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Valadares DG, Clay OS, Chen Y, Scorza BM, Cassel SL, Sutterwala FS, Wilson ME. NLRP12-expressing dendritic cells mediate both dissemination of infection and adaptive immune responses in visceral leishmaniasis. iScience 2023; 26:106163. [PMID: 36879824 PMCID: PMC9985045 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The NLR protein NLRP12 contributes to innate immunity, but the mechanism remains elusive. Infection of Nlrp12 -/- or wild-type mice with Leishmania infantum led to aberrant parasite tropism. Parasites replicated to higher levels in livers of Nlrp12 -/- mice than in the livers of WT mice and failed to disseminate to spleens. Most retained liver parasites resided in dendritic cells (DCs), with correspondingly fewer infected DCs in spleens. Furthermore, Nlrp12 -/- DCs expressed lower CCR7 than WT DCs, failed to migrate toward CCL19 or CCL21 in chemotaxis assays, and migrated poorly to draining lymph nodes after sterile inflammation. Leishmania-infected Nlpr12 -/- DCs were significantly less effective at transporting parasites to lymph nodes than WT DCs. Consistently, adaptive immune responses were also impaired in infected Nlrp12 -/- mice. We hypothesize that Nlrp12-expressing DCs are required for efficient dissemination and immune clearance of L. infantum from the site of initial infection. This is at least partly due to the defective expression of CCR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Garcia Valadares
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Owen Scott Clay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Yani Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Breanna Mary Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Suzanne Louise Cassel
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Fayyaz Shiraz Sutterwala
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mary Edythe Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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2
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González MAC, Gonçalves AAM, Ottino J, Leite JC, Resende LA, Melo-Júnior OA, Silveira P, Cardoso MS, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL, Santos RL, de Carvalho TF, Garcia GM, Paes PRDO, Galdino AS, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Melo MM, Silveira-Lemos D, Martins-Filho OA, Dutra WO, Mosqueira VCF, Giunchetti RC. Vaccination with Formulation of Nanoparticles Loaded with Leishmania amazonensis Antigens Confers Protection against Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis in Hamster. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010111. [PMID: 36679956 PMCID: PMC9863486 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal disease caused by the protozoa Leishmania infantum for which dogs are the main reservoirs. A vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) could be an important tool in the control of human and CVL by reducing the infection pressure of L. infantum. Despite the CVL vaccine available on the market, the Brazilian Ministry of Health did not implement the use of it in their control programs. In this sense, there is an urgent need to develop more efficient vaccines. In this study, the association between two polymeric nanoformulations, (poly (D, L-lactic) acid (PLA) polymer) loading Leishmania amazonensis antigens, was evaluated as a potential immunobiological agent against VL using golden hamsters as an experimental model. The results indicated that no significant adverse reactions were observed in animals vaccinated with LAPSmP. LAPSmP presented similar levels of total anti-Leishmania IgG as compared to LAPSmG. The LAPSmP and LAPSmG groups showed an intense reduction in liver and spleen parasitic load by qPCR. The LAPSmP and LAPSmG vaccines showed exceptional results, indicating that they may be promising candidates as a VL vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Cabrera González
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico e Nanotecnologia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
- Estación Experimental Agraria Baños del Inca, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Cajamarca 06000, Peru
| | - Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Ottino
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Costa Leite
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Aparecida Resende
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Otoni Alves Melo-Júnior
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Silveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Cardoso
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Giani Martins Garcia
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico e Nanotecnologia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro Oeste, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Marília Martins Melo
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Denise Silveira-Lemos
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- FIOCRUZ-Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais—INCT-DT, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carla Furtado Mosqueira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico e Nanotecnologia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais—INCT-DT, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +55-31-3409-3003
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Betancourt-Conde I, Avitia-Domínguez C, Hernández-Campos A, Castillo R, Yépez-Mulia L, Oria-Hernández J, Méndez ST, Sierra-Campos E, Valdez-Solana M, Martínez-Caballero S, Hermoso JA, Romo-Mancillas A, Téllez-Valencia A. Benzimidazole Derivatives as New and Selective Inhibitors of Arginase from Leishmania mexicana with Biological Activity against Promastigotes and Amastigotes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413613. [PMID: 34948408 PMCID: PMC8705706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus that affects 98 countries worldwide, 2 million of new cases occur each year and more than 350 million people are at risk. The use of the actual treatments is limited due to toxicity concerns and the apparition of resistance strains. Therefore, there is an urgent necessity to find new drugs for the treatment of this disease. In this context, enzymes from the polyamine biosynthesis pathway, such as arginase, have been considered a good target. In the present work, a chemical library of benzimidazole derivatives was studied performing computational, enzyme kinetics, biological activity, and cytotoxic effect characterization, as well as in silico ADME-Tox predictions, to find new inhibitors for arginase from Leishmania mexicana (LmARG). The results show that the two most potent inhibitors (compounds 1 and 2) have an I50 values of 52 μM and 82 μM, respectively. Moreover, assays with human arginase 1 (HsARG) show that both compounds are selective for LmARG. According to molecular dynamics simulation studies these inhibitors interact with important residues for enzyme catalysis. Biological activity assays demonstrate that both compounds have activity against promastigote and amastigote, and low cytotoxic effect in murine macrophages. Finally, in silico prediction of their ADME-Tox properties suggest that these inhibitors support the characteristics to be considered drug candidates. Altogether, the results reported in our study suggest that the benzimidazole derivatives are an excellent starting point for design new drugs against leishmanisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Betancourt-Conde
- Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Universidad y Fanny Anitúa S/N, Durango 34000, Mexico;
| | - Claudia Avitia-Domínguez
- Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Universidad y Fanny Anitúa S/N, Durango 34000, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (C.A.-D.); (A.T.-V.); Tel.: +52-618-812-1687 (A.T.-V.)
| | - Alicia Hernández-Campos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-C.); (R.C.)
| | - Rafael Castillo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-C.); (R.C.)
| | - Lilián Yépez-Mulia
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad-Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Jesús Oria-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica-Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (J.O.-H.); (S.T.M.)
| | - Sara T. Méndez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica-Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (J.O.-H.); (S.T.M.)
| | - Erick Sierra-Campos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Artículo 123 S/N Fracc. Filadelfia, Gómez Palacio 35010, Mexico; (E.S.-C.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Mónica Valdez-Solana
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Artículo 123 S/N Fracc. Filadelfia, Gómez Palacio 35010, Mexico; (E.S.-C.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Siseth Martínez-Caballero
- Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto Química-Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.-C.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Juan A. Hermoso
- Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto Química-Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.-C.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Antonio Romo-Mancillas
- Laboratorio de Diseño Asistido por Computadora y Síntesis de Fármacos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Mexico;
| | - Alfredo Téllez-Valencia
- Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Universidad y Fanny Anitúa S/N, Durango 34000, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (C.A.-D.); (A.T.-V.); Tel.: +52-618-812-1687 (A.T.-V.)
