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Sæterstad S, Østvik AE, Hansen MD, Bruland T, van Beelen Granlund A. The effect of rs2910686 on ERAP2 expression in IBD and epithelial inflammatory response. J Transl Med 2024; 22:750. [PMID: 39123229 PMCID: PMC11316291 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05532-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ERAP2 is an aminopeptidase involved in antigen processing and presentation, and harbor genetic variants linked to several inflammatory diseases such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The lack of an ERAP2 gene homologue in mice has hampered functional studies, and most human studies have focused on cells of hematopoietic origin. Using an IBD biobank as vantage point, this study explores how genetic variation in ERAP2 affects gene expression in human-derived epithelial organoids upon proinflammatory stimulation. METHODS An IBD patient cohort was genotyped with regards to two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (rs2910686/rs2248374) associated with ERAP2 expression levels, and we examined the correlation between colon gene expression and genotype, specifically aiming to establish a relationship with ERAP2 expression proficiency. Human-derived colon organoids (colonoids) with known ERAP2 genotype were established and used to explore differences in whole genome gene expression between ERAP2-deficient (n = 4) and -proficient (n = 4) donors upon pro-inflammatory encounter. RESULTS When taking rs2910686 genotype into account, ERAP2 gene expression is upregulated in the inflamed colon of IBD patients. Colonoids upregulate ERAP2 upon IFNɣ stimulation, and ERAP2 expression proficiency is dependent on rs2910686 genotype. Colonoid genotyping confirms that mechanisms independent of the frequently studied SNP rs2248374 can cause ERAP2-deficiency. A total of 586 genes involved in various molecular mechanisms are differentially expressed between ERAP2 proficient- and deficient colonoids upon proinflammatory stimulation, including genes encoding proteins with the following molecular function: catalytic activity (AOC1, CPE, ANPEP and MEP1A), regulator activity (TNFSF9, MDK, GDF15, ILR6A, LGALS3 and FLNA), transmembrane transporter activity (SLC40A1 and SLC5A1), and extracellular matrix structural constituents (FGL2, HMCN2, and MUC17). CONCLUSIONS ERAP2 is upregulated in the inflamed IBD colon mucosa, and expression proficiency is highly correlated with genotype of rs2910686. While the SNP rs2248374 is commonly used to determine ERAP2 expressional proficiency, our data confirms that mechanisms independent of this SNP can lead to ERAP2 deficiency. Our data demonstrates that epithelial ERAP2 presence affects the inflammatory response in colonoids, suggesting a pleiotropic role of ERAP2 beyond MHC class I antigen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Sæterstad
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ann Elisabeth Østvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marianne Doré Hansen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torunn Bruland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle van Beelen Granlund
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Pathology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
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2
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He M, Zhou X, Wang X. Glycosylation: mechanisms, biological functions and clinical implications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:194. [PMID: 39098853 PMCID: PMC11298558 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modification (PTM) is a covalent process that occurs in proteins during or after translation through the addition or removal of one or more functional groups, and has a profound effect on protein function. Glycosylation is one of the most common PTMs, in which polysaccharides are transferred to specific amino acid residues in proteins by glycosyltransferases. A growing body of evidence suggests that glycosylation is essential for the unfolding of various functional activities in organisms, such as playing a key role in the regulation of protein function, cell adhesion and immune escape. Aberrant glycosylation is also closely associated with the development of various diseases. Abnormal glycosylation patterns are closely linked to the emergence of various health conditions, including cancer, inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and several other diseases. However, the underlying composition and structure of the glycosylated residues have not been determined. It is imperative to fully understand the internal structure and differential expression of glycosylation, and to incorporate advanced detection technologies to keep the knowledge advancing. Investigations on the clinical applications of glycosylation focused on sensitive and promising biomarkers, development of more effective small molecule targeted drugs and emerging vaccines. These studies provide a new area for novel therapeutic strategies based on glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan He
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
- Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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3
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Perez-Moreno E, Oyanadel C, de la Peña A, Hernández R, Pérez-Molina F, Metz C, González A, Soza A. Galectins in epithelial-mesenchymal transition: roles and mechanisms contributing to tissue repair, fibrosis and cancer metastasis. Biol Res 2024; 57:14. [PMID: 38570874 PMCID: PMC10993482 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectins are soluble glycan-binding proteins that interact with a wide range of glycoproteins and glycolipids and modulate a broad spectrum of physiological and pathological processes. The expression and subcellular localization of different galectins vary among tissues and cell types and change during processes of tissue repair, fibrosis and cancer where epithelial cells loss differentiation while acquiring migratory mesenchymal phenotypes. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that occurs in the context of these processes can include modifications of glycosylation patterns of glycolipids and glycoproteins affecting their interactions with galectins. Moreover, overexpression of certain galectins has been involved in the development and different outcomes of EMT. This review focuses on the roles and mechanisms of Galectin-1 (Gal-1), Gal-3, Gal-4, Gal-7 and Gal-8, which have been involved in physiologic and pathogenic EMT contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Perez-Moreno
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia (CCTE) Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Oyanadel
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adely de la Peña
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia (CCTE) Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ronny Hernández
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Pérez-Molina
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Metz
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso González
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia (CCTE) Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Andrea Soza
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia (CCTE) Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile.
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Pavlovic D, Miloradovic D, Stojanovic MD, Harrell CR, Polosa R, Rust S, Volti GL, Caruso M, Jakovljevic V, Djonov V, Volarevic V. Cigarette smoke attenuates mesenchymal stem cell-based suppression of immune cell-driven acute liver failure. Toxicol Lett 2023; 385:12-20. [PMID: 37572970 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Detrimental effects of smoking on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-dependent immunosuppression and hepatoprotection are unknown. Herewith, by using α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-induced liver injury, a well-established murine model of fulminant hepatitis, we examined molecular mechanisms which were responsible for negative effects of cigarette smoke on MSC-dependent immunomodulation. MSC which were grown in cigarette smoke-exposed medium (MSCWS-CM) obtained pro-inflammatory phenotype, were not able to optimally produce hepatoprotective and immunosuppressive cytokines (TGF-β, HGF, IL-10, NO, KYN), and secreted significantly higher amounts of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-6) than MSC that were cultured in standard medium never exposed to cigarette smoke (MSCCM). In contrast to MSCCM, which efficiently attenuated α-GalCer-induced hepatitis, MSCWS-CM were not able to prevent hepatocyte injury and liver inflammation. MSCWS-CM had reduced capacity for the suppression of liver-infiltrated inflammatory macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and lymphocytes. Although significantly lower number of IL-12-producing macrophages and DCs, TNF-α, IFN-γ or IL-17-producing CD4 + and CD8 +T lymphocytes, NK and NKT cells were noticed in the livers of α-GalCer+MSCCM-treated mice compared to α-GalCer+saline-treated animals, this phenomenon was not observed in α-GalCer-injured mice that received MSCWS-CM. MSCWS-CM could not induce expansion of anti-inflammatory IL-10-producing FoxP3 +CD4 + and CD8 + T regulatory cells and were not able to create immunosuppressive microenvironment in the liver as MSCCM. Similarly as it was observed in mice, MSCWS-CM were not able to optimally inhibit production of inflammatory and hepatototoxic cytokines in activated human Th1/Th17 and NKT1/NKT17 cells, confirming the hypothesis that cigarette smoke significantly attenuates therapeutic potential of MSC in cell-based immunotherapy of inflammatory liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragica Pavlovic
- Department of Genetics, Center for harm reduction of biological and chemical hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragana Miloradovic
- Department of Genetics, Center for harm reduction of biological and chemical hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milica Dimitrijevic Stojanovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Carl Randall Harrell
- Regenerative Processing Plant, LLC, 34176 US Highway 19 N Palm Harbor, Palm Harbor, FL 34684, USA
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 89, 95123 Catania, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 89, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Sonja Rust
- ECLAT Srl, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 89, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 89, 95123 Catania, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 89, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Caruso
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 89, 95123 Catania, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 89, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Valentin Djonov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Department of Genetics, Center for harm reduction of biological and chemical hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; Departments of Genetics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for harm reduction of biological and chemical hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
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5
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Bülck C, Nyström EE, Koudelka T, Mannbar-Frahm M, Andresen G, Radhouani M, Tran F, Scharfenberg F, Schrell F, Armbrust F, Dahlke E, Zhao B, Vervaeke A, Theilig F, Rosenstiel P, Starkl P, Rosshart SP, Fickenscher H, Tholey A, Hansson GC, Becker-Pauly C. Proteolytic processing of galectin-3 by meprin metalloproteases is crucial for host-microbiome homeostasis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4055. [PMID: 37000885 PMCID: PMC10065446 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The metalloproteases meprin α and meprin β are highly expressed in the healthy gut but significantly decreased in inflammatory bowel disease, implicating a protective role in mucosal homeostasis. In the colon, meprin α and meprin β form covalently linked heterodimers tethering meprin α to the plasma membrane, therefore presenting dual proteolytic activity in a unique enzyme complex. To unravel its function, we applied N-terminomics and identified galectin-3 as the major intestinal substrate for meprin α/β heterodimers. Galectin-3-deficient and meprin α/β double knockout mice show similar alterations in their microbiome in comparison to wild-type mice. We further demonstrate that meprin α/β heterodimers differentially process galectin-3 upon bacterial infection, in germ-free, conventionally housed (specific pathogen-free), or wildling mice, which in turn regulates the bacterial agglutination properties of galectin-3. Thus, the constitutive cleavage of galectin-3 by meprin α/β heterodimers may play a key role in colon host-microbiome homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Bülck
