Bile exosomal miR-182/183-5p increases cholangiocarcinoma stemness and progression by targeting HPGD and increasing PGE2 generation

Senescent cartilage endplate stem cells-derived exosomes induce oxidative stress injury in nucleus pulposus cells and aggravate intervertebral disc degeneration by regulating FOXO3

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the leading cause of low back pain and associated disability worldwide. The cartilage endplate (CEP) is a critical structure in maintaining the homeostasis of the intervertebral disc, by exosomes (Exos)-mediated intracellular communication between cartilage endplate stem cells (CESCs) and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). However, whether the senescence of CESCs influences the functionality of CESCs-derived Exos (CESCs-Exos) and participates in the progress of IVDD remains unclear. In this study, we explored the role and mechanism of the Exos-based intracellular communication between senescent CESCs and NPCs in IVDD. CESCs isolated from aged individuals (S-CESCs) exhibited high levels of senescence compared with CESCs isolated from young individuals (Y-CESCs). Exos from Y-CESCs (Y-Exos) and from S-CESCs (S-Exos) were extracted and identified. Surprisingly, we found that S-Exos lost the therapeutic effects as the Y-Exos exhibited in mitigating IVDD, and even aggravated IVDD by inducing oxidative stress injury in NPCs. MicroRNA-sequencing revealed significant upregulation of miR-29b-3p expression in S-Exos. Through microRNA target prediction, dual luciferase assays, RNA-sequencing, lentivirus-mediated overexpression and suppression, we demonstrated that miR-29b-3p regulates the expression of FOXO3 and downstream antioxidant enzymes to induce oxidative stress injury in NPCs. In vivo experiments further verified that countering miR-29b-3p by antagomir reversed the detrimental effects of S-Exos in exacerbating IVDD. This work elucidates the role and mechanism of senescent CESCs in disrupting redox homeostasis in the nucleus pulposus and exacerbating IVDD by Exos-mediated intracellular communication and offers an experimental foundation for the selection of proper CESCs-Exos to obtain better therapeutic effects in IVDD.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Loaded Hydrogel Improves Surgical Treatment for Chronic Cerebral Ischemia

Chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) results in a prolonged insufficient blood supply to the brain tissue, leading to impaired neuronal function and subsequent impairment of cognitive and motor abilities. Our previous research showed that in mice with bilateral carotid artery stenosis, the collateral neovascularization post Encephalo-myo-synangiosis (EMS) treatment could be facilitated by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation. Considering the advantages of biomaterials, we synthesized and modified a gelatin hydrogel for MSCs encapsulation. We then applied this hydrogel on the brain surface during EMS operation in rats with CCI, and evaluated its impact on cognitive performance and collateral circulation. Consequently, MSCs encapsulated in hydrogel significantly augment the therapeutic effects of EMS, potentially by promoting neovascularization, facilitating neuronal differentiation, and suppressing neuroinflammation. Furthermore, taking advantage of multi-RNA-sequencing and in silico analysis, we revealed that MSCs loaded in hydrogel regulate PDCD4 and CASP2 through the overexpression of miR-183-5p and miR-96-5p, thereby downregulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and inhibiting early apoptosis. In conclusion, a gelatin hydrogel to enhance the functionality of MSCs has been developed, and its combination with EMS treatment can improve the therapeutic effect in rats with CCI, suggesting its potential clinical benefit.

Exploring the impact of the liver-intestine-brain axis on brain function in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

This study investigates the molecular complexities of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-induced brain dysfunction, with a focus on the liver-intestine-brain axis and potential therapeutic interventions. The main objectives include understanding critical microbiota shifts in NAFLD, exploring altered metabolites, and identifying key regulatory molecules influencing brain function. The methods employed encompassed 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing to scrutinize stool microbiota in NAFLD patients and healthy individuals, non-targeted metabolomics using LC-MS to uncover elevated levels of deoxycholic acid (DCA) in NAFLD mice, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to pinpoint the pivotal gene Hpgd in microglial cells and its downstream Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway. Behavioral changes and brain function were assessed in NAFLD mice with and without Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) treatment, utilizing various assays and analyses. The results revealed significant differences in microbiota composition, with increased levels of Bacteroides in NAFLD patients. Additionally, elevated DCA levels were observed in NAFLD mice, and FMT treatment demonstrated efficacy in ameliorating liver function and brain dysfunction. Hpgd inhibition by DCA activated the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in microglial cells, leading to inflammatory activation, inhibition of mitochondrial autophagy, induction of neuronal apoptosis, and reduction in neuronal action potentials. This study elucidates the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying the liver-gut-brain axis in NAFLD, and the identification of increased DCA and the impact of JAK2/STAT3 signaling on microglial cells highlight potential therapeutic targets for addressing NAFLD-induced brain dysfunction.

