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Liu JA, Walker WH, Meléndez-Fernández OH, Bumgarner JR, Zhang N, Walton JC, Meares GP, DeVries AC, Nelson RJ. Dim light at night shifts microglia to a pro-inflammatory state after cerebral ischemia, altering stroke outcome in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 377:114796. [PMID: 38677449 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenous biological cycles that regulate physiology and behavior and are set to precisely 24-h by light exposure. Light at night (LAN) dysregulates physiology and function including immune response; a critical component that contributes to stroke pathophysiological progression of neuronal injury and may impair recovery from injury. The goal of this study is to explore the effects of dim LAN (dLAN) in a murine model of ischemic stroke to assess how nighttime lighting from hospital settings can affect stroke outcome. Further, this study sought to identify mechanisms underlying pathophysiological changes to immune response after circadian disruption. Male and female adult Swiss Webster (CFW) mice were subjected to transient or permanent focal cerebral ischemia, then were subsequently placed into either dark night conditions (LD) or one night of dLAN (5 lx). 24 h post-stroke, sensorimotor impairments and infarct sizes were quantified. A single night of dLAN following MCAO increased infarct size and sensorimotor deficits across both sexes and reduced survival in males after 24 h. Flow cytometry was performed to assess microglial phenotypes after MCAO, and revealed that dLAN altered the percentage of microglia that express pro-inflammatory markers (MHC II+ and IL-6) and microglia that express CD206 and IL-10 that likely contributed to poor ischemic outcomes. Following these results, microglia were reduced in the brain using Plexxikon 5622 (PLX 5622) a CSFR1 inhibitor, then the mice received an MCAO and were exposed to LD or dLAN conditions for 24 h. Microglial depletion by PLX5622 resulted in infarct sizes that were comparable between lighting conditions. This study provides supporting evidence that environmental lighting exacerbates ischemic injury and post-stroke mortality by a biological mechanism that exposure to dLAN causes a fundamental shift of activated microglial phenotypes from beneficial to detrimental at an early time point after stroke, resulting in irreversible neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States.
| | - William H Walker
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - O Hecmarie Meléndez-Fernández
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Jacob R Bumgarner
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - James C Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Gordon P Meares
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - A Courtney DeVries
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States; Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States; West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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2
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Miller MR, Landrigan PJ, Arora M, Newby DE, Münzel T, Kovacic JC. Water, Soil, Noise, and Light Pollution: JACC Focus Seminar, Part 2. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 83:2308-2323. [PMID: 38839205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.03.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Various forms of pollution carry a substantial burden with respect to increasing the risk of causing and exacerbating noncommunicable diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. The first part of this 2-part series on pollution and cardiovascular disease provided an overview of the impact of global warming and air pollution. This second paper provides an overview of the impact of water, soil, noise, and light pollution on the cardiovascular system. This review discusses the biological mechanisms underlying these effects and potential environmental biometrics of exposure. What is clear from both these pollution papers is that significant efforts and redoubled urgency are needed to reduce the sources of pollution in our environment, to incorporate environmental risk factors into medical education, to provide resources for research, and, ultimately, to protect those who are particularly vulnerable and susceptible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Philip J Landrigan
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Climate Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David E Newby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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3
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Farag HI, Murphy BA, Templeman JR, Hanlon C, Joshua J, Koch TG, Niel L, Shoveller AK, Bedecarrats GY, Ellison A, Wilcockson D, Martino TA. One Health: Circadian Medicine Benefits Both Non-human Animals and Humans Alike. J Biol Rhythms 2024; 39:237-269. [PMID: 38379166 PMCID: PMC11141112 DOI: 10.1177/07487304241228021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Circadian biology's impact on human physical health and its role in disease development and progression is widely recognized. The forefront of circadian rhythm research now focuses on translational applications to clinical medicine, aiming to enhance disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment responses. However, the field of circadian medicine has predominantly concentrated on human healthcare, neglecting its potential for transformative applications in veterinary medicine, thereby overlooking opportunities to improve non-human animal health and welfare. This review consists of three main sections. The first section focuses on the translational potential of circadian medicine into current industry practices of agricultural animals, with a particular emphasis on horses, broiler chickens, and laying hens. The second section delves into the potential applications of circadian medicine in small animal veterinary care, primarily focusing on our companion animals, namely dogs and cats. The final section explores emerging frontiers in circadian medicine, encompassing aquaculture, veterinary hospital care, and non-human animal welfare and concludes with the integration of One Health principles. In summary, circadian medicine represents a highly promising field of medicine that holds the potential to significantly enhance the clinical care and overall health of all animals, extending its impact beyond human healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham I. Farag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara A. Murphy
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James R. Templeman
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Charlene Hanlon
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessica Joshua
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas G. Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lee Niel
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Amy Ellison
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - David Wilcockson
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Tami A. Martino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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4
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Dauchy RT, Hanifin JP, Brainard GC, Blask DE. Light: An Extrinsic Factor Influencing Animal-based Research. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2024; 63:116-147. [PMID: 38211974 PMCID: PMC11022951 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-23-000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Light is an environmental factor that is extrinsic to animals themselves and that exerts a profound influence on the regulation of circadian, neurohormonal, metabolic, and neurobehavioral systems of all animals, including research animals. These widespread biologic effects of light are mediated by distinct photoreceptors-rods and cones that comprise the conventional visual system and melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) of the nonvisual system that interact with the rods and cones. The rods and cones of the visual system, along with the ipRGCs of the nonvisual system, are species distinct in terms of opsins and opsin concentrations and interact with one another to provide vision and regulate circadian rhythms of neurohormonal and neurobehavioral responses to light. Here, we review a brief history of lighting technologies, the nature of light and circadian rhythms, our present understanding of mammalian photoreception, and current industry practices and standards. We also consider the implications of light for vivarium measurement, production, and technological application and provide simple recommendations on artificial lighting for use by regulatory authorities, lighting manufacturers, designers, engineers, researchers, and research animal care staff that ensure best practices for optimizing animal health and well-being and, ultimately, improving scientific outcomes.