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4
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Volpedo G, Pacheco-Fernandez T, Holcomb EA, Cipriano N, Cox B, Satoskar AR. Mechanisms of Immunopathogenesis in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis And Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:685296. [PMID: 34169006 PMCID: PMC8217655 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.685296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects 12 million people worldwide. The disease has high morbidity and mortality rates and is prevalent in over 80 countries, leaving more than 300 million people at risk of infection. Of all of the manifestations of this disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form and it presents as ulcerating skin lesions that can self-heal or become chronic, leading to disfiguring scars. This review focuses on the different pathologies and disease manifestations of CL, as well as their varying degrees of severity. In particular, this review will discuss self-healing localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), leishmaniasis recidivans (LR), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCL), disseminated leishmaniasis (DL), and Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL), which is a cutaneous manifestation observed in some visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients after successful treatment. The different clinical manifestations of CL are determined by a variety of factors including the species of the parasites and the host's immune response. Specifically, the balance between the pro and anti-inflammatory mediators plays a vital role in the clinical presentation and outcome of the disease. Depending upon the immune response, Leishmania infection can also transition from one form of the disease to another. In this review, different forms of cutaneous Leishmania infections and their immunology are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Volpedo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Erin A. Holcomb
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Natalie Cipriano
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Blake Cox
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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5
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Trigo BB, Oliveira-Rovai FMD, Milanesi M, Ito PKRK, Utsunomiya YT, Lopes FL, Paulan SDC, Nunes CM. In silico and in vitro evaluation of primers for molecular differentiation of Leishmania species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e022020. [PMID: 33729316 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120201078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by over 20 species of protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Infection is commonly spread by sandflies and produces a wide spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms. Therefore, from an epidemiological and therapeutic standpoint, it is important to detect and differentiate Leishmania spp. The objective of this study was to combinate in silico and in vitro strategies to evaluate the analytical specificity of primers previously described in the literature. According to electronic PCR (e-PCR) analysis, 23 out of 141 pairs of primers selected through literature search matched their previously reported analytical specificity. In vitro evaluation of nine of these primer pairs by quantitative PCR (qPCR) confirmed the analytical specificity of five of them at the level of Leishmania spp., L. mexicana complex or Leishmania and Viannia subgenera. Based on these findings, the combination of e-PCR and qPCR is suggested to be a valuable approach to maximize the specificity of new primer pairs for the laboratory diagnosis of infections with Leishmania spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Batista Trigo
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Marco Milanesi
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil.,Centro Colaborador da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica - IAEA em Genômica Animal e Bioinformática, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Yuri Tani Utsunomiya
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil.,Centro Colaborador da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica - IAEA em Genômica Animal e Bioinformática, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Flávia Lombardi Lopes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvana de Cássia Paulan
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Cáris Maroni Nunes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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Robinson JI, Beverley SM. Concentration of 2'C-methyladenosine triphosphate by Leishmania guyanensis enables specific inhibition of Leishmania RNA virus 1 via its RNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6460-6469. [PMID: 29511088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is a widespread trypanosomatid protozoan parasite causing significant morbidity and mortality in humans. The endobiont dsRNA virus Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) chronically infects some strains, where it increases parasite numbers and virulence in murine leishmaniasis models, and correlates with increased treatment failure in human disease. Previously, we reported that 2'-C-methyladenosine (2CMA) potently inhibited LRV1 in Leishmania guyanensis (Lgy) and Leishmania braziliensis, leading to viral eradication at concentrations above 10 μm Here we probed the cellular mechanisms of 2CMA inhibition, involving metabolism, accumulation, and inhibition of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP). Activation to 2CMA triphosphate (2CMA-TP) was required, as 2CMA showed no inhibition of RDRP activity from virions purified on cesium chloride gradients. In contrast, 2CMA-TP showed IC50 values ranging from 150 to 910 μm, depending on the CsCl density of the virion (empty, ssRNA-, and dsRNA-containing). Lgy parasites incubated in vitro with 10 μm 2CMA accumulated 2CMA-TP to 410 μm, greater than the most sensitive RDRP IC50 measured. Quantitative modeling showed good agreement between the degree of LRV1 RDRP inhibition and LRV1 levels. These results establish that 2CMA activity is due to its conversion to 2CMA-TP, which accumulates to levels that inhibit RDRP and cause LRV1 loss. This attests to the impact of the Leishmania purine uptake and metabolism pathways, which allow even a weak RDRP inhibitor to effectively eradicate LRV1 at micromolar concentrations. Future RDRP inhibitors with increased potency may have potential therapeutic applications for ameliorating the increased Leishmania pathogenicity conferred by LRV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Robinson
- From the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- From the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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7
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Amorim CF, Galina L, Carvalho NB, Sperotto NDM, Pissinate K, Machado P, Campos MM, Basso LA, Rodrigues-Junior VS, Carvalho EM, Santos DS. Inhibitory activity of pentacyano(isoniazid)ferrate(II), IQG-607, against promastigotes and amastigotes forms of Leishmania braziliensis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190294. [PMID: 29281707 PMCID: PMC5745003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
M. tuberculosis and parasites of the genus Leishmania present the type II fatty acid biosynthesis system (FASII). The pentacyano(isoniazid)ferrate(II) compound, named IQG-607, inhibits the enzyme 2-trans-enoyl-ACP(CoA) reductase from M. tuberculosis, a key component in the FASII system. Here, we aimed to evaluate the inhibitory activity of IQG-607 against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis isolated from patients with different clinical forms of L. braziliensis infection, including cutaneous, mucosal and disseminated leishmaniasis. Importantly, IQG-607 inhibited the proliferation of three different isolates of L. braziliensis promastigotes associated with cutaneous, mucosal and disseminated leishmaniasis. The IC50 values for IQG-607 ranged from 32 to 75 μM, for these forms. Additionally, IQG-607 treatment decreased the proliferation of intracellular amastigotes in infected macrophages, after an analysis of the percentage of infected cells and the number of intracellular parasites/100 cells. IQG-607 reduced from 58% to 98% the proliferation of L. braziliensis from cutaneous, mucosal and disseminated strains. Moreover, IQG-607 was also evaluated regarding its potential toxic profile, by using different cell lines. Cell viability of the lineages Vero, HaCat and HepG2 was significantly reduced after incubation with concentrations of IQG-607 higher than 2 mM. Importantly, IQG-607, in a concentration of 1 mM, did not induce DNA damage in HepG2 cells, when compared to the untreated control group. Future studies will confirm the mechanism of action of IQG-607 against L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila F. Amorim
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiza Galina
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Natália B. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Nathalia D. M. Sperotto
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kenia Pissinate
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pablo Machado
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria M. Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz A. Basso
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valnês S. Rodrigues-Junior
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- * E-mail: (EMC); (VSRJ)
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Gonçalo Muniz – Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail: (EMC); (VSRJ)
| | - Diógenes Santiago Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Differential Activation of Human Keratinocytes by Leishmania Species Causing Localized or Disseminated Disease. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [PMID: 28647347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
All Leishmania species parasites are introduced into mammalian skin through a sand fly bite, but different species cause distinct clinical outcomes. Mouse studies suggest that early responses are critical determinants of subsequent adaptive immunity in leishmaniasis, yet few studies address the role of keratinocytes, the most abundant cell in the epidermis. We hypothesized that Leishmania infection causes keratinocytes to produce immunomodulatory factors that influence the outcome of infection. Incubation of primary or immortalized human keratinocytes with Leishmania infantum or Leishmania major, which cause visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively, elicited dramatically different responses. Keratinocytes incubated with L. infantum significantly increased expression of proinflammatory genes for IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor, and IL-1B, whereas keratinocytes exposed to several L. major isolates did not. Furthermore, keratinocyte-monocyte co-incubation studies across a 4 µM semipermeable membrane suggested that L. infantum-exposed keratinocytes release soluble factors that enhance monocyte control of intracellular L. infantum replication (P < 0.01). L. major-exposed keratinocytes had no comparable effect. These data suggest that L. infantum and L. major differentially activate keratinocytes to release factors that limit infection in monocytes. We propose that keratinocytes initiate or withhold a proinflammatory response at the site of infection, generating a microenvironment uniquely tailored to each Leishmania species that may affect the course of disease.
