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Oh MR, Park JH, Park SK, Park SH. Efficacy of plant-derived dietary supplements in improving overall menopausal symptoms in women: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1294-1309. [PMID: 38189863 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
This updated systematic review and meta-analysis aims to confirm the effectiveness of plant-based supplements in improving overall menopausal symptoms and vasomotor symptoms. A systematic review of the literature was conducted by searching the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases up to June 2022. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials that evaluated the effects of dietary supplements on menopausal symptoms were included. Outcome measures included daily hot flash frequency, Kupperman's index, Menopause Rating Scale, and Greene Climacteric Scale. Pooled data were analyzed using a fixed-effects model and expressed as a weighted mean difference with a 95% confidence interval for continuous outcomes. For qualitative assessment, 67 studies were selected. For quantitative assessment, 54 reports were obtained from 61 studies. The study participants were peri- or postmenopausal women aged 38-85, most of whom experienced hot flashes as a menopausal symptom. The investigational products included 28 soy-derived, 6 red clover-derived, and 28 other plant-derived supplements. Qualitative assessment revealed that approximately 76% of the studies were generally of fair or good quality, whereas 24% were of low quality. Meta-analysis results indicated significant improvements in all questionnaire scores, including hot flash frequency, in the dietary supplement group compared with the placebo group. Comprehensive evaluation using different questionnaire tools showed that the various plant-derived dietary supplements can significantly alleviate menopausal symptoms. However, further rigorous studies are needed to determine the association of plant-derived dietary supplements with menopausal health because of the general suboptimal quality and heterogeneous nature of current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ra Oh
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Park
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Kyeong Park
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Park
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
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Garbiec E, Rosiak N, Zalewski P, Tajber L, Cielecka-Piontek J. Genistein Co-Amorphous Systems with Amino Acids: An Investigation into Enhanced Solubility and Biological Activity. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2653. [PMID: 38139995 PMCID: PMC10747361 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genistein, an isoflavone known for its antioxidant and antidiabetic effects, suffers from the drawback of low solubility. To overcome this limitation, co-amorphous systems were synthesized by incorporating amino acids that were chosen through computational methods. The confirmation of the amorphous state of lysine and arginine-containing systems was ascertained by X-ray powder diffraction. Subsequently, the characterization of these systems was extended by employing thermo-gravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The investigation also included an assessment of the physical stability of the samples during storage. The apparent solubility of the systems was studied in an aqueous medium. To evaluate the in vitro permeability through the gastrointestinal tract, the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay was employed. The biological properties of the systems were assessed with regard to their antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity assays, as well as their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase. The systems' glass transition temperatures were determined, and their homogeneity confirmed via differential scanning calorimetry analysis, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis provided data on molecular interactions. Stability was maintained for the entire 6-month storage duration. The co-amorphous system containing lysine displayed the most pronounced apparent solubility improvement, as well as a significant enhancement in antioxidant activity. Notably, both systems demonstrated superior α-glucosidase inhibition relative to acarbose, a standard drug for managing type 2 diabetes. The results indicate that co-amorphous systems with lysine and arginine have the potential to significantly enhance the solubility and biological activity of genistein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Garbiec
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (E.G.); (N.R.); (P.Z.)
| | - Natalia Rosiak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (E.G.); (N.R.); (P.Z.)
| | - Przemysław Zalewski
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (E.G.); (N.R.); (P.Z.)
| | - Lidia Tajber
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (E.G.); (N.R.); (P.Z.)
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3
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Malik P, Singh R, Kumar M, Malik A, Mukherjee TK. Understanding the Phytoestrogen Genistein Actions on Breast Cancer: Insights on Estrogen Receptor Equivalence, Pleiotropic Essence and Emerging Paradigms in Bioavailability Modulation. Curr Top Med Chem 2023; 23:1395-1413. [PMID: 36597609 DOI: 10.2174/1568026623666230103163023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prevalent as a major phenolic ingredient of soy and soy products, genistein is recognized as an eminent phytoestrogen owing to its interacting ability with estrogen receptors (ERs). The metabolic conversion of plant-derived genistin to genistein by gut microbes and intestinal enzymes enhances its absorption at intestinal pH of ~7.5-7.8. Genistein interferes in breast cancer (BC) development via pleiotropic actions on cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Though multiple investigations have demonstrated genistein intake-driven reduced BC risk, similar efficacy has not been replicated in clinical trials. Furthermore, multiple studies have structurally and functionally equated genistein extents with 17-β-estradiol (E2), the most available physiological estrogen in females, culminating in aggravated BC growth. Of note, both genistein and E2 function via interacting with ERs (ERα and ERβ). However, although E2 shows almost equal affinity towards both ERα and ERβ, genistein shows more affinity towards ERβ than ERα. Our cautious literature survey revealed typical intake mode, ER expression pattern and the ratio of ERα and ERβ, transactivators/ regulators of ERα and ERβ expression and activities, patient age, and menopausal status as decisive factors affecting genistein BC activities. Of further interest are the mechanisms by which genistein inhibits triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), which lack ERs, progesterone receptors (PRs), and human epidermal growth factor receptors (HER2). Herein, we attempt to understand the dosage-specific genistein actions in BC cells and patients with an insight into its better response via derivative development, nanocarrier-assisted, and combinatorial delivery with chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Malik
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Raj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Anuj Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
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4
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Effects of phytoestrogens on reproductive organ health. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:849-864. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nazari-Khanamiri F, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of genistein in prevention and treatment of diseases: An overview. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13972. [PMID: 34664285 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genistein is the simplest secondary metabolite in soybeans and belongs to a group of compounds called isoflavones. It is a phytoestrogen and it makes up more than 60% of soy isoflavones. Studies have shown the anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-angiogenic effects of genistein in addition to its modulatory effects on steroidal hormone receptors. In this review, we discuss the pharmacologic and therapeutic effects of genistein on various diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In this review, we have discussed the therapeutic effects of genistein as the main constituent of soybeans on health conditions. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and, anti-angiogenic effects need more attention. The pharmacological properties of genistein make this natural isoflavone a potential treatment for various diseases such as postmenopausal symptoms, cancer, bone, brain, and heart diseases. Special emphasis should be given to it, resulting in using it in clinical as a safe, potent, and bioactive molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Yu L, Rios E, Castro L, Liu J, Yan Y, Dixon D. Genistein: Dual Role in Women's Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:3048. [PMID: 34578926 PMCID: PMC8472782 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced research in recent years has revealed the important role of nutrients in the protection of women's health and in the prevention of women's diseases. Genistein is a phytoestrogen that belongs to a class of compounds known as isoflavones, which structurally resemble endogenous estrogen. Genistein is most often consumed by humans via soybeans or soya products and is, as an auxiliary medicinal, used to treat women's diseases. In this review, we focused on analyzing the geographic distribution of soybean and soya product consumption, global serum concentrations of genistein, and its metabolism and bioactivity. We also explored genistein's dual effects in women's health through gathering, evaluating, and summarizing evidence from current in vivo and in vitro studies, clinical observations, and epidemiological surveys. The dose-dependent effects of genistein, especially when considering its metabolites and factors that vary by individuals, indicate that consumption of genistein may contribute to beneficial effects in women's health and disease prevention and treatment. However, consumption and exposure levels are nuanced because adverse effects have been observed at lower concentrations in in vitro models. Therefore, this points to the duplicity of genistein as a possible therapeutic agent in some instances and as an endocrine disruptor in others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Darlene Dixon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch (MTB), Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (L.Y.); (E.R.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
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7
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Abstract
Phytoestrogens are a group of non-steroidal polyphenolic plant-based substances, commonly used for the treatment of menopause-related conditions. They have both genomic and non-genomic effects, displaying weak affinity for estrogen receptors (ER) and preferentially binding to ER-B over ER-A. However, evidence for the benefits of phytoestrogen consumption has been limited. We conducted a review of recent literature, focusing on systematic reviews and meta-analyses reporting on postreproductive health effects of phytoestrogens. While many trials concerning dietary and supplementary phytoestrogens have been conducted, evidence of clinical efficacy is heterogeneous and inconclusive. There appears to be reduction in the vasomotor symptoms of menopause with phytoestrogen intake; however, it is likely small and slow in onset. Phytoestrogens also appear to improve bone mineral density and markers of cardiovascular risk; however, there is inadequate research regarding long-term outcomes. There appear to be no harmful effects of phytoestrogens on breast, endometrial cancer or colorectal cancer and phytoestrogens intake may in fact be protective. Research regarding the effect of phytoestrogens on cognition is mixed, with most studies reporting no significant association. Overall, individual variations in the metabolism of phytoestrogens and age-related genomic effects may account for the considerable variability in the measured effects of phytoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Rowe
