Probiotics and immune health

Probiotic DNA epigenetically upregulates epithelial PD-L1 via KDM5A-mediated demethylation to suppress airway allergy by inducing activated Th2 cell apoptosis

Current therapies for airway allergy (AA) exhibit limited efficacy in targeting pathogenic Th2-driven inflammation. Probiotics demonstrate immunoregulatory potential, yet the epigenetic mechanisms by which probiotic-derived DNA modulates allergic responses remain unexplored. This study investigates whether Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG DNA (LgDNA) alleviates AA through PD-L1-mediated T cell suppression. A murine AA model was established using house dust mite (Derf2) sensitization and challenge. LgDNA was intranasally administered at 10 μg/mouse/day. Epithelial PD-L1 expression was quantified by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. KDM5A recruitment and Pd-l1 promoter methylation were analyzed via ChIP-qPCR and bisulfite sequencing. Th2 cell apoptosis was assessed by annexin V/PI staining. LgDNA treatment increased airway epithelial PD-L1 expression by 2.8-fold (P < 0.01) and reduced Derf2-induced Th2 cytokine levels (IL-4: 62 %↓; IL-5: 68 %↓). Mechanistically, LgDNA induced Pd-l1 promoter demethylation (methylation rate: 35 % vs. 78 % in controls) via KDM5A-mediated H3K4me3 modification. KDM5A knockdown abrogated LgDNA-driven PD-L1 upregulation (ΔPD-L1: 1.2-fold vs. 3.1-fold, P < 0.05). PD-L1 overexpression in epithelial cells triggered activated Th2 cell apoptosis (annexin V+PI+: 41 % vs. 12 %), reducing airway hyperresponsiveness by 54 % in AA mice. In summary, LgDNA alleviates AA by epigenetically enhancing epithelial PD-L1 via KDM5A, which induces pathogenic Th2 cell apoptosis. This study identifies a novel probiotic DNA-based epigenetic axis for allergic disease therapy, bridging microbiome biology with immune checkpoint regulation.

Harnessing the fish gut microbiome and immune system to enhance disease resistance in aquaculture

The increasing global reliance on aquaculture is challenged by disease outbreaks, exacerbated by antibiotic resistance, and environmental stressors. Traditional strategies, such as antibiotic treatments and chemical interventions, are becoming less effective, necessitating a shift toward microbiota-based disease control. The fish gut microbiome is a key determinant of immune homeostasis and pathogen resistance. However, previous reviews lack integration of microbiome engineering, machine learning, and next-generation sequencing in fish health strategies. This review encompasses recent advancements in microbiome research, including dietary strategies such as prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and phytogenic feed additives. It synthesizes the latest metagenomic insights, microbiota modulation techniques, and AI-driven disease prediction models. It presents a novel conceptual framework for disease control using microbiome-based approaches in aquaculture. Additionally, we explore emerging methodologies, including microbiota transplantation and synthetic probiotics, to develop precision microbiome interventions. By bridging existing knowledge gaps, this review provides actionable insights into sustainable aquaculture practices through microbiome-driven disease resistance.

Probiotic spore-based antigen delivery: a novel oral vaccine strategy against Vibrio infections in aquaculture

BACKGROUND

Vibriosis is a deadly illness caused by various species of the Vibrio genus. Due to its high incidence in aquaculture plants, vibriosis is responsible for significant economic losses. Currently, anti-vibriosis treatments rely on antibiotics. However, the global rise in antibiotic resistance necessitates the development of alternative approaches. Novel vaccines and effective probiotics have been proposed as potential alternative to antibiotics in fighting bacterial infections. Here we propose a combined vaccine/probiotic strategy based on the use of probiotic bacterial spores for the oral delivery of Vibrio antigens. Spores of various species of the Bacillus genus are widely used as probiotics and have been shown to efficiently display antigens in a non-recombinant way.

RESULTS

Spores of various probiotic strains were analyzed to assess their effectiveness in displaying a heterologous model protein, and B. megaterium MV30 was identified as the most efficient strain. MV30 spores were then used to display two antigens of Vibrio harveyi, the entire Hsp33 protein of 33 kDa and a 239 amino acids fragment of OmpK (OmpK21/260), identified as the most immunogenic part of the protein. While Hsp33 is a stable protein, OmpK21/260 is unstable at conditions mimicking those encountered in an aquaculture plant and the interaction with MV30 spores reduced such instability. The protective ability of the combined probiotic/vaccination strategy was assayed on Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes), as a model. In a challenge experiment with a virulent strain of Vibrio harveyi, a protective effect was observed with MV30 spores alone and such effect was significantly increased when the same spores displayed either one of the two antigens.

CONCLUSION

Our results support the use of probiotics and oral vaccines as a valid alternative to antibiotics and point to the application of probiotic spore-based antigen delivery as a novel strategy to fight pathogenic infections.

Global trends in osteoimmunology and osteoporosis research: A bibliometric analysis from 2013 to 2022

BACKGROUND

A large number of studies have shown that osteoporosis is closely related to bone immunology. The purpose of this study is to conduct bibliometrics and visual analysis of the fields related to osteoimmunology and osteoporosis from 2013 to 2022 and to summarize the research hotspots and trends in this field.

METHODS

We searched the Web of Science core collection database for articles on osteoimmunology and osteoporosis published between 2013 and 2022. Vosviewer 1.6.18 and CiteSpace.6.2. R4 were used to analyze the retrieved data.

RESULTS

A total of 3218 articles on osteoimmunology and osteoporosis were included in this study. A total of 76 countries, 347 institutions, and 502 authors were included in the articles examined in this study. The main research countries were China, the United States, and South Korea. Shanghai Jiaotong University, Harvard University, and the University of California system were the main research institutions. The author who published the most papers was Xu, Jiake.

CONCLUSIONS

This study is the first to summarize the global research trends in the field of osteoimmunology and osteoporosis from 2013 to 2022. That helps researchers quickly understand the research hotspots and directions in this field.

Enhancing Colorectal Cancer Treatment: The Role of Bifidobacterium in Modulating Gut Immunity and Mitigating Capecitabine-Induced Toxicity

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally and presents significant challenges in treatment and patient care. Capecitabine, a widely used prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), offers targeted delivery with reduced systemic toxicity compared to traditional chemotherapies. However, capacitabine is associated with adverse effects, such as hand-foot syndrome, gastrointestinal issues, and mucositis. Emerging evidence suggests that probiotics, particularly Bifidobacterium, play a pivotal role in gut microbiota modulation, promoting anti-inflammatory cytokines and short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, which possess both intestinal protective and anti-cancer properties. In this review, we explored the potential of Bifidobacterium to improve chemotherapy outcomes by mitigating inflammation and enhancing mucosal immunity in CRC patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated in silico approaches, including molecular docking and protein-protein interaction analysis, for Bifidobacterium and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), a key mediator of intestinal immunity. Docking results revealed strong binding affinity, suggesting the activation of anti-inflammatory pathways. Notably, this interaction enhanced IL-10 production while reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, fostering gut homeostasis and mitigating chronic inflammation, a key driver of CRC progression. Therefore, future research should focus on personalized probiotics and validating their synergy with chemotherapy and immunotherapy to improve CRC treatment outcomes.