Precision oncology in biliary tract cancer: the emerging role of liquid biopsy

Liquid biopsy has already proven effective in aiding diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment personalization in several malignancies, and it could represent a practice-changing tool also in biliary tract cancer, even though clinical applications are currently still limited. It is promising for early diagnosis, especially in high-risk populations, and several studies on circulating free DNA (cfDNA), circulating tumour cells and differential microRNA (miRNA) profiles in this setting are ongoing. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) also appears as a feasible noninvasive biomarker in the curative setting, in detecting minimal residual disease after resection and in monitoring disease recurrence. As of today, it can be particularly valuable in biliary tract cancer for genomic profiling, with a good concordance with tissue samples for most molecular alterations. CtDNA analysis may especially be considered in clinical practice when the tumour tissue is not sufficient for next-generation sequencing, or when urgent therapeutic decisions are needed. Moreover, it offers the possibility of providing a real-time picture to monitor treatment response and dynamically identify resistance mutations, potentially representing a way to optimize treatment strategies.

Biomarkers and Management of Cholangiocarcinoma: Unveiling New Horizons for Precision Therapy

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive malignancy with limited methods for early detection, necessitating the development of reliable biomarkers for diagnosis and management. However, conventional tumor markers, such as CA19-9 and CEA, exhibit insufficient diagnostic accuracy. Recent advancements in molecular genetics have identified several actionable mutations in CCA, enabling molecularly targeted therapies that improve survival in patients harboring these genetic alterations. Cancer panels, which facilitate multiplex genetic profiling, are critical for identifying these mutations. Studies indicate that several actionable mutations are detected in CCA cases, with patients receiving mutation-guided therapies achieving markedly better outcomes. Liquid biopsies, including cell-free DNA and circulating tumor DNA, offer real-time, non-invasive approaches to monitoring tumor dynamics, heterogeneity, and treatment responses. Furthermore, numerous studies have identified non-coding RNAs in serum and bile as promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of CCA. On the other hand, immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, has shown efficacy in subsets of CCA patients. However, the success of these therapies is often affected by the status of the tumor immune microenvironment (TME), underscoring the need for comprehensive TME analysis to predict responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Despite these advances, no single biomarker currently demonstrates sufficient sensitivity or specificity for clinical application. The integration of multi-omics approaches with cutting-edge technologies holds promise for enhancing diagnostic accuracy, optimizing treatment stratification, and advancing precision medicine in CCA. These developments highlight the transformative potential of biomarkers to improve early detection, prognostic assessment, and personalized therapeutic interventions for CCA.

Isorhamnetin inhibits cholangiocarcinoma proliferation and metastasis via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), which is a malignant tumor originating from the epithelial cells of the bile ducts, has witnessed an increasing incidence year by year. Owing to the dearth of effective treatments, the prognosis for CCA is rather poor. Isorhamnetin is known to possess anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress modulating effects; however, its role in CCA remains unclear.

METHODS

Firstly, we screened the core targets and pathways of isorhamnetin for the treatment of CCA through a network pharmacology approach. Subsequently, we verified via molecular docking that the core targets could dock stably with isorhamnetin. Finally, we verified the inhibitory effect of isorhamnetin on the malignant biological behavior of CCA in vitro and in vivo experiments.

RESULTS

Based on the network pharmacology analysis, we came to the conclusion that AKT1 might be a core target of isorhamnetin in the treatment of CCA. Molecular docking indicated that AKT1 was capable of binding stably to isorhamnetin. Subsequently, In vitro experiments demonstrated that isorhamnetin was able to suppress the proliferation and metastasis of CCA cells, and AKT1 played a pivotal role in this process. Mechanistically speaking, isorhamnetin exerts its inhibitory effect on tumor growth via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrated for the first time that isorhamnetin can inhibit the progression of CCA through PI3K/AKT, and that AKT1 may be a target of isorhamnetin for the treatment of CCA.