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9
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Abstract
The leishmaniases are diseases caused by pathogenic protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Infections are initiated when a sand fly vector inoculates Leishmania parasites into the skin of a mammalian host. Leishmania causes a spectrum of inflammatory cutaneous disease manifestations. The type of cutaneous pathology is determined in part by the infecting Leishmania species, but also by a combination of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory host immune response factors resulting in different clinical outcomes. This review discusses the distinct cutaneous syndromes described in humans, and current knowledge of the inflammatory responses associated with divergent cutaneous pathologic responses to different Leishmania species. The contribution of key hematopoietic cells in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in mouse models are also reviewed and compared with those observed during human infection. We hypothesize that local skin events influence the ensuing adaptive immune response to Leishmania spp. infections, and that the balance between inflammatory and regulatory factors induced by infection are critical for determining cutaneous pathology and outcome of infection.
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10
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Tamargo B, Monzote L, Piñón A, Machín L, García M, Scull R, Setzer WN. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Essential Oil from Artemisia absinthium L. Formulated in Nanocochleates against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. MEDICINES 2017; 4:medicines4020038. [PMID: 28930253 PMCID: PMC5590074 DOI: 10.3390/medicines4020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoan parasites from Leishmania genus. Currently, there are no effective vaccines available and the available therapies are far from ideal. In particular, the development of new therapeutic strategies to reduce the infection caused by Leishmania amazonensis could be considered desirable. Different plant-derived products have demonstrated antileishmanial activity, including the essential oil (EO) from Artemisia absinthium L. (EO-Aa), Asteraceae. Methods: In the present study, the EO-Aa formulated in nanocochleates (EO-Aa-NC) was investigated in vitro against intracellular amastigotes of L. amazonensis and non-infected macrophages from BALB/c mice. In addition, the EO-Aa-NC was also evaluated in vivo against on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis, which body weight, lesion progression, and parasite load were determined. Results: EO-Aa-NC displayed IC50 values of 21.5 ± 2.5 μg/mL and 27.7 ± 5.6 μg/mL against intracellular amastigotes of L. amazonensis and non-infected peritoneal macrophage, respectively. In the animal model, the EO-Aa-NC (30 mg/kg/intralesional route/every 4 days 4 times) showed no deaths or weight loss greater than 10%. In parallel, the EO-Aa-NC suppressed the infection in the murine model by approximately 50%, which was statistically superior (p < 0.05) than controls and mice treated with EO-Aa. In comparison with Glucantime®, EO-Aa-NC inhibited the progression of infection as efficiently (p > 0.05) as administration of the reference drug. Conclusions: Encochleation of EO-Aa resulted in a stable, tolerable, and efficacious antileishmanial formulation, facilitating systemic delivery of EO, with increased activity compared to administration of the free EO-Aa. This new formulation shows promising potential to future studies aimed at a new therapeutic strategy to treat leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Tamargo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, Havana University, Havana 10400, Cuba.
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kouri, Havana 10400, Cuba.
| | - Abel Piñón
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kouri, Havana 10400, Cuba.
| | - Laura Machín
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, Havana University, Havana 10400, Cuba.
| | - Marley García
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kouri, Havana 10400, Cuba.
| | - Ramón Scull
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food, Havana University, Havana 10400, Cuba.
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
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11
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Type I interferons induced by endogenous or exogenous viral infections promote metastasis and relapse of leishmaniasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4987-4992. [PMID: 28439019 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621447114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of the endogenous Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) replicating stably within some parasite species has been associated with the development of more severe forms of leishmaniasis and relapses after drug treatment in humans. Here, we show that the disease-exacerbatory role of LRV1 relies on type I IFN (type I IFNs) production by macrophages and signaling in vivo. Moreover, infecting mice with the LRV1-cured Leishmania guyanensis (LgyLRV1- ) strain of parasites followed by type I IFN treatment increased lesion size and parasite burden, quantitatively reproducing the LRV1-bearing (LgyLRV1+ ) infection phenotype. This finding suggested the possibility that exogenous viral infections could likewise increase pathogenicity, which was tested by coinfecting mice with L. guyanensis and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), or the sand fly-transmitted arbovirus Toscana virus (TOSV). The type I IFN antiviral response increased the pathology of L. guyanensis infection, accompanied by down-regulation of the IFN-γ receptor normally required for antileishmanial control. Further, LCMV coinfection of IFN-γ-deficient mice promoted parasite dissemination to secondary sites, reproducing the LgyLRV1+ metastatic phenotype. Remarkably, LCMV coinfection of mice that had healed from L. guyanensis infection induced reactivation of disease pathology, overriding the protective adaptive immune response. Our findings establish that type I IFN-dependent responses, arising from endogenous viral elements (dsRNA/LRV1), or exogenous coinfection with IFN-inducing viruses, are able to synergize with New World Leishmania parasites in both primary and relapse infections. Thus, viral infections likely represent a significant risk factor along with parasite and host factors, thereby contributing to the pathological spectrum of human leishmaniasis.