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Tomas Koudelka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, 24188 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Mannbar-Frahm
- Institute of Infection Medicine, University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24015 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerrit Andresen
- Institute of Infection Medicine, University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24015 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mariem Radhouani
- Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Fred Armbrust
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eileen Dahlke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Bei Zhao
- Department of Microbiome Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alex Vervaeke
- Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Starkl
- Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan P. Rosshart
- Department of Microbiome Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute of Infection Medicine, University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24015 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, 24188 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gunnar C. Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Mohammadpour H, Tsuji T, MacDonald CR, Sarow JL, Rosenheck H, Daneshmandi S, Choi JE, Qiu J, Matsuzaki J, Witkiewicz AK, Attwood K, Blazar BR, Odunsi K, Repasky EA, McCarthy PL. Galectin-3 expression in donor T cells reduces GvHD severity and lethality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112250. [PMID: 36924493 PMCID: PMC10116561 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abundant donor cytotoxic T cells that attack normal host organs remain a major problem for patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Despite an increase in our knowledge of the pathobiology of acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD), the mechanisms regulating the proliferation and function of donor T cells remain unclear. Here, we show that activated donor T cells express galectin-3 (Gal-3) after allo-HCT. In both major and minor histocompatibility-mismatched models of murine aGvHD, expression of Gal-3 is associated with decreased T cell activation and suppression of the secretion of effector cytokines, including IFN-γ and GM-CSF. Mechanistically, Gal-3 results in activation of NFAT signaling, which can induce T cell exhaustion. Gal-3 overexpression in human T cells prevents severe disease by suppressing cytotoxic T cells in xenogeneic aGvHD models. Together, these data identify the Gal-3-dependent regulatory pathway in donor T cells as a critical component of inflammation in aGvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemn Mohammadpour
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Takemasa Tsuji
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Cameron R MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Joseph L Sarow
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Hanna Rosenheck
- Department of Medicine, Transplant and Cellular Therapy Program, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Saeed Daneshmandi
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jee Eun Choi
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jingxin Qiu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Junko Matsuzaki
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Agnieszka K Witkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Repasky
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Philip L McCarthy
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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7
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Highlights on the Role of Galectin-3 in Colorectal Cancer and the Preventive/Therapeutic Potential of Food-Derived Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010052. [PMID: 36612048 PMCID: PMC9817985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite advances in surgical and therapeutic management, tumor metastases and resistance to therapy still represent major hurdles. CRC risk is highly modifiable by lifestyle factors, including diet, which strongly influences both cancer incidence and related mortality. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a multifaceted protein involved in multiple pathophysiological pathways underlying chronic inflammation and cancer. Its versatility is given by the ability to participate in a wide range of tumor-promoting processes, including cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions, cell growth regulation and apoptosis, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This review provides an updated summary of preclinical and observational human studies investigating the pathogenetic role of Gal-3 in intestinal inflammation and CRC, as well as the potential of Gal-3 activity inhibition by plant-source food-derived bioactive compounds to control CRC onset/growth. These studies highlight both direct and immuno-mediated effects of Gal-3 on tumor growth and invasiveness and its potential role as a CRC prognostic biomarker. Substantial evidence indicates natural food-derived Gal-3 inhibitors as promising candidates for CRC prevention and therapy. However, critical issues, such as their bioavailability and efficacy, in controlled human studies need to be addressed to translate research progress into clinical applications.
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Brazil JC, Parkos CA. Finding the sweet spot: glycosylation mediated regulation of intestinal inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:211-222. [PMID: 34782709 PMCID: PMC8591159 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are essential cellular components that facilitate a range of critical functions important for tissue development and mucosal homeostasis. Furthermore, specific alterations in glycosylation represent important diagnostic hallmarks of cancer that contribute to tumor cell dissociation, invasion, and metastasis. However, much less is known about how glycosylation contributes to the pathobiology of inflammatory mucosal diseases. Here we will review how epithelial and immune cell glycosylation regulates gut homeostasis and how inflammation-driven changes in glycosylation contribute to intestinal pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Brazil
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Charles A. Parkos
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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9
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Xu WD, Huang Q, Huang AF. Emerging role of galectin family in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102847. [PMID: 33971347 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectin family is a group of glycan-binding proteins. Members in this family are expressed in different tissues, immune or non-immune cells. These molecules are important regulators in innate and adaptive immune response, performing significantly in a broad range of cellular and pathophysiological functions, such as cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion. Findings have shown that expression of galectins is abnormal in many inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis. Galectins also function as intracellular and extracellular disease regulators mainly through the binding of their carbohydrate recognition domain to glycoconjugates. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of the role that different galectin family members play in immune cells, contributing to the complex inflammatory diseases. Hopefully collection of the information will provide a preliminary theoretical basis for the exploration of new targets for treatment of the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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10
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Jovanovic M, Simovic Markovic B, Gajovic N, Jurisevic M, Djukic A, Jovanovic I, Arsenijevic N, Lukic A, Zdravkovic N. Metabolic syndrome attenuates ulcerative colitis: Correlation with interleukin-10 and galectin-3 expression. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:6465-6482. [PMID: 31798282 PMCID: PMC6881509 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i43.6465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation of intestinal epithelium, primarily of the colon. An increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with UC has been documented recently. Still, there is no evidence that MetS alters the course of the UC.
AIM To test the influence of the MetS on the severity of UC and the local and systemic immune status.
METHODS Eighty nine patients with de novo histologically confirmed UC were divided in two groups, according to ATP III criteria: Group without MetS (no MetS) and group with MetS.
RESULTS Clinically and histologically milder disease with higher serum level of immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) and fecal content of Galectin-3 (Gal-3) was observed in subjects with UC and MetS, compared to subjects suffering from UC only. This was accompanied with predomination of IL-10 over pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in the sera as well as Gal-3 over TNF-α and IL-17 in feces of UC patients with MetS. Further, the patients with both conditions (UC and MetS) had higher percentage of IL-10 producing and Gal-3 expressing innate and acquired immune cells in lamina propria.
CONCLUSION Local dominance of Gal-3 and IL-10 over pro-inflammatory mediators in patients with MetS may present a mechanism for limiting the inflammatory process and subsequent tissue damage in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Jovanovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Bojana Simovic Markovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Nevena Gajovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Milena Jurisevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Djukic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Ivan Jovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Lukic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Natasa Zdravkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
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11
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Novel potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 31:1173-1183. [PMID: 31498278 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unambiguously, great progress has been achieved in the unraveling of more pathological pathways implicated in the development and progression of ulcerative colitis during the last decades. Novel effective drugs that have augmented the management armamentarium have been developed alongside this growing comprehension of the disease, rendering mucosal healing not only a feasible but the optimal goal of every therapy. Clinical evaluation, colonoscopy and biomarkers are the tools used by practitioners for the diagnosis and assessment of the status of the disease in order to achieve clinical remission and mucosal healing for their patients. Among these tools, colonoscopy is the gold method for the cause but is still an invasive, high-cost procedure with possible adverse events such as perforation. While clinical evaluation entails much subjectivity, biomarkers are objective, easily reproducible, non-invasive, cheap and potent surrogate tools of mucosal inflammation. Unfortunately, the well-established, currently in use serum biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and others, do not display sufficiently acceptable sensitivity and specificity rates for the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and, most importantly, do not represent precisely the mucosal inflammation status of the disease. Therefore, the discovery of new serum biomarkers has been the cause of several studies attempting to discover an "optimal" serum biomarker during the recent years. After thorough research, collection and examination of current data, this review focuses on and selectively presents promising, potential, novel serum biomarkers of ulcerative colitis as they are indicated by studies on the patient over the last years.