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical Programme, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - R J Baber
- University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Royal North Shore Hospital Division of Women and Child Health, Sydney, Australia
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Palacios OM, Cortes HN, Jenks BH, Maki KC. Naturally occurring hormones in foods and potential health effects. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320936281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones and hormone-like substances, for example, phytoestrogens, are food components that can be endogenously produced by a food source or occur secondary to farming practices. The hormone content of foods has been studied for decades, and safety evaluations in the United States and Europe indicate that naturally occurring hormones found in foods are safe for human consumption. More recent studies have focused on the role of certain hormones found in specific foods (e.g. dairy or soy) and their potential health effects. However, limited summaries exist on food content of hormones and hormone-like phytoestrogens in the context of a comprehensive US diet and implications, if any, of their daily consumption for overall health. This review provides an outline of hormone biosynthesis and functions in the body; discusses the more commonly studied, naturally occurring hormones in food and their biological role within food; estimates relative dietary contribution and when available, bioavailability, of naturally occurring food hormones; and summarizes the potential health associations of their intake in food. Based on the review of the scientific literature, the hormone content of typical serving sizes of commonly consumed foods is undetectable or in quantities that fall well within safety guidelines without any evidence for adverse effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya M Palacios
- Midwest Biomedical Research/Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Addison, IL, USA
| | | | - Belinda H Jenks
- Belinda H. Jenks Consulting, Sunshine Terrace, Studio City, CA, USA
| | - Kevin C Maki
- Midwest Biomedical Research/Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Addison, IL, USA
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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9
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Thangavel P, Puga-Olguín A, Rodríguez-Landa JF, Zepeda RC. Genistein as Potential Therapeutic Candidate for Menopausal Symptoms and Other Related Diseases. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213892. [PMID: 31671813 PMCID: PMC6864469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived compounds have recently attracted greater interest in the field of new therapeutic agent development. These compounds have been widely screened for their pharmacological effects. Polyphenols, such as soy-derived isoflavones, also called phytoestrogens, have been extensively studied due to their ability to inhibit carcinogenesis. These compounds are chemically similar to 17β-estradiol, and mimic the binding of estrogens to its receptors, exerting estrogenic effects in target organs. Genistein is an isoflavone derived from soy-rich products and accounts for about 60% of total isoflavones found in soybeans. Genistein has been reported to exhibit several biological effects, such as anti-tumor activity (inhibition of cell proliferation, regulation of the cell cycle, induction of apoptosis), improvement of glucose metabolism, impairment of angiogenesis in both hormone-related and hormone-unrelated cancer cells, reduction of peri-menopausal and postmenopausal hot flashes, and modulation of antioxidant effects. Additionally, epidemiological and clinical studies have reported health benefits of genistein in many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis, and aid in the amelioration of typical menopausal symptoms, such as anxiety and depression. Although the biological effects are promising, certain limitations, such as low bioavailability, biological estrogenic activity, and effects on target organs, have limited the clinical applications of genistein to some extent. Moreover, studies report that modification of its molecular structure may eliminate the biological estrogenic activity and its effects on target organs. In this review, we summarize the potential benefits of genistein on menopause symptoms and menopause-related diseases like cardiovascular, osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes, anxiety, depression, and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Thangavel
- Programa de Posgrado en Neuroetología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa C.P. 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Abraham Puga-Olguín
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa C.P. 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Juan F Rodríguez-Landa
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa C.P. 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Rossana C Zepeda
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa C.P. 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Johnson A, Roberts L, Elkins G. Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Menopause. J Evid Based Integr Med 2019; 24:2515690X19829380. [PMID: 30868921 PMCID: PMC6419242 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x19829380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Menopause is associated with problematic symptoms, including hot flashes, sleep problems, mood disorders, sexual dysfunction, weight gain, and declines in cognitive functioning. Many women seek complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for symptom management. This article critically reviews the existing literature on CAM treatments most commonly used for menopausal symptoms. Electronic searches were conducted to identify relevant, English-language literature published through March 2017. Results indicate that mind and body practices may be of benefit in reducing stress and bothersomeness of some menopausal symptoms. In particular, hypnosis is a mind-body intervention that has consistently shown to have a clinically significant effect on reducing hot flashes. Evidence is mixed in regard to the efficacy of natural products and there are some safety concerns. Health care providers should consider the evidence on CAM in providing an integrative health approach to menopausal symptom management.
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Mareti E, Abatzi C, Vavilis D, Lambrinoudaki I, Goulis DG. Effect of oral phytoestrogens on endometrial thickness and breast density of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 2019; 124:81-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hairi HA, Shuid AN, Ibrahim N‘I, Jamal JA, Mohamed N, Mohamed IN. The Effects and Action Mechanisms of Phytoestrogens on Vasomotor Symptoms During Menopausal Transition: Thermoregulatory Mechanism. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 20:192-200. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450118666170816123740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Phytoestrogens have recently been claimed to positively influence menopausal
discomforts, including hot flashes. However, little is known about the influence of phytoestrogens
on core body temperature during oestrogen fluctuation at menopause.
Objective:
Previously published findings showed that phytoestrogens could relieve menopausal complaints,
thus, the present review was aimed at assessing the effects of phytoestrogens on thermoregulatory
mechanism during menopausal transition.
Results:
The molecular mechanisms underlying hot flashes are complex. Oestrogen fluctuations cause
hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre dysfunction, which leads to hot flashes during menopause. The
phytoestrogens of interest, in relation to human health, include isoflavones, lignans, coumestans, and
stilbenes, which are widely distributed in nature. The phytoestrogens are capable of reducing hot
flashes via their oestrogen-like hormone actions. The potential effects of phytoestrogens on hot flashes
and their molecular mechanisms of action on thermoregulatory centre are discussed in this review.
Conclusion:
The effects of phytoestrogens on these mechanisms may help explain their beneficial effects
in alleviating hot flashes and other menopausal discomforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haryati Ahmad Hairi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul ‘Izzah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Lincoln University College, Jalan Stadium, SS 7/15, Kelana Jaya, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamia Azdina Jamal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norazlina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Imhof M, Gocan A, Imhof M, Schmidt M. Soy germ extract alleviates menopausal hot flushes: placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:961-970. [PMID: 29849181 PMCID: PMC6035149 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed to assess the potency of a soy germ preparation for the alleviation of menopausal hot flushes. SUBJECTS/METHODS Caucasian women with at least seven hot flushes daily were treated with soy germ extract (100 mg isoflavone glycosides) daily or with placebo for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of open treatment with soy. Outcome parameters were the number of hot flushes and the evaluation of the Greene Climacteric Scale. RESULTS A total of 192 women were included. As the hot flush diaries from one study centre were lost, the assessment of hot flushes was based on 136 participants (soy: 54 women; placebo: 82 women). After 12 weeks, 180 women were available for the analysis of Greene Scale and safety (soy and placebo: each 90 women). Hot flushes were reduced by 43.3% (-3.5 hot flushes) with soy and by 30.8% with placebo (-2.6; p < 0.001). After the open treatment phase with soy, both original groups showed a reduction of 68% of hot flushes. A subgroup analysis showed better effects for soy when symptoms were classified as "severe" at baseline. After 12 weeks of double-blind treatment, there was an improvement from baseline values of 71 and 78% with soy with the items "hot flushes" and "sweating", compared with 24% for both items with placebo. Hormonal safety parameters remained uninfluenced. CONCLUSIONS Soy germ extract with 100 mg of isoflavone glycosides was shown to modestly, but significantly reduce menopausal hot flushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Imhof
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Univ.-Doz. Dr. med. Martin Imhof, Landesklinikum Weinviertel, Wiener Ring 3-5, A-2100, Korneuburg, Austria
| | - Anca Gocan
- Dr. med. Anca Gocan, Ärztezentrum Rahlgasse, Rahlgasse 1/12, A-1060, Wien, Austria
| | - Marianne Imhof
- Dr. Marianne Imhof, Life Research Technologies GmbH, Schönlanterngasse 11/13, A-1010, Wien, Austria
| | - Mathias Schmidt
- Dr. Mathias Schmidt, Herbresearch Germany, Wartbergweg 15, 86874, Mattsies, Germany.