Preliminary Multi-Omics Insights into Green Alternatives to Antibiotics: Effects of Pulsatilla chinensis, Acer truncatum, and Clostridium butyricum on Gut Health and Metabolic Regulation in Chickens

Antibiotic resistance has become a global health concern, driving the need for sustainable alternatives in animal husbandry. This study explores the potential of natural feed additives as a viable solution to enhance poultry growth and health while reducing reliance on antibiotics. Chinese herbal medicines and probiotics have been widely studied as green, healthy, and safe antibiotic alternatives in livestock and poultry production. A total of 120 chickens were randomly divided into four groups: a control group and three treatment groups supplemented with 1% Pulsatilla chinensis powder, 3% fresh Acer truncatum, or 1% Clostridium butyricum. The results showed that Pulsatilla chinensis powder significantly increased gamma-glutamylcysteine (p < 0.05), UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (p < 0.05), tyramine (p < 0.01), and leucine (p < 0.05). Acer truncatum notably altered cecal metabolites, including L-tyrosine (p < 0.05), α-ketoisovaleric acid (p < 0.01), myristoleic acid (p < 0.01), glutathione (p < 0.05), and PGA1 (p < 0.05). Clostridium butyricum modified cecal metabolites such as L-glutamine (p < 0.05), riboflavin (p < 0.05), L-Carnitine (p < 0.05), ergocalciferol (p < 0.01), and α-tocotrienol (p < 0.05).

An in vivo study of the ameliorative effect of supplementation with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Glory LP16 in immunocompromised mice

Probiotics play a beneficial role in improving the intestinal microecological balance and improving the health level and state of the host. In this study, cyclophosphamide was used to establish an immunocompromised mouse model. In the experiment, sixty mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal control, model control, Glory LP16 low-dose control (2 × 106 CFU/mouse, LP), Glory LP16 medium-dose control (2 × 107 CFU/mouse, MP), and Glory LP16 high-dose control (2 × 108 CFU/mouse, HP). The mice were tested for body weight, immune organ indexes, cellular immunity indexes, humoral immunity indexes, non-specific immunity indexes, colonic histopathological notices, intestinal flora, and short-chain fatty acids. The results showed that compared with the model control, the high-dose control showed an increase in body mass gain, thymus index, spleen index, optical density index, foot-plantar thickness, number of hemolyzed vacuoles, number of antibody accumulation, NK cell activity, carbon profile phagocytosis index, macrophage neutral red phagocytosis rate, macrophage phagocytosis index, the morphology of colon tissue tended to be more like that of the normal tissue, the regulation of the intestinal bacterial flora imbalance, and an increase in short-chain fatty acids of the intestine. It is hypothesized that Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Glory LP16 has the function of enhancing immunity in mice.

Gut Microbiota Modulation in IBD: From the Old Paradigm to Revolutionary Tools

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory disorders primarily comprising two main conditions: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The gut microbiota's role in driving inflammation in IBD has garnered significant attention, yet the precise mechanisms through which the microbiota influences IBD pathogenesis remain largely unclear. Given the limited therapeutic options for IBD, alternative microbiota-targeted therapies-including prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and symbiotics-have been proposed. While these approaches have shown promising results, microbiota modulation is still mainly considered an adjunct therapy to conventional treatments, with a demonstrated impact on patients' quality of life. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), already approved for treating Clostridioides difficile infection, represents the first in a series of innovative microbiota-based therapies under investigation. Microbial biotherapeutics are emerging as personalized and cutting-edge tools for IBD management, encompassing next-generation probiotics, bacterial consortia, bacteriophages, engineered probiotics, direct metabolic pathway modulation, and nanotherapeutics. This review explores microbial modulation as a therapeutic strategy for IBDs, highlighting current approaches and examining promising tools under development to better understand their potential clinical applications in managing intestinal inflammatory disorders.

Supplementation With Bacillus clausii UBBC-07 Enhances Circulating Essential Amino Acids in Young Adults: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial

Background and aim Probiotics have been linked to improved gastrointestinal health and essential nutrient absorption. This study aimed to assess the impact of Bacillus clausii(Shouchella clausii) UBBC-07 plus whey protein supplementation on the bioavailability of circulating essential amino acids (EAAs) in physically active young adults.  Methods In this double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, 70 physically active male participants (21.46±3.19 years) were instructed to ingest either a probiotic supplement containing two billion colony-forming unit (CFU) Bacillus clausii UBBC-07 + 20 g of whey protein or a control supplement containing placebo + 20 g of whey protein once daily for 60 days. All the participants followed a supervised exercise protocol. The circulating amino acid levels were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) assay and compared using the student's t-test and a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results After 60 days, a significant improvement in the probiotic group was observed compared to the control group in terms of total levels of circulating EAAs (mean change: 258 pmol/μl, 95% CI: 161.5-354.4 vs. 76.4 pmol/μl, 95% CI: 16.5-136.4; p=0.002) and branched-chain amino acids or BCAAs (mean change: 144.2 pmol/μl, 95% CI: 89-199.3 vs. 37.5 pmol/μl, 95% CI: 7.3-67.8; p=0.001) as well as levels of isoleucine (p=0.003), leucine (p>0.001), and valine (p=0.001). Total plasma free amino acids (PFAAs) were also increased in the probiotic group (p<0.001). The improvement in the one-repetition maximum (RM) leg press was higher in the probiotic group as compared to the control group (mean change: 20.46 kg, 95% CI: 14.73-26.19 vs. 14.09 kg, 95% CI: 8.44, 19.73; p=0.045). A trend towards improvement in deadlift and vertical jump was also observed in the former group. No probiotic-mediated gastrointestinal upsets and respiratory symptoms or any other adverse events were observed. Conclusion A significant improvement in circulating EAA levels in the probiotic group suggests an enhancement of protein absorption with Bacillus clausii UBBC-07 supplementation. The effect of BCAAs, which enhance muscle strength, is evident in the significant improvement in leg press and a trend towards improvement in deadlift and vertical jump in the probiotic group. This has positive implications for individuals involved in sports activities.

Conservative Restoration of Bone Without Casting or Surgery for Charcot Foot in a Diabetic Patient

This case highlights the successful management of a 52-year-old male with poorly controlled diabetes and Charcot neuroarthropathy. Early diagnosis and a holistic treatment plan, including antibiotics, vitamins, and local interventions, improved the patient's condition, preventing amputation. Emphasis on glycemic control and patient education is critical for effective management.

Expert Opinion on the Use of Probiotics in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) involves multiple consecutive miscarriages in early pregnancy, affecting a significant number of Indian women and placing substantial physical and emotional stress on expecting couples. This expert consensus aims to highlight probiotics as a promising option for enhancing fertility and supporting successful pregnancy outcomes, offering hope to individuals and couples affected by RPL. A group of fourteen experts with diverse expertise in gynecology, obstetrics, and fertility from across India gathered between June 29 and June 30, 2024. According to the experts, advanced maternal age emerges as an independent risk factor for miscarriage, with increased risks among older Indian women. The major contributors to RPL include thyroid disease and polycystic ovarian disease. Experts emphasize that the vaginal microbiome dysbiosis, characterized by the reduced dominance of Lactobacilli, is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome, such as preterm birth, early pregnancy loss, and increased events of RPL. Oral probiotic supplementation, particularly strains like L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus, may improve embryo implantation, reduce miscarriage risk, and support pregnancy maintenance. A healthy lifestyle choice and minimal use of antibiotics are important in creating a positive reproductive outcome. The present expert opinion supports the potential benefits of probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus species, in managing RPL and improving reproductive outcomes. By promoting a balanced microbiota, reducing inflammation, and modulating immune responses, probiotics may play a critical role in enhancing reproductive success.