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12
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Proteomics-based functional studies reveal that galectin-3 plays a protective role in the pathogenesis of intestinal Behçet's disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11716. [PMID: 31406212 PMCID: PMC6691011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of intestinal Behçet’s disease (BD) remains poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to discover and validate biomarkers using proteomics analysis and subsequent functional studies. After two-dimensional electrophoresis, candidate proteins were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS). We validated these results by evaluating the protein levels and their functions in vitro using HT-29 colorectal cancer cells, colon tissues from patients and mice, and murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs). Of the 30 proteins differentially expressed in intestinal BD tissues, we identified seven using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Focusing on galectin-3, we found that TGF-B and IL-10 expression was significantly lower in shLGALS3-transfected cells. Expression of GRP78 and XBP1s and apoptosis rates were all higher in shLGALS3-transfected cells upon the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. In response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B accumulated and lysosomes decreased in these cells. Finally, Salmonella typhimurium infection induced caspase-1 activation and increased IL-1β production, which facilitated activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome, in Lgals3−/− murine BMDMs compared to wild type BMDMs. Our data suggest that galectin-3 may play a protective role in the pathogenesis of intestinal BD via modulation of ER stress, autophagy, and inflammasome activation.
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13
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Barnig C, Bezema T, Calder PC, Charloux A, Frossard N, Garssen J, Haworth O, Dilevskaya K, Levi-Schaffer F, Lonsdorfer E, Wauben M, Kraneveld AD, Te Velde AA. Activation of Resolution Pathways to Prevent and Fight Chronic Inflammation: Lessons From Asthma and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1699. [PMID: 31396220 PMCID: PMC6664683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Formerly considered as a passive process, the resolution of acute inflammation is now recognized as an active host response, with a cascade of coordinated cellular and molecular events that promotes termination of the inflammatory response and initiates tissue repair and healing. In a state of immune fitness, the resolution of inflammation is contained in time and space enabling the restoration of tissue homeostasis. There is increasing evidence that poor and/or inappropriate resolution of inflammation participates in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, extending in time the actions of pro-inflammatory mechanisms, and responsible in the long run for excessive tissue damage and pathology. In this review, we will focus on how resolution can be the target for therapy in "Th1/Th17 cell-driven" immune diseases and "Th2 cell-driven" immune diseases, with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and asthma, as relevant examples. We describe the main cells and mediators stimulating the resolution of inflammation and discuss how pharmacological and dietary interventions but also life style factors, physical and psychological conditions, might influence the resolution phase. A better understanding of the impact of endogenous and exogenous factors on the resolution of inflammation might open a whole area in the development of personalized therapies in non-resolving chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Barnig
- Department of Chest Disease, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,Equipe d'accueil 3072, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Charloux
- Department of Chest Disease, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,Equipe d'accueil 3072, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nelly Frossard
- UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique and LabEx MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Oliver Haworth
- Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's School of Medicine and Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ksenia Dilevskaya
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Evelyne Lonsdorfer
- Department of Chest Disease, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,Equipe d'accueil 3072, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marca Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anje A Te Velde
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, AGEM, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Galectin-3 Regulates Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-Dependent Cross-Talk between Colon-Infiltrating Dendritic Cells and T Regulatory Cells and May Represent a Valuable Biomarker for Monitoring the Progression of Ulcerative Colitis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070709. [PMID: 31336879 PMCID: PMC6678202 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 regulates numerous biological processes in the gut. We investigated molecular mechanisms responsible for the Galectin-3-dependent regulation of colon inflammation and evaluated whether Galectin-3 may be used as biomarker for monitoring the progression of ulcerative colitis (UC). The differences in disease progression between dextran sodium sulphate-treated wild type and Galectin-3-deficient mice were investigated and confirmed in clinical settings, in 65 patients suffering from mild, moderate, and severe colitis. During the induction phase of colitis, Galectin-3 promoted interleukin-1β-induced polarization of colonic macrophages towards inflammatory phenotype. In the recovery phase of colitis, Galectin-3 was required for the immunosuppressive function of regulatory dendritic cells (DCs). Regulatory DCs in Galectin-3:Toll-like receptor-4:Kynurenine-dependent manner promoted the expansion of colon-infiltrated T regulatory cells (Tregs) and suppressed Th1 and Th17 cell-driven colon inflammation. Concentration of Galectin-3 in serum and stool samples of UC patients negatively correlated with clinical, endoscopic, and histological parameters of colitis. The cutoff serum values of Galectin-3 that allowed the discrimination of mild from moderate and moderate from severe colitis were 954 pg/mL and 580 pg/mL, respectively. Fecal levels of Galectin-3 higher than 553.44 pg/mL indicated attenuation of UC. In summing up, Galectin-3 regulates the cross-talk between colon-infiltrating DCs and Tregs and represents a new biomarker for monitoring the progression of UC.
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15
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Toscano MA, Martínez Allo VC, Cutine AM, Rabinovich GA, Mariño KV. Untangling Galectin-Driven Regulatory Circuits in Autoimmune Inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:348-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Sundblad V, Quintar AA, Morosi LG, Niveloni SI, Cabanne A, Smecuol E, Mauriño E, Mariño KV, Bai JC, Maldonado CA, Rabinovich GA. Galectins in Intestinal Inflammation: Galectin-1 Expression Delineates Response to Treatment in Celiac Disease Patients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:379. [PMID: 29545799 PMCID: PMC5837985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins, a family of animal lectins characterized by their affinity for N-acetyllactosamine-enriched glycoconjugates, modulate several immune cell processes shaping the course of innate and adaptive immune responses. Through interaction with a wide range of glycosylated receptors bearing complex branched N-glycans and core 2-O-glycans, these endogenous lectins trigger distinct signaling programs thereby controling immune cell activation, differentiation, recruitment and survival. Given the unique features of mucosal inflammation and the differential expression of galectins throughout the gastrointestinal tract, we discuss here key findings on the role of galectins in intestinal inflammation, particularly Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and celiac disease (CeD) patients, as well as in murine models resembling these inflammatory conditions. In addition, we present new data highlighting the regulated expression of galectin-1 (Gal-1), a proto-type member of the galectin family, during intestinal inflammation in untreated and treated CeD patients. Our results unveil a substantial upregulation of Gal-1 accompanying the anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic response associated with gluten-free diet in CeD patients, suggesting a major role of this lectin in favoring resolution of inflammation and restoration of mucosal homeostasis. Thus, a coordinated network of galectins and their glycosylated ligands, exerting either anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory responses, may influence the interplay between intestinal epithelial cells and the highly specialized gut immune system in physiologic and pathologic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sundblad
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amado A Quintar
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luciano G Morosi
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia I Niveloni
- Sección Intestino Delgado, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Cabanne
- Unidad de Patología, Hospital de Gastroenterología, Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Smecuol
- Sección Intestino Delgado, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Mauriño
- Sección Intestino Delgado, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julio C Bai
- Sección Intestino Delgado, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina A Maldonado
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Sundblad V, Morosi LG, Geffner JR, Rabinovich GA. Galectin-1: A Jack-of-All-Trades in the Resolution of Acute and Chronic Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3721-3730. [PMID: 29158348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory signals provide negative input to immunological networks promoting resolution of acute and chronic inflammation. Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a member of a family of evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins, displays broad anti-inflammatory and proresolving activities by targeting multiple immune cell types. Within the innate immune compartment, Gal-1 acts as a resolution-associated molecular pattern by counteracting the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, inhibiting neutrophil trafficking, targeting eosinophil migration and survival, and suppressing mast cell degranulation. Likewise, this lectin controls T cell and B cell compartments by modulating receptor clustering and signaling, thus serving as a negative-regulatory checkpoint that reprograms cellular activation, differentiation, and survival. In this review, we discuss the central role of Gal-1 in regulatory programs operating during acute inflammation, autoimmune diseases, allergic inflammation, pregnancy, cancer, and infection. Therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting Gal-1-glycan interactions will contribute to overcome cancer immunosuppression and reinforce antimicrobial immunity, whereas stimulation of Gal-1-driven immunoregulatory circuits will help to mitigate exuberant inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sundblad