Genetic, Epigenetic, and Microenvironmental Drivers of Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive and heterogeneous malignancy of the biliary tree that carries a poor prognosis. Multiple features at the genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental levels have been identified to better characterize CCA carcinogenesis. Genetic alterations, such as mutations in IDH1/2, BAP1, ARID1A, and FGFR2, play significant roles in CCA pathogenesis, with variations across different subtypes, races/ethnicities, and causes. Epigenetic dysregulation, characterized by DNA methylation and histone modifications, further contributes to the complexity of CCA, influencing gene expression and tumor behavior. Furthermore, CCA cells exchange autocrine and paracrine signals with other cancer cells and the infiltrating cell types that populate the microenvironment, including cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor-associated macrophages, further contributing to an immunosuppressive niche that supports tumorigenesis. This review explores the multifaceted genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental drivers of CCA. Understanding these diverse mechanisms is essential for characterizing the complex pathways of CCA carcinogenesis and developing targeted therapies to improve patient outcomes.

The Search for Risk, Diagnostic, and Prognostic Biomarkers of Cholangiocarcinoma and Their Biological and Clinicopathologic Significance

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors that originate from the biliary tract. They are usually diagnosed in advanced stages, leading to a poor prognosis for affected patients. As CCA often arises as a sporadic cancer in individuals lacking specific risk factors or with heterogeneous backgrounds, and there are no defined high-risk groups, the implementation of effective surveillance programs for CCA is problematic. The identification and validation of new biomarkers useful for risk stratification, diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response remains an unmet need for patients with CCA, even though numerous studies have been conducted lately to try to discover and validate CCA biomarkers. In this review, we overview the available information about the different types of biomarkers that have been investigated in recent years using minimally invasive biospecimens (blood, serum/plasma, bile, and urine) and their potential usefulness in diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification. It is widely accepted that early detection of CCA will impact patients' outcomes, by improving survival rates, quality of life, and the possibility of less invasive and/or curative treatments; however, challenges to its translation and clinical application for patients with CCA need to be resolved.

Bile-Derived cfDNA of Syncytin-1 and SLC7A11 as a Potential Molecular Marker for Early Diagnosis of Cholangiocarcinoma

PURPOSE

Liquid biopsy technology has received widespread attention in the early diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).

METHODS

We collected bile samples from 48 patients with CCA and 48 patients with gallstones at Shandong Provincial third Hospital. We quantified bile circulating free DNA (cfDNA) of syncytin-1 and SLC7A11, calculated the correlation between syncytin-1 and SLC7A11 expression and clinical parameters by Spearman rank correlation, plotted Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, and compared the Area Under Curve (AUC) values to explored early diagnostic utility in patients.

RESULTS

We first found the bile cfDNA of syncytin-1 and SLC7A11 levels in CCA were higher than in gallstones (3.06 vs. 1.32, p < 0.001; 2.39 vs. 1.30, p < 0.001). And there was significant correlation between syncytin-1 and SLC7A11 expression (p = 0.025). Additionally, bile cfDNA of syncytin-1 or SLC7A11 was differentially expressed in gallstones, cholangiocarcinoma stage I-II, and cholangiocarcinoma stage III-IV (p < 0.001; p < 0.001). The AUC of bile cfDNA of syncytin-1 was 0.805 (p < 0.001, specificity of 87.0%), the AUC of bile cfDNA of SLC7A11 was 0.755 (p < 0.001, specificity of 80.4%), and combination of bile cDNA of syncytin-1/SLC7A11/CA19-9 markers improved diagnostic efficiency in CCA patients (AUC: 0.927, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The bile cfDNA of syncytin-1 and SLC7A11 was high expression in cholangiocarcinoma, which may be used as a novel biomarker for early diagnosis.