Emulsifier-modified sunflower oil-sunflower wax oleogel as growth modulator of probiotics

The efficiency of oleogel as an oral delivery vehicle of probiotics depends on the chemical composition and gelator used. However, the gelators, which are surfactant in nature often interact with the probiotics and alter the therapeutic outcome. Keeping this perspective in mind, here we have developed oleogel of sunflower oil containing 5% (w/w) of sunflower wax and different emulsifiers, namely Span80 (S), Tween 80(T), stearyl alcohol (SA), and Span60 (SP), and checked their influence on probiotics in-vitro. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, it was found that adding different emulsifiers changed the length and arrangement of the gelator network. SA and SP-modified oleogels, used at a concentration of 0.05% (w/v), demonstrated enhanced growth and metabolic activity of Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, which was employed as a model probiotic. Furthermore, the mucin adhesion test and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the negligible effect of those oleogels on the activity and morphology of the probiotic, respectively. When the secretome of such probiotics was applied to the colonic cell line, no negative effects were seen. This study implied that sunflower oil-sunflower wax oleogels modified using different emulsifiers can modulate probiotic growth.

Exploring the Multifaceted Therapeutic Potential of Probiotics: A Review of Current Insights and Applications

The interplay between human health and the microbiome has gained extensive attention, with probiotics emerging as pivotal therapeutic agents due to their vast potential in treating various health issues. As significant modulators of the gut microbiota, probiotics are crucial in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and enhancing the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids. Despite extensive research over the past decades, there remains an urgent need for a comprehensive and detailed review that encapsulates probiotics' latest insights and applications. This review focusses on the multifaceted roles of probiotics in promoting health and preventing disease, highlighting the complex mechanisms through which these beneficial bacteria influence both gut flora and the human body at large. This paper also explores probiotics' neurological and gastrointestinal applications, focussing on their significant impact on the gut-brain axis and their therapeutic potential in a broad spectrum of pathological conditions. Current innovations in probiotic formulations, mainly focusing on integrating genomics and biotechnological advancements, have also been comprehensively discussed herein. This paper also critically examines the regulatory landscape that governs probiotic use, ensuring safety and efficacy in clinical and dietary settings. By presenting a comprehensive overview of recent studies and emerging trends, this review aims to illuminate probiotics' extensive therapeutic capabilities, leading to future research and clinical applications. However, besides extensive research, further advanced explorations into probiotic interactions and mechanisms will be essential for developing more targeted and effective therapeutic strategies, potentially revolutionizing health care practices for consumers.

Polyurethane foam degradation combining ozonization and mealworm biodegradation and its exploitation

The biodegradation of polyurethane foam (PU foam) using a combination of oxidative pre-treatment (ozonization) and Tenebrio molitor (T. molitor) mealworms was conducted in this study. Different degrees of ozone oxidation (0%, 25%, and 50%) were applied to PU foam, which was subsequently fed to mealworms. The mealworms' survival and growth were then compared to mealworms receiving a normal diet (bran). Results showed that mealworms fed with non-oxidized PU foam (PUF0) exhibited a higher consumption rate (11.8%) than those fed with 25% (PUF25) and 50% (PUF50) oxidized PU foam (7.7% and 5.7%, respectively). The survival rate was similar across all the PU foam diets and the bran diet. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses revealed minor structural changes in the PU foam. The gut microbiota analysis showed a significant correlation between the PU foam and bran diets. Among the different oxidized PU, distinct microbial community profiles were also observed, with the genus Klebsiella consistently present across the PU foam diets. The ozone pre-treatment altered the palatability and degradation of the PU foam by mealworms, while the mealworm frass and chitin obtained could potentially be used as resources for agricultural and industrial applications that would close the circular bio-economy cycle.

Probiotic Spores of Shouchella clausii SF174 and Displayed Bromelain Show Beneficial Additive Potential

Probiotics have health-beneficial properties mainly due to either a direct action on the host or the modulation of the host microbiota. Health-beneficial properties have also been associated with a variety of plant-derived molecules, widely used as dietary supplements. This study explores the possibility of combining the actions of probiotics and of plant-derived molecules by developing beneficial, probiotic-carrying, heterologous molecules. To this extent, spores of SF174, a well-characterized probiotic strain of Shouchella clausii (formerly Bacillus clausii), were used to bind bromelain, a plant-derived mixture of endopeptidases with beneficial effects. Probiotic spores displaying bromelain maintained their antioxidant activity and acquired the endopeptidase activity of the heterologous molecule. The endopeptidase activity was stabilized by the interaction with the spore and largely preserved from degradation at simulated gastric conditions. Under conditions mimicking those encountered in the intestine, as well as upon spore germination, active bromelain was released from the spore surface. The in vitro results reported in this study support the idea that probiotics carrying beneficial heterologous molecules combine the health properties of the probiotic with those of the delivered molecule and pave the way for the development of a novel class of functional probiotics.

A comprehensive review on probiotics and their use in aquaculture: Biological control, efficacy, and safety through the genomics and wet methods

Probiotics, defined as viable microorganisms that enhance host health when consumed through the diet, exert their effects through mechanisms such as strengthening the immune system, enhancing resistance to infectious diseases, and improving tolerance to stressful conditions. Driven by a growing market, research on probiotics in aquaculture is a burgeoning field. However, the identification of new probiotics presents a complex challenge, necessitating careful consideration of both the safety and efficacy of the microorganisms employed. This review aims to delineate the most utilized and effective methods for identifying probiotics. The most effective approach currently combines in silico analysis of genomic sequences with in vitro and in vivo experiments. Two main categories of genetic traits are analyzed using bioinformatic tools: those that could harm the host or humans (e.g., toxin production, antibiotic resistance) and those that offer benefits (e.g., production of helpful compounds, and enzymes). Similarly, in vitro experiments allow us to examine the safety of a probiotic but also its effectiveness (e.g., ability to adhere to epithelia). Finally, in vivo experiments allow us to study the effect of probiotics on fish growth and health, including the ability of the probiotic to manipulate the host's microbiota and the ability to mitigate the infections. This review comprehensively analyzes these diverse aspects, with a particular focus on the potential of studying the interaction between bacterial pathogens and probiotics through these integrated methods.

Dietary Modulation of the Immune System

Recent insights into the influence of nutrition on immune system components have driven the development of dietary strategies targeting the prevention and management of major metabolic-inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes the bidirectional relationship between nutrition and immunocompetence, beginning with an overview of immune system components and their functions. It examines the effects of nutritional status, dietary patterns, and food bioactives on systemic inflammation, immune cell populations, and lymphoid tissues, as well as their associations with infectious and chronic disease pathogenesis. The mechanisms by which key nutrients influence immune constituents are delineated, focusing on vitamins A, D, E, C, and B, as well as minerals including zinc, iron, and selenium. Also highlighted are the immunomodulatory effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as bioactive phenolic compounds and probiotics, given their expanding relevance. Each section addresses the implications of nutritional and nutraceutical interventions involving these nutrients within the broader context of major infectious, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. This review further underscores that, while targeted nutrient supplementation can effectively restore immune function to optimal levels, caution is necessary in certain cases, as it may increase morbidity in specific diseases. In other instances, dietary counseling should be integrated to ensure that therapeutic goals are achieved safely and effectively.