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Bitto A, Arcoraci V, Alibrandi A, D'Anna R, Corrado F, Atteritano M, Minutoli L, Altavilla D, Squadrito F. Visfatin correlates with hot flashes in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome: effects of genistein. Endocrine 2017; 55:899-906. [PMID: 27126198 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During menopause, an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and central obesity seems to increase hot flashes (HFs). Visfatin is an inflammatory adipokine secreted by visceral fat. We investigated visfatin levels and its relationship with hot flash number and BMI, in postmenopausal women with MetS. We also evaluated the effect of genistein, an isoflavone effective in reducing HFs, on visfatin levels and HFs after 1 year of treatment. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Postmenopausal women with MetS were randomly assigned to receive placebo (n = 60) or 54 mg genistein (n = 60), daily for 1 year. As main outcome measures, hot flashes number and circulating visfatin levels were evaluated. Visfatin significantly correlated with BMI and HFs number in women with MetS at basal. After 6 and 12 months, our results indicate a strong correlation and a significant effect of genistein in reducing both HFs and visfatin in women with MetS. The present study suggests that visfatin plays a role in the vasomotor symptoms, at least in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Genistein may reduce HFs decreasing the circulating levels of this inflammatory adipokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th Floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Arcoraci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th Floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Alibrandi
- Department of Economical Business and Environmental Sciences and Quantitative Methods, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosario D'Anna
- Department of Paediatric Gynaecological, Microbiological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Corrado
- Department of Paediatric Gynaecological, Microbiological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Atteritano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th Floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Letteria Minutoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th Floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenica Altavilla
- Department of Paediatric Gynaecological, Microbiological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th Floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy
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15
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Liu J, Yuan F, Gao J, Shan B, Ren Y, Wang H, Gao Y. Oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17369-79. [PMID: 26967050 PMCID: PMC4951218 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isoflavone from soy and other plants modulate hormonal effects in women, and the hormone disorder might result in different caners including endometrial cancer. However, it's effect on the risk of endometrial cancer is still inconclusive. We aimed to assess the effects of isoflavone on endometrial thickness, a risk factor of endometrial cancer in peri- and post-menopausal women. Methods A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to evaluate the effect of oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness in peri- and post-menopausal women. Electronic searches were performed on the PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, web of science, CINAHL, and WHO ICTRP to August 1st, 2015. Reviews and reference lists of relevant articles were also searched to identify more studies. Summary estimates of standard mean differences (SMD's) and 95%CIs were obtained with random-effects models. Heterogeneity was evaluated with meta-regression and stratified analyses. Results A total of 23 trials were included in the current analysis. The overall results did not show significant change of endometrial thickness after oral isoflavone supplementation (23 studies, 2167subjects; SMD:-0.05; 95%CI:-0.23, 0.13; P=0.60). Stratified analysis suggested that a daily dose of more than 54mg could decrease the endometrial thickness for 0.26mm (10 trials, 984subjects; SMD:-0.26; 95%CI:-0.45, −0.07; P=0.007). Furthermore, isoflavone supplementation significantly decrease the endometrial thickness for 0.23mm in North American studies (7 trials, 726 subjects; SMD:-0.23; 95%CI:-0.44, −0.01; P=0.04), but it suggested an increase for 0.23mm in Asian studies (3 trials, 224 subjects; SMD: 0.23; 95%CI:-0.04, 0.50; P=0.10). Conclusion Oral isoflavone supplementation might have different effects in different populations and at different daily doses. Multiple-centre, larger, and long-term trials are deserved to further evaluate its effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feixiang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Nutrition Department, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boer Shan
- Department of Female Tumor, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulan Ren
- Department of Female Tumor, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaying Wang
- Department of Female Tumor, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Singh DP, Borse SP, Nivsarkar M. Clinical importance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy: the relevance of tumor necrosis factor as a promising target. Transl Res 2016; 175:76-91. [PMID: 27083387 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) enteropathy is still unclear, and consequently, there is no approved therapeutic strategy for ameliorating such damage. On the other hand, molecular treatment strategies targeting tumor necrosis factor (TNF) exerts beneficial effects on NSAID-induced intestinal lesions in rodents and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Thus, TNF appears to be a potential therapeutic target for both the prevention and treatment of NSAID enteropathy. However, the causative relationship between TNF and NSAID enteropathy is largely unknown. Currently approved anti-TNF agents are highly expensive and exhibit numerous side effects. Hence, in this review, the pivotal role of TNF in NSAID enteropathy has been summarized and plant-derived polyphenols have been suggested as useful alternative anti-TNF agents because of their ability to suppress TNF activated inflammatory pathways both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; Registered Ph.D Scholar (External) at Institute of Pharmacy, NIRMA University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Swapnil P Borse
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; Registered Ph.D Scholar (External) at Institute of Pharmacy, NIRMA University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Nivsarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
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17
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Tranche S, Brotons C, Pascual de la Pisa B, Macías R, Hevia E, Marzo-Castillejo M. Impact of a soy drink on climacteric symptoms: an open-label, crossover, randomized clinical trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32:477-82. [PMID: 26806546 PMCID: PMC4898139 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1132305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of a soy drink with a high concentration of isoflavones (ViveSoy®) on climacteric symptoms. METHODS An open-label, controlled, crossover clinical trial was conducted in 147 peri- and postmenopausal women. Eligible women were recruited from 13 Spanish health centers and randomly assigned to one of the two sequence groups (control or ViveSoy®, 500 mL per day, 15 g of protein and 50 mg of isoflavones). Each intervention phase lasted for 12 weeks with a 6-week washout period. Changes on the Menopause Rating Scale and quality of life questionnaires, as well as lipid profile, cardiovascular risk and carbohydrate and bone metabolism were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using a mixed-effects model. RESULTS A sample of 147 female volunteers was recruited of which 90 were evaluable. In both sequence groups, adherence to the intervention was high. Regular consumption of ViveSoy® reduced climacteric symptoms by 20.4% (p = 0.001) and symptoms in the urogenital domain by 21.3% (p < 0.05). It also improved health-related quality life by 18.1%, as per the MRS questionnaire (p <0.05). CONCLUSION Regular consumption of ViveSoy® improves both the somatic and urogenital domain symptoms of menopause, as well as health-related quality of life in peri- and postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Tranche
- Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (semFYC),
Spain
- Centro de Salud El Cristo, Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Oviedo,
Spain
| | - Carlos Brotons
- Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (semFYC),
Spain
- Unitat de Recerca, EAP Sardenya-IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Beatriz Pascual de la Pisa
- Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (semFYC),
Spain
- Centro de Salud de Camas, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sevilla,
Spain
| | - Ramón Macías
- Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (semFYC),
Spain
- Centro de Salud Roces Montevil, SESPA, Gijón,
Spain
| | - Eduardo Hevia
- Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (semFYC),
Spain
- Centro de Salud Cabañaquinta, SESPA, Cabañaquinta,
Spain
| | - Mercè Marzo-Castillejo
- Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (semFYC),
Spain
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Costa de Ponent de l Institut Català de la Salut, Institut Universitari d Investigació en Atenció Primaria Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Cornellà de Llobregat,
Spain
- Address for correspondence: Mercè Marzo-Castillejo,
Unitat De Suport a La Recerca Costa De Ponent Del Institut Català De La Salut, Institut Universitari D’investigació En Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol),
Cornellà De Llobregat,
Spain. E-mail:
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Schmidt M, Arjomand-Wölkart K, Birkhäuser MH, Genazzani AR, Gruber DM, Huber J, Kölbl H, Kreft S, Leodolter S, Linsberger D, Metka M, Simoncini T, Vrabic Dezman L. Consensus: soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32:427-30. [PMID: 26943176 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2016.1152240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between an increased uptake of isoflavones and a reduced frequency of menopausal hot flushes was first described in 1992, based on a lower incidence of hot flushes in countries with a high consumption of soy. Since then, numerous clinical trials with various sources of isoflavones including soy and red clover have been presented, with practically all of the studies with adequate design delivering an outcome in favour of isoflavone supplementation. An in-depth risk assessment (EFSA 2015) concludes that the amply available human data does not indicate any suspected harmful effects from a potential interaction of isoflavones with hormone-sensitive tissues in the mammary gland, the uterus and the thyroid gland. Safety was ascertained with long-term intake of up to 150 mg isoflavones per day ingested for the duration of at least 3 years. Moreover, high isoflavone intake was found to have preventive effects with respect to breast cancer. Clinical findings indicate potential benefits of isoflavone exposure even during breast cancer treatment with tamoxifen or anastrozole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schmidt
- a International Society for Phytosciences , Mattsies , Germany
| | - Karin Arjomand-Wölkart
- b Institut Für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Martin H Birkhäuser
- c Gynaecological Endocrinonoly and Reproductive Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Berne , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Andrea R Genazzani
- d Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , European Society of Gynecology, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Doris M Gruber
- e 1st Department of Gynaeology and Obstetrics, University of Vienna , Wien , Austria
| | - J Huber
- e 1st Department of Gynaeology and Obstetrics, University of Vienna , Wien , Austria
| | - Heinz Kölbl
- e 1st Department of Gynaeology and Obstetrics, University of Vienna , Wien , Austria
| | - Samo Kreft
- f Chair of Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Sepp Leodolter
- e 1st Department of Gynaeology and Obstetrics, University of Vienna , Wien , Austria
| | - Doris Linsberger
- e 1st Department of Gynaeology and Obstetrics, University of Vienna , Wien , Austria