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12
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Oliveira LG, Souza-Testasicca MC, Vago JP, Figueiredo AB, Canavaci AMC, Perucci LO, Ferreira TPT, Coelho EAF, Gonçalves DU, Rocha MOC, E Silva PMR, Ferreira CN, Queiroz-Junior C, Sousa LP, Fernandes AP. Annexin A1 Is Involved in the Resolution of Inflammatory Responses during Leishmania braziliensis Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3227-3236. [PMID: 28289158 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are diseases caused by several Leishmania species. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis can cause localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), which heals spontaneously, or mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), characterized by chronic and intense inflammation and scanty parasitism. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a protein involved in modulation and resolution of inflammation through multiple mechanisms. In the present study, the role of AnxA1 was investigated in L. braziliensis-infected BALB/c mice. AnxA1 levels increased at the peak of tissue lesion and parasitism in infected mice. AnxA1 increased also after L. braziliensis infection of BALB/c (wild-type [WT]) bone marrow derived macrophages. Despite a lower parasite intake, parasite burden in bone marrow-derived macrophages from AnxA1-/- mice was similar to WT and associated with an early increase of TNF-α and, later, of IL-10. AnxA1-/- mice controlled tissue parasitism similarly to WT animals, but they developed significantly larger lesions at later stages of infection, with a more pronounced inflammatory infiltrate and increased specific production of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10. AnxA1-/- mice also presented higher phosphorylation levels of ERK-1/2 and p65/RelA (NF-κB) and inducible NO synthase expression, suggesting that AnxA1 may be involved in modulation of inflammation in this model of experimental leishmaniasis. Finally, assessment of AnxA1 levels in sera from patients with LCL or ML revealed that ML patients had higher levels of serum AnxA1 than did LCL patients or control subjects. Collectively, these data indicate that AnxA1 is actively expressed during L. braziliensis infection. In the absence of AnxA1, mice are fully able to control parasite replication, but they present more intense inflammatory responses and delayed ability to resolve their lesion size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro G Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Míriam C Souza-Testasicca
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Vago
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Amanda Braga Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Adriana M C Canavaci
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiza Oliveira Perucci
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; and
| | - Denise Utsch Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; and
| | - Manoel Otávio C Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; and
| | - Patrícia M R E Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Cláudia N Ferreira
- Setor de Patologia Clínica, Colégio Técnico, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Celso Queiroz-Junior
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil;
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13
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Local Delivery of the Toll-Like Receptor 9 Ligand CpG Downregulates Host Immune and Inflammatory Responses, Ameliorating Established Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis Chronic Infection. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00981-16. [PMID: 28052994 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00981-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis, the predominant etiologic agent for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia, is characterized by a chronic mixed inflammatory response. Current treatment options are plagued by toxicity, lengthy treatment regimens, and growing evidence of drug resistance. Immunotherapy, modulating the immune system to mount a protective response, may provide an alternate therapeutic approach. We investigated the ability of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligand CpG to modulate established disease in the L (V) panamensis mouse model. Treatment of established infection with a high dose (50 μg) of CpG ameliorated disease and lowered parasite burden. Interestingly, immediately after treatment there was a significant increase in transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and concomitantly an increase in T regulatory cell (Treg) function. Although a general reduction in cell-mediated immune cytokine and chemokine (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], interleukin 10 [IL-10], IL-13, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], IL-4, and MIP-1α) responses of the treated mice was observed, certain chemokines (RANTES, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1[MCP-1], and IP-10) were increased. Further, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, CpG treatment similarly exhibited a dose-response effect on the production of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, and IL-13, with reductions observed at higher doses. To further understand the underlying mechanisms and cell populations driving the CpG mediated response, we examined the ex vivo dose effects mediated by the TLR9+ cell populations (dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells) found to accumulate labeled CpG in vivo Notably, B cells altered the production of IL-17, IL-13, and IFN-γ, supporting a role for B cells functioning as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and/or regulatory cells during infection. Interestingly, B cells have been previously demonstrated as a primary type of APC in patients infected with L (V) panamensis and thus may be useful targets of immunotherapy. Collectively, our results show that CpG-induced immune regulation leads to a dampening of the host immune response and healing in the mouse model, and it may provide an alternate approach to treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L (V) panamensis.
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14
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Antiviral screening identifies adenosine analogs targeting the endogenous dsRNA Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) pathogenicity factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E811-E819. [PMID: 28096399 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619114114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus Leishmaniavirus (LRV1) has been implicated as a pathogenicity factor for leishmaniasis in rodent models and human disease, and associated with drug-treatment failures in Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania guyanensis infections. Thus, methods targeting LRV1 could have therapeutic benefit. Here we screened a panel of antivirals for parasite and LRV1 inhibition, focusing on nucleoside analogs to capitalize on the highly active salvage pathways of Leishmania, which are purine auxotrophs. Applying a capsid flow cytometry assay, we identified two 2'-C-methyladenosine analogs showing selective inhibition of LRV1. Treatment resulted in loss of LRV1 with first-order kinetics, as expected for random virus segregation, and elimination within six cell doublings, consistent with a measured LRV1 copy number of about 15. Viral loss was specific to antiviral nucleoside treatment and not induced by growth inhibitors, in contrast to fungal dsRNA viruses. Comparisons of drug-treated LRV1+ and LRV1- lines recapitulated LRV1-dependent pathology and parasite replication in mouse infections, and cytokine secretion in macrophage infections. Agents targeting Totiviridae have not been described previously, nor are there many examples of inhibitors acting against dsRNA viruses more generally. The compounds identified here provide a key proof-of-principle in support of further studies identifying efficacious antivirals for use in in vivo studies of LRV1-mediated virulence.
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15
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MOHAMMADI MA, BAMOROVAT M, FASIHI HARANDI M, KARIMI T, SHARIFI I, AFLATOONIAN MR. Comparison of Three PCR-based Methods for Simplicity and Cost Effectiveness Identification of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania tropica. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 12:215-223. [PMID: 28761481 PMCID: PMC5527031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare three molecular methods, PCR-RFLP for internal transcribed spacer, PCR sequencing and high resolution melting analysis shown reliable sensitivity and specificity for detecting Leishmania tropica as a model for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) as the perspective overview for scientific and economic approaches. METHODS This study was carried out between 2015 and 2016 in Leishmaniasis Research Center in Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. The positives smears (n=50) were obtained from patients referred from the health clinics in a major anthroponotic CL (ACL) focus, southeastern Iran. Only smear preparations with the same grade were selected according to the method described by the WHO for future PCR assays. RESULTS All three molecular methods had capability to identify positive samples at species level with the same specificity and sensitivity. However, these techniques were different in simplicity, consuming time, and cost effectiveness. Although additional enzymatic process in PCR-RFLP provided good resolution to find Leishmania species but this would cause time and cost increases. CONCLUSION HRM (high resolution melting) is a relatively new technique that allows direct characterization of PCR amplicons in a closed system with more simplicity, cost effectiveness and time-consuming compared with other PCR-based assays for epidemiological or clinical identification purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali MOHAMMADI
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi BAMOROVAT
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Majid FASIHI HARANDI
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh KARIMI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj SHARIFI
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,Correspondence
| | - Mohammad Reza AFLATOONIAN
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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16
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Comparative genomics of Tunisian Leishmania major isolates causing human cutaneous leishmaniasis with contrasting clinical severity. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 50:110-120. [PMID: 27818279 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) major parasites affects urban and suburban areas in the center and south of Tunisia where the disease is endemo-epidemic. Several cases were reported in human patients for which infection due to L. major induced lesions with a broad range of severity. However, very little is known about the mechanisms underlying this diversity. Our hypothesis is that parasite genomic variability could, in addition to the host immunological background, contribute to the intra-species clinical variability observed in patients and explain the lesion size differences observed in the experimental model. Based on several epidemiological, in vivo and in vitro experiments, we focused on two clinical isolates showing contrasted severity in patients and BALB/c experimental mice model. We used DNA-seq as a high-throughput technology to facilitate the identification of genetic variants with discriminating potential between both isolates. Our results demonstrate that various levels of heterogeneity could be found between both L. major isolates in terms of chromosome or gene copy number variation (CNV), and that the intra-species divergence could surprisingly be related to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and Insertion/Deletion (InDels) events. Interestingly, we particularly focused here on genes affected by both types of variants and correlated them with the observed gene CNV. Whether these differences are sufficient to explain the severity in patients is obviously still open to debate, but we do believe that additional layers of -omic information is needed to complement the genomic screen in order to draw a more complete map of severity determinants.