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano G Morosi
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge R Geffner
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; .,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Markovic BS, Milosavljevic N, Arsenijevic A, Gazdic M, Lukic ML, Volarevic V. Bacterial Flora Play Important Roles in Acute Dextran Sulphate Sodium-Induced Colitis But Are Not Involved in Gal-3 Dependent Modulation of Colon Inflammation. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2017-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
An altered immune response to normal gut microflora is important for the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Galectin- 3 (Gal-3) is an endogenous lectin that plays an important pro-inflammatory role in the induction phase of acute colitis by promoting activation of the NLRP3 infl ammasome and production of IL-1β in macrophages. By using dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) induced colitis, a well-established animal model of UC, we determined whether Gal-3 affects the function of colon infiltrating macrophages by interfering with intestinal microfl ora. Our results showed that genetic deletion of Gal-3 significantly attenuates DSS-induced colitis by down-regulating infiltration of phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells) in colon tissue of DSS-treated mice, and this correlated with differences in bacterial flora of the gut. Antibiotic treatment attenuates DSS-induced colitis in WT and Gal-3-/- mice without affecting differences between the groups. In conclusion, Gram negative bacterial flora play an important role in DSS-induced acute colitis of mice but are not involved in Gal-3 dependent modulation of colon inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Simovic Markovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Neda Milosavljevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Marina Gazdic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac , Serbia
- 69 Svetozara Markovica Street, 34000 Kragujevac , Serbia
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19
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Gazdic M, Simovic Markovic B, Vucicevic L, Nikolic T, Djonov V, Arsenijevic N, Trajkovic V, Lukic ML, Volarevic V. Mesenchymal stem cells protect from acute liver injury by attenuating hepatotoxicity of liver natural killer T cells in an inducible nitric oxide synthase- and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-dependent manner. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1173-e1185. [PMID: 28488390 DOI: 10.1002/term.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the phenotype and function of natural killer T (NKT) cells is not understood. We used concanavalin A (Con A) and α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-induced liver injury to evaluate the effects of MSCs on NKT-dependent hepatotoxicity. Mouse MSCs (mMSCs) significantly reduced Con A- and α-GalCer-mediated hepatitis in C57Bl/6 mice, as demonstrated by histopathological and biochemical analysis, attenuated the influx of inflammatory [T-bet+ , tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing and GATA3+ , interleukin-4 (IL-4)-producing] liver NKT cells and downregulated TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in the sera. The liver NKT cells cultured in vitro with mMSCs produced lower amounts of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4) and higher amounts of immunosuppressive IL-10 upon α-GalCer stimulation. mMSC treatment attenuated expression of apoptosis-inducing ligands on liver NKT cells and suppressed the expression of pro-apoptotic genes in the livers of α-GalCer-treated mice. mMSCs reduced the cytotoxicity of liver NKT cells against hepatocytes in vitro. The presence of 1-methyl-dl-tryptophan, a specific inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), or l-NG -monomethyl arginine citrate, a specific inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in mMSC-conditioned medium injected into α-GalCer-treated mice, counteracted the hepatoprotective effect of mMSCs in vivo and restored pro-inflammatory cytokine production and cytotoxicity of NKT cells in vitro. Human MSCs attenuated the production of inflammatory cytokines in α-GalCer-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in an iNOS- and IDO-dependent manner and reduced their cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. In conclusion, MSCs protect from acute liver injury by attenuating the cytotoxicity and capacity of liver NKT cells to produce inflammatory cytokines in an iNOS- and IDO-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gazdic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Bojana Simovic Markovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ljubica Vucicevic
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Nikolic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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20
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Boyapati RK, Rossi AG, Satsangi J, Ho GT. Gut mucosal DAMPs in IBD: from mechanisms to therapeutic implications. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:567-82. [PMID: 26931062 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are released during tissue damage and have increasingly recognized roles in the etiology of many human diseases. The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are immune-mediated conditions where high levels of DAMPs are observed. DAMPs such as calprotectin (S100A8/9) have an established clinical role as a biomarker in IBD. In this review, we use IBD as an archetypal common chronic inflammatory disease to focus on the conceptual and evidential importance of DAMPs in pathogenesis and why DAMPs represent an entirely new class of targets for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Boyapati
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.,Gastrointestinal Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A G Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Satsangi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - G-T Ho
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.,Gastrointestinal Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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21
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Simovic Markovic B, Nikolic A, Gazdic M, Bojic S, Vucicevic L, Kosic M, Mitrovic S, Milosavljevic M, Besra G, Trajkovic V, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML, Volarevic V. Galectin-3 Plays an Important Pro-inflammatory Role in the Induction Phase of Acute Colitis by Promoting Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome and Production of IL-1β in Macrophages. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:593-606. [PMID: 26786981 PMCID: PMC4957458 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Galectin-3 [Gal-3] is an endogenous lectin with a broad spectrum of immunoregulatory effects: it plays an important role in autoimmune/inflammatory and malignant diseases, but the precise role of Gal-3 in pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis is still unknown. METHODS We used a model of dextran sulphate sodium [DSS]-induced acute colitis. The role of Gal-3 in pathogenesis of this disease was tested by evaluating disease development in Gal-3 deficient mice and administration of Gal-3 inhibitor. Disease was monitored by clinical, histological, histochemical, and immunophenotypic investigations. Adoptive transfer was used to detect cellular events in pathogenesis. RESULTS Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of Gal-3 significantly attenuate DSS-induced colitis. Gal-3 deletion suppresses production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colonic macrophages and favours their alternative activation, as well as significantly reducing activation of NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 [NLRP3] inflammasome in macrophages. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from untreated Gal-3(-/-) mice and treated in vitro with bacterial lipopolysaccharide or DSS produce lower amounts of tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] and interleukin beta [IL-1β] when compared with wild type [WT] cells. Genetic deletion of Gal-3 did not directly affect total neutrophils, inflammatory dendritic cells [DCs] or natural killer [NK] T cells. However, the total number of CD11c+ CD80+ DCs which produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as TNF-α and IL-1β producing CD45+ CD11c- Ly6G+ neutrophils were significantly lower in colons of Gal-3(-/-) DSS-treated mice. Adoptive transfer of WT macrophages significantly enhanced the severity of disease in Gal-3(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Gal-3 expression promotes acute DSS-induced colitis and plays an important pro-inflammatory role in the induction phase of colitis by promoting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and production of IL-1β in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Simovic Markovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Nikolic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marina Gazdic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Sanja Bojic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ljubica Vucicevic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Kosic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodanka Mitrovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milos Milosavljevic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Gurdyal Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Immunohistochemical Studies on Galectin Expression in Colectomised Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5989128. [PMID: 26885508 PMCID: PMC4739479 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5989128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The aetiology and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) are essentially unknown. Galectins are carbohydrate-binding lectins involved in a large number of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Little is known about the role of galectins in human UC. In this immunohistochemical exploratory study, both epithelial and inflammatory cell galectin expression were studied in patients with a thoroughly documented clinical history and were correlated with inflammatory activity. Material and Methods. Surgical whole intestinal wall colon specimens from UC patients (n = 22) and controls (n = 10) were studied. Clinical history, pharmacological treatment, and modified Mayo-score were recorded. Tissue inflammation was graded, and sections were stained with antibodies recognizing galectin-1, galectin-2, galectin-3, and galectin-4. Results. Galectin-1 was undetectable in normal and UC colonic epithelium, while galectin-2, galectin-3, and galectin-4 were strongly expressed. A tendency towards diminished epithelial expression with increased inflammatory grade for galectin-2, galectin-3, and galectin-4 was also found. In the inflammatory cells, a strong expression of galectin-2 and a weak expression of galectin-3 were seen. No clear-cut correlation between epithelial galectin expression and severity of the disease was found. Conclusion. Galectin expression in patients with UC seems to be more dependent on disease focality and individual variation than on degree of tissue inflammation.