Lactobacillus reuteri Assists Engineered Bacteria That Target Tumors to Release PD-L1nb to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Breast Cancer Immunotherapy

Programmed death protein-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors demonstrate significant antitumor efficacy by modulating T-cell activity and inhibiting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, thus enhancing immune responses. Despite their robust effects, systemic administration of these inhibitors is linked to severe immune toxicity. To address this issue, we engineered a strain, REP, which releases PD-L1 nanoantibodies (PD-L1nb) to treat breast cancer and attenuate immunotherapy-related side effects. REP selectively targets tumors and periodically releases PD-L1nb within tumors via a quorum-sensing lysis system. Administration of 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of REP led to a substantial 52% reduction in tumor growth, achieved through the sustained release of PD-L1nb. Importantly, there were no detectable lesions in other organs, with the exception of mild intestinal damage. Further, we explored the potential of a combined treatment using Lactobacillus reuteri (LR) and REP to alleviate intestinal inflammation. LR modulates the expression of inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 through the JNK pathway, reducing intestinal inflammation without compromising REP's antitumor efficacy. Consequently, we formulated a dual strategy employing an engineered strain and probiotics to reduce the adverse effects of immunotherapy in cancer treatment.

Functional yogurt: a comprehensive review of its nutritional composition and health benefits

Functional yogurt, renowned for its enhanced nutritional profile and potential health benefits, has emerged as a promising functional food. This review meticulously examines the nutritional composition of functional yogurt, highlighting its enriched content of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, proteins, and other bioactive compounds, which contribute to its health-promoting properties. Functional yogurt has positively affected digestive health, immune function, metabolic health, and mental well-being. It benefits digestive health by alleviating diarrhoeal symptoms, constipation, colon cancer, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Helicobacter pylori infection, and digestive-related allergies. Moreover, the immune-boosting properties of functional yogurt play a pivotal role in reducing the risk of infections and inflammation. In addition, functional yogurt has the potential to improve metabolic health, leading to decreased cholesterol levels and enhanced blood sugar regulation. Emerging research also suggests functional yogurt may positively influence mood, behavior, and cognitive function. Functional yogurt is a valuable addition to the human diet, holding significant implications for public health. In addition to its numerous health benefits, functional yogurt also faces limitations, such as the stability of functional compounds, sensory alterations, potential digestive discomfort, and inconsistent efficacy across populations, highlighting the need for further research and optimization.

Probiotics in piglet: from gut health to pathogen defense mechanisms

Various problems and obstacles are encountered during pig farming, especially the weaning phase when switching from liquid to solid feed. Infection by pathogenic bacteria causes damage to the intestinal barrier function of piglets, disrupts the balance of the intestinal microbiota, and destroys the chemical, mechanical, and immune barriers of the intestinal tract, which is one of the main causes of gut inflammation or gut diseases in piglets. The traditional method is to add antibiotics to piglet diets to prevent bacterial infections. However, long-term overuse of antibiotics leads to bacterial resistance and residues in animal products, threatening human health and causing gut microbiota dysbiosis. In this context, finding alternatives to antibiotics to maintain pre- and post-weaning gut health in piglets and prevent pathogenic bacterial infections becomes a real emergency. The utilization of probiotics in piglet nutrition has emerged as a pivotal strategy to promote gut health and defend against pathogenic infections, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional antibiotic usage. This review introduces recent findings that underscore the multifaceted roles of probiotics in enhancing piglet welfare, from fortifying the gut barrier to mitigating the impacts of common bacterial pathogens. Meanwhile, this study introduces the functions of probiotics from different perspectives: positive effects of probiotics on piglet gut health, protecting piglets against pathogen infection, and the mechanisms of probiotics in preventing pathogenic bacteria.

Probiotic nucleotides increase IL-10 expression in airway macrophages to mitigate airway allergy

BACKGROUND

Dysfunctional immune regulation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of airway allergies. Macrophages are one of the components of the immune regulation cells. The aim of this study is to elucidate the role of lysine demethylase 5 A (KDM5A) in maintaining macrophages' immune regulatory ability.

METHODS

DNA was extracted from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG to be designated as LgDNA. LgDNA was administered to the mice through nasal instillations. M2 macrophages (M2 cells) were isolated from the airway tissues using flow cytometry.

RESULTS

We found that airway M2 cells of mice with airway Th2 polarization had reduced amounts of IL-10 and KDM5A. Mice with Kdm5a deficiency in M2 cells showed the airway Th2 polarization. The expression of Kdm5a in airway M2 cells was enhanced by nasal instillations containing LgDNA. KDM5A mediated the effects of LgDNA on inducing the Il10 expression in airway M2 cells. Administration of LgDNA mitigated experimental airway allergy.

CONCLUSIONS

M2 macrophages in the airway tissues of mice with airway allergy show low levels of KDM5A. By upregulating KDM5A expression, LgDNA can increase Il10 expression and reconcile airway Th2 polarization.

From Gut to Eye: Exploring the Role of Microbiome Imbalance in Ocular Diseases

Background: The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in human health, and recent research has highlighted its potential impact on ocular health through the gut-eye axis. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiota, has been implicated in various ocular diseases. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using relevant keywords in major electronic databases, prioritizing recent peer-reviewed articles published in English. Results: The gut microbiota influences ocular health through immune modulation, maintenance of the blood-retinal barrier, and production of beneficial metabolites. Dysbiosis can disrupt these mechanisms, contributing to ocular inflammation, tissue damage, and disease progression in conditions such as uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, dry eye disease, and glaucoma. Therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiome through probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation shows promise in preclinical and preliminary human studies. Conclusions: The gut-eye axis represents a dynamic and complex interplay between the gut microbiome and ocular health. Targeting the gut microbiome through innovative therapeutic strategies holds potential for improving the prevention and management of various ocular diseases.

Lactic Acid Bacteria-Gut-Microbiota-Mediated Intervention towards Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), arises from intricate interactions involving genetics, environment, and pharmaceuticals with an ambiguous pathogenic mechanism. Recently, there has been an increasing utilization of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in managing IBD, attributed to their ability to enhance intestinal barrier function, mitigate inflammatory responses, and modulate gut microbiota. This review initiates by elucidating the pathogenesis of IBD and its determinants, followed by an exploration of the mechanisms underlying LAB therapy in UC and CD. Special attention is directed towards their influence on intestinal barrier function and homeostasis regulated by gut microbiota. Furthermore, the review investigates the complex interplay among pivotal gut microbiota, metabolites, and pathways associated with inflammation. Moreover, it underscores the limitations of LAB in treating IBD, particularly in light of their varying roles in UC and CD. This comprehensive analysis endeavors to offer insights for the optimized application of LAB in IBD therapy.

The Role of Proteomics in Identification of Key Proteins of Bacterial Cells with Focus on Probiotic Bacteria

Probiotics can affect human health, keep the balance between beneficial and pathogenic bacteria, and their colonizing abilities enable the enhancement of the epithelial barrier, preventing the invasion of pathogens. Health benefits of probiotics were related to allergy, depression, eczema, cancer, obesity, inflammatory diseases, viral infections, and immune regulation. Probiotic bacterial cells contain various proteins that function as effector molecules, and explaining their roles in probiotic actions is a key to developing efficient and targeted treatments for various disorders. Systematic proteomic studies of probiotic proteins (probioproteomics) can provide information about the type of proteins involved, their expression levels, and the pathological changes. Advanced proteomic methods with mass spectrometry instrumentation and bioinformatics can point out potential candidates of next-generation probiotics that are regulated under pharmaceutical frameworks. In addition, the application of proteomics with other omics methods creates a powerful tool that can expand our understanding about diverse probiotic functionality. In this review, proteomic strategies for identification/quantitation of the proteins in probiotic bacteria were overviewed. The types of probiotic proteins investigated by proteomics were described, such as intracellular proteins, surface proteins, secreted proteins, and the proteins of extracellular vesicles. Examples of pathological conditions in which probiotic bacteria played crucial roles were discussed.

