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Lagos A, Ferrada S, Muñoz T, Maul X, Finkelstein A, González C, Fonseca X, Callejas C. 10-year Experience in Patients Operated for Acute Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otoeng.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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2
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Lagos A, Ferrada S, Muñoz T, Maul X, Finkelstein A, González C, Fonseca X, Callejas C. 10-year experience in patients operated for acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2020; 71:303-308. [PMID: 32402378 DOI: 10.1016/j.otorri.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS) is rare but has high mortality. It is more frequent in immunocompromised patients with multiple comorbidities, which make their management more difficult. The aim of this study is to describe a cohort of patients operated due to AIFRS, their clinical characteristics, mortality, aetiological agent and efficacy of diagnostic tests. MATERIAL AND METHOD Non-concurrent prospective study of patients with AIFRS who were operated between 2005 and 2015 in our centre. RESULTS Thirty-two patients were included, 62.5% (20/32) men, with an average age of 39.4 years (16-65 years). Overall mortality was 71.9%; acute mortality 46.9% and late mortality 25%. Haematological malignancies were the most common underlying disease, present in 84.4% (27/32) of cases, followed by diabetes mellitus in 9.4% (3/32). On diagnosis, 62.5% (20/32) of patients were neutropenic, 80% (16/20) of them with febrile neutropenia. Fever was the most frequent symptom, present in 65.6% (21/32) of patients, followed by facial pain or headache in 53.1% (17/32). Aspergillus was identified in 37.5% (12/32) of cases and Rhizopus in 31.3% (10/32). There was no association between the analysed variables and increased risk of mortality. CONCLUSIONS AIFRS is an aggressive disease with a high mortality rate, therefore a timely diagnosis is fundamental. It is necessary to optimise suspicion criteria for an early diagnosis in order to improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Lagos
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Ferrada
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Regional de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Tamara Muñoz
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital del Salvador, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Maul
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Finkelstein
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringología, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia González
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Fonseca
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Callejas
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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A Case of Fatal Penicillium Rhinosinusitis in a Patient With Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Prolonged Neutropenia. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Humphrey JM, Walsh TJ, Gulick RM. Invasive Aspergillus Sinusitis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw135. [PMID: 27800523 PMCID: PMC5084715 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive Aspergillus (IA) sinusitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals, but it is uncommon in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To gain a better understanding of the characteristics of IA sinusitis in this population, we present a unique case of chronic IA sinusitis in an HIV-infected patient taking antiretroviral therapy and review the literature summarizing published cases of invasive aspergillosis of the paranasal (n = 41) and mastoid (n = 17) sinuses in HIV-infected individuals. Among these cases, only 4 were reported after 1999, and 98% of patients had acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Orbital invasion occurred in 54% of paranasal sinus cases, whereas intracranial invasion was reported in 53% of mastoid sinus cases. The overall mortality was 79%. We also discuss various clinical and immunologic factors that may play a role in the development of IA and consider the changing epidemiology of aspergillosis in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Humphrey
- Division of Infectious Diseases , Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases , Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York
| | - Roy M Gulick
- Division of Infectious Diseases , Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York