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Key Words
- blad, blue-enriched led light at daytime
- clock, circadian locomotor output kaput
- cct, correlated color temperature
- cwf, cool white fluorescent
- ign, intergeniculate nucleus
- iprgc, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell
- hiomt, hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase
- k, kelvin temperature
- lan, light at night
- led, light-emitting diode
- lgn, lateral geniculate nucleus
- plr, pupillary light reflex
- pot, primary optic tract
- rht, retinohypothalamic tract
- scn, suprachiasmatic nuclei
- spd, spectral power distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Dauchy
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Chrono-Neuroendocrine Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana;,
| | - John P Hanifin
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - George C Brainard
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David E Blask
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Chrono-Neuroendocrine Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Park S, Ma S, Seo H, Lee SG, Lee J, Ye S. Prostate cancer in workers exposed to night-shift work: two cases recognized by the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee. Ann Occup Environ Med 2023; 35:e52. [PMID: 38274362 PMCID: PMC10808083 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In 2019, the International Agency for Research on Cancer re-evaluated the carcinogenicity of night-shift work and reported that there is limited evidence that night-shift work is carcinogenic for the development of prostate cancer. Therefore, in 2020 and 2021, the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee concluded that 2 cases of prostate cancer were occupational diseases related to the night-shift work. Here, we report the 2 cases of prostate cancer in night-shift workers which were first concluded as occupational diseases by the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee. Case presentation Patient A: A 61-year-old man worked as a city bus driver for approximately 17 years, from 2002 to 2019, and was exposed to night-shift work during this period. In March 2017, the patient was diagnosed with high-grade prostate cancer through core-needle biopsy after experiencing stinging pain lasting for 2 months. Patient B: A 56-year-old man worked as an electrician and an automated equipment operator in a cement manufacturing plant for 35 years from 1976 to 2013 and was exposed to night-shift work during this period. In 2013, the patient was diagnosed with high-grade prostate cancer through core needle biopsy at a university hospital because of dysuria that lasted for 6 months. Conclusions The 2 workers were diagnosed with high-grade prostate cancer after working night shifts for 17 and 35 years respectively. Additionally, previous studies have reported that high-grade prostate cancer has a stronger relationship with night-shift work than low or medium-grade prostate cancer. Therefore, the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee concluded that night-shift work in these 2 patients contributed to the development of their prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkyun Park
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Seongwon Ma
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hoekyeong Seo
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sang Gil Lee
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Shinhee Ye
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Incheon, Korea
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Liang X, Wang Z, Cai H, Zeng YQ, Chen J, Wei X, Dong G, Huang Y, Lao XQ. Outdoor light at night and mortality in the UK Biobank: a prospective cohort study. Occup Environ Med 2023:oemed-2023-109036. [PMID: 38053269 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2023-109036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 83% of the world's population lives under light-polluted skies while information about health effects of outdoor light at night (LAN) is limited. We examined the association of LAN with natural cause (NC) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality using the UK Biobank. METHODS We included 273 335 participants recruited between 2006 and 2010. Level of LAN was estimated at each participant's address using time-varying satellite data for a composite of persistent night-time illumination at ~1 km2 scale. Information on causes of death until 12 November 2021 was obtained through record linkage. Cox proportional hazards regression was used. RESULTS In the follow-up with an average of 12.4 years, 14 864 NC and 3100 CVD deaths were identified. Compared with the participants exposed to the first quartile of LAN, participants exposed to the highest quartile showed an 8% higher risk of NC mortality (HR: 1.08, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.13) after adjusting for age, sex, social-economic status, shift work, lifestyle factors and body mass index. However, the association disappeared after further adjustment for PM2.5 and evening noise, with HRs (95% CIs) of 1.02 (0.97 to 1.07), 1.01 (0.97 to 1.06) and 1.03 (0.97 to 1.08), respectively, for the participants exposed to the second, third and fourth quartiles of LAN. No significant associations were observed between LAN and CVD mortality, either. CONCLUSIONS We did not observe significant associations of LAN with NC and CVD mortality in this large nationwide cohort. The health effects of LAN remain unclear. Further studies are warranted to address this public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liang
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zixin Wang
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Honglin Cai
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Qian Zeng
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jinjian Chen
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xianglin Wei
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiang Qian Lao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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7
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Gutiérrez-Pérez M, González-González S, Estrada-Rodriguez KP, Espítia-Bautista E, Guzmán-Ruiz MA, Escalona R, Escobar C, Guerrero-Vargas NN. Dim Light at Night Promotes Circadian Disruption in Female Rats, at the Metabolic, Reproductive, and Behavioral Level. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200289. [PMID: 36650949 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inhabitants of urban areas are constantly exposed to light at night, which is an important environmental factor leading to circadian disruption. Streetlights filtering light through the windows and night dim light lamps are common sources of dim light at night (DLAN). The female population is susceptible to circadian disruption. The present study is aimed to determine the impact of DLAN on female Wistar rats circadian rhythms, metabolism, reproductive physiology, and behavior. After 5 weeks of DLAN exposure daily, oscillations in activity and body temperature of female rats are abolished. DLAN also decreases nocturnal food ingestion, which results in a diminishment in total food consumption. These alterations in the temporal organization of the body are associated with a significant decrease in melatonin plasmatic levels, reproductive disruptions, decreased exploration times, and marked anhedonia. This study highlights the importance of avoiding exposure to light at night, even at low intensities, to maintain the circadian organization of physiology, and denotes the great necessity of increasing the studies in females since the sexual dimorphism within the effects of desynchronizing protocols has been poorly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gutiérrez-Pérez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Shellye González-González
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Karla P Estrada-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Estefania Espítia-Bautista
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Mara A Guzmán-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Rene Escalona
- Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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8
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Minias P. The effects of urban life on animal immunity: Adaptations and constraints. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165085. [PMID: 37379938 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Land transformation, including urbanization, is a dominant form of anthropogenic change to the global environment at the dawn of the Anthropocene epoch. More and more species are brought into direct contact with humans, being either required to develop broad-scale adaptations to urban environment or filtered out from urbanized areas. While behavioural or physiological adaptations are at the forefront of urban biology research, there is accumulating evidence for divergent pathogen pressure across urbanization gradients, requiring adjustments in host immune function. At the same time, host immunity may be constrained by unfavourable components of an urban environment, such as poor-quality food resources, disturbance, or pollution. Here, I reviewed existing evidence for adaptations and constrains in the immune system of urban animals, focusing on the recent implementation of metabarcoding, genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic approaches in urban biology research. I show that spatial variation in pathogen pressure across urban and non-urban landscapes is highly complex and may be context-dependent, but there is solid evidence for pathogen-driven immunostimulation in urban-dwelling animals. I also show that genes coding for molecules directly involved in interactions with pathogens are the prime candidates for immunogenetic adaptations to urban life. Evidence emerging from landscape genomics and transcriptomics show that immune adaptations to urban life may have a polygenic nature, but immune traits may not be among the key biological functions experiencing broad-scale microevolutionary changes in response to urbanization. Finally, I provided recommendations for future research, including i) a better integration of different 'omic' approaches to obtain a more complete picture of immune adaptations to urban life in non-model animal taxa, ii) quantification of fitness landscapes for immune phenotypes and genotypes across urbanization gradient, and iii) much broader taxonomic coverage (including invertebrates) necessary to draw more robust conclusions on how general (or taxa-specific) are immune responses of animals to urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Minias
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
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Hao Q, Wang L, Liu G, Ren Z, Wu Y, Yu Z, Yu J. Exploring the construction of urban artificial light ecology: a systematic review and the future prospects of light pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:101963-101988. [PMID: 37667125 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is rapidly growing and expanding globally, posing threats to ecological safety. Urban light pollution prevention and control are moving toward urban artificial light ecology construction. To clarify the need for light ecology construction, this work analyzes 1690 articles on ALAN and light pollution and 604 on ecological light pollution from 1998 to 2022. The development process and thematic evolution of light pollution research are combed through, the historical inevitability of artificial light ecology construction is excavated, and the ecological risks of light pollution to typical animals are summarized. The results show that international research has advanced to the ecological risk factors of light pollution and the related stress mechanisms, the quantification, prediction, and pre-warning by multiple technical means, and the translation of light pollution research outcomes to prevention and control practices. While Chinese scholars have begun to pay attention to the ecological risks of light pollution, the evaluation indicators and prevention and control measures remain primarily based on human-centered needs. Therefore, a more integrated demand-side framework of light ecology construction that comprehensively considers multiple risk receptors is further constructed. Given the development trend in China, we clarified the consistency of the ecological effect of landscape lighting with landsense ecology and the consistency of light ecological risk prevention and control with the concept of One Health. Ultimately, landsense light ecology is proposed based on the "One Health" concept. This work is expected to provide a reference and inspiration for future construction of urban artificial light ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Hao
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Building Physical Environment and Ecological Technology, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lixiong Wang