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17
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Tilting the balance between RNA interference and replication eradicates Leishmania RNA virus 1 and mitigates the inflammatory response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11998-12005. [PMID: 27790981 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615085113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Leishmania (Viannia) parasites harbor the double-stranded RNA virus Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1), which has been associated with increased disease severity in animal models and humans and with drug treatment failures in humans. Remarkably, LRV1 survives in the presence of an active RNAi pathway, which in many organisms controls RNA viruses. We found significant levels (0.4 to 2.5%) of small RNAs derived from LRV1 in both Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania guyanensis, mapping across both strands and with properties consistent with Dicer-mediated cleavage of the dsRNA genome. LRV1 lacks cis- or trans-acting RNAi inhibitory activities, suggesting that virus retention must be maintained by a balance between RNAi activity and LRV1 replication. To tilt this balance toward elimination, we targeted LRV1 using long-hairpin/stem-loop constructs similar to those effective against chromosomal genes. LRV1 was completely eliminated, at high efficiency, accompanied by a massive overproduction of LRV1-specific siRNAs, representing as much as 87% of the total. For both L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis, RNAi-derived LRV1-negative lines were no longer able to induce a Toll-like receptor 3-dependent hyperinflammatory cytokine response in infected macrophages. We demonstrate in vitro a role for LRV1 in virulence of L. braziliensis, the Leishmania species responsible for the vast majority of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis cases. These findings establish a targeted method for elimination of LRV1, and potentially of other Leishmania viruses, which will facilitate mechanistic dissection of the role of LRV1-mediated virulence. Moreover, our data establish a third paradigm for RNAi-viral relationships in evolution: one of balance rather than elimination.
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18
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Davis RE, Sharma S, Conceição J, Carneiro P, Novais F, Scott P, Sundar S, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM, Wilson ME. Phenotypic and functional characteristics of HLA-DR + neutrophils in Brazilians with cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:739-749. [PMID: 28076241 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0915-442rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Leishmania braziliensis causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in endemic regions. In murine models, neutrophils (PMNs) are recruited to the site of infection soon after parasite inoculation. However, the roles of neutrophils during chronic infection and in human disease remain undefined. We hypothesized that neutrophils help maintain a systemic inflammatory state in subjects with CL. Lesion biopsies from all patients with CL tested contained neutrophils expressing HLA-DR, a molecule thought to be restricted to professional antigen-presenting cells. Although CL is a localized disease, a subset of patients with CL also had circulating neutrophils expressing HLA-DR and the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD40. PMNs isolated from a low-density leukocyte blood fraction (LD-PMNs) contained a higher percentage of HLA-DR+ PMNs than did normal-density PMNs. In vitro coculture experiments suggested LD-PMNs do not suppress T cell responses, differentiating them from MDSCs. Flow-sorted HLA-DR+ PMNs morphologically resembled conventional PMNs, and they exhibited functional properties of PMNs. Compared with conventional PMNs, HLA-DR+ PMNs showed increased activation, degranulation, DHR123 oxidation, and phagocytic capacity. A few HLA-DR+ PMNs were observed in healthy subjects, and that proportion could be increased by incubation in either inflammatory cytokines or in plasma from a patient with CL. This was accompanied by an increase in PMN hladrb1 mRNA, suggesting a possible connection between neutrophil "priming" and up-regulation of HLA-DR. These data suggest that PMNs that are primed for activation and that also express surface markers of antigen-presenting cells emerge in the circulation and infected tissue lesions of patients with CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Davis
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Smriti Sharma
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jacilara Conceição
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Pedro Carneiro
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Olivia Bacellar
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Fundação Gonçalo Muniz, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; .,Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; and.,Research Service, Iowa City Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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19
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Molecular identification of Leishmania spp. clinical isolates from Colombia based on hsp70 gene. BIOMEDICA 2016; 36:37-44. [PMID: 27622623 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i2.2688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leishmaniasis is highly prevalent in Colombia, where at least six different species can cause disease of varying clinical presentations in humans. The identification of the infecting species is quite important for prognosis, therapeutics and epidemiology. Different techniques with variable discriminatory power have been used for the identification. OBJECTIVE To carry out the molecular identification of Leishmania species through the amplification of a fragment of the hsp70 gene. MATERIALS AND METHODS Molecular amplification of the hsp70 gene fragment (PCR-hsp70) followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) was done for identification purposes using DNA from 81 clinical isolates of Leishmania. RESULTS A single amplicon was obtained for all samples analyzed. The enzymatic restrictions of the 81 PCR products identified 70 with a banding pattern corresponding to L. braziliensis with two different patterns (62 and eight isolates, respectively), nine isolates compatible with L. panamensis and two with L. guyanensis. The geographical origin of the isolates is consistent with previous reports about the distribution of the corresponding species in Colombia. CONCLUSIONS The PCR-hsp70/RFLP technique used is a valid tool for the identification of Leishmania species isolated from clinical samples of patients in Colombia, which may also be applicable to the study of strains obtained from vectors and reservoirs with epidemiological significance.
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Adaui V, Lye LF, Akopyants NS, Zimic M, Llanos-Cuentas A, Garcia L, Maes I, De Doncker S, Dobson DE, Arevalo J, Dujardin JC, Beverley SM. Association of the Endobiont Double-Stranded RNA Virus LRV1 With Treatment Failure for Human Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania braziliensis in Peru and Bolivia. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:112-21. [PMID: 26123565 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis, caused in South America by Leishmania braziliensis, is difficult to cure by chemotherapy (primarily pentavalent antimonials [Sb(V)]). Treatment failure does not correlate well with resistance in vitro, and the factors responsible for treatment failure in patients are not well understood. Many isolates of L. braziliensis (>25%) contain a double-stranded RNA virus named Leishmaniavirus 1 (LRV1), which has also been reported in Leishmania guyanensis, for which an association with increased pathology, metastasis, and parasite replication was found in murine models. Here we probed the relationship of LRV1 to drug treatment success and disease in 97 L. braziliensis-infected patients from Peru and Bolivia. In vitro cultures were established, parasites were typed as L. braziliensis, and the presence of LRV1 was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, followed by sequence analysis. LRV1 was associated significantly with an increased risk of treatment failure (odds ratio, 3.99; P = .04). There was no significant association with intrinsic Sb(V) resistance among parasites, suggesting that treatment failure arises from LRV1-mediated effects on host metabolism and/or parasite survival. The association of LRV1 with clinical drug treatment failure could serve to guide more-effective treatment of tegumentary disease caused by L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Adaui
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Unidad de Pathoantigenos
| | - Lon-Fye Lye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Natalia S Akopyants
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mirko Zimic
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Lineth Garcia
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-IIBISMED, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Ilse Maes
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp
| | | | - Deborah E Dobson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jorge Arevalo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Unidad de Pathoantigenos
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Abstract
Leishmania spp. are parasitic protozoa endemic in tropical and subtropical regions and the causative agent of leishmaniasis, a collection of syndromes whose clinical manifestations vary according to host and pathogen factors. Leishmania spp. are inoculated into the mammalian host by the bite of an infected sand fly, whereupon they are taken up by phagocytosis, convert into the replicative amastigote stage within macrophages, reproduce, spread to new macrophages and cause disease manifestations. A curative response against leishmaniasis depends in the classical activation of macrophages and the IL-12-dependent onset of an adaptive type 1 response characterized by the production of IFN-γ. Emerging evidence suggests that neutrophils, dendritic cells and other immune cells can serve as either temporary or stable hosts for Leishmania spp. Furthermore, it is becoming apparent that the initial interactions of the parasite with resident or early recruited immune cells can shape both the macrophage response and the type of adaptive immune response being induced. In this review, we compile a growing number of studies demonstrating how the earliest interactions of Leishmania spp. with eosinophils and mast cells influence the macrophage response to infection and the development of the adaptive immune response, hence, determining the ultimate outcome of infection.