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Muhammed M, Feldmesser M, Shubitz LF, Lionakis MS, Sil A, Wang Y, Glavis-Bloom J, Lewis RE, Galgiani JN, Casadevall A, Kontoyiannis DP, Mylonakis E. Mouse models for the study of fungal pneumonia: a collection of detailed experimental protocols for the study of Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Histoplasma and combined infection due to Aspergillus-Rhizopus. Virulence 2012; 3:329-38. [PMID: 22546902 DOI: 10.4161/viru.20142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models have facilitated the study of fungal pneumonia. In this report, we present the working protocols of groups that are working on the following pathogens: Aspergillus, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Histoplasma and Rhizopus. We describe the experimental procedures and the detailed methods that have been followed in the experienced laboratories to study pulmonary fungal infection; we also discuss the anticipated results and technical notes, and provide the practical advices that will help the users of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Muhammed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Pukkila-Worley R, Holson E, Wagner F, Mylonakis E. Antifungal drug discovery through the study of invertebrate model hosts. Curr Med Chem 2009; 16:1588-95. [PMID: 19442135 DOI: 10.2174/092986709788186237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new antifungal agents that are both effective and non-toxic in the therapy of systemic mycoses. The model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used both to elucidate evolutionarily conserved components of host-pathogen interactions and to screen large chemical libraries for novel antimicrobial compounds. Here we review the use of C. elegans models in drug discovery and discuss caffeic acid phenethyl ester, a novel antifungal agent identified using an in vivo screening system. C. elegans bioassays allow high-throughput screens of chemical libraries in vivo. This whole-animal system may enable the identification of compounds that modulate immune responses or affect fungal virulence factors that are only expressed during infection. In addition, compounds can be simultaneously screened for antifungal efficacy and toxicity, which may overcome one of the main obstacles in current antimicrobial discovery. A pilot screen for antifungal compounds using this novel C. elegans system identified 15 compounds that prolonged survival of nematodes infected with the medically important human pathogen Candida albicans. One of these compounds, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), was an effective antifungal agent in a murine model of systemic candidiasis and had in vitro activity against several fungal species. Interestingly, CAPE is a potent immunomodulator in mammals with several distinct mechanisms of action. The identification of CAPE in a C. elegans screen supports the hypothesis that this model can identify compounds with both antifungal and host immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pukkila-Worley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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7
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Gasch O, Lora-Tamayo J, Santín M. Hematogenous spondylitis due to Aspergillus fumigatus in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2009; 27:303-5. [PMID: 19386390 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Gasch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Martinez R, Castro GD, Machado AA, Moya MJ. Primary aspergilloma and subacute invasive aspergillosis in two AIDS patients. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2009; 51:49-52. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652009000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although uncommon, invasive aspergillosis in the setting of AIDS is important because of its peculiar clinical presentation and high lethality. This report examines two AIDS patients with a history of severe cellular immunosuppression and previous neutropenia, who developed subacute invasive aspergillosis. One female patient developed primary lung aspergilloma, with dissemination to the mediastinum, vertebrae, and spine, which was fatal despite antifungal treatment. The second patient, who had multiple cavitary brain lesions, and eye and lung involvement, recovered following voriconazole and itraconazole, and drugs for increasing neutrophil and CD4+ lymphocyte levels. These cases demonstrate the importance of Aspergillus infections following neutropenia in AIDS patients, and emphasize the need for early and effective antifungal therapy.
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9
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Is Family Screening Necessary in Brucellosis? Infection 2008; 36:575-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-008-7022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Segal BH, Walsh TJ. Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173:707-17. [PMID: 16387806 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200505-727so] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi (moulds) are ubiquitous soil inhabitants whose conidia are inhaled into the respiratory tract, where they may cause life-threatening infections. Among these infections is invasive aspergillosis, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the severely immunocompromised. Risk factors for invasive aspergillosis include prolonged and severe neutropenia, hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation, advanced AIDS, and chronic granulomatous disease. Invasive aspergillosis most commonly involves the sinopulmonary tract reflecting inhalation as the principal portal of entry. Chest computed tomography scans and new non-culture-based assays such as antigen detection and polymerase chain reaction may facilitate the early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis, but have limitations. Reflecting an important unmet need, there has been a significant expansion in the antifungal armamentarium. The second-generation triazole, voriconazole, was superior to conventional amphotericin B as primary therapy for invasive aspergillosis, and is the new standard of care for this infection. There is significant interest in combination antifungal therapy pairing an echinocandin with either an azole or amphotericin B formulation as therapy for invasive aspergillosis. In addition, there has been an increased understanding of the immunology of Aspergillus infection, paving the way to novel immune augmentation strategies in animal models that merit evaluation in phase I clinic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahm H Segal