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Building Physical Environment and Ecological Technology, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Building Physical Environment and Ecological Technology, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhuofei Ren
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Building Physical Environment and Ecological Technology, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Building Physical Environment and Ecological Technology, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zejun Yu
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Building Physical Environment and Ecological Technology, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Juan Yu
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Building Physical Environment and Ecological Technology, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
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10
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Jerigova V, Zeman M, Okuliarova M. Chronodisruption of the acute inflammatory response by night lighting in rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14109. [PMID: 37644084 PMCID: PMC10465576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Daily oscillations are present in many aspects of the immune system, including responsiveness to infections, allowing temporal alignment of defence mechanisms with the external environment. Our study addresses whether compromised circadian timing function by dim artificial light at night (ALAN) impacts the time dependency of the acute inflammatory response in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. After 2 weeks of exposure to low-intensity ALAN (~2 lx) or a standard light/dark cycle, male rats were challenged with LPS during either the day or the night. Dim ALAN attenuated the anorectic response when rats were stimulated during their early light phase. Next, ALAN suppressed daily variability in inflammatory changes in blood leukocyte numbers and increased the daytime sensitivity of neutrophils to the priming effects of LPS on oxidative burst. An altered renal inflammatory response in ALAN-exposed rats was manifested by stimulated T-cell infiltration into the kidney upon night-time LPS injection and the modified rhythmic response of genes involved in inflammatory pathways. Moreover, ALAN disturbed steady-state oscillations of the renal molecular clock and eliminated the inflammatory responsiveness of Rev-erbα. Altogether, dim ALAN impaired time-of-day-dependent sensitivity of inflammatory processes, pointing out a causal mechanism between light pollution and negative health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viera Jerigova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Zeman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Okuliarova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Ren W, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Wang T, Chen Y. Continuous Monochromatic Blue Light Exacerbates High-Fat Diet-Induced Kidney Injury via Corticosterone-Mediated Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051018. [PMID: 37237884 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive illumination is one of the most severe environmental factors that impacts the organism. There is growing evidence that obesity significantly contributes to the onset of chronic kidney disease. However, the effect of continuous light on the kidney and which color can produce an apparent phenomenon remains elusive. In this study, C57BL/6 mice given either a normal diet (LD-WN) or a high-fat diet (LD-WF) were subjected to a light cycle of 12 h of illumination followed by 12 h of darkness for 12 weeks. Meanwhile, 48 high-fat diet mice were given a 24 h monochromatic light exposure of varying colors (white, LL-WF; blue, LL-BF; green, LL-GF) for 12 weeks. As expected, the LD-WF mice showed significant obesity, kidney injury, and renal dysfunction compared with the LD-WN group. LL-BF mice had worse kidney injury than LD-WF mice, including higher Kim-1 and Lcn2. The kidney of the LL-BF group showed marked glomerular and tubular injury, with decreased levels of Nephrin, Podocin, Cd2ap, and α-Actinin-4 compared to LD-WF. LL-BF also reduced the antioxidant capacity, including GSH-Px, CAT, and T-AOC, increased the production of MDA, and inhibited the activation of the NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, LL-BF upregulated the mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory factors Tnf-α, Il-6, and Mcp-1, decreasing the inhibitory inflammatory Il-4 expression. We observed increased plasma corticosterone (CORT), renal glucocorticoid receptors (GR) expression, Hsp90, Hsp70, and P23 mRNA levels. These findings suggested that LL-BF increased CORT secretion and affected glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in comparison to the LD-WF group. Moreover, in vitro research demonstrated that CORT treatment increased oxidative stress and inflammation, which was counteracted by adding a GR inhibitor. Thus, the sustained blue light worsened kidney damage, possibly by inducing elevated CORT and increasing oxidative stress and inflammation via GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenji Ren
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tuanjie Wang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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12
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Viljoen A, Oosthuizen MK. Dim light at night affects the locomotor activity of nocturnal African pygmy mice ( Mus minutoides) in an intensity-dependent manner. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230526. [PMID: 37072046 PMCID: PMC10113032 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents are integral components of ecosystems as they provide several important ecosystem services. Despite their importance as prey, pollinators and seed distributors, African rodents are largely understudied. The effect of anthropogenic changes such as artificial light at night extends past urban areas to peri-urban and rural habitats, and can have profound effects on entire ecosystems. We investigated the effect of dim light at night (dLAN) on the locomotor activity rhythms of the African pygmy mouse (Mus minutoides). Pygmy mice showed a dramatic, intensity-dependent reduction in their locomotor activity when subjected to dLAN, which was accompanied by a delay in the activity onset. We also considered masking responses with a dark pulse (DP) during the day and a light pulse at night. All animals became inactive in response to a light pulse during the night, whereas approximately half of the animals showed activity during a DP in the day. Our results suggest that the African pygmy mouse is highly sensitive to light and that their activity is strongly masked by light. In their natural environment, vegetation could shield pygmy mice against high light levels; however, other anthropogenic disturbances can alter the behaviour of these animals and could affect their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Viljoen
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - M. K. Oosthuizen
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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13
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Dickerson AL, Hall ML, Jones TM. Effects of variation in natural and artificial light at night on acoustic communication: a review and prospectus. Anim Behav 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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14
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Lu Y, Yin P, Wang J, Yang Y, Li F, Yuan H, Li S, Long Z, Zhou M. Light at night and cause-specific mortality risk in Mainland China: a nationwide observational study. BMC Med 2023; 21:95. [PMID: 36927443 PMCID: PMC10022237 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02822-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While epidemiological studies have found correlations between light at night (LAN) and health effects, none has so far investigated the impacts of LAN on population mortality yet. We aimed to estimate the relative risk for mortality from exposure to LAN in Mainland China. METHODS This time-stratified case-crossover nationwide study used NPP-VIIRS to obtain daily LAN data of Mainland China between 2015 and 2019. The daily mortality data were obtained from the Disease Surveillance Point System in China. Conditional Poisson regression models were applied to examine the relative risk (RR) for mortality along daily LAN in each county, then meta-analysis was performed to combine the county-specific estimates at the national or regional level. RESULTS A total of 579 counties with an average daily LAN of 4.39 (range: 1.02-35.46) were included in the main analysis. The overall RRs per 100 nW/cm2/sr increases in daily LAN were 1.08 (95%CI: 1.05-1.11) for all-cause mortality and 1.08 (95%CI: 1.05-1.11) for natural-cause mortality. A positive association between LAN and all natural cause-specific mortality was observed, of which the strongest effect was observed on mortality caused by neuron system disease (RR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.14-1.52). The results were robust in both younger and old, as well as in males and females. The more pronounced effect of LAN was observed in median LAN-level regions. Combined with an exposure-response curve, our study suggests a non-linear association between LAN and mortality in China. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows LAN is associated with mortality in China, particularly for neuron system disease-related mortality. These findings have important implications for public health policy establishment to minimize the health consequences of light pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Clinical Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Peng Yin
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yiping Yang
- Clinical Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Clinical Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Shenxin Li
- Department of Surveying and Remote Sensing Science, School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zheng Long
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Maigeng Zhou
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
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15
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Torquetti CG, de Carvalho TP, de Freitas RMP, Freitas MB, Guimarães ATB, Soto-Blanco B. Influence of landscape ecology and physiological implications in bats from different trophic guilds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159631. [PMID: 36280059 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bats may serve as bioindicators of human impact on landscape ecology. This study aimed to evaluate the health condition of bats from different food guilds captured in two areas with different land use profiles in Brazil and to compare data on the oxidant-antioxidant balance and histopathological changes due to different anthropogenic pressures. Bats were collected from a protected area in Serra do Cipó National Park (SCNP), MG, Brazil, and an area with intense agricultural activity in the municipality of Uberaba (UB), MG, Brazil. Despite the differences in land use and occupation between the studied areas, bats showed similar responses. However, the trophic guilds were affected differently. Frugivorous bats in both areas showed lower activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) than other guilds, which can be explained by the greater intake of antioxidants from the diet in addition to the lower production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Histopathological analysis of the livers revealed that the animals had a similar prevalence in the two areas, with some differences related to guilds. Compared with other bats, hematophagous bats from SCNP had a higher prevalence of steatosis and, together with frugivorous bats from Uberaba, had higher frequencies of ballooning degeneration, suggesting that these animals are subjected to anthropogenic factors capable of inducing disturbances in hepatic metabolism. Hematophagous bats from Uberaba had a higher prevalence of portal inflammation, while insectivorous bats from Uberaba had a higher prevalence of lobular and portal inflammation. The profiles of use and occupation of the areas are different; Uberaba bats seem to face worse conditions because they show more liver damage owing to lipoperoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Guimarães Torquetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Thaynara Parente de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Renata Maria Pereira de Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança s/n, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Mariella Bontempo Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. P.H. Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Tereza Bittencourt Guimarães
- Laboratório de Investigações Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária 2069, Cascavel, PR 85819-110, Brazil
| | - Benito Soto-Blanco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil.