Mast cells: key players in digestive system tumors and their interactions with immune cells

Mast cells (MCs) are critical components of both innate and adaptive immune processes. They play a significant role in protecting human health and in the pathophysiology of various illnesses, including allergies, cardiovascular diseases and autoimmune diseases. Recent studies in tumor-related research have demonstrated that mast cells exert a substantial influence on tumor cell behavior and the tumor microenvironment, exhibiting both pro- and anti-tumor effects. Specifically, mast cells not only secrete mediators related to pro-tumor function such as trypsin-like enzymes, chymotrypsin, vascular endothelial cell growth factor and histamine, but also mediators related to anti-tumor progression such as cystatin C and IL-17F. This dual role of mast cells renders them an under-recognized but very promising target for tumor immunotherapy. Digestive system tumors, characterized by high morbidity and associated mortality rates globally, are increasingly recognized as a significant healthcare burden. This paper examines the influence of mast cell-derived mediators on the development of tumors in the digestive system. It also explores the prognostic significance of mast cells in patients with various gastrointestinal cancers at different stages of the disease. Additionally, the article investigates the interactions between mast cells and immune cells, as well as the potential relationships among intratumoral bacteria, immune cells, and mast cell within digestive system microenvironment. The aim is to propose new strategies for the immunotherapy of digestive system tumors by targeting mast cells.

Mast cell-mediated microRNA functioning in immune regulation and disease pathophysiology

Upon stimulation and activation, mast cells (MCs) release soluble mediators, including histamine, proteases, and cytokines. These mediators are often stored within cytoplasmic granules in MCs and may be released in a granulated form. The secretion of cytokines and chemokines occurs within hours following activation, with the potential to result in chronic inflammation. In addition to their role in allergic inflammation, MCs are components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that do not encode proteins, but regulate post-transcriptional gene expression by binding to the 3' non-coding regions of mRNAs. This plays a crucial role in the function of MC, including the key processes of MC proliferation, maturation, apoptosis, and activation. It has been demonstrated that miRNAs are also present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by MCs. EVs derived from MCs mediate intercellular communication by carrying miRNAs, affecting various diseases including allergic diseases, intestinal disorders, neuroinflammation, and tumors. These findings provide important insights into the therapeutic mechanisms and targets of miRNAs in MCs that affect diseases. This review discusses the relevance of miRNA production by MCs in regulating their own activity and the effect of miRNAs putatively produced by other cells in the control of MC activity and their participation in selected pathologies.

Hypoxic BMSC-derived exosomal miR-210-3p promotes progression of triple-negative breast cancer cells via NFIX-Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis

BACKGROUND

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a crucial component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), with hypoxic conditions promoting their migration to tumors. Exosomes play a vital role in cell-to-cell communication within the TME. Hypoxic TME have a great impact on the release, uptake and biofunctions of exosomes. This study aims to elucidate the communication between BMSC-derived exosomal miRNA and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in a hypoxic environment.

METHODS

Exosomes were isolated via ultracentrifugation and identified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and western blot. A range of bioinformatics approaches were used to screen exosomal miRNAs and the target mRNAs of miRNAs and predict the possible signaling pathways. Expression levels of genes and proteins were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were analyzed using CCK-8 assay, EDU assay, transwell migration, wound healing assay and invasion assay, respectively. Dual luciferase reporter gene assay was conducted to confirm the binding between miRNAs and the target mRNAs. The impact of hypoxic BMSC-derived exosomal miRNA on TNBC progression in vivo was evaluated using tumor xenograft nude mouse models. Furthermore, the impact of patients' serum exosomal miRNA on TNBC was implemented.

RESULTS

Exosomes derived from hypoxic BMSCs promotes the proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of TNBC and suppresses the apoptosis of TNBC. The expression of miR-210-3p in BMSC-derived exosomes is markedly elevated in hypoxic conditions. Exosome-mediated transfer of miR-210-3p from hypoxic BMSCs to TNBC targets NFIX and activates Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in TNBC. Deletion of miR-210-3p in hypoxic BMSC-derived exosomes attenuates TNBC in vivo. Additionally, human exosomal miR-210-3p from the serum of TNBC patients promotes TNBC progression. Moreover, we notably observed a marked downregulation of NFIX expression levels in cancerous tissues compared to paracancerous tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

Hypoxic BMSC-derived exosomal miR-210-3p promotes TNBC progression via NFIX-Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis.