- Department of Medicine, SUNY at Buffalo, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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12
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Hope WW, Walsh TJ, Denning DW. The invasive and saprophytic syndromes due to Aspergillus spp. Med Mycol 2005; 43 Suppl 1:S207-38. [PMID: 16110814 DOI: 10.1080/13693780400025179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus spp. produce a wide range of invasive and sapropytic syndromes which may involve any tissue. Within a given tissue or organ the pathology and pathogenesis varies enormously, ranging from angioinvasive disease to noninvasive saprophytic disease. The individual invasive and saprophytic syndromes in which a causative role can be attributed to Aspergillus spp. are detailed specifically with reference to the underlying pathology and pathogenesis, the clinical setting and features, and the manner in which a diagnosis can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Hope
- University of Manchester and Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester UK
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13
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Bernal Sprekelsen M, Mosquera J, Til Pérez G, Sandiumenge A, Cardesín Revilla A, Sabater Mata de la Barata F. [Sinusitis in immunocompromised patients. A multicenter study]. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2003; 54:195-201. [PMID: 12825342 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-6519(03)78404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper evaluates different aspects of sinusitis in patients with a decreased immunological system, such as its prevalence and clinical evolution, its peculiar bacteriology and the altered response to treatment, and the prognosis, especially in patients with AIDS. There seems to be an increased prevalence of sinusitis in these patients, with a relationship between their immunological status and the severity and aggressiveness of the sinusitis. Bacteriological studies reveal the pressure of more aggressive species, such as P. aeruginosa, and specific sinusitis are more frequent, which may explain why the treatment with common antibiotics often remains uneffective. The simultaneous therapy of concomitant infections leads to a higher resistance towards common drugs. A standard treatment is therefore needed. The results of three studies, retrospective and prospective, on HIV-infected patients reveal a high incidence of acute sinusitis with aggressive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bernal Sprekelsen
- Servicio de ORL, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, c/Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona
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14
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Hodgson TA, Rachanis CC. Oral fungal and bacterial infections in HIV-infected individuals: an overview in Africa. Oral Dis 2002; 8 Suppl 2:80-7. [PMID: 12164666 DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.00017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oral opportunistic infections developing secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been reported from the early days of the epidemic and have been classified by both the EC-Clearinghouse and the World Health Organisation (WHO). Among the fungal infections, oral candidiasis, presenting in African HIV-infected patients has been sporadically documented. We review the literature with respect to candidal carriage, oral candidiasis prevalence and the predictive value of oral candidiasis for a diagnosis of underlying HIV disease in African HIV-infected patients. The use of oral candidiasis as a marker of disease progression, the species of yeasts isolated from the oral cavity in Africa and the resistance of the yeasts to antifungal agents and treatment regimens are discussed. Orofacial lesions as manifestations of the systemic mycoses are rarely seen in isolation and few cases are reported in the literature from Africa. In spite of the high incidence of noma, tuberculosis, chronic osteomyelitis and syphilis in Africa, surprisingly there have been very few reported cases of the oral manifestations of these diseases in HIV-positive individuals. Orofacial disease in HIV-infected patients is associated with marked morbidity, which is compounded by malnutrition. The authors indicate specific research areas, initially directed at the most effective management strategies, which would complete data in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Hodgson
- Department of Oral Medicine, Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College London, UK.