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16
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Wang HB, Zhou D, Luk SHC, In Cha H, Mac A, Chae R, Matynia A, Harrison B, Afshari S, Block GD, Ghiani CA, Colwell CS. Long wavelength light reduces the negative consequences of dim light at night. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105944. [PMID: 36493974 PMCID: PMC10594349 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) show disturbances in their sleep/wake cycles, and they may be particularly vulnerable to the impact of circadian disruptors. We have previously shown that a 2-weeks exposure to dim light at night (DLaN) disrupts diurnal rhythms, increases repetitive behaviors and reduces social interactions in contactin-associated protein-like 2 knock out (Cntnap2 KO) mice. The deleterious effects of DLaN may be mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) expressing the photopigment melanopsin, which is maximally sensitive to blue light (480 nm). In this study, the usage of a light-emitting diode array enabled us to shift the spectral properties of the DLaN while keeping the intensity of the illumination at 10 lx. First, we confirmed that the short-wavelength enriched lighting produced strong acute suppression of locomotor activity (masking), robust light-induced phase shifts, and cFos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in wild-type (WT) mice, while the long-wavelength enriched lighting evoked much weaker responses. Opn4DTA mice, lacking the melanopsin expressing ipRGCs, were resistant to DLaN effects. Importantly, shifting the DLaN stimulus to longer wavelengths mitigated the negative impact on the activity rhythms and 'autistic' behaviors (i.e. reciprocal social interactions, repetitive grooming) in the Cntnap2 KO as well as in WT mice. The short-, but not the long-wavelength enriched, DLaN triggered cFos expression in in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) as well as in the peri-habenula region raising that possibility that these cell populations may mediate the effects. Broadly, our findings are consistent with the recommendation that spectral properties of light at night should be considered to optimize health in neurotypical as well as vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Bin Wang
- Molecular, Cellular, Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - David Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shu Hon Christopher Luk
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hye In Cha
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Amanda Mac
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Rim Chae
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Anna Matynia
- Laboratory of Ocular Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | | | | | - Gene D Block
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cristina A Ghiani
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA.
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17
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Liu JA, Walton JC, Bumgarner JR, Walker WH, Meléndez-Fernández OH, DeVries AC, Nelson RJ. Chronic exposure to dim light at night disrupts cell-mediated immune response and decreases longevity in aged female mice. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1674-1683. [PMID: 36268694 PMCID: PMC9904366 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2135442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenous biological cycles that regulate physiology and behavior for optimal adaptive function and survival; they are synchronized to precisely 24 hours by daily light exposure. Disruption of the daily light-dark (LD) cycle by exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) dysregulates core clock genes and biological function. Exposure to ALAN has been associated with increased health risks in humans, and elderly individuals are at elevated risk for poor outcome from disease and often experience elevated exposure to ALAN due to increased care requirements. The role of disrupted circadian rhythms in healthy, aged animals remains unspecified; thus, we hypothesized that disrupted circadian rhythms via chronic exposure to dim ALAN (dLAN) impair immune response and survival in aged mice. Twenty-month-old C57BL/6 male and female mice were exposed to 24 weeks of LD conditions or dLAN (5 lux); then, cell-mediated immune response was assessed using a delayed-type hypersensitivity test. Aged female mice exposed to dLAN displayed dysregulated hypersensitivity and inflammation as a measure of cell-mediated immune response and decreased lifespan compared to females housed in dark nights. Nighttime lighting did not affect cell-mediated immune response or lifespan in males but dysregulated body mass and increased adrenal mass after immune challenge after chronic exposure to dLAN. Together, these data indicate that chronic exposure to dLAN affects lifespan in aged females and suggest that females are more susceptible to the detrimental consequences of disrupted circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute
| | - James C. Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute
| | | | | | | | - A. Courtney DeVries
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology/Hematology
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Randy J. Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute
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18
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Jerigova V, Zeman M, Okuliarova M. Circadian Disruption and Consequences on Innate Immunity and Inflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213722. [PMID: 36430199 PMCID: PMC9690954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms control almost all aspects of physiology and behavior, allowing temporal synchrony of these processes between each other, as well as with the external environment. In the immune system, daily rhythms of leukocyte functions can determine the strength of the immune response, thereby regulating the efficiency of defense mechanisms to cope with infections or tissue injury. The natural light/dark cycle is the prominent synchronizing agent perceived by the circadian clock, but this role of light is highly compromised by irregular working schedules and unintentional exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN). The primary concern is disrupted circadian control of important physiological processes, underlying potential links to adverse health effects. Here, we first discuss the immune consequences of genetic circadian disruption induced by mutation or deletion of specific clock genes. Next, we evaluate experimental research into the effects of disruptive light/dark regimes, particularly light-phase shifts, dim ALAN, and constant light on the innate immune mechanisms under steady state and acute inflammation, and in the pathogenesis of common lifestyle diseases. We suggest that a better understanding of the mechanisms by which circadian disruption influences immune status can be of importance in the search for strategies to minimize the negative consequences of chronodisruption on health.
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19
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Guan Q, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. The role of light pollution in mammalian metabolic homeostasis and its potential interventions: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:120045. [PMID: 36030956 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Irregular or unnatural artificial light causes severe environmental stress on the survival and health of organisms, which is rapidly becoming a widespread new type of environmental pollution. A series of disruptive behaviors to body homeostasis brought about by light pollution, including metabolic abnormalities, are likely to be the result of circadian rhythm disturbances. Recently, the proposed role of light pollution in metabolic dysregulation has accelerated it into an emerging field. Hence, the regulatory role of light pollution in mammalian metabolic homeostasis is reviewed in this contribution. Light at night is the most widely affected type of light pollution, which disrupts metabolic homeostasis largely due to its disruption of daily food intake patterns, alterations of hormone levels such as melatonin and glucocorticoids, and changes in the rhythm of inflammatory factor production. Besides, light pollution impairs mammalian metabolic processes in an intensity-, photoperiod-, and wavelength-dependent manner, and is also affected by species, gender, and diets. Nevertheless, metabolic disorders triggered by light pollution are not irreversible to some extent. Potential interventions such as melatonin supplementation, recovery to the LD cycle, time-restricted feeding, voluntary exercise, wearing blue light-shied goggles, and bright morning light therapy open a bright avenue to prevent light pollution. This work will help strengthen the relationship between light information and metabolic homeostasis and provide new insights for the better prevention of metabolic disorders and light pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China.
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20
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Liu JA, Meléndez-Fernández OH, Bumgarner JR, Nelson RJ. Effects of light pollution on photoperiod-driven seasonality. Horm Behav 2022; 141:105150. [PMID: 35304351 PMCID: PMC10137835 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Changes to photoperiod (day length) occur in anticipation of seasonal environmental changes, altering physiology and behavior to maximize fitness. In order for photoperiod to be useful as a predictive factor of temperature or food availability, day and night must be distinct. The increasing prevalence of exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) in both field and laboratory settings disrupts photoperiodic time measurement and may block development of appropriate seasonal adaptations. Here, we review the effects of ALAN as a disruptor of photoperiodic time measurement and season-specific adaptations, including reproduction, metabolism, immune function, and thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, West Virginia, USA.