| | - Markus Metka
- e 1st Department of Gynaeology and Obstetrics, University of Vienna , Wien , Austria
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- g Division of Obstetrics and Gynadecology , Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università Di Pisa , Pisa , Italy , and
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Zingue S, Michel T, Tchatchou J, Chantal Beatrice Magne N, Winter E, Monchot A, Awounfack CF, Djiogue S, Clyne C, Fernandez X, Creczynski-Pasa TB, Njamen D. Estrogenic effects of Ficus umbellata Vahl. (Moraceae) extracts and their ability to alleviate some menopausal symptoms induced by ovariectomy in Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 179:332-344. [PMID: 26771069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ficus umbellata Vahl. (Moraceae) is a medicinal plant used in Cameroon to treat amenorrhea as well as other physiological disorders related to menopause. AIM OF STUDY In order to justify scientifically its traditional use, the estrogen-like properties of the aqueous (AE) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of F. umbellata were investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vitro, the ability of different extracts of F. umbellata to activate estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ) in cell-based reporter gene assays using human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells transfected with ERs was tested. In vivo, a 3-day uterotrophic assay and the capacity of the extracts to alleviate hot flushes in ovariectomized adult rats were tested. Using a bioassay-guided fractionation the major compound of F. umbellata was isolated and tested in vitro on HEK293T-ERα and ERβ cells. RESULTS AE and MeOH extracts significantly altered ERα as well as ERβ activities. In vivo, both extracts significantly increase the uterine and vaginal epithelium thickness, and uterine total protein levels in a dose dependent manner. Interestingly, both extracts of F. umbellata at the dose of 100 mg/kg BW significantly decreased the total number, average duration as well as frequency of hot flushes in experimental rats compared to age-matched OVX controls. Finally, 7-methylumbelliferone, a coumarin was characterized as the major compound of F. umbellata; however this compound did not transactivate ERα as well ERβ in vitro. CONCLUSION These aforementioned results suggest that F. umbellata extracts as used by the traditional practitioner have estrogen-like effects and may alleviate some menopausal problems such as vaginal dryness and hot flushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Zingue
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 55, Maroua, Cameroon; Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Thomas Michel
- Institute of Chemistry of Nice, Faculty of Science, University Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UMR CNRS 7272, Valrose Park, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, Nice, France
| | - Jules Tchatchou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Evelyn Winter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CEP 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - André Monchot
- Institute of Chemistry of Nice, Faculty of Science, University Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UMR CNRS 7272, Valrose Park, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, Nice, France
| | - Charline Florence Awounfack
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sefirin Djiogue
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Colin Clyne
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Xavier Fernandez
- Institute of Chemistry of Nice, Faculty of Science, University Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UMR CNRS 7272, Valrose Park, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, Nice, France
| | - Tânia Beatriz Creczynski-Pasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CEP 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Dieudonné Njamen
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
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20
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Singhal SR, Shullai WK. Comparative study of gabapentin and isoflavone in menopausal vasomotor symptoms. J Midlife Health 2016; 7:132-139. [PMID: 27721641 PMCID: PMC5051233 DOI: 10.4103/0976-7800.191017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was planned to compare the effects of gabapentin and isoflavones in menopausal vasomotor symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective comparative study was conducted on 100 patients with complaints of hot flashes, divided into two groups of 50 each. Group I received 900 mg of gabapentin and Group II received 60 mg of isoflavones daily for 3 months. The patients were interviewed to calculate hot flash, global and depression scores and were rescored after 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was a change in the hot flash score from baseline. The secondary outcome was an improvement in sleep, depression, and lipid profile. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and Student's t-test. RESULTS Both groups showed significant improvement in hot flash score at the end of 12 weeks (82% Group I, 74% Group II; P = 0.076). Statistically significant difference was seen at 12 weeks in sleep quality in favor of gabapentin (P = 0.011) and in depression in favor of isoflavones (0.026). Isoflavone had significant improvement in cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides profiles after 12 weeks (P < 0.001, 0.009, 0.024 and <0.001, respectively) as compared to gabapentin. CONCLUSION Isoflavone and gabapentin are equally effective in the treatment of hot flashes; however, isoflavones have better response in patients who have associated with complaints of depression and gabapentin is better who have associated sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Rani Singhal
- Department of obstetrics and Gynecology, Pt. B D Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Wansalan Kuru Shullai
- Department of obstetrics and Gynecology, Pt. B D Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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21
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Nie Q, Xing M, Hu J, Hu X, Nie S, Xie M. Metabolism and health effects of phyto-estrogens. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:2432-2454. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1077194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qixing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Mengmeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Jielun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
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Short-Term Isoflavone Intervention in the Treatment of Severe Vasomotor Symptoms after Surgical Menopause: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol 2015; 2015:962740. [PMID: 26605099 PMCID: PMC4641951 DOI: 10.1155/2015/962740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are soy phytoestrogens that potentially exert various favorable effects in postmenopausal women, for example, alleviating vasomotor episodes, attenuating bone loss, and stimulating vaginal epithelial maturation. There has, however, been lack of consensus regarding those therapeutic effects. Most clinical studies of isoflavones have been conducted with women who had undergone natural menopause, but not those who had undergone surgical menopause. This study reports on a 51-year-old woman who presented with severe vasomotor episodes after undergoing a hysterectomy and a bilateral oophorectomy due to hypermenorrhea secondary to myoma uteri. She refused hormone therapy due to fear of adverse drug reactions so was treated with oral soy isoflavones (two capsules twice daily, equivalent to at least 100 mg daily dose) for 8 weeks. The number and severity of hot flushes and her menopause-specific quality of life dramatically improved from baseline values. The serum bone resorption marker (beta C-telopeptide) decreased markedly, while vaginal epithelial maturation improved slightly, suggesting the potential of isoflavones in attenuating bone loss and stimulating vaginal maturation. The intervention did not adversely affect the hormonal profile (FSH, LH, and estradiol) and liver or renal functions. Thus, isoflavones could be an option for women experiencing severe vasomotor episodes after surgical menopause.
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23
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Hirose A, Terauchi M, Akiyoshi M, Owa Y, Kato K, Kubota T. Low-dose isoflavone aglycone alleviates psychological symptoms of menopause in Japanese women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 293:609-15. [PMID: 26294070 PMCID: PMC4757620 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Many studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of isoflavones on menopausal symptoms; however, these mostly used high dosages. Because high-dose isoflavone may result in endometrial hyperplasia, we investigated whether low-dose isoflavone aglycone alleviates menopausal symptoms similarly to high dosages. Methods We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 90 healthy women aged 40–60 years who had at least one menopausal symptom on the Menopausal Symptom Scale (MSS). The participants were randomized to receive active tablets containing ultralow-dose (12.5 mg/day; n = 30) or low-dose (25 mg/day; n = 30) isoflavone aglycone, or placebo (n = 30) tablets, for 8 weeks. Their menopausal symptoms were evaluated using MSS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) before, and 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. Results Eighty-seven women (97 %) completed the 8-week treatment. In the low-dose group, significant improvement was observed from baseline, in the following parameters: (1) HADS-depression subscale score, (2) AIS score, (3) MSS-somatic symptom score after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, and (4) MSS-vasomotor symptom score after 8 weeks of treatment. The changes in scores on HADS-depression subscale and AIS from baseline to 8 weeks were significantly higher in the low-dose group than in the placebo group. Conclusions Low-dose (25 mg/day) isoflavone aglycone significantly alleviated symptoms of depression and insomnia in Japanese middle-aged women. Clinical Trial Registration UMIN-CTR UMIN000011876.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Hirose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masakazu Terauchi
- Department of Women's Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Mihoko Akiyoshi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoko Owa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Toshiro Kubota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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24
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Carbonel AAF, Calió ML, Santos MA, Bertoncini CRA, Sasso GDS, Simões RS, Simões MJ, Soares JM. Soybean isoflavones attenuate the expression of genes related to endometrial cancer risk. Climacteric 2015; 18:389-98. [PMID: 25242508 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2014.964671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether genistein or estrogen treatment has the same effect when administered immediately or late to rats induced with menopause using ovariectomy. METHODS Sixty adult female rats were divided into six treatment groups: GI = vehicle immediately after ovariectomy; GII = vehicle 30 days after ovariectomy; GIII = genistein immediately after ovariectomy; GIV = genistein 30 days after ovariectomy; GV = estrogen immediately after ovariectomy; and GVI = estrogen 30 days after ovariectomy. All animals were treated for 30 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment, part of the uteri was removed for subsequent histological studies and another part was used to evaluate estrogen receptors 1 and 2, cell proliferation (cyclin A1 and A2, cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors 1, 1B and 2, antigen identified by the monoclonal antibody Ki67) and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-A) gene expression. RESULTS Late treatment after castration in rats resulted in more developed endometrium, enhanced cell proliferation and estrogen-signalling pathways, particularly the cyclin-related genes Ki67 and VEGF-A, compared to early treatment. Interestingly, these same effects were less intense with genistein compared to those induced by estrogen, especially when genistein was administered late. CONCLUSION Our data show that isoflavone renders a lower risk of cancer when compared to estrogen in treatments.