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15
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Mylonakis E, Ausubel FM, Perfect JR, Heitman J, Calderwood SB. Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Cryptococcus neoformans as a model of yeast pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:15675-80. [PMID: 12438649 PMCID: PMC137775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.232568599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We found that the well-studied nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can use various yeasts, including Cryptococcus laurentii and Cryptococcus kuetzingii, as a sole source of food, producing similar brood sizes compared with growth on its usual laboratory food source Escherichia coli OP50. C. elegans grown on these yeasts had a life span similar to (C. laurentii) or longer than (C. kuetzingii) those fed on E. coli. However, the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans killed C. elegans, and the C. neoformans polysaccharide capsule as well as several C. neoformans genes previously shown to be involved in mammalian virulence were also shown to play a role in C. elegans killing. These included genes associated with signal transduction pathways (GPA1, PKA1, PKR1, and RAS1), laccase production (LAC1), and the alpha mating type. C. neoformans adenine auxotrophs, which are less virulent in mammals, were also less virulent in C. elegans. These results support the model that mammalian pathogenesis of C. neoformans may be a consequence of adaptations that have evolved during the interaction of C. neoformans with environmental predators such as free-living nematodes and amoebae and suggest that C. elegans can be used as a simple model host in which C. neoformans pathogenesis can be readily studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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16
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Safdar A, Dommers MP, Talwani R, Thompson CR. Intracranial perineural extension of invasive mycosis: a novel mechanism of disease propagation by Aspergillus fumigatus. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:e50-3. [PMID: 12173149 DOI: 10.1086/341972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2002] [Revised: 03/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an immunocompetent woman who had refractory, invasive sphenoid sinus Aspergillus fumigatus infection for which there was radiologic evidence of intracranial perineural spread. The patient responded to a combination of antifungal and adjuvant recombinant cytokine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Safdar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, PalmettoRichland Memorial Hospital, Columbia, SC 29203, USA.
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17
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Cole EC. Professional Specialty Cleaning: A Critical Element of Fungal Reservoir Control in Homes of the Immunocompromised and Hypersensitive. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2001. [DOI: 10.1177/153567600100600205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene C. Cole
- DynCorp Health Research Services, Morrisville, North Carolina
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18
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Robinson MR, Fine HF, Ross ML, Mont EK, Bryant-Greenwood PK, Hertle RW, Tisdale JF, Young NS, Zeichner SL, Van Waes C, Whitcup SM, Walsh TJ. Sino-orbital-cerebral aspergillosis in immunocompromised pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19:1197-203. [PMID: 11144384 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200012000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M R Robinson
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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19
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Las Heras A, Domínguez L, López I, Payá MJ, Peña L, Mazzucchelli F, García LA, Fernández-Garayzábal JF. Intramammary Aspergillus fumigatus infection in dairy ewes associated with antibiotic dry therapy. Vet Rec 2000; 147:578-80. [PMID: 11104044 DOI: 10.1136/vr.147.20.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Las Heras
- Departamento Patología Animal I, Sanidad Animal, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Zachary KC. Systemic manifestations of HIV infection. Clin Dermatol 2000; 18:441-6. [PMID: 11024311 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(99)00139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Zachary
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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21
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Mylonakis E, Paliou M, Sax PE, Skolnik PR, Baron MJ, Rich JD. Central nervous system aspergillosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Report of 6 cases and review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000; 79:269-80. [PMID: 10941356 DOI: 10.1097/00005792-200007000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) aspergillosis is a relatively uncommon complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We describe 6 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who developed CNS aspergillosis, and we review a total of 33 cases of CNS aspergillosis among HIV-infected individuals that were diagnosed by histology and/or culture. All patients were diagnosed with advanced HIV infection. Major risk factors for the disease included neutropenia and corticosteroid use. The most common presenting symptoms were nonspecific neurologic manifestations including headache, cranial or somatic nerve weakness or paresthesia, altered mental status, and seizures. The most common sites of additional Aspergillus involvement were the lungs, sinuses, ears, and orbits, while in one-fourth of the cases CNS was the only site of Aspergillus infection. The final diagnosis of CNS aspergillosis was made on autopsy in more than half the cases, and medical treatment of CNS aspergillosis was unsuccessful in all cases. CNS aspergillosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of HIV-infected patients who present with nonspecific neurologic symptoms and signs. If we take into account the much higher prevalence of invasive aspergillosis of the lungs, the findings in the present report suggest that CNS aspergillosis in HIV-infected individuals occurs more often as a result of direct extension from the sinuses, orbits, and ears than through hematogenous spread from the lungs. Physicians should be aware that the CNS might be the only site of Aspergillus involvement and include CNS aspergillosis in the differential diagnosis of HIV-infected patients presenting with focal neurologic signs and symptoms, especially when the head CT reveals hypodense lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mylonakis
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114-2696, USA.