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Tsai HF, Wu CS, Chen YL, Liao HJ, Chyuan IT, Hsu PN. Galectin-3 suppresses mucosal inflammation and reduces disease severity in experimental colitis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 94:545-56. [PMID: 26631140 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Galectin-3, a member of the β-galactoside-binding lectin family, expresses in many different immune cells and modulates broad biological functions including cell adhesion, cell activation, cell growth, apoptosis, and inflammation. However, the role of galectin-3 in mucosal immunity or inflammatory bowel diseases is still not clear. We demonstrate here that galectin-3 knockout mice have more severe disease activity in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model, indicating that galectin-3 may protect from inflammation in DSS-induced colitis. Furthermore, treating with galectin-3 reduced body weight loss, shortened colonic length, and ameliorated mucosal inflammation in mice having DSS-induced colitis. However, the protective effects of galectin-3 were eliminated by the administration of anti-CD25 mAb. In addition, primary T cells treated with galectin-3 ex vivo induced the expression of FOXP3, ICOS, and PD-1 with a Treg cell phenotype having a suppression function. Moreover, adoptive transfer of galectin-3-treated T cells reduced bowel inflammation and colitis in the T cell transfer colitis model. In conclusion, our results indicate that galectin-3 inhibited colonic mucosa inflammation and reduced disease severity by inducing regulatory T cells, suggesting that it is a potential therapeutic approach in inflammatory bowel disease. KEY MESSAGES Galectin-3 offers protection from inflammation in experimental colitis. Galectin-3 knockout mice have more severe disease activity in DSS-induced colitis. Adoptive transfer of galectin-3-treated T cells reduced bowel inflammation. Galectin-3 inhibited colonic mucosa inflammation by inducing regulatory T cells. Galectin-3 is a potential therapeutic approach in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwei-Fang Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen-Ai Rd., Sec. 1, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Jung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen-Ai Rd., Sec. 1, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - I-Tsu Chyuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ning Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen-Ai Rd., Sec. 1, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Panjwani N. Role of galectins in re-epithelialization of wounds. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 2:89. [PMID: 25405164 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.09.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Re-epithelialization is a critical contributing process in wound healing in the human body. When this process is compromised, impaired or delayed, serious disorders of wound healing may result that are painful, difficult to treat, and affect a variety of human tissues. Recent studies have demonstrated that members of the galectin class of β-galactoside-binding proteins modulate re-epithelialization of wounds by novel carbohydrate-based recognition systems. Galectins constitute a family of widely distributed carbohydrate-binding proteins with the affinity for the β-galactoside-containing glycans found on many cell surface and extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins. There are 15 members of the mammalian galectin family that so far have been identified. Studies of the role of galectins in wound healing have revealed that galectin-3 promotes re-epithelialization of corneal, intestinal and skin wounds; galectin-7 promotes re-epithelialization of corneal, skin, kidney and uterine wounds; and galectins-2 and -4 promote re-epithelialization of intestinal wounds. Promising prospects for developing novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of problematic, slow- or non-healing wounds are implicit in the findings that galectins stimulate the re-epithelialization of wounds of the cornea, skin, intestinal tract and kidney. Molecular mechanisms by which galectins modulate the process of wound healing are beginning to emerge and are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorjahan Panjwani
- New England Eye Center, Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Suarez G, Meyerrose G. Heart failure and galectin 3. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 2:86. [PMID: 25405161 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Innovations in medical diagnosis and treatment have led to prolongation of life of patients. Increasing the life expectancy of cardiac patients and thereby increasing the prevalence of heart failure (HF). Currently more than one million hospital admissions per year are due to HF and it has been estimated that the cost is approximately $39 billion annually in the U.S. There are two pathophysiologic myocardial mechanisms that cause HF: systolic dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction. Normal cardiac aging is characterized by morphological and structural changes that increase cardiomyocyte size, increased number of apoptosis with decreased number in myocytes, increased collagen deposition, and functional changes at cellular level. All these factors contribute to fibrotic remodeling that leads to LV diastolic stiffness, which ultimately leads to impaired diastolic function. At the same time it has been shown that galectin-3, a soluble β-galactoside-binding protein secreted by activated macrophages, promotes cardiac fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and ventricular dysfunction. In this paper we review the prognostic value of galectin-3 as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with moderate to advanced chronic HF (CHF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Suarez
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, 2 Department of Cardiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Gary Meyerrose
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, 2 Department of Cardiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Wang W, Guo H, Geng J, Zheng X, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z. Tumor-released Galectin-3, a soluble inhibitory ligand of human NKp30, plays an important role in tumor escape from NK cell attack. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33311-9. [PMID: 25315772 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.603464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding protein expressed by tumor cells, has been reported to act as an immune regulator in antitumor T cells. However, its effect on natural killer (NK) cells is elusive. Using a recombinant human NK cell-activating receptor, NKp30 fusion protein (NKp30-Fc), we found that soluble NKp30-Fc could immunoprecipitate Galectin-3. The direct interaction between NKp30 and Galectin-3 was further confirmed using surface plasmon resonance experiments. Because Galectin-3 was mainly released from tumor cells in a soluble form in our study, the binding assay was performed to show that soluble Galectin-3 specifically bound to NK cells and NKp30 on the surface of the NK cells. Functionally, when soluble Galectin-3 was added to the NK-tumor cell coculture system, the NKp30-mediated, but not NKG2D-mediated, cytolysis and CD107a expression in the NK cells were inhibited, and these phenotypes could be restored by preincubation of soluble Galectin-3 with NKp30-Fc fusion protein or the addition of anti-Gal-3 antibody alone. Moreover, genetic down-regulation of Galectin-3 (shGal-3) resulted in tumor cells being more sensitive to NK cell lysis, and, reversely, Galectin-3-overexpressing HeLa cells (exGal-3) became less sensitive to NK cell killing. The results of these in vitro experiments were supported by studies in shGal-3-HeLa or exGal-3-HeLa xenograft non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice after NK cell adoptive immunotherapy, indicating that Galectin-3 strongly antagonizes human NK cell attack against tumors in vivo. These findings indicate that Galectin-3 may function as an immune regulator to inhibit NK cell function against tumors, therefore providing a new therapeutic target for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- From the Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of the China Academy of Sciences (CAS) of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China and
| | - Huaijian Guo
- From the Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of the China Academy of Sciences (CAS) of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China and
| | - Jianlin Geng
- From the Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of the China Academy of Sciences (CAS) of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China and
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- From the Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of the China Academy of Sciences (CAS) of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China and
| | - Haiming Wei
- From the Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of the China Academy of Sciences (CAS) of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China and the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Rui Sun
- From the Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of the China Academy of Sciences (CAS) of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China and the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- From the Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of the China Academy of Sciences (CAS) of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China and the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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Theodoratou E, Campbell H, Ventham NT, Kolarich D, Pučić-Baković M, Zoldoš V, Fernandes D, Pemberton IK, Rudan I, Kennedy NA, Wuhrer M, Nimmo E, Annese V, McGovern DPB, Satsangi J, Lauc G. The role of glycosylation in IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 11:588-600. [PMID: 24912389 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of genetic and immunological studies give impetus for investigating the role of glycosylation in IBD. Experimental mouse models have helped to delineate the role of glycosylation in intestinal mucins and to explore the putative pathogenic role of glycosylation in colitis. These experiments have been extended to human studies investigating the glycosylation patterns of intestinal mucins as well as levels of glycans of serum glycoproteins and expression of glycan receptors. These early human studies have generated interesting hypotheses regarding the pathogenic role of glycans in IBD, but have generally been restricted to fairly small underpowered studies. Decreased glycosylation has been observed in the intestinal mucus of patients with IBD, suggesting that a defective inner mucus layer might lead to increased bacterial contact with the epithelium, potentially triggering inflammation. In sera, decreased galactosylation of IgG has been suggested as a diagnostic marker for IBD. Advances in glycoprofiling technology make it technically feasible and affordable to perform high-throughput glycan pattern analyses and to build on previous work investigating a much wider range of glycan parameters in large numbers of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evropi Theodoratou