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25
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Li L, Lv Y, Xu L, Zheng Q. Quantitative efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79:593-604. [PMID: 25316502 PMCID: PMC4386944 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to quantitate the efficacy of soy isoflavones in the treatment of menopausal hot flashes. METHODS Model based meta-analysis (MBMA) was used to quantitate the efficacy of soy isoflavones. We conducted a systemic literature search to build a time-effect model for placebo and soy isoflavones in treating menopausal hot flashes. Studies were identified, subjected to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and reviewed. RESULTS From 55 articles, 16 studies of soy isoflavones met the inclusion criteria, and contained 65 and 66 mean effect values in placebo and soy isoflavone groups, respectively, from about 1710 subjects. Interestingly, the developed model was found to describe adequately the time course of hot flashes reduction after administration of placebo and soy isoflavones. Using this model, we found that the maximal percentage change of hot flashes reduction by soy isoflavones was 25.2% after elimination of the placebo effect, accounting for 57% of the maximum effects of estradiol (Emax-estradiol = 44.9%). However, a time interval of 13.4 weeks was needed for soy isoflavones to achieve half of its maximal effects, much longer than estradiol, which only required 3.09 weeks. These results suggest that treatment intervals of 12 weeks are too short for soy isoflavones, which require at least 48 weeks to achieve 80% of their maximum effects. CONCLUSIONS Soy isoflavones show slight and slow effects in attenuating menopausal hot flashes compared with estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujin Li
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, no. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Chen MN, Lin CC, Liu CF. Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Climacteric 2015; 18:260-9. [PMID: 25263312 PMCID: PMC4389700 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2014.966241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a meta-analysis examining the efficacy of phytoestrogens for the relief of menopausal symptoms. METHODS Medline, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases were searched until September 30, 2013 using the following key words: vasomotor symptoms, menopausal symptoms, phytoestrogens, isoflavones, coumestrol, soy, red clover. Inclusion criteria were (1) randomized controlled trial (RCT), (2) perimenopausal or postmenopausal women experiencing menopausal symptoms, (3) intervention with an oral phytoestrogen. Outcome measures included Kupperman index (KI) changes, daily hot flush frequency, and the likelihood of side-effects. RESULTS Of 543 potentially relevant studies identified, 15 RCTs meeting the inclusion criteria were included. The mean age of the subjects ranged from 49 to 58.3 and 48 to 60.1 years, respectively, in the placebo and phytoestrogen groups. The number of participants ranged from 30 to 252, and the intervention periods ranged from 3 to 12 months. Meta-analysis of the seven studies that reported KI data indicated no significant treatment effect of phytoestrogen as compared to placebo (pooled mean difference = 6.44, p = 0.110). Meta-analysis of the ten studies that reported hot flush data indicated that phytoestrogens result in a significantly greater reduction in hot flush frequency compared to placebo (pooled mean difference = 0.89, p < 0.005). Meta-analysis of the five studies that reported side-effect data showed no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.175). CONCLUSION Phytoestrogens appear to reduce the frequency of hot flushes in menopausal women, without serious side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-N. Chen
- Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan
| | - C-C. Lin
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung
| | - C-F. Liu
- Graduate Institute of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine with Western Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
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Effects of oestrogen deficiency and 17β-estradiol therapy on bone healing in calvarial critical size defects treated with bovine bone graft. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:631-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Drewe J, Bucher KA, Zahner C. A systematic review of non-hormonal treatments of vasomotor symptoms in climacteric and cancer patients. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:65. [PMID: 25713759 PMCID: PMC4331402 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The cardinal climacteric symptoms of hot flushes and night sweats affect 24-93% of all women during the physiological transition from reproductive to post-reproductive life. Though efficacious, hormonal therapy and partial oestrogenic compounds are linked to a significant increase in breast cancer. Non-hormonal treatments are thus greatly appreciated. This systematic review of published hormonal and non-hormonal treatments for climacteric, and breast and prostate cancer-associated hot flushes, examines clinical efficacy and therapy-related cancer risk modulation. A PubMed search included literature up to June 19, 2014 without limits for initial dates or language, with the search terms, (hot flush* OR hot flash*) AND (clinical trial* OR clinical stud*) AND (randomi* OR observational) NOT review). Retrieved references identified further papers. The focus was on hot flushes; other symptoms (night sweats, irritability, etc.) were not specifically screened. Included were some 610 clinical studies where a measured effect of the intervention, intensity and severity were documented, and where patients received treatment of pharmaceutical quality. Only 147 of these references described studies with alternative non-hormonal treatments in post-menopausal women and in breast and prostate cancer survivors; these results are presented in Additional file 1. The most effective hot flush treatment is oestrogenic hormones, or a combination of oestrogen and progestins, though benefits are partially outweighed by a significantly increased risk for breast cancer development. This review illustrates that certain non-hormonal treatments, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, gabapentin/pregabalin, and Cimicifuga racemosa extracts, show a positive risk-benefit ratio. Key pointsSeveral non-hormonal alternatives to hormonal therapy have been established and registered for the treatment of vasomotor climacteric symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women. There are indications that non-hormonal treatments are useful alternatives in patients with a history of breast and prostate cancer. However, confirmation by larger clinical trials is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Drewe
- Max Zeller AG, Seeblickstr. 4, 8590 Romanshorn, Switzerland
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Critical review of complementary and alternative medicine use in menopause: focus on prevalence, motivation, decision-making, and communication. Menopause 2015; 21:536-48. [PMID: 24104604 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182a46a3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to undertake the first critical review of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among menopausal women (a term here used to include premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women) by focusing on the prevalence of CAM use and CAM users' characteristics, motivation, decision-making, and communication with healthcare providers. METHODS A comprehensive search of 2002-2012 international literature in the Medline, CINAHL, AMED, and SCOPUS databases was conducted. The search was confined to peer-reviewed articles published in English with abstracts and reporting new empirical research findings regarding CAM use and menopause. RESULTS A considerable level of CAM use was observed among women in menopause. Many menopausal women use CAM concurrently with their conventional medicine. However, communication regarding CAM between menopausal women and healthcare providers seems less than optimal, with a demand for further information on the safety and efficacy of medicines. Existing literature is of variable methodological rigor, often presenting small sample sizes and low-quality data collection. Further rigorous research on this topic-including quantitative and qualitative methods using large national samples, where relevant-is required. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this critical review provide insights for those practicing and managing health care in this area of women's health. Healthcare providers should prepare to inform menopausal women about all treatment options, including CAM, and should be aware of the possible adverse effects of CAM and potential interactions between CAM and conventional medicine among women in menopause who are under their care.
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Husain D, Khanna K, Puri S, Haghighizadeh M. Supplementation of Soy Isoflavones Improved Sex Hormones, Blood Pressure, and Postmenopausal Symptoms. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 34:42-8. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2013.875434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ismail N, Giribabu N, Muniandy S, Salleh N. Enhanced Expression of Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger (NHE)-1, 2 and 4 in the Cervix of Ovariectomised Rats by Phytoestrogen Genistein. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:468-77. [PMID: 26078707 PMCID: PMC4466511 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.11210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Restoring the pH of cervicovaginal fluid is important for the cervicovaginal health after menopause. Genistein, which is a widely consumed dietary health supplement to overcome the post-menopausal complications could help to restore the cervicovaginal fluid pH. We hypothesized that genistien effect involves changes in expression of NHE-1, 2 and 4 proteins and mRNAs in the cervix. This study investigated effect of genistein on NHE-1, 2 and 4 protein and mRNA expression in the cervix in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying possible effect of this compound on cervicovaginal fluid pH after menopause. METHODS Ovariectomised adult female rats received 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day genistein for seven consecutive days. At the end of the treatment, animals were sacrificed and cervix was harvested. Expression of Nhe-1, 2 and 4 mRNA were analyzed by Real-time PCR while distribution of NHE-1, 2 and 4 protein were observed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Treatment with 50 and 100 mg/kg/day genistein caused marked increase in the levels of expression and distribution of NHE-1, 2 and 4 proteins in the endocervical epithelia. Levels of Nhe-1, 2 and 4 mRNA in the cervix were also increased. Coadministration of ICI 182 780 and genistein reduced the expression levels of NHE-1, 2 and 4 proteins and mRNAs in the cervix. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced expression of NHE-1, 2 and 4 proteins and mRNAs expression in cervix under genistein influence could help to restore the cervicovaginal fluid pH that might help to prevent cervicovaginal complications related to menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurain Ismail
- 1. Dept of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nelli Giribabu
- 1. Dept of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sekaran Muniandy
- 2. Dept of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Naguib Salleh
- 1. Dept of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Evaluation of different periods of estrogen replacement onset in the tibia of ovariectomized rats. Aging Clin Exp Res 2014; 26:465-71. [PMID: 25155284 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-014-0268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Estrogen deficiency results in increased bone turnover and can lead to osteoporosis. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) seems to be the most effective means of reducing bone loss and fractures. However, the effects of the period of HRT onset on bone tissue require further elucidation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different periods of HRT onset on the trabecular bone of ovariectomized rats. METHODS Seventy-five ovariectomized Wistar rats were divided into five groups according to the onset of treatment. Each group was subdivided into experimental (E; n = 10) and control (C; n = 5), according to treatment with 17-β-estradiol or vehicle alone (soybean oil), respectively, administered subcutaneously. The first group received treatment immediately post-surgery, while treatment in the remaining groups was initiated 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks post-surgery. Euthanasia occurred at 9 weeks post-surgery. The left tibias were removed and prepared for histomorphometric analyses. The histomorphometric results were statistically analyzed by the Student's t test (p < 0.05). RESULTS The percentage of trabecular bone was significantly greater in the first (p = 0.002) and second (p = 0.039) experimental subgroups compared with the control for the same period. In the experimental subgroups, the percentage of trabecular bone decreased according to the delay in HRT onset and was statistically significant (t = 3.367; p = 0.0023). CONCLUSION These findings indicate an increase in trabecular bone loss in tibia at 9 weeks post-ovariectomy. The period of HRT/E onset is important for preventing bone loss; however, despite its preventive effects, HRT/E does not restore lost bone.