Screening and molecular mechanism research on bile microRNAs associated with chemotherapy efficacy in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

The efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) with oxaliplatin (OXA) and 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) for treating advanced perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) has been demonstrated, yet the survival benefits of HAIC for pCCA patients vary. Here, we aimed to screen out HAIC resistance-related bile microRNAs (miRNAs) and explore the functions of specific bile miRNAs in pCCA based on high-throughput sequencing. Levels of bile miR-532-3p, miR-1250-5p, and miR-4772-5p were related to the survival of advanced pCCA patients after HAIC. However, only overexpression of miR-532-3p promoted OXA/5-Fu resistance, and downregulation of its expression improved sensitivity to OXA/5-Fu. Mechanistic investigations revealed secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) as the direct target of miR-532-3p. Our study reveals that bile miR-532-3p, miR-1250-5p, and miR-4772-5p may serve as survival biomarkers in advanced pCCA patients after HAIC and that bile miR-532-3p promotes resistance to HAIC with OXA and 5-Fu via negatively regulating SPARC expression.

Identification of fibrosis-associated biomarkers in heart failure and human cancers

BACKGROUND

Heart failure (HF) and cancer share common risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms, including fibrosis. Identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets for both conditions is crucial.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RNA sequencing data from HF patients were analyzed to identify 12 genes associated with myocardial fibrosis. Validation was performed using public datasets, and functional enrichment analyses were conducted. Gene expression patterns and prognostic value in various cancers were assessed.

RESULTS

Fibromodulin (FMOD), Periostin (POSTN), Latent Transforming Growth Factor Beta Binding Protein 2 (LTBP2), Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Chain (COL1A1), Collagen Type VIII Alpha 1 Chain (COL8A1), Asporin (ASPN), and Hemoglobin Subunit Beta (HBB) showed significant dysregulation in heart failure tissues and were implicated in multiple cancer types. Pan-cancer analysis revealed associations between these genes and prognosis. Correlations with cancer-associated fibroblasts were also observed.

CONCLUSION

FMOD, POSTN, LTBP2, COL1A1, COL8A1, ASPN, and HBB are potential biomarkers for HF and cancer with fibrotic microenvironments. Targeting fibrosis may offer novel therapeutic approaches. Further validation and mechanistic studies are needed. This study contributes to understanding HF and cancer at the molecular level and suggests personalized treatment strategies.

Protocol of REACH-01: a single-arm, open label, prospective study of HAIC sequential TAE combined with tislelizumab and surufatinib in unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

INTRODUCTION

Gemcitabine and cisplatin remain the cornerstone for the treatment of advanced or unresectable biliary tract cancers, but the incidence rate of the grade 3 or 4 toxic effects is high (70.7%). In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in the systemic treatment of cholangiocarcinoma with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), targeted therapy, and hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC). HAIC may elevate the local drug concentration in the liver to 10-100 times the drug plasma concentration; therefore, it may enhance tumor cytotoxicity while minimizing systemic adverse effects. HAIC combined with immunotherapy and targeted therapy resulted in acceptable tumor responses and tolerable toxic effects in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, whether this combination strategy can benefit patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma remains unclear.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

We describe a single-arm, open label, prospective clinical trial of HAIC sequential transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) combined with tislelizumab and surufatinib in patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. TAE + HAIC was performed at an interval of at least 3 weeks, and oxaliplatin (85 mg/m2) and rituximab (3 mg/m2) were infused. TAE was performed using undrugged microspheres. Tislelizumab was infused every 3 weeks and surufatinib was administered orally once a day, with 3-5 capsules (50 mg/capsule) each time. We plan to enroll 28 participants in this study. The primary study endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). The secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), conversion to surgical resection rate, overall survival (OS), 1-year OS rate, disease control rate (DCR), quality of life (QoL), and incidence of adverse events.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT06239532.