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, EH8 9AG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, EH8 9AG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas T Ventham
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1 OT Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Vlatka Zoldoš
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Iain K Pemberton
- IP Research Consulting SAS, 34 Rue Carnot, 93160 Noisy-le-Grand, Paris, France
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, EH8 9AG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas A Kennedy
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Elaine Nimmo
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vito Annese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Division of Gastroenterology, AOU Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 13, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- F.Widjaja Family Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Suite D4063, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jack Satsangi
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Trg maršala Tita 14, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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28
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Nishida A, Nagahama K, Imaeda H, Ogawa A, Lau CW, Kobayashi T, Hisamatsu T, Preffer FI, Mizoguchi E, Ikeuchi H, Hibi T, Fukuda M, Andoh A, Blumberg RS, Mizoguchi A. Inducible colitis-associated glycome capable of stimulating the proliferation of memory CD4+ T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:2383-94. [PMID: 23209314 PMCID: PMC3526363 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The colitis-associated glycome mediates CD4+ T cell expansion and contributes to the exacerbation of T cell–mediated intestinal inflammation. Immune responses are modified by a diverse and abundant repertoire of carbohydrate structures on the cell surface, which is known as the glycome. In this study, we propose that a unique glycome that can be identified through the binding of galectin-4 is created on local, but not systemic, memory CD4+ T cells under diverse intestinal inflammatory conditions, but not in the healthy state. The colitis-associated glycome (CAG) represents an immature core 1–expressing O-glycan. Development of CAG may be mediated by down-regulation of the expression of core-2 β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT) 1, a key enzyme responsible for the production of core-2 O-glycan branch through addition of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to a core-1 O-glycan structure. Mechanistically, the CAG seems to contribute to super raft formation associated with the immunological synapse on colonic memory CD4+ T cells and to the consequent stabilization of protein kinase C θ activation, resulting in the stimulation of memory CD4+ T cell expansion in the inflamed intestine. Functionally, CAG-mediated CD4+ T cell expansion contributes to the exacerbation of T cell–mediated experimental intestinal inflammations. Therefore, the CAG may be an attractive therapeutic target to specifically suppress the expansion of effector memory CD4+ T cells in intestinal inflammation such as that seen in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nishida
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Fc-epsilon-RI, the high affinity IgE-receptor, is robustly expressed in the upper gastrointestinal tract and modulated by mucosal inflammation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42066. [PMID: 22848703 PMCID: PMC3407106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of the high affinity IgE receptor, FcεRI, in IgE-mediated immune responses of the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa is poorly understood. Currently, a detailed characterization of FcεRI expression throughout the human gut is lacking. The aim of this study was to define the expression pattern of FcεRI in the GI tract. Methods/Principal Findings We compared FcεRI expression in children with gastritis/esophagitis (n = 10), celiac disease (n = 10), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (n = 9), and normal mucosa (n = 5). The α–subunit of FcεRI (FcεRIα), detected by immunohistochemistry, was found on cells infiltrating the mucosa of the esophagus, the stomach, and the duodenum, but was rarely detected in more distal sections of the GI tract. Accordingly, quantitative RT-PCR analysis on esophagus, stomach, duodenum, colon, and rectum biopsies revealed that FcεRIα and -β expression levels decreased towards the distal intestine. mRNA transcripts of the common Fc-receptor-γ chain were present in the entire GI mucosa. Double-immunofluorescence staining of esophageal specimens confirmed that FcεRIα was expressed on intraepithelial mast cells and Langerhans cells. The mRNA expression levels of the α, β, and γ subunits of FcεRI did not correlate with total serum IgE but were associated with mucosal inflammation. Conclusion/Significance Our data define the upper GI tract as the main site for IgE-mediated immune activation via FcεRI. Tissue mRNA levels of FcεRIα are regulated by inflammatory conditions rather than serum IgE, indicating that FcεRI might also play a role in pathologies other than allergy.
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Di Lella S, Sundblad V, Cerliani JP, Guardia CM, Estrin DA, Vasta GR, Rabinovich GA. When galectins recognize glycans: from biochemistry to physiology and back again. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7842-57. [PMID: 21848324 DOI: 10.1021/bi201121m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, increasing efforts have been devoted to the study of galectins, a family of evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins with multifunctional properties. Galectins function, either intracellularly or extracellularly, as key biological mediators capable of monitoring changes occurring on the cell surface during fundamental biological processes such as cellular communication, inflammation, development, and differentiation. Their highly conserved structures, exquisite carbohydrate specificity, and ability to modulate a broad spectrum of biological processes have captivated a wide range of scientists from a wide spectrum of disciplines, including biochemistry, biophysics, cell biology, and physiology. However, in spite of enormous efforts to dissect the functions and properties of these glycan-binding proteins, limited information about how structural and biochemical aspects of these proteins can influence biological functions is available. In this review, we aim to integrate structural, biochemical, and functional aspects of this bewildering and ancient family of glycan-binding proteins and discuss their implications in physiologic and pathologic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Di Lella
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatologı́a, Instituto de Biologı́a y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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31
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de Kivit S, Kraneveld AD, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM. Glycan recognition at the interface of the intestinal immune system: target for immune modulation via dietary components. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668 Suppl 1:S124-32. [PMID: 21816141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is constantly exposed to the luminal content, which includes micro-organisms and dietary components. Prebiotic non-digestible oligosaccharides may be supplemented to the diet to exert modulation of immune responses in the intestine. Short chain galacto- and long chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS), functionally mimicking oligosaccharides present in human milk, have been reported to reduce the development of allergy through modulation of the intestinal microbiota and immune system. Nonetheless, the underlying working mechanisms of scGOS/lcFOS are unclear. Intestinal epithelial cells lining the mucosa are known to express carbohydrate (glycan)-binding receptors that may be involved in modulation of the mucosal immune response. This review aims to provide an overview of glycan-binding receptors, in particular galectins, which are expressed by intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells. In addition, their involvement in health and disease will be addressed, especially in food allergy and inflammatory bowel disease, diseases originating from the gastro-intestinal tract. Insight in the recognition of glycans in the intestinal tract may open new avenues for the treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases by either nutritional concepts or pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander de Kivit
- Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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32
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Yang H, Taylor HS, Lei C, Cheng C, Zhang W. Hormonal Regulation of Galectin 3 in Trophoblasts and Its Effects on Endometrium. Reprod Sci 2011; 18:1118-27. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719111407212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hugh S. Taylor
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Caixia Lei
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics and IVF China-USA Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Modified apple polysaccharide prevents against tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer: role of galectin-3 and apoptosis in cancer prevention. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:107-17. [PMID: 21516492 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and preventable cancers. Regular consumption of apples is conducive to reduction in CRC risk. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate effects of modified apple polysaccharide (MAP) on tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer. METHODS One hundred male ICR mice were administered with 1, 2-dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Forty mice were given no further treatment, the rest were fed basal diet blended with three different doses of MAP; 2.5, 5, and 10% (20 mice in each group). RESULTS MAP significantly protected ICR mice against DMH/DSS-induced tumorigenesis. The incidence of tumor development was 90% (18/20) in the mice treated with DMH/DSS, but that was reduced to 25% (5/20), 15% (3/20), and 5% (1/20), respectively, in the mice treated with basal diets plus 2.5, 5, and 10% of MAP. Study of apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells revealed that MAP moderately increased apoptosis, suggesting that the anti-tumor potency of MAP was probably attributed to its ability to induce apoptosis. Western blot analysis demonstrated that carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-3 changed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm during the process from colitis to colon cancer in the model. And MAP could inhibit the binding of galectin-3 to its ligand: this is, at least in part, the possible mechanism of MAP by enhancing apoptosis and preventing tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that MAP has a potential role in clinical prevention and treatment for colon cancer.