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Yerramsetty V, Gallaher DD, Ismail B. Malonylglucoside conjugates of isoflavones are much less bioavailable compared with unconjugated β-glucosidic forms in rats. J Nutr 2014; 144:631-7. [PMID: 24647389 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.190801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable interest in the physiologic effects of isoflavones, the in vivo bioavailability of the most common isoflavone forms, malonylglucoside conjugates, has not been determined. Differences in the bioavailability of malonylglucosides compared with the nonconjugated β-glucoside forms may explain the inconsistent findings regarding the physiologic effects of isoflavones. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effect of malonyl- conjugation on isoflavone bioavailability in an animal model. Malonylgenistin and malonyldaidzin, and their corresponding nonconjugated glucosides, were extracted from soy grits and purified using liquid chromatography. Purity of the isolated forms was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Male rats were gavaged with malonylgenistin, genistin, malonyldaidzin, or daidzin at a dose of 100 μmol/kg body weight. Blood and urine samples were collected at time intervals ranging from 0 to 48 h. Isoflavone metabolites in plasma and urine were determined using stable isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Comparisons of pharmacokinetic variables were made between nonconjugated and conjugated glucosides and over time of plasma collection. The areas under the time-concentration curve of the metabolites in the plasma obtained after the administration of nonconjugated β-glucosides were 1 to 6 times higher than those of their respective malonylglucosides (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, maximum plasma concentration and urinary excretion of isoflavone metabolites were significantly higher (1-9 times; P ≤ 0.05) after the administration of nonconjugated β-glucosides. To our knowledge, these results demonstrated, for the first time, that nonconjugated β-glucosides are relatively more bioavailable than their respective malonylglucosides. These differences in the bioavailability of conjugated and nonconjugated β-glucosides should be considered in future studies focused on the bioactivity of isoflavones.
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Roberts H, Lethaby A. Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms: a Cochrane review summary. Maturitas 2014; 78:79-81. [PMID: 24768128 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Roberts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Anne Lethaby
- Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Bedell S, Nachtigall M, Naftolin F. The pros and cons of plant estrogens for menopause. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 139:225-36. [PMID: 23270754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Concerns pertaining to the risk of estrogen exposure through HT have prompted an increase in the use of natural alternatives. Phytoestrogens may provide postmenopausal women with a practical alternative and many women have already begun to utilize phytoestrogen supplements. However, research regarding the efficacy of phytoestrogens as a hormone therapy alternative has been previously pessimistic or questionable at best. This review scrutinizes the most current research regarding the efficacy of three types of phytoestrogens, isoflavones, lignans and coumestans, and their specific effect on the reduction of climacteric symptoms, specifically vasomotor symptoms, vaginal atrophy, insomnia and osteoporosis. A discussion of the research pertaining to the relative safety of each phytoestrogen in terms of breast and endometrial health is also included. Overall, current research demonstrates that phytoestrogens are effective in reducing the intensity of hot flushes, and some phytoestrogen combinations result in a decreased frequency. Certain phytoestrogens have also been shown to decrease vaginal atrophy, improve sleep and cognition, and positively affect bone health. Even though initial research was generally unconvincing, the more recent evidence reviewed here is rather positive. In terms of safety and reports of adverse reactions, trials have not shown an increase in breast cancer risk or increase in endometrial hyperplasia following phytoestrogen use, but trials explicitly designed to find neoplasia have not been reported. Moreover, unlike hormone therapy, lignans may not increase clotting risk in postmenopausal women, thus supplements may serve as a treatment option for patients who have contraindications to hormone therapy. Phytoestrogens may provide a safe and partially effective alternative to HT. However, because research regarding phytoestrogens is relatively new, pharmaco-vigilence is still required, as these products are not yet FDA-approved. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Phytoestrogens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bedell
- Interdisciplinary Program in Menopausal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, United States
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Lethaby A, Marjoribanks J, Kronenberg F, Roberts H, Eden J, Brown J. Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013:CD001395. [PMID: 24323914 PMCID: PMC10247921 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001395.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flushes and night sweats, are very common during the menopausal transition. Hormone therapy has traditionally been used as a highly effective treatment, but concerns about increased risk of some chronic diseases have markedly increased the interest of women in alternative treatments. Some of the most popular of these treatments are foods or supplements enriched with phytoestrogens-plant-derived chemicals that have estrogenic action. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy, safety and acceptability of food products, extracts and dietary supplements containing high levels of phytoestrogens when compared with no treatment, placebo or hormone therapy for the amelioration of vasomotor menopausal symptoms (such as hot flushes and night sweats) in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. SEARCH METHODS Searches targeted the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Specialised Register of randomised trials (29 July 2013), the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 29 July 2013), MEDLINE (inception to 29 July 2013), EMBASE (inception to 29 July 2013), AMED (1985 to 29 July 2013), PsycINFO (inception to 29 July 2013) and CINAHL (inception to 29 July 2013). Attempts were made to access grey literature by sending letters to pharmaceutical companies and performing searches of ongoing trial registers. Reference lists of included trials were also searched. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies were included if they were randomised, included perimenopausal or postmenopausal participants with vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes or night sweats), lasted at least 12 weeks and provided interventions such as foods or supplements with high levels of phytoestrogens (not combined with other herbal treatments). Trials that included women who had breast cancer or a history of breast cancer were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Selection of trials, extraction of data and assessment of quality were undertaken by at least two review authors. Most trials were too dissimilar for their results to be combined in a meta-analysis, so these findings are provided in narrative 'Summary of results' tables. Studies were grouped into broad categories: dietary soy, soy extracts, red clover extracts, genistein extracts and other types of phytoestrogens. Five trials used Promensil, a red clover extract; results of these trials were combined in a meta-analysis, and summary effect measures were calculated. MAIN RESULTS A total of 43 randomised controlled trials (4,364 participants) were included in this review. Very few trials provided data suitable for inclusion in a meta-analysis. Among the five trials that yielded data assessing the daily frequency of hot flushes suitable for pooling, no significant difference overall was noted in the incidence of hot flushes between participants taking Promensil (a red clover extract) and those given placebo (mean difference (MD) -0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.95 to 0.10, I(2) = 31%). No evidence indicated a difference in percentage reduction in hot flushes in two trials between Promensil and placebo (MD 20.15, 95% CI -12.08 to 52.38, I(2) = 82%). Four trials that were not combined in meta-analyses suggested that extracts with high (> 30 mg/d) levels of genistein consistently reduced the frequency of hot flushes. Individual results from the remaining trials were compared in broad subgroups such as dietary soy, soy extracts and other types of phytoestrogens that could not be combined. Some of these trials found that phytoestrogen treatments alleviated the frequency and severity of hot flushes and night sweats when compared with placebo, but many trials were small and were determined to be at high risk of bias. A strong placebo effect was noted in most trials, with a reduction in frequency ranging from 1% to 59% with placebo. No indication suggested that discrepant results were due to the amount of isoflavone in the active treatment arm, the severity of vasomotor symptoms or trial quality factors. Also, no evidence indicated that these treatments caused oestrogenic stimulation of the endometrium or the vagina or other adverse effects when used for up to two years. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS No conclusive evidence shows that phytoestrogen supplements effectively reduce the frequency or severity of hot flushes and night sweats in perimenopausal or postmenopausal women, although benefits derived from concentrates of genistein should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lethaby
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1142
| | - Jane Marjoribanks
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1142
| | - Fredi Kronenberg
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New YorkDepartment of Rehabilitation MedicineBOX 75630 W 168TH STNew YorkUSANY 10027‐6902
| | - Helen Roberts
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1142
| | - John Eden
- Royal Hospital for WomenSydney Menopause Centre & Natural Therapies UnitLocked Bag 2000RandwickNSWAustralia2031
| | - Julie Brown
- University of AucklandThe Liggins Institute and Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyFMHSAucklandNew Zealand
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Ateba SB, Njamen D, Medjakovic S, Hobiger S, Mbanya JC, Jungbauer A, Krenn L. Eriosema laurentii De Wild (Leguminosae) methanol extract has estrogenic properties and prevents menopausal symptoms in ovariectomized Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:298-307. [PMID: 24012967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Eriosema laurentii De Wild (Leguminosae) is a medicinal plant used in West and Central Africa for different diseases. In Cameroon, this plant is used as a treatment for infertility, and various gynecological and menopausal complaints. However, despite this use as a natural remedy, the biological activity of Eriosema laurentii has not been studied until now. AIM OF STUDY In order to determine the potential use of this plant in gynecological conditions/disorders, we evaluated the estrogenic properties of a methanol extract of its aerial parts and its ability to prevent different menopausal health problems induced by bilateral oophorectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two approaches were used. In vitro, recombinant yeast systems were applied, featuring either the respective human receptors (ERα, AR, and PR) or into chromosome III integrated human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the respective reporter plasmid. In vivo, the investigation was carried out using the 3 days uterotrophic assay and 9 weeks oral treatment in ovariectomized rats. RESULTS The results showed that the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Eriosema laurentii transactivated the estrogen receptor-α and displayed AhR agonistic activity but was neither androgenic nor progesteronic. In rats, the extract did not induce endometrium proliferation either in the 3-day or the 9-week treatment regimens, but induced vaginal stratification and cornification, prevented loss of femur bone mass, increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and reduced total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), TC/HDL-C ratio, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Eriosema laurentii does not seem to have an undesirable influence on the endometrium but might prevent vaginal dryness and bone mass loss and improve the lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvin Benjamin Ateba
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Phytoestrogen and fiber intakes in relation to incident vasomotor symptoms: results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Menopause 2013; 20:305-14. [PMID: 23435028 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31826d2f43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although reduction of vasomotor symptoms (VMS; hot flashes and night sweats) has been reported in postmenopausal women who used isoflavones, a clear dose response has not been shown, has largely not been reported for perimenopausal women, and has largely only been reported for reducing prevalent VMS, not preventing newly developing VMS. We analyzed longitudinal data from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation for the relation of dietary phytoestrogen and fiber intake to incident VMS in this multiracial/ethnic cohort. METHODS The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation included 3,302 premenopausal and early perimenopausal women, 1,651 of whom reported no VMS at baseline and were followed with annual visits for 10 years. Dietary intakes of isoflavones, coumestrol, lignans, and fiber were assessed by a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and in annual visits 5 and 9 and interpolated for intervening years. The number of days experiencing VMS in the past 2 weeks was self-reported annually. Using multinomial logistic regression with generalized estimating equations, we modeled incident VMS in relation to isoflavones, lignans, fiber, coumestrol, or total phytoestrogen intake and covariates. RESULTS No consistent monotonic relations were observed between any dietary phytoestrogen or fiber and incident VMS, although adjusted odds ratios for some individual quartiles were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS For certainty of any effect of dietary phytoestrogens or fiber on the prevention of incident VMS, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial with sufficient numbers of women in different racial/ethnic, menopausal status, and metabolic groups over years of follow-up is required, but our results suggest that a clinically significant or large effect is improbable.