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Ferraz R, Cunha CF, Gomes-Silva A, Schubach AO, Pimentel MIF, Lyra MR, Mendonça SC, Valete-Rosalino CM, Da-Cruz AM, Bertho ÁL. Apoptosis and frequency of total and effector CD8+ T lymphocytes from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients during antimonial therapy. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:74. [PMID: 25870976 PMCID: PMC4338827 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is an important parasitic disease affecting millions worldwide. Human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where is caused by Leishmania braziliensis. The adaptive immune response is accountable for the healing of CL and despite of key role of CD8+ T cells in this immune response little is known about the CD8+ T lymphocytes frequencies, apoptosis and antigen-responsive CD8+ T lymphocytes of CL patients during antimonial therapy. METHODS Using flow cytometry, we examined total and effector CD8+ T cells from CL patients before (PBT), during (PDT) and after (PAT) treatment for apoptosis and frequencies upon isolation and after in vitro L. braziliensis antigens (LbAg)-stimulation culture. Besides, a correlation study between immunological findings and lesion size was done. RESULTS PDT showed lower frequencies of total CD8+ T lymphocytes and higher levels of apoptosis of these cells, which were also observed following LbAg-stimulation culture. Regarding effector CD8+ T cells, high frequencies were observed in PDT, while lower frequencies were observed in PAT. Interestingly, PDT showed higher frequencies of apoptotic-effector CD8+ T lymphocytes. Similar results were seen after in vitro antigenic-stimulation assays. Correlation analysis showed that the greater the size of lesion, the smaller the frequency of effector CD8+ T lymphocytes in PDT and PAT, as well as a positive correlation between apoptotic-effector CD8+ T cells frequency and lesion size of PDT. CONCLUSIONS Changes in effector CD8+ T-lymphocyte frequencies, during and after treatment, seem to represent a critical stage to generate an efficient immune response and suggest that these cells would be evolved in the triggering or in the resolution of lesion, under the influence of therapy. This hypothesis opens new perspectives to clarify controversial statements about the protective or deleterious role of CD8+ T cells in the cure or aggravation of CL and the new approach of evaluating patients during treatment proved to be of utmost importance for understanding the immune response in the healing process of human CL.
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Fernandes AP, Canavaci AMC, McCall LI, Matlashewski G. A2 and other visceralizing proteins of Leishmania: role in pathogenesis and application for vaccine development. Subcell Biochem 2014; 74:77-101. [PMID: 24264241 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7305-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a re-emergent disease and a significant cause of morbidity worldwide. Amongst the more than 20 Leishmania species, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania infantum and more rarely Leishmania amazonensis are associated with visceral leishmaniasis. A major question in leishmaniasis research is how these species migrate to and infect visceral organs whereas other species such as Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis remain in the skin, causing tegumentary leishmaniasis. Here we present the more recent advances and approaches towards the identification of species-specific visceralizing factors of Leishmania, such as the A2 protein, leading to a better understanding of parasite biology. We also discuss their potential use for the development of a vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Fernandes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270901, Brazil,
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Bart A, van Thiel PPAM, de Vries HJC, Hodiamont CJ, Van Gool T. Imported leishmaniasis in the Netherlands from 2005 to 2012: epidemiology, diagnostic techniques and sequence-based species typing from 195 patients. Euro Surveill 2013; 18:20544. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.30.20544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an imported disease in the Netherlands. We report data for the period between 2005 and 2012, on clinical presentation, country where leishmaniasis was acquired, and causative species, for 195 civilian and military patients who had travelled abroad. Most patients were affected by cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) (n=185 patients), while visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (n=8 patients) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (n=2 patients) were less frequently observed. All VL patients had been infected in Europe. CL was mainly acquired in Afghanistan, Surinam, Morocco and Spain. The majority of CL patients consisted of military personnel (55%, 102/185), 78 of whom had been infected during an outbreak in Afghanistan. Parasitological diagnosis was made by a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), microscopy and culture. Compared to a standard of parasitological proof by any method other than the one under consideration, sensitivities of the individual methods ranged from 73% to 98%. Microscopy was least sensitive, but is fast and cheap. Mini-exon repeat PCR combines high sensitivity and specificity, and allows differentiation between species by sequencing of the PCR product. Eight different species or species complexes were identified, allowing species-specific therapy. Four patients proved infected with Leishmania naiffi, a hitherto rarely described cause of leishmaniasis. In comparison to previous decennia, an increase in cutaneous leishmaniasis was observed in our hospital, both in civilian and military patients who had travelled abroad. This calls for increased awareness among clinicians, availability of diagnostic tests and species-specific treatment guidelines in non-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bart
- Department of Medical Microbiology, section of Parasitology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P PAM van Thiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H JC de Vries
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C J Hodiamont
- Department of Medical Microbiology, section of Parasitology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T Van Gool
- Department of Medical Microbiology, section of Parasitology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Costa ISF, de Souza GFP, de Oliveira MG, Abrahamsohn IDA. S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is cytotoxic to intracellular amastigotes and promotes healing of topically treated Leishmania major or Leishmania braziliensis skin lesions. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2561-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Cellular immune response evaluation of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients cells stimulated with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis antigenic fractions before and after clinical cure. Cell Immunol 2012; 279:180-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Carneiro G, Aguiar MG, Fernandes AP, Ferreira LAM. Drug delivery systems for the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1083-97. [PMID: 22724539 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.701204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The parenteral administration of pentavalent antimonials for the treatment of all forms of leishmaniasis, including cutaneous leishamniasis (CL), has several limitations. Therapy is long, requiring repeated doses and the adverse reactions are frequent. Topical treatment is an attractive alternative for CL, offering significant advantages over systemic therapy: fewer adverse effects, ease of administration, and lower costs. AREAS COVERED This review covers, from 1984 to the present, the progress achieved for the development of topical treatment for CL, using different drugs such as paromomycin (PA), imiquimod, amphotericin B (AmB), miltefosine, and buparvaquone. PA is the most commonly studied drug, followed by AmB and Imiquimod. These drugs were incorporated in conventional dosage forms or loaded in lipid nanocarries, which have been used mainly for improved skin delivery and antileishmanial activity. EXPERT OPINION Developing an effective topical treatment for CL using these antileishmanial drugs still remains a great challenge. Insights into the most promising delivery strategies to improve treatment of CL with PA and AmB using conventional dosage forms, lipid nanocarriers, and combined therapy are presented and discussed. The results obtained with combined therapy and alternative delivery systems are promising perspectives for improving topical treatment of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Carneiro
