exercise in order to improve the pertinent use of exercise in sleep medicine and prevent sleep disorders in sportsmen.
Collapse
|