Exploring Therapeutic Advances: A Comprehensive Review of Intestinal Microbiota Modulators

The gut microbiota establishes a mutually beneficial relationship with the host starting from birth, impacting diverse metabolic and immunological processes. Dysbiosis, characterized by an imbalance of microorganisms, is linked to numerous medical conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune disorders. This imbalance promotes the proliferation of toxin-producing bacteria, disrupts the host's equilibrium, and initiates inflammation. Genetic factors, dietary choices, and drug use can modify the gut microbiota. However, there is optimism. Several therapeutic approaches, such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, microbe-derived products, and microbial substrates, aim to alter the microbiome. This review thoroughly explores the therapeutic potential of these microbiota modulators, analysing recent studies to evaluate their efficacy and limitations. It underscores the promise of microbiota-based therapies for treating dysbiosis-related conditions. This article aims to ensure practitioners feel well-informed and up to date on the most influential methods in this evolving field by providing a comprehensive review of current research.

Genetic architecture and correlations between the gut microbiome and gut gene transcription in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Population divergence through selection can drive local adaptation in natural populations which has implications for the effective restoration of declining and extirpated populations. However, adaptation to local environmental conditions is complicated when both the host and its associated microbiomes must respond via co-evolutionary change. Nevertheless, for adaptation to occur through selection, variation in both host and microbiome traits should include additive genetic effects. Here we focus on host immune function and quantify factors affecting variation in gut immune gene transcription and gut bacterial community composition in early life-stage Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Specifically, we utilized a replicated factorial breeding design to determine the genetic architecture (sire, dam and sire-by-dam interaction) of gut immune gene transcription and microbiome composition. Furthermore, we explored correlations between host gut gene transcription and microbiota composition. Gene transcription was quantified using nanofluidic qPCR arrays (22 target genes) and microbiota composition using 16 S rRNA gene (V5-V6) amplicon sequencing. We discovered limited but significant genetic architecture in gut microbiota composition and transcriptional profiles. We also identified significant correlations between gut gene transcription and microbiota composition, highlighting potential mechanisms for functional interactions between the two. Overall, this study provides support for the co-evolution of host immune function and their gut microbiota in Chinook salmon, a species recognized as locally adapted. Thus, the inclusion of immune gene transcription profile and gut microbiome composition as factors in the development of conservation and commercial rearing practices may provide new and more effective approaches to captive rearing.

Lactic acid bacteria in Asian fermented foods and their beneficial roles in human health

Fermented foods have been a staple in human diets for thousands of years, garnering attention for their health and medicinal benefits. Rich in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with probiotic properties, these foods play a crucial role in positively impacting the host's gut microbiome composition and overall health. With a long history of safe consumption, fermented foods effectively deliver LAB to humans. Intake of LAB from fermented foods offers three main benefits: (1) enhancing digestive function and managing chronic gastrointestinal conditions, (2) modulating the immune system and offering anti-inflammatory effects to prevent immune-related diseases, and (3) synthesizing vitamins and various bioactive compounds to improve human health. In this review, we highlighted the diverse LAB present in Asian fermented foods and emphasized LAB-rich fermented foods as a natural and effective solution for health enhancement and disease prevention.

Tackling transmission of infectious diseases: A probiotic-based system as a remedy for the spread of pathogenic and resistant microbes

Built environments (BEs) currently represent the areas in which human beings spend most of their life. Consistently, microbes populating BEs mostly derive from human occupants and can be easily transferred from BE to occupants. The hospital microbiome is a paradigmatic example, representing a reservoir for harmful pathogens that can be transmitted to susceptible patients, causing the healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Environmental cleaning is a crucial pillar in controlling BE pathogens and preventing related infections, and chemical disinfectants have been largely used so far towards this aim. However, despite their immediate effect, chemical-based disinfection is unable to prevent recontamination, has a high environmental impact, and can select/increase antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in treated microbes. To overcome these limitations, probiotic-based sanitation (PBS) strategies were recently proposed, built on the use of detergents added with selected probiotics able to displace surrounding pathogens by competitive exclusion. PBS was reported as an effective and low-impact alternative to chemical disinfection, providing stable rebalance of the BE microbiome and significantly reducing pathogens and HAIs compared to disinfectants, without exacerbating AMR and pollution concerns. This minireview summarizes the most significant results obtained by applying PBS in sanitary and non-sanitary settings, which overall suggest that PBS may effectively tackle the infectious risk meanwhile preventing the further spread of pathogenic and resistant microbes.

Bifidobacterium adolescentis SBT2786 Improves Sleep Quality in Japanese Adults with Relatively High Levels of Stress: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

Sleep disorders associated with lifestyle changes and unhealthy habits are major public health concerns. Our previous study showed that Bifidobacterium adolescentis SBT2786 has a potent sleep-promoting effect on fruit flies. Fruit flies share many similarities with mammals, making them suitable model organisms for studying sleep. Thus, in the present study, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to test whether SBT2786 has sleep-enhancing effects in humans. In this study, 61 participants in the SBT2786 group and 65 participants in the placebo group were analyzed. The results showed that SBT2786 increased sleep time; however, it predominantly increased light sleep and did not improve subjective sleep quality. Interestingly, mood improvement was observed. A subgroup analysis was conducted on participants with high stress levels, and results showed that these participants experienced an increase in sleep duration and an improvement in sleepiness upon waking up and reported feeling well-rested during the day. We concluded that SBT2786 may improve sleep quality, particularly in individuals experiencing high levels of stress, and that SBT2786 can be used as a dietary supplement to improve sleep and mood.

Impact of Pediococcus acidilactici GLP06 supplementation on gut microbes and metabolites in adult beagles: a comparative analysis

There is growing interest in the potential health benefits of probiotics for both humans and animals. The study aimed to investigate the effects of feeding the canine-derived probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici GLP06 to adult beagles by analysing the microbiome and metabolome. Twenty-four healthy adult beagles were randomly assigned to four groups. The CK group received a standard diet, while the three probiotic groups, the LG group (2 × 108 CFU/day/dog), MG group (2 × 109 CFU/day/dog), and HG group (2 × 1010 CFU/day/dog), received the standard diet supplemented with varying amounts of probiotics. The results show that, compared to the CK group, total antioxidant capacity was significantly increased in the MG and HG groups (p < 0.05), and superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly increased in the HG group (p < 0.05). Compared to the CK group, malondialdehyde and blood urea nitrogen content were significantly decreased in the MG and HG groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, secretory immunoglobulin A activity was significantly increased in the HG group compared to the CK and LG groups (p < 0.05), and immunoglobulin G activity was significantly increased in the HG group compared to the CK, LG, and MG groups (p < 0.05). In addition, compared with the CK group, the abundance of Faecalitalea and Collinsella increased in the LG group, and the relative abundance of Tyzzerella and Parasutterella increased in the MG group. The α diversity and the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria (Faecalibacterium, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A1316, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005) were higher in the HG group than in the CK group. Furthermore, acetic acid content was significantly increased in the HG group compared to the CK, LG, and MG groups (p < 0.05). Butyric acid, isobutyric acid, and the total SCFA content were significantly increased in the HG group compared to the CK group (p < 0.05). Moreover, metabolome analysis revealed 111 upregulated and 171 downregulated metabolites in the HG group. In conclusion, this study presents evidence that supplementing with P. acidilactici GLP06 can have a positive impact on antioxidant activity, immunoproteins, SCFAs, and gut microbiota in adult beagles. These findings highlight the potential of probiotics as a dietary intervention to enhance gut health and overall wellbeing in companion animals.