Advances in regulating endothelial-mesenchymal transformation through exosomes

Endothelial-mesenchymal transformation (EndoMT) is the process through which endothelial cells transform into mesenchymal cells, affecting their morphology, gene expression, and function. EndoMT is a potential risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, tumor metastasis, and fibrosis. Recent research has highlighted the role of exosomes, a mode of cellular communication, in the regulation of EndoMT. Exosomes from diseased tissues and microenvironments can promote EndoMT, increase endothelial permeability, and compromise the vascular barrier. Conversely, exosomes derived from stem cells or progenitor cells can inhibit the EndoMT process and preserve endothelial function. By modifying exosome membranes or contents, we can harness the advantages of exosomes as carriers, enhancing their targeting and ability to inhibit EndoMT. This review aims to systematically summarize the regulation of EndoMT by exosomes in different disease contexts and provide effective strategies for exosome-based EndoMT intervention.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-derived extracellular vesicles promote wound healing via miR-21-5p-mediated re-epithelization and angiogenesis

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially those derived from stem cells, have emerged as a novel treatment for promoting wound healing in regenerative medicine. However, the clinical application of mammalian cells-derived EVs is hindered by their high cost and low yields. Inspired by the ability of EVs to mediate interkingdom communication, we explored the therapeutic potential of EVs released by the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in skin wound healing and elucidated the underlying mechanism involved. Using full-thickness skin wound-healing mouse models, we found that LGG-EVs accelerated wound healing procedures, including increased re-epithelialization and promoted angiogenesis. Using in vitro experiments, we further demonstrated that LGG-EVs boosted the proliferation and migration capacities of both epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as promoted endothelial tube formation. miRNA profiling analysis revealed that miR-21-5p was highly enriched in LGG-EVs and LGG-EV treatment significantly increased miR-21-5p level in recipient cells. Mechanically, LGG-EVs induced regulatory effects via miR-21-5p mediated metabolic signaling rewiring. Our results suggest that EVs derived from LGG could serve as a promising candidate for accelerating wound healing and possibly for treating chronic and impaired healing conditions.

miR-182-5p promotes the proliferation and invasion of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells by inhibiting FBXW7

BACKGROUND

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) is a common type of cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL) that originates from the right and/or left hepatic duct near the biliary tract confluence. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of miR-182-5p on the proliferation and invasion of HCCA cells and identify a potential target for HCCA treatment.

METHODS

HCCA tissues were collected and HCCA cells were cultured. miR-182-5p and F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7) were detected. After transfection of miR-182-5p inhibitor into HCCA cells, cell proliferation and invasion were detected by cell counting 8-kit and Transwell assay. FBXW7 expression was detected by Western blot. The targeted relationship between miR-182-5p and FBXW7 3'UTR was verified by dual-luciferase report assay. si-FBXW7 and miR-182-5p inhibitor were transfected into cells for combined experiments. HCCA cells with lowly-expressed miR-182-5p were injected into nude mice to establish the xenograft tumor model, and subsequent observations were made on tumor growth and gene expression changes.

RESULTS

miR-182-5p exhibited high expression levels in both HCCA tissues and cell lines. Inhibiting miR-182-5p effectively suppressed the proliferation and migration of HCCA cells. miR-182-5p bounded to FBXW7 3 'UTR and inhibited FBWX7 expression. Suppressing FBXW7 expression partially reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-182-5p inhibitor on HCCA cell proliferation and invasion. Silencing miR-182-5p could inhibit the HCCA growth in vivo.

CONCLUSION

miR-182-5p promoted the proliferation and invasion of HCCA cells by targeting and inhibiting FBXW7 expression.

Establishment of a prognostic model for pancreatic cancer based on mitochondrial metabolism related genes

AIM

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is recognized as an exceptionally aggressive cancer that both highly lethal and unfavorable prognosis. The mitochondrial metabolism pathway is intimately involved in oncogenesis and tumor progression, however, much remains unknown in this area. In this study, the bioinformatic tools have been used to construct a prognostic model with mitochondrial metabolism-related genes (MMRGs) to evaluate the survival, immune status, mutation profile, and drug sensitivity of PAAD patients.

METHOD

Univariate Cox regression and LASSO regression were used to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and multivariate Cox regression was used to develop the risk model. Kaplan-Meier estimator was employed to identify MMRGs signatures associated with overall survival (OS). ROC curves were utilized to evaluate the model's performance. Maftools, immunedeconv and CIBERSORT R packages were applied to analyze the gene mutation profiles and immune status. The corresponding sensitivity to pharmaceutical agents was assessed using oncoPredict R packages.