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Furness S, Roberts H, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A. Hormone therapy in postmenopausal women and risk of endometrial hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2012:CD000402. [PMID: 22895916 PMCID: PMC7039145 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd000402.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced circulating estrogen levels around the time of the menopause can induce unacceptable symptoms that affect the health and well-being of women. Hormone therapy (both unopposed estrogen and estrogen/progestogen combinations) is an effective treatment for these symptoms, but is associated with risk of harms. Guidelines recommend that hormone therapy be given at the lowest effective dose and treatment should be reviewed regularly. The aim of this review is to identify the minimum dose(s) of progestogen required to be added to estrogen so that the rate of endometrial hyperplasia is not increased compared to placebo. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review is to assess which hormone therapy regimens provide effective protection against the development of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group trials register (searched January 2012), The Cochrane Library (Issue 1, 2012), MEDLINE (1966 to January 2012), EMBASE (1980 to January 2012), Current Contents (1993 to May 2008), Biological Abstracts (1969 to 2008), Social Sciences Index (1980 to May 2008), PsycINFO (1972 to January 2012) and CINAHL (1982 to May 2008). Attempts were made to identify trials from citation lists of reviews and studies retrieved, and drug companies were contacted for unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised comparisons of unopposed estrogen therapy, combined continuous estrogen-progestogen therapy, sequential estrogen-progestogen therapy with each other or placebo, administered over a minimum period of 12 months. Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma assessed by a biopsy at the end of treatment was a required outcome. Data on adherence to therapy, rates of additional interventions, and withdrawals owing to adverse events were also extracted. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS In this update, 46 studies were included. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for dichotomous outcomes. The small numbers of studies in each comparison and the clinical heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis for many outcomes. MAIN RESULTS Unopposed estrogen is associated with increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia at all doses, and durations of therapy between one and three years. For women with a uterus the risk of endometrial hyperplasia with hormone therapy comprising low-dose estrogen continuously combined with a minimum of 1 mg norethisterone acetate (NETA) or 1.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is not significantly different from placebo at two years (1 mg NETA: OR 0.04; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0 to 2.8; 1.5 mg MPA: no hyperplasia events). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Hormone therapy for postmenopausal women with an intact uterus should comprise both estrogen and progestogen to reduce the risk of endometrial hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Furness
- Cochrane Oral Health Group, School of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to soy isoflavones and maintenance of bone mineral density (ID 1655) and reduction of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause (ID 1654, 1704, 2140, 3093, 3154, 3590) (further assessmen. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Guttuso T. Effective and clinically meaningful non-hormonal hot flash therapies. Maturitas 2012; 72:6-12. [PMID: 22377187 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although many non-hormonal compounds have shown statistically significant benefit over placebo in hot flash randomized controlled trials (RCTs), these studies have varied considerably in basic methodology making it challenging to deduce which compounds have the greatest potential to provide clinically meaningful benefit. This review used evidence-based methodology closely mirroring the FDA and EMEA guidelines as a template to identify "well-designed" RCTs from which effective and clinically meaningful non-hormonal hot flash therapies could be identified. In addition, pertinent safety information was reviewed. Out of 3548 MEDLINE citations and abstracts, 51 well-designed hot flash RCTs were identified. From these trials, gabapentin, oxybutynin ER, desvenlafaxine, soy-derived isoflavones and black cohosh each showed a clinically meaningful treatment effect in at least 1 RCT. Among these 5 compounds, only gabapentin demonstrated consistent and statistically significant benefit over placebo in all of its well-designed RCTs. Desvenlafaxine, soy-derived isoflavones, and black cohosh demonstrated statistically significant benefit over placebo in 75%, 21%, and 17% of the well-designed RCTs for each compound, respectively. There was only 1 well-designed RCT using oxybutynin ER, which showed it to have a robust and clinically meaningful benefit. In terms of safety, there have been cardiovascular risks associated with desvenlafaxine use in postmenopausal women with hot flashes. The use of anticonvulsants, in general, has been associated with an absolute 0.21% increase in suicidal thoughts and behavior. Further research is needed with several of these nonhormonal compounds to replicate these findings and to also directly compare their efficacy and tolerability with those of hormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Guttuso
- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
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Structural and histomorphometric evaluations of ferutinin effects on the uterus of ovariectomized rats during osteoporosis treatment. Life Sci 2012; 90:161-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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This P, de Cremoux P, Leclercq G, Jacquot Y. A critical view of the effects of phytoestrogens on hot flashes and breast cancer risk. Maturitas 2011; 70:222-6. [PMID: 21813250 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The increased risk of breast cancer recently observed with some specific estro-progestin associations has raised concerns about the harmful effects of menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT). It has been proposed that phytoestrogens (PEs), which have a similar chemical structure to estrogens, could be used as HRT. The main selling points of these preparations concern the management of hot flashes and their potential beneficial effects on breast tissue. In this review, we will address the effects of PE on hot flashes and breast cancer risk as well as the questions raised on a chemical point of view. We conclude that the efficacy of a PE rich diet or nutritional supplements is not clearly established. The use of PE as an alternative for HRT cannot be advocated for now, due to insufficient and conflicting data on efficacy and safety. Moreover, due to the hormone dependence of breast cancer, PE use must be contraindicated in breast cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale This
- Pole de Sénologie, Service d'Oncogénétique, Institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Clarkson TB, Utian WH, Barnes S, Gold EB, Basaria SS, Aso T, Kronenberg F, Frankenfeld CL, Cline JM, Landgren BM, Gallagher JC, Weaver CM, Hodis HN, Brinton RD, Maki PM. The role of soy isoflavones in menopausal health: report of The North American Menopause Society/Wulf H. Utian Translational Science Symposium in Chicago, IL (October 2010). Menopause 2011; 18:732-53. [PMID: 21685820 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31821fc8e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES If and to what extent soy protein, soy isoflavones, and their metabolites, including S(--)-equol, have beneficial effects on women's health is currently unclear. The North American Menopause Society (NAMS)/Utian Translational Science Symposium on Soy and Soy Isoflavones convened October 9-10, 2010, to clarify basic and clinical research findings as they relate to the risk and benefits of soy products for peri- and postmenopausal women. METHODS A working group of faculty and panelists composed of clinical and research experts in the fields of women's health and botanicals met during a 2-day translational symposium to cover the latest evidence-based science on isoflavones as they affect menopausal symptoms, breast and endometrial cancer, atherosclerosis, bone loss, and cognition. Full descriptions of the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of isoflavones were also presented. Subspecialty groups then broke off with the goal of translating the information into a report for general medical practice and identifying further research areas. All faculty and panelists reviewed the final report, which was then approved by the NAMS Board of Trustees. RESULTS From the hundreds of studies reviewed in this report, there are mixed results of the effects on midlife women. Soy-based isoflavones are modestly effective in relieving menopausal symptoms; supplements providing higher proportions of genistein or increased in S(--)-equol may provide more benefits. Soy food consumption is associated with lower risk of breast and endometrial cancer in observational studies. The efficacy of isoflavones on bone has not been proven, and the clinical picture of whether soy has cardiovascular benefits is still evolving. Preliminary findings on cognitive benefit from isoflavone therapy support a "critical window" hypothesis wherein younger postmenopausal women derive more than older women. CONCLUSIONS Several areas for further research have been identified on soy and midlife women. More clinical studies are needed that compare outcomes among women whose intestinal bacteria have the ability to convert daidzein to equol (equol producers) with those that lack that ability (equol nonproducers) in order to determine if equol producers derive greater benefits from soy supplementation. Larger studies are needed in younger postmenopausal women, and more research is needed to understand the modes of use of soy isoflavone supplements in women. The interrelations of other dietary components on soy isoflavones consumed as a part of diet or by supplement on equol production also require further study, as do potential interactions with prescription and over-the-counter medications. And finally, greater standardization and documentation of clinical trial data of soy are needed.