Accounting for the health risk of probiotics

Probiotics have long been associated with a myriad of health benefits, so much so that their adverse effects whether mild or severe, are often neglected or overshadowed by the enormous volume of articles describing their beneficial effects in the current literature. Recent evidence has demonstrated several health risks of probiotics that warrant serious reconsideration of their applications and further investigations. This review aims to highlight studies that report on how probiotics might cause opportunistic systemic and local infections, detrimental immunological effects, metabolic disturbance, allergic reactions, and facilitating the spread of antimicrobial resistance. To offer a recent account of the literature, articles within the last five years were prioritized. The narration of these evidence was based on the nature of the studies in the following order of preference: clinical studies or human samples, in vivo or animal models, in situ, in vitro and/or in silico. We hope that this review will inform consumers, food scientists, and medical practitioners, on the health risks, while also encouraging research that will focus on and clarify the adverse effects of probiotics.

Resistant starch and the gut microbiome: Exploring beneficial interactions and dietary impacts

The intricate relationship between resistant starch (RS) and the gut microbiome presents a dynamic frontier in nutrition science. This review synthesizes current understandings of how RS, an indigestible form of starch found naturally in certain foods and also enhanced through various modification methods, interacts with the gut microbiome. We particularly focus on how RS fermentation in the colon contributes to the production of beneficial volatile fatty acids (VFAs) such as butyrate, acetate, and propionate. These VFAs have been recognized for their vital roles in maintaining gut barrier integrity, modulating inflammation, and potentially influencing systemic health. Additionally, we discuss the dietary implications of consuming foods rich in RS, both in terms of gut health and broader metabolic outcomes. By consolidating these insights, we emphasize the significance of RS in the context of dietary strategies aimed at harnessing the gut microbiome's potential to impact human health.

Evaluation of immunomodulatory potential of probiotic conditioned medium on murine macrophages

Probiotics are a mixture of beneficial live bacteria and/or yeasts that naturally exist in our bodies. Recently, numerous studies have focused on the immunostimulatory effects of single-species or killed multi-species probiotic conditioned mediums on macrophages. This study investigates the immunostimulatory effect of commercially available active, multi-species probiotic conditioned medium (CM) on RAW264.7 murine macrophages. The probiotic CM was prepared by culturing the commercially available probiotic in a cell-culture medium overnight at 37 °C, followed by centrifugation and filter-sterilization to be tested on macrophages. The immunostimulatory effect of different dilution percentages (50%, 75%, 100%) of CM was examined using the MTT assay, proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor TNF-alpha) production in macrophages, migration, and phagocytosis assays. For all the examined CM ratios, the percentages of cell viability were > 80%. Regarding the migration scratch, TNF-alpha and phagocytosis assays, CM demonstrated a concentration-dependent immunostimulatory effect. However, the undiluted CM (100%) showed a significant (p-value < 0.05) stimulatory effect compared to the positive and negative controls. The findings suggest that the secretions and products of probiotics, as measured in the CM, may be closely associated with their immune-boosting effects. Understanding this relationship between probiotic secretions and immune function is crucial for further exploring the potential benefits of probiotics in enhancing overall health and well-being.

Prebiotic effect of galacto-N-biose on the intestinal lactic acid bacteria as enhancer of acetate production and hypothetical colonization

Galacto-N-biose (GNB) is an important core structure of glycan of mucin glycoproteins in the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa. Because certain beneficial bacteria inhabiting the GI tract, such as bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria, harbor highly specialized GNB metabolic capabilities, GNB is considered a promising prebiotic for nourishing and manipulating beneficial bacteria in the GI tract. However, the precise interactions between GNB and beneficial bacteria and their accompanying health-promoting effects remain elusive. First, we evaluated the proliferative tendency of beneficial bacteria and their production of beneficial metabolites using gut bacterial strains. By comparing the use of GNB, glucose, and inulin as carbon sources, we found that GNB enhanced acetate production in Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus johnsonii. The ability of GNB to promote acetate production was also confirmed by RNA-seq analysis, which indicated the upregulation of gene clusters that catalyze the deacetylation of N-acetylgalactosamine-6P and biosynthesize acetyl-CoA from pyruvate, both of which result in acetate production. To explore the in vivo effect of GNB in promoting acetate production, antibiotic-treated BALB/cA mice were administered with GNB with L. rhamnosus, resulting in a fecal acetate content that was 2.7-fold higher than that in mice administered with only L. rhamnosus. Moreover, 2 days after the last administration, a 3.7-fold higher amount of L. rhamnosus was detected in feces administered with GNB with L. rhamnosus than in feces administered with only L. rhamnosus. These findings strongly suggest the prebiotic potential of GNB in enhancing L. rhamnosus colonization and converting L. rhamnosus into higher acetate producers in the GI tract.

IMPORTANCE

Specific members of lactic acid bacteria, which are commonly used as probiotics, possess therapeutic properties that are vital for human health enhancement by producing immunomodulatory metabolites such as exopolysaccharides, short-chain fatty acids, and bacteriocins. The long residence time of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in the GI tract prolongs their beneficial health effects. Moreover, the colonization property is also desirable for the application of probiotics in mucosal vaccination to provoke a local immune response. In this study, we found that GNB could enhance the beneficial properties of intestinal lactic acid bacteria that inhabit the human GI tract, stimulating acetate production and promoting intestinal colonization. Our findings provide a rationale for the addition of GNB to lactic acid bacteria-based functional foods. This has also led to the development of therapeutics supported by more rational prebiotic and probiotic selection, leading to an improved healthy lifestyle for humans.

Exploring the Interplay between COVID-19 and Gut Health: The Potential Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Immune Support

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted global health, leading to extensive research focused on developing strategies to enhance outbreak response and mitigate the disease's severity. In the aftermath of the pandemic, attention has shifted towards understanding and addressing long-term health implications, particularly in individuals experiencing persistent symptoms, known as long COVID. Research into potential interventions to alleviate long COVID symptoms has intensified, with a focus on strategies to support immune function and mitigate inflammation. One area of interest is the gut microbiota, which plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses and maintaining overall health. Prebiotics and probiotics, known for their ability to modulate the gut microbiota, have emerged as potential therapeutic agents in bolstering immune function and reducing inflammation. This review delves into the intricate relationship between long COVID, the gut microbiota, and immune function, with a specific focus on the role of prebiotics and probiotics. We examine the immune response to long COVID, emphasizing the importance of inflammation and immune regulation in the persistence of symptoms. The potential of probiotics in modulating immune responses, including their mechanisms in combating viral infections such as COVID-19, is discussed in detail. Clinical evidence supporting the use of probiotics in managing long COVID symptoms is summarized, highlighting their role as adjunctive therapy in addressing various aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its aftermath.