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Fernandes AP, Coelho EAF, Machado-Coelho GLL, Grimaldi G, Gazzinelli RT. Making an anti-amastigote vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis: rational, update and perspectives. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:476-85. [PMID: 22698479 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a major health problem in Latina America, as well as the Mediterranean region of Europe and Asia. We aimed to develop a vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis targeting the intracellular amastigotes, which is the parasite stage that persists throughout infections with Leishmania parasites. With this in mind, we identified an amastigote specific antigen (A2) that contains an immunogenic epitope for CD4+ T helper (Th) cells and multiple repetitive units encoding CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes. Vaccine formulations containing the recombinant A2 associated with saponin, alum and IL-12 or expressed by attenuated adenovirus were shown to be protective in mice, dogs and nonhuman-primates. We are currently identifying novel amastigote specific immunogenic proteins that could be aggregated to A2 to further improve the level of vaccine-induced cell-mediated immunity and protection against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Fernandes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Goto H, Lauletta Lindoso JA. Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2012; 26:293-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Khademvatan S, Neisi N, Maraghi S, Saki J. Diagnosis and identification of Leishmania spp. from Giemsa-stained slides, by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis in south-west of Iran. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2012; 105:559-65. [PMID: 22325815 DOI: 10.1179/2047773211y.0000000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of present study was describing a real-time PCR assay for the diagnosis and direct identification of Leishmania species on Giemsa-stained slides in south-west of Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS Altogether, 102 Giemsa-stained slides were collected from different part of south-west of Iran between 2008 and 2011. All the Giemsa-stained slides were examined under light microscope. After DNA extraction, real-time PCR amplification and detection were conducted with fluorescent SYBR Green I. For identification, PCR products were analysed with melting curve analysis. RESULTS One hundred and two archived slides from suspected lesion examined by microscopy and real-time PCR. The sensitivity of the real-time PCR on Giemsa-stained slid was 98% (96/102). The melting curve analysis (T(m)) were 88·3±0·2°C for L. tropica (MHOM/IR/02/Mash10), 86·5±0·2°C for L. major (MHOM/IR/75/ER) and 89·4±0·3°C for L. infantum (MCAN/IR/97/LON 49), respectively. CONCLUSION This study is first report in use of real-time PCR for diagnosis and identification of Leishmania spp. in Iran. Up to now, in Iran, the majority of identification of Leishmania species is restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of ITS1 and kinetoplast DNA. Our data showed that Giemsa-stained slides that were stored more than 3 years, can be use for Leishmania DNA extraction and amplification by real-time PCR. Compared to conventional PCR-based methods, the real-time PCR is extremely rapid with results and more samples can be processed at one time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khademvatan
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Toll-like receptors in leishmania infections: guardians or promoters? J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:930257. [PMID: 22523644 PMCID: PMC3317170 DOI: 10.1155/2012/930257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoa of the genus Leishmania cause a wide variety of pathologies ranging from self-healing skin lesions to visceral damage, depending on the parasite species. The outcome of infection depends on the quality of the adaptive immune response, which is determined by parasite factors and the host genetic background. Innate responses, resulting in the generation of mediators with anti-leishmanial activity, contribute to parasite control and help the development of efficient adaptive responses. Among those, the potential contribution of members of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) family in the control of Leishmania infections started to be investigated about a decade ago. Although most studies appoint a protective role for TLRs, there is growing evidence that in some cases, TLRs facilitate infection. This review highlights recent advances in TLR function during Leishmania infections and discusses their potential role in restraining parasite growth versus yielding disease.
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Golgher D, Vianna CH, Moura AC. Drugs against leishmaniasis: Overview of market needs and pipeline. Drug Dev Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Actualités sur les leishmanioses viscérales. Rev Med Interne 2011; 32:544-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Vivarini ADC, Pereira RDMS, Teixeira KLD, Calegari-Silva TC, Bellio M, Laurenti MD, Corbett CEP, Gomes CMDC, Soares RP, Silva AM, Silveira FT, Lopes UG. Human cutaneous leishmaniasis: interferon-dependent expression of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) via TLR2. FASEB J 2011; 25:4162-73. [PMID: 21846836 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-185165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the type I interferon (IFN-1)/PKR axis in the outcome of the Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection, along with the underlying mechanisms that trigger and sustain this signaling pathway. Reporter assays of cell extracts from RAW-264.7 macrophages infected with L. (L.) amazonensis or HEK-293T cells cotransfected with TLR2 and PKR promoter constructions were employed. Primary macrophages of TLR2-knockout (KO) or IFNR-KO mice were infected, and the levels of PKR, IFN-1, and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) transcript levels were investigated and compared. Immunohistochemical analysis of human biopsy lesions was evaluated for IFN-1 and PKR-positive cells. Leishmania infection increased the expression of PKR and IFN-β on induction of PKR-promoter activity. The observed effects required the engagement of TLR2. TLR2-KO macrophages expressed low IFN-β and PKR levels postinfection with a reduced parasite load. We also revealed the requirement of PKR signaling for Leishmania-induced IFN-1 expression, responsible for sustaining PKR expression and enhancing infection. Moreover, during infection, SOD1 transcripts increased and were also enhanced when IFN-1 was added to the cultures. Remarkably, SOD1 expression was abrogated in infected, dominant-negative PKR-expressing cells. Finally, lesions of patients with anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis exhibited higher levels of PKR/IFN-1-expressing cells compared to those with single cutaneous leishmaniasis. In summary, we demonstrated the mechanisms and relevance of the IFN-1/PKR axis in the Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislan de Carvalho Vivarini
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Selenocyanates and diselenides: A new class of potent antileishmanial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3315-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ghoshal A, Mandal C. A perspective on the emergence of sialic acids as potent determinants affecting leishmania biology. Mol Biol Int 2011; 2011:532106. [PMID: 22091406 PMCID: PMC3200265 DOI: 10.4061/2011/532106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania sp. has a wide range of manifestations from cutaneous to the deadly visceral form. They shuttle between the invertebrate and vertebrate hosts as promastigotes and amastigotes having adaptations for subverting host immune responses. Parasite-specific glycoconjugates have served as important determinants influencing parasite recognition, internalization, differentiation, multiplication, and virulence. Despite the steady progress in the field of parasite glycobiology, sialobiology has been a less traversed domain of research in leishmaniasis. The present paper focuses on identification, characterization, and differential distribution of sialoglycotope having the linkage-specific 9-O-acetylated sialic acid in promastigotes of different Leishmania sp. causing different clinical ramifications emphasizing possible role of these sialoglycotopes in infectivity, virulence, nitric oxide resistance, and host modulation in Leishmania spp. asserting them to be important molecules influencing parasite biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angana Ghoshal