RESULTS

A prognostic model with five MMRGs was developed, which defined the patients as high-risk showed lower survival rates. There was good consistency among individuals categorized as high-risk, showing elevated rates of genetic alterations, particularly in the TP53 and KRAS genes. Furthermore, these patients exhibited increased levels of immunosuppression, characterized by an increased presence of macrophages, neutrophils, Th2 cells, and regulatory T cells. Additionally, high-risk patients showed increased sensitivity to Sabutoclax and Venetoclax.

CONCLUSION

By utilizing a gene signature associated with mitochondrial metabolism, a prognostic model has been established which could be a highly efficient method for predicting the outcomes of PAAD patients.

Function of mast cell and bile-cholangiocarcinoma interplay in cholangiocarcinoma microenvironment

OBJECTIVE

The correlation between cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) progression and bile is rarely studied. Here, we aimed to identify differential metabolites in benign and malignant bile ducts and elucidate the generation, function and degradation of bile metabolites.

DESIGN

Differential metabolites in the bile from CCA and benign biliary stenosis were identified by metabonomics. Biliary molecules able to induce mast cell (MC) degranulation were revealed by in vitro and in vivo experiments, including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays. Histamine (HA) receptor expression in CCA was mapped using a single-cell mRNA sequence. HA receptor functions were elucidated by patient-derived xenografts (PDX) in humanised mice and orthotopic models in MC-deficient mice. Genes involved in HA-induced proliferation were screened by CRISPR/Cas9.

RESULTS

Bile HA was elevated in CCA and indicated poorer prognoses. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)-derived stem cell factor (SCF) recruited MCs, and bile N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DMPD) stimulated MCs to release HA through G protein-coupled receptor subtype 2 (MRGPRX2)-Gαq signalling. Bile-induced MCs released platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGF-B) and angiopoietin 1/2 (ANGPT1/2), which enhanced CCA angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Histamine receptor H1 (HRH1) and HRH2 were predominantly expressed in CCA cells and CAFs, respectively. HA promoted CCA cell proliferation by activating HRH1-Gαq signalling and hastened CAFs to secrete hepatocyte growth factor by stimulating HRH2-Gαs signalling. Solute carrier family 22 member 3 (SLC22A3) inhibited HA-induced CCA proliferation by importing bile HA into cells for degradation, and SLC22A3 deletion resulted in HA accumulation.

CONCLUSION

Bile HA is released from MCs through DMPD stimulation and degraded via SLC22A3 import. Different HA receptors exhibit a distinct expression profile in CCA and produce different oncogenic effects. MCs promote CCA progression in a CCA-bile interplay pattern.

Pathological and pharmacological functions of the metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids mediated by cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochrome P450s in cancers

Oxylipins have garnered increasing attention because they were consistently shown to play pathological and/or pharmacological roles in the development of multiple cancers. Oxylipins are the metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids via both enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways. The enzymes mediating the metabolism of PUFAs include but not limited to lipoxygenases (LOXs), cyclooxygenases (COXs), and cytochrome P450s (CYPs) pathways, as well as the down-stream enzymes. Here, we systematically summarized the pleiotropic effects of oxylipins in different cancers through pathological and pharmacological aspects, with specific reference to the enzyme-mediated oxylipins. We discussed the specific roles of oxylipins on cancer onset, growth, invasion, and metastasis, as well as the expression changes in the associated metabolic enzymes and the associated underlying mechanisms. In addition, we also discussed the clinical application and potential of oxylipins and related metabolic enzymes as the targets for cancer prevention and treatment. We found the specific function of most oxylipins in cancers, especially the underlying mechanisms and clinic applications, deserves and needs further investigation. We believe that research on oxylipins will provide not only more therapeutic targets for various cancers but also dietary guidance for both cancer patients and healthy humans.