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22
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Hunt SM, Miyamoto RC, Cornelius RS, Tami TA. Invasive fungal sinusitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2000; 33:335-47. [PMID: 10736408 DOI: 10.1016/s0030-6665(00)80009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal sinusitis can present as either an indolent or fulminant process that primarily affects immunocompromised individuals. In this article, the clinical characteristics of four cases of invasive fungal sinusitis in patients with AIDS are analyzed and 22 additional previously reported cases in the literature are reviewed. In addition to HIV infection, other variables common to these cases include facial pain or headache out of proportion to clinical or radiographic findings, CD4 lymphocyte count less than 50 cells/mm(3), absolute neutrophil count less than 1,000 cells/mm(3), subtle radiographic evidence suggesting invasion and an indolent clinical course of the invasive infection. The most common pathogen detected was Aspergillus fumigatus. Maintaining a high index of suspicion, critically assessing these clinical findings, and prudently reviewing CT scans may facilitate early diagnosis and prompt intervention in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hunt
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Kim SY, Syms MJ, Holtel MR, Nauschuetz KK. Acanthamoeba Sinusitis with Subsequent Dissemination in an AIDS Patient. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1177/014556130007900310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Otolaryngologists can play an important role in the care of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and/or human immunodeficiency virus infection. We present the case of an AIDS patient who was hospitalized for dehydration and who was soon found to have sinusitis and subsequent disseminated infection caused by Acanthamoeba. To treat the Acanthamoeba infection, the patient was started on oral itraconazole and intravenous metronidazole; IV pentamidine was added 2 days later. Despite aggressive therapy, on the eleventh day of hospitalization, the patient was obtundent and provided minimal response to noxious stimuli. He died on the sixteenth day of hospitalization. This case is one of only six reported cases of Acanthamoeba associated with sinusitis. Current therapeutic regimens have not been successful for most of these patients, and the prognosis is poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Y. Kim
- Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash
| | - Mark J. Syms
- Department of Surgery, Tripler Regional Medical Center, Tripler AMC, Honolulu
| | - Michael R. Holtel
- Department of Surgery, Tripler Regional Medical Center, Tripler AMC, Honolulu
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24
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Mylonakis E, Barlam TF, Flanigan T, Rich JD. Pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive disease in AIDS: review of 342 cases. Chest 1998; 114:251-62. [PMID: 9674477 DOI: 10.1378/chest.114.1.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis is an infrequent but commonly fatal infection among HIV-infected individuals. We review 342 cases of pulmonary Aspergillus infection that have been reported among HIV-infected patients, with a focus on invasive disease. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis usually occurs among patients with <50 CD4 cells/mm3. Major predisposing conditions include neutropenia and steroid treatment. Fever, cough, and dyspnea are each present in >60% of the cases. BAL is often suggestive, but biopsy specimens are necessary for definite diagnosis. Amphotericin B is the mainstay of treatment and mortality is > 80%. Avoiding neutropenia and judicious use of steroids may be helpful in prevention. Aggressive diagnostic approach, early initiation of treatment, adequate dosing of antifungals, and close follow-up may improve the currently dismal prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mylonakis
- Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI 02906, USA
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Mylonakis E, Mileno MD, Flanigan T, De Orchis DF, Rich J. Pulmonary invasive aspergillosis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: report of two cases. Heart Lung 1998; 27:63-6. [PMID: 9493885 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9563(98)90071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased frequency of invasive aspergillosis. We report two cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients infected with HIV. Patients had less than 10 CD4 (helper cell) cells/mm3 (2/2), presented with fever (2/2), dyspnea (1/2), and abnormal chest radiograph (2/2). Diagnosis was established by transbronchial biopsy (1/2) and autopsy (1/2). Patients died in spite of treatment with intravenous deoxycholate amphotericin B. Prognosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis among patients infected with HIV remains dismal, even with aggressive antifungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mylonakis
- Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02906, USA
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