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Puthenedam M, Wu F, Shetye A, Michaels A, Rhee KJ, Kwon JH. Matrilysin-1 (MMP7) cleaves galectin-3 and inhibits wound healing in intestinal epithelial cells. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:260-7. [PMID: 20812334 PMCID: PMC2998582 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 is an animal lectin that has been implicated in wound healing and is decreased in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7), also known as matrilysin-1, a protease shown to cleave extracellular matrix proteins, is highly expressed in IBD tissues, especially at the leading edge of gastrointestinal ulcers. The ability of MMP7 to cleave galectin-3 and influence wound healing has not been reported previously. The aim was to determine whether MMP7 cleaves galectin-3 and modulates wound healing in intestinal epithelial cells. METHODS The cleaved fragments of galectin-3 were identified by N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry. Western blotting was used to detect the cleaved galectin-3 products in a colonic epithelial cell line (T84 cells). Cell migration was studied by the in vitro scratch method. RESULTS We demonstrate for the first time that MMP7 cleaves galectin-3 in vitro, resulting in three cleaved fragments (20.2 kDa, 18.9 kDa, and 15.5 kDa). Exogenous treatment of T84 cells with recombinant MMP7 resulted in the appearance of secreted galectin-3 cleavage fragments in the supernatant. MMP7 inhibited cell migration and resulted in wound retraction and the addition of MMP7 to galectin-3 abrogated the wound healing and cell migration induced by galectin-3. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that galectin-3 is a substrate for MMP7. Cleavage of galectin-3 may be one mechanism by which MMP7 inhibits wound healing. This study has significance in understanding delayed wound healing in chronic intestinal diseases like intestinal ulcers and IBD, where MMP7 protein expression is elevated with a decreased galectin-3 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Puthenedam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Alysha Shetye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Alex Michaels
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Ki-Jong Rhee
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - John H Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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Hodges K, Gill R. Infectious diarrhea: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Gut Microbes 2010; 1:4-21. [PMID: 21327112 PMCID: PMC3035144 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.1.1.11036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea caused by enteric infections is a major factor in morbidity and mortality worldwide. An estimated 2-4 billion episodes of infectious diarrhea occur each year and are especially prevalent in infants. This review highlights the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying diarrhea associated with the three classes of infectious agents, i.e., bacteria, viruses and parasites. Several bacterial pathogens have been chosen as model organisms, including Vibrio cholerae as a classical example of secretory diarrhea, Clostridium difficile and Shigella species as agents of inflammatory diarrhea and selected strains of pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) to discuss the recent advances in alteration of epithelial ion absorption. Many of the recent studies addressing epithelial ion transport and barrier function have been carried out using viruses and parasites. Here, we focus on the rapidly developing field of viral diarrhea including rotavirus, norovirus and astrovirus infections. Finally we discuss Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica as examples of parasitic diarrhea. Parasites have a greater complexity than the other pathogens and are capable of creating molecules similar to those produced by the host, such as serotonin and PGE(2). The underlying mechanisms of infectious diarrhea discussed include alterations in ion transport and tight junctions as well as the virulence factors, which alter these processes either through direct effects or indirectly through inflammation and neurotransmitters.
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Lee J, Moon C, Kim J, Jung C, Lee KH, Joo HG, Ahn M, Shin T. Immunohistochemical localization of galectin-3 in the granulomatous lesions of paratuberculosis-infected bovine intestine. J Vet Sci 2009; 10:177-80. [PMID: 19687616 PMCID: PMC2801129 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2009.10.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of galectin-3 was immunohistochemically quantified in bovine intestines infected with paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) to determine whether galectin-3 was involved in the formation of granulation tissue associated with the disease. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection was histochemically confirmed using Ziehl-Neelsen staining and molecularly diagnosed through rpoB DNA sequencing. Galectin-3 was detected in the majority of inflammatory cells, possibly macrophages, in the granulomatous lesions within affected tissues, including the ileum. These findings suggest that galectin-3 is associated with the formation of chronic granulation tissues in bovine paratuberculosis, probably through cell adhesion and anti-apoptosis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Lee
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Applied Radiological Science Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
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Laiko M, Murtazina R, Malyukova I, Zhu C, Boedeker EC, Gutsal O, O'Malley R, Cole RN, Tarr PI, Murray KF, Kane A, Donowitz M, Kovbasnjuk O. Shiga toxin 1 interaction with enterocytes causes apical protein mistargeting through the depletion of intracellular galectin-3. Exp Cell Res 2009; 316:657-66. [PMID: 19744479 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stx) 1 and 2 are responsible for intestinal and systemic sequelae of infection by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). However, the mechanisms through which enterocytes are damaged remain unclear. While secondary damage from ischemia and inflammation are postulated mechanisms for all intestinal effects, little evidence excludes roles for more primary toxin effects on intestinal epithelial cells. We now document direct pathologic effects of Stx on intestinal epithelial cells. We study a well-characterized rabbit model of EHEC infection, intestinal tissue and stool samples from EHEC-infected patients, and T84 intestinal epithelial cells treated with Stx1. Toxin uptake by intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo causes galectin-3 depletion from enterocytes by increasing the apical galectin-3 secretion. This Shiga toxin-mediated galectin-3 depletion impairs trafficking of several brush border structural proteins and transporters, including villin, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and the sodium-proton exchanger 2, a major colonic sodium absorptive protein. The mistargeting of proteins responsible for the absorptive function might be a key event in Stx1-induced diarrhea. These observations provide new evidence that human enterocytes are directly damaged by Stx1. Conceivably, depletion of galectin-3 from enterocytes and subsequent apical protein mistargeting might even provide a means whereby other pathogens might alter intestinal epithelial absorption and produce diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Laiko
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Lei CX, Zhang W, Zhou JP, Liu YK. Interactions between galectin-3 and integrin 3 in regulating endometrial cell proliferation and adhesion. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:2879-89. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Loser K, Sturm A, Voskort M, Kupas V, Balkow S, Auriemma M, Sternemann C, Dignass AU, Luger TA, Beissert S. Galectin-2 suppresses contact allergy by inducing apoptosis in activated CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5419-29. [PMID: 19380789 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectins, a family of structurally related beta-galactoside-binding proteins, are expressed by various cells of the immune systems and seem to be important for the regulation of immune responses and immune cell homeostasis. Since it has been demonstrated that galectin-2 regulates cell-mediated inflammatory bowel disease and colitis in mice, we intended to investigate the role of galectin-2 in inflammatory cutaneous T cell-mediated immune responses. To address this issue, groups of naive mice were sensitized to the contact allergen 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene and systemically treated with galectin-2 to analyze the effects of galectin-2 on contact allergy. Here we show that galectin-2 is expressed in murine skin and is up-regulated upon cutaneous inflammation. Interestingly, treatment of mice with galectin-2 significantly reduced the contact allergy response. This effect was long-lasting since rechallenge of galectin-2-treated mice after a 14-day interval still resulted in a decreased ear swelling. We were able to demonstrate that galectin-2 induced a reduction of MHC class I-restricted immune responses in the treated animals, which was mediated by the induction of apoptosis specifically in activated CD8(+) T cells. Additionally, we report that the galectin-2-binding protein CD29 is up-regulated on the surface of activated CD8(+) T cells compared with naive CD8(+) T cells or CD4(+) T cells, suggesting that increased galectin-2/CD29 signaling might be responsible for the proapoptotic effects of galectin-2 on activated CD8(+) T cells. Taken together, these data indicate that galectin-2 may represent a novel therapeutic alternative for the treatment of CD8-mediated inflammatory disorders such as contact allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Loser
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Brazowski E, Dotan I, Tulchinsky H, Filip I, Eisenthal A. Galectin-3 expression in pouchitis in patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). Pathol Res Pract 2009; 205:551-8. [PMID: 19278794 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 12/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3, an endogenous pleiotropic beta-galactoside-binding protein, which is expressed by various malignant and normal cells, regulates many biological and pathological processes, including inflammation. In the present study, we tested a possible correlation between the severity of pouchitis in patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) and the presence of galectin-3(+) macrophages in pouch mucosa. Paraffin-embedded pouch biopsies from patients with normal pouch function or chronic and recurrent acute pouchitis were immunohistostained with galectin-3, CD68, and smooth muscle actin (SMA) antibodies. Microscopic examination was performed in a blinded fashion. There was a significant decrease in the staining index of galectin-3 in the subepithelial macrophages in patients with chronic pouchitis (0.53, P=0.001; n=12) or recurrent acute pouchitis (0.43, P=0.008; n=10) when compared to patients with no clinical manifestations of pouchitis (0.63, n=12). No significant differences were noted in the lamina propria of small intestine biopsies from the same patients (from 0.63 to 0.68, P=0.24). Galectin-3 staining was restricted to CD68(+) macrophages and not present in myofibroblasts. Clinical manifestation of pouchitis is inversely correlated with galectin-3 expression in the pouches' subepithelial lamina propria macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Brazowski
- Department of Pathology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Pathology Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Frol'ová L, Smetana K, Borovská D, Kitanovicová A, Klimesová K, Janatková I, Malícková K, Lukás M, Drastich P, Benes Z, Tucková L, Manning JC, André S, Gabius HJ, Tlaskalová-Hogenová H. Detection of galectin-3 in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: new serum marker of active forms of IBD? Inflamm Res 2009; 58:503-12. [PMID: 19271150 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is an open question whether multifunctional galectin-3 can be a serum marker in inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS Western blots and commercial ELISA detected and quantitated the lectin immunocytochemistry using double labeling localized it in tissue sections. RESULTS Serum concentrations were significantly increased in specimen of patients with active and remission-stage ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, associated with emerging positivity of CD14(+) cells. CONCLUSION Enhanced concentration of galectin-3 in serum reflects presence of disease and points to its involvement in the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Frol'ová
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, Prague 4 142 20, Czech Republic
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Mathieu A, Nagy N, Decaestecker C, Ferdinande L, Vandenbroucke K, Rottiers P, Cuvelier CA, Salmon I, Demetter P. Expression of galectins-1, -3 and -4 varies with strain and type of experimental colitis in mice. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 89:438-46. [PMID: 19134053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2008.00598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are increasingly the focus of biomedical research. Although they are involved at different stages in inflammation, data on galectins in colitis remain scarce. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the expression of galectins in acute and chronic experimental colitis in mice. Immunohistochemistry for galectins-1, -3 and -4 was performed on colon tissue from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice with acute dextran sodium sulphate colitis and from 129 Sv/Ev IL-10 knock-out (IL-10(-/-)) mice. From these three mouse strains, we first detected major differences in galectin expression related to the genetic background in the control animals. With regard to inflammation, chronic colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice was associated with increased galectin-4 expression; in contrast with the two other models, no galectin-1 and -3 alterations were observed in IL-10(-/-) mice. Acute colitis in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice showed increased galectin-3 expression in the lamina propria and the crypt epithelium, together with a decreased nuclear expression. These results suggest an involvement of galectins in the development and perpetuation of colonic inflammation and illustrate that the choice of the mouse strain for studying galectins might influence the outcome of the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mathieu
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Protein/carbohydrate interactions through specific protein families termed lectin control essential biological processes. Galectins, a family of animal lectins defined by shared amino acid sequence with affinity for β-galactosides, appear to be functionally polyvalent in a wide range of biological activity. Recent studies have identified immunoregulatory roles of galectins in intestinal inflammatory disorders. Galectin-1 and galectin -2 contribute to the suppression of intestinal inflammation by the induction of apoptosis of activated T cells, whereas galectin-4 is involved in the exacerbation of this inflammation by specifically stimulating intestinal CD4+ T cells to produce IL-6. We review how different members of the galectins provide inhibitory or stimulatory signals to control intestinal immune response under intestinal inflammation.