Effects of supplementation of live and heat-treated Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis CECT 8145 on glycemic and insulinemic response, fecal microbiota, systemic biomarkers of inflammation, and white blood cell gene expression of adult dogs

The popularity of functional ingredients such as probiotics and postbiotics has increased as pet owners seek ways to improve the health quality and longevity of their pets. Limited research has been conducted regarding the use of probiotics and postbiotics and their effects on canine health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of daily supplementation of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CECT 8145, in both live probiotic (PRO) and heat-treated postbiotic (POST) forms, on fecal fermentative end-products and microbiome, insulin sensitivity, serum gut hormones, oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers, and white blood cell gene expression of adult dogs. Eighteen adult beagles and 18 adult English pointers were used in a double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel group design, with 12 animals per group (6 English pointers and 6 beagles). The study began with a 60 d adaptation period followed by a 90 d period of daily supplementation with either PRO, POST, or placebo (maltodextrin; CON). Longitudinal assessment of body weight, body condition score, and pelvic circumference did not differ among dietary supplements (P > 0.05). Throughout the experimental period, fecal scores did not differ (P > 0.05); however, fecal pH was lower (P = 0.0049) in the dogs fed POST compared with CON. A higher fecal concentration of propionate (P = 0.043) was observed in dogs fed PRO and POST when compared with CON. While PRO and POST supplementation were associated with changes in bacterial composition at the family and genus level, the overall richness and diversity of the microbiome were not significantly affected. Functional analysis of the metagenome also suggests that PRO and POST supplementation induced potentially beneficial changes in the abundance of pathways involved in pathogenicity, amino acid biosynthesis, and DNA repair. No differences in glycemic or insulinemic responses were observed among the groups (P > 0.05). Dogs supplemented with PRO had a higher (P < 0.05) mean white blood cell leptin relative fold gene expression compared with groups POST and CON. Serum metabolites and complete blood cell counts were within normal ranges and all dogs remained healthy throughout the study. Together, these data suggest that the PRO and POST can safely be supplemented for dogs. Moreover, the results of this study support further investigation of the role of PRO and POST in supporting parameters related to gut health and hormonal regulation.

Effects of the putative probiotics Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus subtilis on white leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, immune response, gut histology, water quality, and growth performance

Background

A commercially significant species in the aquaculture sector globally, particularly in Egypt, is Litopenaeus vannamei.

Aim

The experiment's objective was to ascertain how Sanolife PRO-F impacted the growth, water quality, immunological response, and intestinal morphometry of L. vannamei.

Methods

In the current investigation, which lasted 12 weeks, Sanolife PRO-F was administered to shrimp post-larvae at diet doses of 0 (control), 1 (group one), 2 (group two), and 3 (group three) g/kg diet, respectively. Each experimental group had three repetitions.

Results

In the current study, shrimp fed on probiotic-treated diets showed a considerable improvement in growth performance measures and survival rate, and the nonspecific immune response was also enhanced. Shrimp fed probiotic diets had longer and more intestinal villi overall. Shrimp fed on the G2 and G3 diets showed no appreciable differences in growth or intestinal morphology. With the G2 and G3 diet, the water had lower concentrations of nitrite and ammonia.

Conclusion

The study's findings indicate that Sanolife PRO-F treatment at 2-3 g/kg feed promotes the growth of shrimp, immunological response, gut health and function, and water quality.

Modulation of the Immune System Mechanisms using Probiotic Bacteria in Allergic Diseases: Focus on Allergic Retinitis and Food Allergies

Allergic illnesses occur when an organism's immune system is excessively responsive to certain antigens, such as those that are presented in the environment. Some people suffer from a wide range of immune system-related illnesses including allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergies, hay fever, and even anaphylaxis. Immunotherapy and medications are frequently used to treat allergic disorders. The use of probiotics in bacteriotherapy has lately gained interest. Probiotics are essential to human health by modulating the gut microbiota in some ways. Due to probiotics' immunomodulatory properties present in the gut microbiota of all animals, including humans, these bacterial strains can prevent a wide variety of allergic disorders. Probiotic treatment helps allergy patients by decreasing inflammatory cytokines and enhancing intestinal permeability, which is important in the battle against allergy. By altering the balance of Th1 and Th2 immune responses in the intestinal mucosa, probiotics can heal allergic disorders. Numerous studies have shown a correlation between probiotics and a reduced risk of allergy disorders. A wide range of allergic disorders, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic retinitis and food allergies has been proven to benefit from probiotic bacteria. Therefore, the use of probiotics in the treatment of allergic diseases offers a promising perspective. Considering that probiotic intervention in the treatment of diseases is a relatively new field of study, more studies in this regard seem necessary.

Impact of gut microbiota on liver transplantation

The gut microbiota has been gaining attention due to its interactions with the human body and its role in pathophysiological processes. One of the main interactions is the "gut-liver axis," in which disruption of the gut mucosal barrier seen in portal hypertension and liver disease can influence liver allograft function over time. For example, in patients who are undergoing liver transplantation, preexisting dysbiosis, perioperative antibiotic use, surgical stress, and immunosuppressive use have each been associated with alterations in gut microbiota, potentially impacting overall morbidity and mortality. In this review, studies exploring gut microbiota changes in patients undergoing liver transplantation are reviewed, including both human and experimental animal studies. Common themes include an increase in Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae species and a decrease in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bacteriodes, while a decrease in the overall diversity of gut microbiota after liver transplantation.

Metabolic inputs in the probiotic bacterium Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus contribute to cell-wall remodeling and increased fitness

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is a Gram-positive beneficial bacterium that resides in the human intestinal tract and belongs to the family of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). This bacterium is a widely used probiotic and was suggested to provide numerous benefits for human health. However, as in most LAB strains, the molecular mechanisms that mediate the competitiveness of probiotics under different diets remain unknown. Fermentation is a fundamental process in LAB, allowing the oxidation of simple carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, mannose) for energy production under oxygen limitation, as in the human gut. Our results indicate that fermentation reshapes the metabolome, volatilome, and proteome architecture of LGG. Furthermore, fermentation alters cell envelope remodeling and peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which leads to altered cell wall thickness, aggregation properties, and cell wall composition. In addition, fermentable sugars induced the secretion of known and novel metabolites and proteins targeting the enteric pathogens Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Overall, our results link simple carbohydrates with cell wall remodeling, aggregation to host tissues, and biofilm formation in probiotic strains and connect them with the production of broad-spectrum antimicrobial effectors.

Targeting the Gut-Eye Axis: An Emerging Strategy to Face Ocular Diseases

The human microbiota refers to a large variety of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) that live in different human body sites, including the gut, oral cavity, skin, and eyes. In particular, the presence of an ocular surface microbiota with a crucial role in maintaining ocular surface homeostasis by preventing colonization from pathogen species has been recently demonstrated. Moreover, recent studies underline a potential association between gut microbiota (GM) and ocular health. In this respect, some evidence supports the existence of a gut-eye axis involved in the pathogenesis of several ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, dry eye, and glaucoma. Therefore, understanding the link between the GM and these ocular disorders might be useful for the development of new therapeutic approaches, such as probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics, or faecal microbiota transplantation through which the GM could be modulated, thus allowing better management of these diseases.