| | | | - Jacob R Bumgarner
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, West Virginia, USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, West Virginia, USA
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21
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Touzot M, Lefebure T, Lengagne T, Secondi J, Dumet A, Konecny-Dupre L, Veber P, Navratil V, Duchamp C, Mondy N. Transcriptome-wide deregulation of gene expression by artificial light at night in tadpoles of common toads. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151734. [PMID: 34808173 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) affects numerous physiological and behavioural mechanisms in various species by potentially disturbing circadian timekeeping systems and modifying melatonin levels. However, given the multiple direct and indirect effects of ALAN on organisms, large-scale transcriptomic approaches are essential to assess the global effect of ALAN on biological processes. Moreover, although studies have focused mainly on variations in gene expression during the night in the presence of ALAN, it is necessary to investigate the effect of ALAN on gene expression during the day. In this study, we combined de novo transcriptome sequencing and assembly, and a controlled laboratory experiment to evaluate the transcriptome-wide gene expression response using high-throughput (RNA-seq) in Bufo bufo tadpoles exposed to ecologically relevant light levels. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that ALAN affected gene expression at night (3.5% and 11% of differentially expressed genes when exposed to 0.1 and 5 lx compared to controls, respectively), but also during the day (11.2% of differentially expressed genes when exposed to 5 lx compared to controls) with a dose-dependent effect. ALAN globally induced a downregulation of genes (during the night, 58% and 62% of the genes were downregulated when exposed to 0.1 and 5 lx compared to controls, respectively, and during the day, 61.2% of the genes were downregulated when exposed to 5 lx compared to controls). ALAN effects were detected at very low levels of illuminance (0.1 lx) and affected mainly genes related to the innate immune system and, to a lesser extend to lipid metabolism. These results provide new insights into understanding the effects of ALAN on organism. ALAN impacted the expression of genes linked to a broad range of physiological pathways at very low levels of ALAN during night-time and during daytime, potentially resulting in reduced immune capacity under environmental immune challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Touzot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Tristan Lefebure
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thierry Lengagne
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean Secondi
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France; Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Angers, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Adeline Dumet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lara Konecny-Dupre
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Veber
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Navratil
- PRABI, Pôle Rhône-Alpes Bioinformatics Center, Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; Institut Français de Bioinformatique, UMS 3601, 91057 Évry, France
| | - Claude Duchamp
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Mondy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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22
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Nordberg EJ, Schwarzkopf L. Afraid of the Dark? The Influence of Natural and Artificial Light at Night on the Behavioral Activity of a Nocturnal Gecko. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.821335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both natural and artificial light at night can strongly influence animal behavior. Nocturnal animals often alter activity dependent on lunar light levels, to increase prey capture, minimize detection by predators, or both. Trade-offs among these ecological effects are likely to have a strong influence on behavior and fitness. Here, we examined the influence of light at night on nocturnal geckos that are both predators and prey, and use both natural and anthropogenic habitats. We tested the influence of illumination on the relative abundance and behavioral activity of native geckos in natural woodlands and under laboratory conditions. We hypothesized that Australian native house geckos (Gehyra dubia) would avoid activity on nights with high moon brightness, to minimize exposure to predators, consistent with the predation risk hypothesis. Counter to our prediction, we found a positive relationship between house gecko activity and moon brightness, i.e., house geckos were more active on bright nights. This behavior may allow house geckos to better see their prey while also increasing the visibility of approaching predators. In the laboratory, house geckos had shorter latency times to emerge from a shelter under low light conditions compared to darkness equivalent to a new moon, a trend consistent with higher activity under brighter conditions in the field. Light at night, from both natural and artificial sources, clearly influences the behavior and activity of geckos, but perhaps not in the ways we expect. Reducing the risk of attack from predators in darkness, and increasing prey capture success using vision, may increase the benefits of activity in lit conditions, compared to total darkness.
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23
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Stenger S, Grasshoff H, Hundt JE, Lange T. Potential effects of shift work on skin autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1000951. [PMID: 36865523 PMCID: PMC9972893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Shift work is associated with systemic chronic inflammation, impaired host and tumor defense and dysregulated immune responses to harmless antigens such as allergens or auto-antigens. Thus, shift workers are at higher risk to develop a systemic autoimmune disease and circadian disruption with sleep impairment seem to be the key underlying mechanisms. Presumably, disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle also drive skin-specific autoimmune diseases, but epidemiological and experimental evidence so far is scarce. This review summarizes the effects of shift work, circadian misalignment, poor sleep, and the effect of potential hormonal mediators such as stress mediators or melatonin on skin barrier functions and on innate and adaptive skin immunity. Human studies as well as animal models were considered. We will also address advantages and potential pitfalls in animal models of shift work, and possible confounders that could drive skin autoimmune diseases in shift workers such as adverse lifestyle habits and psychosocial influences. Finally, we will outline feasible countermeasures that may reduce the risk of systemic and skin autoimmunity in shift workers, as well as treatment options and highlight outstanding questions that should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stenger
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hanna Grasshoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jennifer Elisabeth Hundt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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24
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Effects of poor sleep on the immune cell landscape as assessed by single-cell analysis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1325. [PMID: 34824394 PMCID: PMC8617259 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02859-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor sleep has become an important public health issue. With loss of sleep durations, poor sleep has been linked to the increased risks for diseases. Here we employed mass cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing to obtain a comprehensive human immune cells landscape in the context of poor sleep, which was analyzed in the context of subset composition, gene signatures, enriched pathways, transcriptional regulatory networks, and intercellular interactions. Participants subjected to staying up had increased T and plasma cell frequency, along with upregulated autoimmune-related markers and pathways in CD4+ T and B cells. Additionally, staying up reduced the differentiation and immune activity of cytotoxic cells, indicative of a predisposition to infection and tumor development. Finally, staying up influenced myeloid subsets distribution and induced inflammation development and cellular senescence. These findings could potentially give high-dimensional and advanced insights for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of pathologic conditions related to poor sleep.
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25
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Light at night disrupts biological clocks, calendars, and immune function. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 44:165-173. [PMID: 34731290 PMCID: PMC8564795 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Light at night is a pervasive problem in our society; over 80% of the world’s population experiences significant light pollution. Exacerbating this issue is the reality that artificially lit outdoor areas are growing by 2.2% per year and continuously lit areas brighten by 2.2% each year due to the rapid growths in population and urbanization. Furthermore, the increase in the prevalence of night shift work and smart device usage contributes to the inescapable nature of artificial light at night (ALAN). Although previously assumed to be innocuous, ALAN has deleterious effects on the circadian system and circadian-regulated physiology, particularly immune function. Due to the relevance of ALAN to the general population, it is important to understand its roles in disrupting immune function. This review presents a synopsis of the effects of ALAN on circadian clocks and immune function. We delineate the role of ALAN in altering clock gene expression and suppressing melatonin. We review the effects of light at night on inflammation and the innate and adaptive immune systems in various species to demonstrate the wide range of ALAN consequences. Finally, we propose future directions to provide further clarity and expansion of the field.
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26
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Wemer L, Hegemann A, Isaksson C, Nebel C, Kleindorfer S, Gamauf A, Adrion M, Sumasgutner P. Reduced ectoparasite load, body mass and blood haemolysis in Eurasian kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) along an urban-rural gradient. Naturwissenschaften 2021; 108:42. [PMID: 34491450 PMCID: PMC8423637 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Urbanisation is proceeding at an alarming rate which forces wildlife to either retreat from urban areas or cope with novel stressors linked to human presence and activities. For example, urban stressors like anthropogenic noise, artificial light at night and chemical pollution can have severe impacts on the physiology of wildlife (and humans), in particular the immune system and antioxidant defences. These physiological systems are important to combat and reduce the severity of parasitic infections, which are common among wild animals. One question that then arises is whether urban-dwelling animals, whose immune and antioxidant system are already challenged by the urban stressors, are more susceptible to parasitic infections. To assess this, we studied nestlings of Eurasian kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) in Vienna, Austria, during 2015 and 2017. We measured biomarkers of innate immune function, oxidative stress and body mass index and ectoparasite infection intensity in 143 nestlings (from 56 nests) along an urban gradient. Nestlings in more urbanised areas had overall fewer ectoparasites, lower haemolysis (complement activity) and lower body mass index compared to nestlings in less urbanised areas. None of the other immune or oxidative stress markers were associated with the urban gradient. Despite some non-significant results, our data still suggest that kestrel nestlings experience some level of reduced physiological health, perhaps as a consequence of exposure to more urban stressors or altered prey availability in inner-city districts even though they had an overall lower ectoparasite burden in these heavily urbanised areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wemer