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Bolaños-Díaz R, Zavala-Gonzales JC, Mezones-Holguín E, Francia-Romero J. Soy extracts versus hormone therapy for reduction of menopausal hot flushes: indirect comparison. Menopause 2011; 18:825-9. [PMID: 21358349 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31820750bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to make an indirect comparison of the results from meta-analyses that evaluated the severity of hot flushes in postmenopausal women exposed to hormone therapy (HT) or soy extracts. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of HT and soy extracts related to the reduction of hot flushes in postmenopausal women versus the same control (placebo) were conducted. In addition, the combination of the overall results obtained from these two meta-analyses (indirect comparison) was adjusted to the common control (placebo). RESULTS The indirect standardized mean difference (SMD) obtained from the combination of both individual meta-analyses was calculated by using the following equation: SMD(indirect SOY vs HT) = SMD(soy) - SMD(HT), with a total indirect variance (var) equivalent to the following equation: var(total) = var(soy) + var(HT). These calculations yielded a point estimate of -0.84 (95% CI, -1.33 to -0.35) for the indirect SMD favorable to HT. CONCLUSIONS HT and soy interventions showed a significant difference in efficacy for the reduction of hot flushes in postmenopausal women when each treatment was compared with placebo. However, using indirect comparison, there is a statistically significant difference between HT and soy extracts in their effects on hot flushes.
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Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to soy isoflavones and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 1286, 4245), maintenance of normal blood LDL cholesterol concentrations (ID 1135, 1704a, 3093a), reduction of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause (ID 1654, 1704b, 2140, 3093b, 3154, 3590), maintenance of normal skin tonicity (ID 1704a), contribution to normal hair growth (ID 1704a, 4254), “cardiovascular health” (ID 3587), treatment of prostate cancer (ID 3588) and “upper respiratory tract” (ID 3589) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most postmenopausal women have insomnia. Some of these women also have respiratory sleep disorders. Recent reports have documented that the phytohormones, isoflavones, are capable of reducing the symptoms of climacterium. The purpose of this investigation was to examine subjective and objective sleep parameters and to measure changes in these parameters during treatment with isoflavones in a controlled, double-blinded study in postmenopausal women with insomnia. METHODS Two groups of postmenopausal women with insomnia participated in the study: the first received 80 mg isoflavones daily for 4 months, and the second received a placebo for the same period. Sleep analysis consisted of questionnaires and polysomnography. Student's t test and analysis of variance were applied for comparisons between groups, and correlations were tested with Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS Thirty-eight women were enrolled in the study. Polysomnography revealed a significant increase in sleep efficiency in the isoflavone group (from 77.9% to 83.9%) when compared with the placebo group (from 77.6% to 81.2%). Isoflavones induced a decrease in the intensity and number of hot flashes and the frequency of insomnia: among the women in the placebo group, 94.7% had moderate or intense insomnia at the beginning of the study, compared with 63.2% at the end, whereas in the isoflavone group, these percentages were 89.5% and 36.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In postmenopausal women with insomnia, isoflavone treatment was effective in reducing insomnia symptoms, which was confirmed by increased sleep efficiency as observed by polysomnographic analysis.
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Evans M, Elliott JG, Sharma P, Berman R, Guthrie N. The effect of synthetic genistein on menopause symptom management in healthy postmenopausal women: a multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Maturitas 2010; 68:189-96. [PMID: 21163595 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of synthetic genistein for reducing the frequency and severity of hot flushes. STUDY DESIGN A 12 week randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which 84 postmenopausal women received placebo or a single 30 mg dose of synthetic genistein. Outcome measures primary: percentage change in the number of daily hot flushes from pre-treatment to week 12. Secondary: duration and severity of daily hot flushes, Greene Climacteric Scale score, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), 17β-estradiol and endometrial thickness. RESULTS Genistein supplemented subjects completing at least 4 weeks on trial (n=40) demonstrated a 51% reduction (9.4-4.7/day) in the number of hot flushes by week 12 compared to a 27% reduction in the placebo group (9.9-7.1/day) (p=0.026). Subjects in the genistein group also reported significantly fewer hot flushes per day (p=0.010) and a decrease in total duration of hot flushes per day (p=0.009) at week 12 versus placebo. Subjects on genistein (n=32) completing 12 weeks on trial demonstrated a 51% reduction (9.7-4.7/day) in the number of hot flushes by week 12 (p=0.049) compared to 30% reduction in the placebo group (9.8-7.0/day) and had fewer hot flushes per day and a decrease in total duration of hot flushes per day at week 12 compared to placebo (p=0.020 and p=0.017, respectively). There were no differences between groups in Greene Climacteric Scale, FSH, 17β-estradiol, endometrial thickness or adverse events. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides the first evidence that a single daily dose of 30 mg of synthetic genistein reduces hot flush frequency and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malkanthi Evans
- Contract Research Services Division, KGK Synergize Inc., London, ON, Canada.
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Bitto A, Granese R, Triolo O, Villari D, Maisano D, Giordano D, Altavilla D, Marini H, Adamo EB, Nicotina PA, D'Anna R, Squadrito F. Genistein aglycone: a new therapeutic approach to reduce endometrial hyperplasia. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:844-850. [PMID: 20570122 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endometrial hyperplasia without cytological atypia is commonly treated with progestins, but other treatment regimes may be available with equivalent efficacy and low side effects. DESIGN A randomized double-blind, placebo and progesterone-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the effects of genistein aglycone in reducing endometrial hyperplasia. PATIENTS A group of 56 premenopausal women with non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia were enrolled and received: genistein aglycone (n=19; 54 mg/day); norethisterone acetate (n=19; 10 mg/day on days 16-25 of the menstrual cycle) or placebo (n=18) for 6 months. MEASUREMENTS Hysteroscopy was performed with biopsies and symptomology assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months of administration. The effect on estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) expression in uterine biopsies were assessed after 3 and 6 months. For each treatment follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and progesterone (PG) levels were also evaluated. RESULTS After 6 months, 42% of genistein aglycone-administered subjects had a significant improvement of symptoms (histologically confirmed in the 29%) compared to 47% of norethisterone acetate subjects (histologically confirmed in the 31%), but only 12% in the placebo group with 19% exhibiting worsening symptoms and increased endometrial thickness. No significant differences were noted for hormone levels for any treatment, but immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly reduced staining for ER-alpha and PR and enhanced ER-beta1 staining in genistein-administered subjects associated with a complete regression of bleeding. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that genistein aglycone might be useful for the management of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia in women that cannot be treated with progestin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Gazzi, Messina, Italy
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Phytoestrogens and post reproductive health. Maturitas 2010; 66:344-9. [PMID: 20409653 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of phytoestrogens for various perceived health benefits is widespread. Despite 20 years of research the evidence for any significant health benefits remains inconclusive. Pre clinical trials have demonstrated both non-genomic and genomic actions of constituents of phytoestrogens including selective, but weak, binding to estrogen receptors, with a preference for ER B over ER A. Evidence of clinically relevant biological effects from observational studies and randomized trials has, in general, been lacking. Despite many trials there remains little evidence that phytoestrogens, whether dietary or supplemented, significantly relieve menopausal vasomotor symptoms or cognition. Several potential mechanisms for a positive effect on bone and cardiovascular health have been demonstrated however no fracture prevention data or cardiovascular end point benefit has yet been demonstrated. In vitro effects of phytoestrogens on breast cells have been both stimulatory and inhibitory however net effects appear neutral with observational studies finding no change in breast cancer risk. No effect has been seen on endometrial or other cancers and side effect profiles have, in general, been mild.
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