Chronic kidney disease and gut microbiota

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to a range of various pathophysiological processes correlated with abnormal renal function and a progressive loss in GFR. Just as dysbiosis and altered pathology of the gut are accompanied with hypertension, which is a significant CKD risk factor. Gut dysbiosis in CKD patients is associated with an elevated levels of uremic toxins, which in turn increases the CKD progression. According to research results, the gut-kidney axis has a role in the formation of kidney stones, also in IgAN. A number of researchers have categorized the gut microbiota as enterotypes, and others, skeptical of theory of enterotypes, have suggested biomarkers to describe taxa that related to lifestyle, nutrition, and disease status. Metabolome-microbiome studies have been used to investigate the interactions of host-gut microbiota in terms of the involvement of metabolites in these interactions and are yielded promising results. The correlation between gut microbiota and CKD requires further multi-omic researches. Also, with regard to systems biology, studies on the communication network of proteins and transporters such as SLC and ABC, can help us achieve a deeper understanding of the gut-liver-kidney axis communication and can thus provide promising new horizons in the treatment of CKD patients. Probiotic-based treatment is an approach to reduce uremic poisoning, which is accomplished by swallowing microbes those can catalyze URS in the gut. If further comprehensive studies are carried out, we will know about the probiotics impact in slowing the renal failure progression and reducing inflammatory markers.

An updated review on oral protein-based antigen vaccines efficiency and delivery approaches: a special attention to infectious diseases

Various infectious agents affect human health via the oral entrance. The majority of pathogens lack approved vaccines. Oral vaccination is a convenient, safe and cost-effective approach with the potential of provoking mucosal and systemic immunity and maintaining individual satisfaction. However, vaccines should overcome the intricate environment of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Oral protein-based antigen vaccines (OPAVs) are easier to administer than injectable vaccines and do not require trained healthcare professionals. Additionally, the risk of needle-related injuries, pain, and discomfort is eliminated. However, OPAVs stability at environmental and GIT conditions should be considered to enhance their stability and facilitate their transport and storage. These vaccines elicit the local immunity, protecting GIT, genital tract and respiratory epithelial surfaces, where numerous pathogens penetrate the body. OPAVs can also be manipulated (such as using specific incorporated ligand and receptors) to elicit targeted immune response. However, low bioavailability of OPAVs necessitates development of proper protein carriers and formulations to enhance their stability and efficacy. There are several strategies to improve their efficacy or protective effects, such as incorporation of adjuvants, enzyme inhibitors, mucoadhesive or penetrating devices and permeation enhancers. Hence, efficient delivery of OPAVs into GIT require proper delivery systems mainly including smart target systems, probiotics, muco-adhesive carriers, lipid- and plant-based delivery systems and nano- and microparticles.

The Potential of Probiotics as Ingestible Adjuvants and Immune Modulators for Antiviral Immunity and Management of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19

Probiotic bacteria are able to modulate general antiviral responsiveness, including barrier functionality and innate and adaptive immune responses. The COVID-19 pandemic, resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection, has created a need to control and treat this viral infection and its ensuing immunopathology with a variety of approaches; one such approach may involve the administration of probiotic bacteria. As with most viral infections, its pathological responses are not fully driven by the virus, but are significantly contributed to by the host's immune response to viral infection. The potential adoption of probiotics in the treatment of COVID-19 will have to appreciate the fine line between inducing antiviral immunity without over-provoking immune inflammatory responses resulting in host-derived immunopathological tissue damage. Additionally, the effect exerted on the immune system by SARS-CoV-2 evasion strategies will also have to be considered when developing a robust response to this virus. This review will introduce the immunopathology of COVID-19 and the immunomodulatory effects of probiotic strains, and through their effects on a range of respiratory pathogens (IAV, SARS-CoV, RSV), as well as SARS-CoV-2, will culminate in a focus on how these bacteria can potentially manipulate both infectivity and immune responsiveness via barrier functionality and both innate and adaptive immunity. In conclusion, the harnessing of induction and augmentation of antiviral immunity via probiotics may not only act as an ingestible adjuvant, boosting immune responsiveness to SARS-CoV-2 infection at the level of barrier integrity and innate and adaptive immunity, but also act prophylactically to prevent infection and enhance protection afforded by current vaccine regimens.

Preventing bacterial disease in poultry in the post-antibiotic era: a case for innate immunity modulation as an alternative to antibiotic use

The widespread use of antibiotics in the poultry industry has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which pose a significant health risk to humans and animals. These public health concerns, which have led to legislation limiting antibiotic use in animals, drive the need to find alternative strategies for controlling and treating bacterial infections. Modulation of the avian innate immune system using immunostimulatory compounds provides a promising solution to enhance poultry immune responses to a broad range of bacterial infections without the risk of generating antibiotic resistance. An array of immunomodulatory compounds have been investigated for their impact on poultry performance and immune responses. However, further research is required to identify compounds capable of controlling bacterial infections without detrimentally affecting bird performance. It is also crucial to determine the safety and effectiveness of these compounds in conjunction with poultry vaccines. This review provides an overview of the various immune modulators known to enhance innate immunity against avian bacterial pathogens in chickens, and describes the mechanisms involved.

Probiotics, the Immune Response and Acute Appendicitis: A Review

Acute appendicitis is a common reason for admission to the Emergency Department (ED). It affects almost 70% of people under 30 years of age and 10% over 60 years of age. Its diagnosis includes the combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests and imaging. For years, surgical appendectomy has been the first-line therapy for acute appendicitis, but currently the management has shown some changes, in particular in patients with uncomplicated appendicitis. Recent studies have investigated the use of probiotics as an adjunctive therapy with promising results in conferring health benefits to patients with acute appendicitis. The aim of our review is to summarize the results of clinical studies about probiotics and the immunological response in acute appendicitis, discussing the limitations and future directions of this research.

Probiotics and Postbiotics as an Alternative to Antibiotics: An Emphasis on Pigs

Probiotics are being used as feed/food supplements as an alternative to antibiotics. It has been demonstrated that probiotics provide several health benefits, including preventing diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and immunomodulation. Alongside probiotic bacteria-fermented foods, the different structural components, such as lipoteichoic acids, teichoic acids, peptidoglycans, and surface-layer proteins, offer several advantages. Probiotics can produce different antimicrobial components, enzymes, peptides, vitamins, and exopolysaccharides. Besides live probiotics, there has been growing interest in consuming inactivated probiotics in farm animals, including pigs. Several reports have shown that live and killed probiotics can boost immunity, modulate intestinal microbiota, improve feed efficiency and growth performance, and decrease the incidence of diarrhea, positioning them as an interesting strategy as a potential feed supplement for pigs. Therefore, effective selection and approach to the use of probiotics might provide essential features of using probiotics as an important functional feed for pigs. This review aimed to systematically investigate the potential effects of lactic acid bacteria in their live and inactivated forms on pigs.

Microbial Biofilm: A Review on Formation, Infection, Antibiotic Resistance, Control Measures, and Innovative Treatment

Biofilm is complex and consists of bacterial colonies that reside in an exopolysaccharide matrix that attaches to foreign surfaces in a living organism. Biofilm frequently leads to nosocomial, chronic infections in clinical settings. Since the bacteria in the biofilm have developed antibiotic resistance, using antibiotics alone to treat infections brought on by biofilm is ineffective. This review provides a succinct summary of the theories behind the composition of, formation of, and drug-resistant infections attributed to biofilm and cutting-edge curative approaches to counteract and treat biofilm. The high frequency of medical device-induced infections due to biofilm warrants the application of innovative technologies to manage the complexities presented by biofilm.