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arne Hegemann
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Carina Nebel
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sonia Kleindorfer
- Konrad Lorenz Research Centre, Core Facility for Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Behavioral & Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5001, Australia
| | | | - Marius Adrion
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,NABU E.V, Head office, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Sumasgutner
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Konrad Lorenz Research Centre, Core Facility for Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Behavioral & Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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27
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Ren Z, Chen Y, Liu F, Ma X, Ma J, Liu G. Effects of artificial light with different wavelengths and irradiances on the sleep behaviors of Chestnut buntings (Emberiza rutila). BIOL RHYTHM RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2021.1958542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofei Ren
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Architectural Physical Environment and Ecological Technologies, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuqi Chen
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Architectural Physical Environment and Ecological Technologies, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangbo Liu
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Architectural Physical Environment and Ecological Technologies, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinlong Ma
- Biomechanics Laboratory of Orthopaedics Institute, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxiong Ma
- Biomechanics Laboratory of Orthopaedics Institute, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Architectural Physical Environment and Ecological Technologies, Tianjin, China
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28
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Kernbach ME, Miller C, Alaasam V, Ferguson S, Francis CD. Introduction to the Symposium: Effects of Light Pollution Across Diverse Natural Systems. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1089-1097. [PMID: 34251459 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Light pollution, or the presence of artificial light at night (ALAN), is among the fastest growing but least understood anthropogenic stressor on the planet. While historically light pollution has not received attention comparable to climate change or chemical pollution, research over the past several decades has revealed the plethora of negative effects on humans, animals, and supporting ecosystems. As light pollution continues to grow in spatial, spectral, and temporal extent, we recognize the urgent need to understand how this affects circadian physiology, organismal fitness, life history traits and tradeoffs, population trends, and community interactions. Here, we aim to highlight background and foundational evidence of the effects of light pollution to present context and the basis for early light pollution studies. Next, we touch on several understudied topics where research is underway to fill gaps in our knowledge and provide the basis for future research. Last, we focus on questions that are vital to understanding the effects of ALAN on diverse natural systems and discuss the barriers we face conducting research on light pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E Kernbach
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Colleen Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - Stephen Ferguson
- Department of Biology, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691.,Division of Natural Sciences, St. Norbert College, De Pere, WI 54115
| | - Clinton D Francis
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.,Communication and Social Behavior Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
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29
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Secondi J, Mondy N, Gippet JMW, Touzot M, Gardette V, Guillard L, Lengagne T. Artificial light at night alters activity, body mass, and corticosterone level in a tropical anuran. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Photoperiod is a major factor regulating biological rhythms in animals and plants. At low latitudes, annual variation in daylength is low and species are expected to strongly rely on photic cues to reset their circadian clocks. A corollary is that individuals should be strongly affected by sudden changes in the photic regime as those generated by artificial light at night (ALAN). We tested this hypothesis in an anuran in Costa Rica (10°N). Using an outdoor experimental design, we exposed adult cane toads Rhinella marina, a broadly distributed tropical anuran species to two ALAN intensities (0.04 and 5 lx). Locomotor activity was reduced at the lowest intensity, and the activity pattern shifted from crepuscular to nocturnal. Contrary to humans and mice in which ALAN favor obesity, toads from the two exposed groups did not gain mass whereas controls did. Corticosterone was reduced at the highest intensity, a possible consequence of the reduced activity of toads or the altered regulation of their circadian pattern. Thus, the behavioral and physiological disruption that we observed supports the hypothesis of the strong reliance on photic cues to regulate circadian rhythms and control homeostasis in this intertropical anuran. Furthermore, our results suggest that the negative effects of ALAN on physiology, in particular body mass regulation, may differ between vertebrate groups, thus preventing anticipated generalization before more comparative studies have been carried out. We stress the importance of considering the impact of the changing nocturnal environment in the intertropical zone which host the largest fraction of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Secondi
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne,France
- Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Angers, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Nathalie Mondy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne,France
| | - Jérôme Marcel Walter Gippet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne,France
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Le Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Morgane Touzot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne,France
| | - Vanessa Gardette
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne,France
| | - Ludovic Guillard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne,France
| | - Thierry Lengagne
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne,France
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30
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Giri A, Srinivasan A, Sundar IK. COVID-19: Sleep, Circadian Rhythms and Immunity - Repurposing Drugs and Chronotherapeutics for SARS-CoV-2. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:674204. [PMID: 34220430 PMCID: PMC8249936 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.674204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has affected nearly 28 million people in the United States and has caused more than five hundred thousand deaths as of February 21, 2021. As the novel coronavirus continues to take its toll in the United States and all across the globe, particularly among the elderly (>65 years), clinicians and translational researchers are taking a closer look at the nexus of sleep, circadian rhythms and immunity that may contribute toward a more severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2-induced multi-organ failure affects both central and peripheral organs, causing increased mortality in the elderly. However, whether differences in sleep, circadian rhythms, and immunity between older and younger individuals contribute to the age-related differences in systemic dysregulation of target organs observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection remain largely unknown. Current literature demonstrates the emerging role of sleep, circadian rhythms, and immunity in the development of chronic pulmonary diseases and respiratory infections in human and mouse models. The exact mechanism underlying acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other cardiopulmonary complications in elderly patients in combination with associated comorbidities remain unclear. Nevertheless, understanding the critical role of sleep, circadian clock dysfunction in target organs, and immune status of patients with SARS-CoV-2 may provide novel insights into possible therapies. Chronotherapy is an emerging concept that is gaining attention in sleep medicine. Accumulating evidence suggests that nearly half of all physiological functions follow a strict daily rhythm. However, healthcare professionals rarely take implementing timed-administration of drugs into consideration. In this review, we summarize recent findings directly relating to the contributing roles of sleep, circadian rhythms and immune response in modulating infectious disease processes, and integrate chronotherapy in the discussion of the potential drugs that can be repurposed to improve the treatment and management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isaac Kirubakaran Sundar
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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31
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Chamorro R, Wilms B, Holst A, Röhl C, Mölle M, Knaak A, Meyhöfer S, Lehnert H, Schmid SM. Acute mild dim light at night slightly modifies sleep but does not affect glucose homeostasis in healthy men. Sleep Med 2021; 84:158-164. [PMID: 34153798 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effect of acute mild light exposure at night on sleep architecture and glucose homeostasis. PATIENTS/METHODS Twenty healthy normal-weight men took part in two conditions of a randomized, controlled, balanced cross-over experimental study: i) two-consecutive nights with 8-h of sleep under dLAN (<5 lux) or ii) total darkness (CON). Sleep was evaluated by polysomnography. In the morning following 'night2', glucose homeostasis was assessed by an intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT) with consecutive measures of glucose, insulin, and c-peptide. Plasma cortisol was measured at night before sleep, after morning awakening, and during mid-afternoon hours. RESULTS There was no significant difference in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and sleep latency between conditions (all p > 0.66). However, NREM sleep stage N3 latency was prolonged after dLAN (p = 0.02) and NREM sleep stage 2 was decreased after two nights with dLAN (p = 0.04). During the first sleep hour, power in slow-oscillations, slow-waves, and delta bands diminished after dLAN (all p < 0.04). Glucose, insulin, and c-peptide were not altered by dLAN (all p > 0.14). Cortisol was reduced in the afternoon after 'night1' and in the morning after 'night2' (both p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS dLAN slightly disturbed sleep architecture and quality without impairment of glucose homeostasis. Longer exposure to chronic dLAN might be needed to unmask its hypothesized metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Chamorro
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Nutrition, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Britta Wilms
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annika Holst
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Clara Röhl
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias Mölle
- Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Armin Knaak
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Svenja Meyhöfer
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian M Schmid
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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32