The role of extracellular vesicles in cholangiocarcinoma tumor microenvironment

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor that originates from the biliary system. With restricted treatment options at hand, the challenging aspect of early CCA diagnosis leads to a bleak prognosis. Besides the intrinsic characteristics of tumor cells, the generation and progression of CCA are profoundly influenced by the tumor microenvironment, which engages in intricate interactions with cholangiocarcinoma cells. Of notable significance is the role of extracellular vesicles as key carriers in enabling communication between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current research examining the interplay between extracellular vesicles and the tumor microenvironment in the context of CCA. Specifically, we will emphasize the significant contributions of extracellular vesicles in molding the CCA microenvironment and explore their potential applications in the diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and therapeutic strategies for this aggressive malignancy.

Mechanism of M2 type macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles regulating PD-L1 expression via the MISP/IQGAP1 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy resistance

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevailing cancer affecting human health. M2 macrophages are essential in mediating immune responses in tumors. This study investigated the action of M2 macrophages in immune escape of HCC.

METHODS

Mitotic spindle positioning (MISP), IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-L1) levels in primary HCC/tumor-adjacent tissues were determined by Western blot, followed by correlation analysis. M2 macrophage and CD3+CD8+T cell percentages were estimated by flow cytometry. Hep3B and HepG2 cells were treated with M2 macrophage conditioned medium (M2-CM) and M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (M2-EVs) and/or co-cultured with CD8+T cells, followed by assessment of cell viability and apoptosis. TNF-α and INF-γ levels were measured by ELISA. MISP and IQGAP1 overexpression plasmids were transfected into HCC cells to explore their role in immune escape. The interactions among MISP, IQGAP1, STAT3, and PD-L1 were analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. The mechanism of M2-EVs in HCC immune escape was verified in nude mice.

RESULTS

MISP/IQGAP1/PD-L1 were upregulated in HCC tissues. MISP negatively-correlated with IQGAP1/PD-L1 and IQGAP1 positively-correlated with PD-L1. M2 macrophages were reduced but CD8+T cells were increased in HCC tissues with high MISP expression. M2-CM or M2-EVs inhibited the killing ability of CD8+T cells, increased HCC cell viability, impeded HCC cell apoptosis, induced CD8+T cell apoptosis, downregulated TNF-α and INF-γ, and upregulated PD-L1. M2-EVs facilitated HCC cell immune escape by potentiating IQGAP1 nuclear translocation and activating STAT3 phosphorylation through MISP downregulation. In vivo experiments further verified the action of M2-EVs through MISP.

CONCLUSION

M2-EVs promote HCC cell immune escape by upregulating PD-L1 through the MISP/IQGAP1/STAT3 axis.

Bile liquid biopsy in biliary tract cancer

Biliary tract cancers are heterogeneous in etiology, morphology and molecular characteristics thus impacting disease management. Diagnosis is complex and prognosis poor. The advent of liquid biopsy has provided a unique approach to more thoroughly understand tumor biology in general and biliary tract cancers specifically. Due to their minimally invasive nature, liquid biopsy can be used to serially monitor disease progression and allow real-time monitoring of tumor genetic profiles as well as therapeutic response. Due to the unique anatomic location of biliary tract cancer, bile provides a promising biologic fluid for this purpose. This review focuses on the composition of bile and the use of these various components, ie, cells, extracellular vesicles, nucleic acids, proteins and metabolites as potential biomarkers. Based on the disease characteristics and research status of biliary tract cancer, considerable effort should be made to increase understanding of this disease, promote research and development into early diagnosis, develop efficient diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic markers.

The Arising Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cholangiocarcinoma: A Rundown of the Current Knowledge Regarding Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) constitute a heterogeneous group of highly malignant epithelial tumors arising from the biliary tree. This cluster of malignant tumors includes three distinct entities, the intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal CCAs, which are characterized by different epidemiological and molecular backgrounds, as well as prognosis and therapeutic approaches. The higher incidence of CCA over the last decades, the late diagnostic time that contributes to a high mortality and poor prognosis, as well as its chemoresistance, intensified the efforts of the scientific community for the development of novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise highly heterogenic, multi-sized, membrane-enclosed nanostructures that are secreted by a large variety of cells via different routes of biogenesis. Their role in intercellular communication via their cargo that potentially contributes to disease development and progression, as well as their prospect as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools, has become the focus of interest of several current studies for several diseases, including CCA. The aim of this review is to give a rundown of the current knowledge regarding the emerging role of EVs in cholangiocarcinogenesis and their future perspectives as diagnostic and therapeutic tools.