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Demetter P, Nagy N, Martin B, Mathieu A, Dumont P, Decaestecker C, Salmon I. The galectin family and digestive disease. J Pathol 2008; 215:1-12. [PMID: 18335458 DOI: 10.1002/path.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The soluble-type lectins or galectins constitute a family of proteins defined by shared consensus amino acid sequence and affinity for beta-galactose-containing oligosaccharides. These molecules are widely distributed in the animal kingdom; to date, 15 mammalian galectins have been described but more are likely to be discovered. These proteins are involved in many biological processes including cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, growth regulation, signaling, and cytokine secretion. Over the last decade, a vast amount of reports has shown the importance of several galectins in the development and progression of malignancies in the digestive tract, mainly colorectal cancers. More recent data indicate that some of these molecules are also involved in inflammatory bowel diseases. This review focuses on the current knowledge of galectin expression and putative functions in the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon. It also highlights that the rapid accumulation of research data promises future scenarios in which individual members of the galectin family and/or their ligands will be used as diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for neoplastic as well as inflammatory disorders. However, the concretization of these potential modalities requires substantial improvements in terms of standardization of galectin expression evaluation together with prospective validation of the present data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Demetter
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Lippert E, Gunckel M, Brenmoehl J, Bataille F, Falk W, Scholmerich J, Obermeier F, Rogler G. Regulation of galectin-3 function in mucosal fibroblasts: potential role in mucosal inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:285-97. [PMID: 18336593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we identified galectin-3 (gal-3), which is secreted by colonic epithelial cells (CEC), to be a strong activator of colonic lamina propria fibroblasts (CLPF). Modulation of CLPF function may play a role during stricture and fistula formation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, we investigated further the expression of gal-3 and effects on CLPF. The aim of this study is to perform a direct comparison of gal-3 between tissue from healthy controls and from patients with either Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). CEC, CLPF and intestinal macrophages (IMAC) were isolated from control and IBD colonic tissue. Interleukin-8 secretion as a readout of CLPF activation was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gal-3 in cell cultures and tissue samples was evaluated by Western blot, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. CLPF-migration was assayed in the 48-well modified Boyden chamber. Gal-3 expression was found in all segments of the colon. In the terminal ileum, less gal-3 was found compared with the colon. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence revealed a homogenous distribution of gal-3 in CEC and IMAC of control mucosa and UC. However, significantly less gal-3 was found in IMAC from CD patients. In CD fistulae and stenoses, gal-3 expression was reduced significantly and barely detectable. In co-incubation studies lactose reduced significantly the CLPF-stimulatory potential of gal-3, indicating that the C-terminal domain of gal-3 is responsible for CLPF activation. Gal-3 stimulated CLPF migration in CLPF derived from fistulae. In conclusion, gal-3 expression is down-regulated in CD-fistulae and stenoses as well as in IMAC in CD patients. Gal-3 induces migration of CLPF derived from fistulae. Its role for stricture and fistula formation warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lippert
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Rabinovich GA, Liu FT, Hirashima M, Anderson A. An emerging role for galectins in tuning the immune response: lessons from experimental models of inflammatory disease, autoimmunity and cancer. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:143-58. [PMID: 17635792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical process for eliminating pathogens, but can lead to serious deleterious effects if left unchecked. Identifying the endogenous factors that control immune tolerance and inflammation is a key goal in the field of immunology. Galectins, a family of endogenous lectins with affinity for beta-galactoside-containing oligosaccharides, are expressed by several cells of the immune system and tissue-resident stromal cells. According to their architecture, this family of glycan-binding proteins is classified in those containing one-carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) (proto-type), those containing two-CRD joined by a linker non-lectin domain (tandem-repeat) and those that have one-CRD attached to an N-terminal peptide (chimera-type). Accumulating evidence indicates that galectins play critical regulatory roles in immune cell response and homeostasis. In this review, we summarize recent developments in our understanding of the galectins' roles within different immune cell compartments, and in the broader context of the inflammatory microenvironments. In particular we illustrate the immunoregulatory role of three representative members of each galectin subfamily: galectin-1, -3 and -9. This body of knowledge, documenting the coming of age of galectins as potential immunosuppressive agents or targets for anti-inflammatory drugs, represents a sound basis to further explore their potential as novel therapies for autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Rabinovich
- Department of Immunopathology, Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine (IBYME/ CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Werner T, Shkoda A, Haller D. Intestinal epithelial cell proteome in IL-10 deficient mice and IL-10 receptor reconstituted epithelial cells: impact on chronic inflammation. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:3691-704. [PMID: 17658738 DOI: 10.1021/pr070222x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of nonpathogenic enteric bacteria with intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) in the absence of host-derived Interleukin 10 (IL-10) may contribute to the development of chronic inflammation. Functional proteome analysis of primary IEC from Enterococcus faecalis-monoassociated WT and IL-10-/- mice as well as IL-10 receptor reconstituted IEC revealed expression changes of proteins that are involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress, energy metabolism, and apoptosis, suggesting a protective role for IL-10 at the epithelial cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Werner
- Technical University of Munich, Departments of Food and Nutrition Science and Medicine, Experimental Nutritional Medicine, Else-Kroener-Fresenius Center, Am Forum 5, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Danielsen M, Hornshøj H, Siggers RH, Jensen BB, van Kessel AG, Bendixen E. Effects of bacterial colonization on the porcine intestinal proteome. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:2596-604. [PMID: 17542629 DOI: 10.1021/pr070038b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex community of bacteria, of which many may be beneficial. Studies of germ-free animal models have shown that the gastrointestinal microbiota not only assists in making nutrients available for the host but also contributes to intestinal health and development. We studied small intestinal protein expression patterns in gnotobiotic pigs maintained germ-free, or monoassociated with either Lactobacillus fermentum or non-pathogenic Escherichia coli. A common reference design in combination with labeling with stable isobaric tags allowed the individual comparison of 12 animals. Our results showed that bacterial colonization differentially affected mechanisms such as proteolysis, epithelial proliferation, and lipid metabolism, which is in good agreement with previous studies of other germ-free animal models. We have also found that E. coli has a profound effect on actin remodeling and intestinal proliferation, which may be related to stimulated migration and turnover of enterocytes. Regulations related to L. fermentum colonization involved individual markers for immunoregulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Danielsen
- Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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