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Sun S, Cao W, Ge Y, Ran J, Sun F, Zeng Q, Guo M, Huang J, Lee RSY, Tian L, Wellenius GA. Outdoor light at night and risk of coronary heart disease among older adults: a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:822-830. [PMID: 33205210 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We estimated the association between outdoor light at night at the residence and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) within a prospective cohort of older adults in Hong Kong. METHODS AND RESULTS Over a median of 11 years of follow-up, we identified 3772 incident CHD hospitalizations and 1695 CHD deaths. Annual levels of outdoor light at night at participants' residential addresses were estimated using time-varying satellite data for a composite of persistent night-time illumination at ∼1 km2 scale. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between outdoor light at night at the residence and risk of CHD. The association between light at night and incident CHD hospitalization and mortality exhibited a monotonic exposure-response function. An interquartile range (IQR) (60.0 nW/cm2/sr) increase in outdoor light at night was associated with an HR of 1.11 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.18) for CHD hospitalizations and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.22) for CHD deaths after adjusting for both individual and area-level risk factors. The association did not vary across strata of hypothesized risk factors. CONCLUSION Among older adults, outdoor light at night at the residence was associated with a higher risk of CHD hospitalizations and deaths. We caution against causal interpretation of these novel findings. Future studies with more detailed information on exposure, individual adaptive behaviours, and potential mediators are warranted to further examine the relationship between light at night and CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhi Sun
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wangnan Cao
- Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Yang Ge
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Jinjun Ran
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Mengdi Guo
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jianxiang Huang
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ruby Siu-Yin Lee
- Elderly Health Service, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Gregory A Wellenius
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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33
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Ziegler AK, Watson H, Hegemann A, Meitern R, Canoine V, Nilsson JÅ, Isaksson C. Exposure to artificial light at night alters innate immune response in wild great tit nestlings. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.239350. [PMID: 33771912 PMCID: PMC8180251 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.239350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The large-scale impact of urbanization on wildlife is rather well documented; however, the mechanisms underlying the effects of urban environments on animal physiology and behaviour are still poorly understood. Here, we focused on one major urban pollutant - artificial light at night (ALAN) - and its effects on the capacity to mount an innate immune response in wild great tit (Parus major) nestlings. Exposure to ALAN alters circadian rhythms of physiological processes, by disrupting the nocturnal production of the hormone melatonin. Nestlings were exposed to a light source emitting 3 lx for seven consecutive nights. Subsequently, nestlings were immune challenged with a lipopolysaccharide injection, and we measured haptoglobin and nitric oxide levels pre- and post-injection. Both haptoglobin and nitric oxide are important markers for innate immune function. We found that ALAN exposure altered the innate immune response, with nestlings exposed to ALAN having lower haptoglobin and higher nitric oxide levels after the immune challenge compared with dark-night nestlings. Unexpectedly, nitric oxide levels were overall lower after the immune challenge than before. These effects were probably mediated by melatonin, as ALAN-treated birds had on average 49% lower melatonin levels than the dark-night birds. ALAN exposure did not have any clear effects on nestling growth. This study provides a potential physiological mechanism underlying the documented differences in immune function between urban and rural birds observed in other studies. Moreover, it gives evidence that ALAN exposure affects nestling physiology, potentially causing long-term effects on physiology and behaviour, which ultimately can affect their fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Watson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Arne Hegemann
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard Meitern
- Department of Zoology, University of Tartu, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Virginie Canoine
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
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34
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Moustafa A. Chronic Exposure to Continuous Brightness or Darkness Modulates Immune Responses and Ameliorates the Antioxidant Enzyme System in Male Rats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:621188. [PMID: 33937367 PMCID: PMC8081841 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.621188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are considered vital regulators of immune functions. This study aims to elucidate the effects of chronic circadian disruption on immune functions, clock genes expression, and antioxidant enzymes levels in lymphoid tissues. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a normal light/dark cycle or either continuous light (LL) or continuous dark (DD) for 8 weeks. The results demonstrated (1) significant decreases in the circulating levels of interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and significant increases in the levels of interleukin 10, interleukin 12, C-reactive protein (CRP) and corticosterone in both LL and DD groups; (2) upregulation in mRNA expression of core clock genes Cry1, Cry2, Per1, Per2, and Per3 in the spleen of the DD group and downregulation in Cry1 and Cry2 genes in the LL group; (3) elevation of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), nitric oxide (NO) and the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA) in the spleen, lymph node and bone marrow of both the LL and DD groups and decreases in the levels of the same markers in the thymus of the LL group; (4) decreased numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in lymphoid tissues of both the LL and the DD groups; (5) reduced platelets count and suppressed immunoglobulin (IgM, IgE) in the LL and DD groups with marked erythropenia and leukocytosis in the DD group. Taken together, circadian misalignment leads to hematological disruptions, dysregulation of clock genes, and inflammatory mediators, which further enhances the antioxidant enzyme system that is crucial for an organism's adaptation to stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Moustafa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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35
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Bumgarner JR, Nelson RJ. Light at Night and Disrupted Circadian Rhythms Alter Physiology and Behavior. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1160-1169. [PMID: 33787878 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Life on earth has evolved during the past several billion years under relatively bright days and dark nights. Virtually, all organisms on the planet display an internal representation of the solar days in the form of circadian rhythms driven by biological clocks. Nearly every aspect of physiology and behavior is mediated by these internal clocks. The widespread adoption of electric lights during the past century has exposed animals, including humans, to significant light at night for the first time in our evolutionary history. Importantly, endogenous circadian clocks depend on light for synchronization with the external daily environment. Thus, light at night can derange temporal adaptations. Indeed, disruption of natural light-dark cycles results in several physiological and behavioral changes. In this review, we highlight recent evidence demonstrating how light at night exposure can have serious implications for adaptive physiology and behavior, including immune, endocrine, and metabolic function, as well as reproductive, foraging, and migratory behavior. Lastly, strategies to mitigate the consequences of light at night on behavior and physiology will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Bumgarner
- Department of Neuroscience Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
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36
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Walbeek TJ, Harrison EM, Gorman MR, Glickman GL. Naturalistic Intensities of Light at Night: A Review of the Potent Effects of Very Dim Light on Circadian Responses and Considerations for Translational Research. Front Neurol 2021; 12:625334. [PMID: 33597916 PMCID: PMC7882611 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.625334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the remarkable potency and potential applications of a form of light that is often overlooked in a circadian context: naturalistic levels of dim light at night (nLAN), equivalent to intensities produced by the moon and stars. It is often assumed that such low levels of light do not produce circadian responses typically associated with brighter light levels. A solid understanding of the impacts of very low light levels is complicated further by the broad use of the somewhat ambiguous term “dim light,” which has been used to describe light levels ranging seven orders of magnitude. Here, we lay out the argument that nLAN exerts potent circadian effects on numerous mammalian species, and that given conservation of anatomy and function, the efficacy of light in this range in humans warrants further investigation. We also provide recommendations for the field of chronobiological research, including minimum requirements for the measurement and reporting of light, standardization of terminology (specifically as it pertains to “dim” light), and ideas for reconsidering old data and designing new studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs J Walbeek
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Harrison
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael R Gorman
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Gena L Glickman
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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37
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Hussein AAA, Bloem E, Fodor I, Baz ES, Tadros MM, Soliman MFM, El-Shenawy NS, Koene JM. Slowly seeing the light: an integrative review on ecological light pollution as a potential threat for mollusks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:5036-5048. [PMID: 33341922 PMCID: PMC7838132 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in the natural light condition play a pivotal role in the regulation of many biological processes in organisms. Disruption of this natural condition via the growing loss of darkness as a result of anthropogenic light pollution has been linked to species-wide shifts in behavioral and physiological traits. This review starts with a brief overview of the definition of light pollution and the most recent insights into the perception of light. We then go on to review the evidence for some adverse effects of ecological light pollution on different groups of animals and will focus on mollusks. Taken together, the available evidence suggests a critical role for light pollution as a recent, growing threat to the regulation of various biological processes in these animals, with the potential to disrupt ecosystem stability. The latter indicates that ecological light pollution is an environmental threat that needs to be taken seriously and requires further research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A A Hussein
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
- Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Giza, Egypt.