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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Bedoya-Pacheco SJ, Araujo-Melo MH, Valete-Rosalino CM, Pimentel MIF, Conceição-Silva F, Schubach AO, Marzochi MCA. Endemic tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil: correlation between level of endemicity and number of cases of mucosal disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 84:901-5. [PMID: 21633026 PMCID: PMC3110350 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish a correlation between the endemic level of tegumentary leishmaniasis in different regions of Brazil during 2002-2009 and the number of cases of mucosal or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. The proportion of mucosal leishmaniasis was inversely correlated with prevalence of infection. In areas with a lower infection prevalence, the proportion of mucosal leishmaniasis increased (P < 0.05). The hypothesis of an Amazonian origin and dissemination through human migration is considered. Our results show that in regions with lower prevalence and endemically younger, the proportion of cases that evolve to the mucosal form is higher than in regions with higher prevalence and endemically older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro J Bedoya-Pacheco
- Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Santos-Oliveira JR, Giacoia-Gripp CBW, Alexandrino de Oliveira P, Amato VS, Lindoso JÂL, Goto H, Oliveira-Neto MP, Mattos MS, Grinsztejn B, Morgado MG, Da-Cruz AM. High levels of T lymphocyte activation in Leishmania-HIV-1 co-infected individuals despite low HIV viral load. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:358. [PMID: 21171992 PMCID: PMC3022832 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concomitant infections may influence HIV progression by causing chronic activation leading to decline in T-cell function. In the Americas, visceral (AVL) and tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) have emerged as important opportunistic infections in HIV-AIDS patients and both of those diseases have been implicated as potentially important co-factors in disease progression. We investigated whether leishmaniasis increases lymphocyte activation in HIV-1 co-infected patients. This might contribute to impaired cellular immune function. METHODS To address this issue we analyzed CD4+ T absolute counts and the proportion of CD8+ T cells expressing CD38 in Leishmania/HIV co-infected patients that recovered after anti-leishmanial therapy. RESULTS We found that, despite clinical remission of leishmaniasis, AVL co-infected patients presented a more severe immunossupression as suggested by CD4+ T cell counts under 200 cells/mm3, differing from ATL/HIV-AIDS cases that tends to show higher lymphocytes levels (over 350 cells/mm3). Furthermore, five out of nine, AVL/HIV-AIDS presented low CD4+ T cell counts in spite of low or undetectable viral load. Expression of CD38 on CD8+ T lymphocytes was significantly higher in AVL or ATL/HIV-AIDS cases compared to HIV/AIDS patients without leishmaniasis or healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS Leishmania infection can increase the degree of immune system activation in individuals concomitantly infected with HIV. In addition, AVL/HIV-AIDS patients can present low CD4+ T cell counts and higher proportion of activated T lymphocytes even when HIV viral load is suppressed under HAART. This fact can cause a misinterpretation of these laboratorial markers in co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Santos-Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz -FIOCRUZ. Av. Brasil 4365. Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Carmem BW Giacoia-Gripp
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365. Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Alexandrino de Oliveira
- Hospital-Dia Profa. Esterina Corsini, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Valdir S Amato
- Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. CEP 05403-010, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Ângelo L Lindoso
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Hiro Goto
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Manoel P Oliveira-Neto
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, IPEC - FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365. Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marise S Mattos
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, IPEC - FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365. Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, IPEC - FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365. Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Mariza G Morgado
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365. Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Alda M Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz -FIOCRUZ. Av. Brasil 4365. Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21040-360, Brazil
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Reductions in skin and systemic parasite burdens as a combined effect of topical paromomycin and oral miltefosine treatment of mice experimentally infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4699-704. [PMID: 20713665 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00809-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the activity of a combination of topical paromomycin gel and oral miltefosine for the treatment of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. The efficacy of the combination, evaluated by measuring lesion size and parasite burden in the skin and spleen, was assessed in BALB/c mice infected by L. (L.) amazonensis. The miltefosine was administered orally at 10 mg/kg of body weight/day for 10 days, while 10% paromomycin gel was applied topically twice a day for 20 days. Treatment of the experimentally infected animals with a topical paromomycin-oral miltefosine combination induced a statistically significant reduction in lesion size and parasite burden in the skin and spleen, with complete healing of ulcers, compared with those treated with a placebo group. A combination of topical paromomycin gel and oral miltefosine provided enhanced efficacy in the treatment of L. (L.) amazonensis-infected mice, showing activity higher than that observed for the monotherapeutic regimens.
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40
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Abstract
A 43-year-old Brazilian female presented in 2001 with nasal stuffiness and sinusitis. A biopsy was consistent with limited Wegener's granulomatosis although antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were negative. Her nasal inflammation progressed despite trials of prednisone, methotrexate, and azathioprine. A septal perforation developed and a repeat biopsy showed granulomatous inflammation. In 2006 the patient was referred to Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles. The nose was grossly erythematous and a magnetic resonance imaging revealed nasal destruction and sinusitis. Palatine biopsies showed chronic inflammation. Cyclophosphamide at 150 mg/d resulted in markedly improved mucocutaneous lesions. The patient developed a leg and arm rash in 2007. A skin biopsy was positive for Leishmania braziliensis. The cyclophosphamide was discontinued and amphotericin B was initiated with transient benefit. Remission was achieved with pentavalent antimony. Despite multiple nasopharyngeal biopsies, for a 6-year span, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis masqueraded as Wegener's granulomatosis. Cyclophosphamide not only resulted in clinical improvement, due to reduced inflammatory response, but also allowed widespread cutaneous dissemination.
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Paciente viajera con múltiples lesiones cutáneas de 6 meses de evolución. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2010; 28:323-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Combined topical paromomycin and oral miltefosine treatment of mice experimentally infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) major leads to reduction in both lesion size and systemic parasite burdens. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:1234-40. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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Bacellar O, Faria D, Nascimento M, Cardoso TM, Gollob KJ, Dutra WO, Scott P, Carvalho EM. Interleukin 17 production among patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:75-8. [PMID: 19476435 DOI: 10.1086/599380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 17 (IL-17) plays a critical role in inflammation and autoimmunity. Very little is known about IL-17 in protozoa infection. Here, we show that lymphocytes obtained from patients with mucosal leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis produce higher levels of IL-17 than do lymphocytes obtained from uninfected control subjects (P<.01). There was a tendency for tissue obtained from patients with mucosal leishmaniasis to contain a higher number of cells expressing IL-17, compared with tissue obtained from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, and there was a direct correlation between the number of cells expressing IL-17 and the presence of cellular inflammation at the lesion site (r2 = 0.86; P<.001) These data support the role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory reaction in leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olívia Bacellar
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
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