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Erik Bloem
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - István Fodor
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, 8237, Tihany, Hungary
| | - El-Sayed Baz
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | | | - Maha F M Soliman
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Nahla S El-Shenawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Joris M Koene
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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38
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Kronfeld-Schor N, Stevenson TJ, Nickbakhsh S, Schernhammer ES, Dopico XC, Dayan T, Martinez M, Helm B. Drivers of Infectious Disease Seasonality: Potential Implications for COVID-19. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 36:35-54. [PMID: 33491541 PMCID: PMC7924107 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420987322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Not 1 year has passed since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since its emergence, great uncertainty has surrounded the potential for COVID-19 to establish as a seasonally recurrent disease. Many infectious diseases, including endemic human coronaviruses, vary across the year. They show a wide range of seasonal waveforms, timing (phase), and amplitudes, which differ depending on the geographical region. Drivers of such patterns are predominantly studied from an epidemiological perspective with a focus on weather and behavior, but complementary insights emerge from physiological studies of seasonality in animals, including humans. Thus, we take a multidisciplinary approach to integrate knowledge from usually distinct fields. First, we review epidemiological evidence of environmental and behavioral drivers of infectious disease seasonality. Subsequently, we take a chronobiological perspective and discuss within-host changes that may affect susceptibility, morbidity, and mortality from infectious diseases. Based on photoperiodic, circannual, and comparative human data, we not only identify promising future avenues but also highlight the need for further studies in animal models. Our preliminary assessment is that host immune seasonality warrants evaluation alongside weather and human behavior as factors that may contribute to COVID-19 seasonality, and that the relative importance of these drivers requires further investigation. A major challenge to predicting seasonality of infectious diseases are rapid, human-induced changes in the hitherto predictable seasonality of our planet, whose influence we review in a final outlook section. We conclude that a proactive multidisciplinary approach is warranted to predict, mitigate, and prevent seasonal infectious diseases in our complex, changing human-earth system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. J. Stevenson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - S. Nickbakhsh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - E. S. Schernhammer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X. C. Dopico
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - T. Dayan
- School of Zoology, The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M. Martinez
- School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - B. Helm
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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39
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Okuliarova M, Mazgutova N, Majzunova M, Rumanova VS, Zeman M. Dim Light at Night Impairs Daily Variation of Circulating Immune Cells and Renal Immune Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:614960. [PMID: 33552079 PMCID: PMC7862740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.614960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dim light at night (dLAN) has become a pervasive part of the modern world, and growing evidence shows its association with increased health risks. Though this link is attributed to a disturbed circadian clock, the underlying mechanisms that can explain how circadian disruption from dLAN causes negative health effects remain unclear. Here, we exposed rats to a light–dark cycle (12:12 h) with low-intensity light at night (~2 lx) for 2 and 5 weeks and explored the steady-state pattern of circulating immune cells and renal immune-related markers, which are well controlled by the circadian clock. After 5 weeks, dLAN impaired the daily variation in several types of white blood cells, especially monocytes and T cells. Two-week dLAN caused a reduction in blood monocytes and altered gene expression of macrophage marker Cd68 and monocyte-attracting chemokine Ccl2 in the kidney. Interestingly, dLAN decreased renal 3-nitrotyrosine levels and resulted in up-regulation of the main endogenous antioxidant pathways, indicating a disturbance in the renal redox balance and an activation of compensatory mechanisms. These effects paralleled the altered renal expression of the molecular clock components and increased plasma corticosterone levels. Together, our results show that chronic exposure to dLAN weakened the circadian control of daily variation of circulating immune cells and disturbed renal immune and redox homeostasis. Consequences of this dLAN-disturbed immune balance on the ability of the immune system to cope with other challenges should by clarified in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Okuliarova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nikoleta Mazgutova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Majzunova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Valentina Sophia Rumanova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Zeman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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40
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Bright lights, big city: an experimental assessment of short-term behavioral and performance effects of artificial light at night on Anolis lizards. Urban Ecosyst 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-021-01098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Baardsen LF, De Bruyn L, Adriaensen F, Elst J, Strubbe D, Heylen D, Matthysen E. No overall effect of urbanization on nest-dwelling arthropods of great tits (Parus major). Urban Ecosyst 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-020-01082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Walker WH, Bumgarner JR, Walton JC, Liu JA, Meléndez-Fernández OH, Nelson RJ, DeVries AC. Light Pollution and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9360. [PMID: 33302582 PMCID: PMC7764771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
For many individuals in industrialized nations, the widespread adoption of electric lighting has dramatically affected the circadian organization of physiology and behavior. Although initially assumed to be innocuous, exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) is associated with several disorders, including increased incidence of cancer, metabolic disorders, and mood disorders. Within this review, we present a brief overview of the molecular circadian clock system and the importance of maintaining fidelity to bright days and dark nights. We describe the interrelation between core clock genes and the cell cycle, as well as the contribution of clock genes to oncogenesis. Next, we review the clinical implications of disrupted circadian rhythms on cancer, followed by a section on the foundational science literature on the effects of light at night and cancer. Finally, we provide some strategies for mitigation of disrupted circadian rhythms to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Walker
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.R.B.); (J.C.W.); (J.A.L.); (O.H.M.-F.); (R.J.N.); (A.C.D.)
| | - Jacob R. Bumgarner
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.R.B.); (J.C.W.); (J.A.L.); (O.H.M.-F.); (R.J.N.); (A.C.D.)
| | - James C. Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.R.B.); (J.C.W.); (J.A.L.); (O.H.M.-F.); (R.J.N.); (A.C.D.)
| | - Jennifer A. Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.R.B.); (J.C.W.); (J.A.L.); (O.H.M.-F.); (R.J.N.); (A.C.D.)
| | - O. Hecmarie Meléndez-Fernández
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.R.B.); (J.C.W.); (J.A.L.); (O.H.M.-F.); (R.J.N.); (A.C.D.)
| | - Randy J. Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.R.B.); (J.C.W.); (J.A.L.); (O.H.M.-F.); (R.J.N.); (A.C.D.)
| | - A. Courtney DeVries
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.R.B.); (J.C.W.); (J.A.L.); (O.H.M.-F.); (R.J.N.); (A.C.D.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology/Hematology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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43
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A meta-analysis of biological impacts of artificial light at night. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 5:74-81. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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44
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Becker DJ, Singh D, Pan Q, Montoure JD, Talbott KM, Wanamaker SM, Ketterson ED. Artificial light at night amplifies seasonal relapse of haemosporidian parasites in a widespread songbird. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201831. [PMID: 32962545 PMCID: PMC7542808 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban habitats can shape interactions between hosts and parasites by altering not only exposure rates but also within-host processes. Artificial light at night (ALAN) is common in urban environments, and chronic exposure can impair host immunity in ways that may increase infection. However, studies of causal links between this stressor, immunity, and infection dynamics are rare, particularly in migratory animals. Here, we experimentally tested how ALAN affects cellular immunity and haemosporidian parasite intensity across the annual cycle of migrant and resident subspecies of the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). We monitored an experimental group exposed to light at night and a control group under natural light/dark cycles as they passed through short days simulating early spring to longer days simulating the breeding season, followed by autumn migration. Using generalized additive mixed models, we show that ALAN increased inflammation, and leucocyte counts were greatest in early spring and autumn. At the start of the experiment, few birds had active infections based on microscopy, but PCR revealed many birds had chronic infections. ALAN increased parasitaemia across the annual cycle, with strong peaks in spring and autumn that were largely absent in control birds. As birds were kept in indoor aviaries to prevent vector exposure, this increased parasitaemia indicates relapse of chronic infection during costly life-history stages (i.e. reproduction). Although the immunological and parasitological time series were in phase for control birds, cross-correlation analyses also revealed ALAN desynchronized leucocyte profiles and parasitaemia, which could suggest a general exaggerated inflammatory response. Our study shows how a common anthropogenic influence can shape within-host processes to affect infection dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devraj Singh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Qiuyun Pan
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah M. Wanamaker
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Ellen D. Ketterson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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45
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Schilperoort M, van den Berg R, Coomans CP, Khedoe PPSJ, Ramkisoensing A, Boekestijn S, Wang Y, Berbée JFP, Meijer JH, Biermasz NR, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S. Continuous Light Does Not Affect Atherosclerosis in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP Mice. J Biol Rhythms 2020; 35:598-611. [PMID: 32915671 PMCID: PMC7683885 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420951320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light exposure is associated with dyslipidemia in humans, which is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, it remains unclear whether artificial light at night can exacerbate atherosclerosis. In this study, we exposed female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, to either a regular light-dark cycle or to constant bright light for 14 weeks. Mice exposed to constant light demonstrated a minor reduction in food intake, without any effect on body weight, body composition, or the weight of metabolic organs. Constant light increased the plasma levels of proatherogenic non–high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol but did not increase the size or severity of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root. Mice exposed to constant light did show lower immune cell counts, which could explain the absence of an effect of atherosclerosis despite increased non–HDL cholesterol levels. Behavioral analysis demonstrated variability in the response of mice to the light intervention. Constant light completely blunted behavioral rhythms in some mice, while others extended their behavioral period. However, rhythm strength was not an important determinant of atherosclerosis. Altogether, these results demonstrate that constant bright light does not affect atherosclerosis in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Whether artificial light exposure contributes to cardiovascular disease risk in humans remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Schilperoort
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rosa van den Berg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia P Coomans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Padmini P S J Khedoe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ashna Ramkisoensing
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Boekestijn
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna H Meijer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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46
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Shier DM, Bird AK, Wang TB. Effects of artificial light at night on the foraging behavior of an endangered nocturnal mammal. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114566. [PMID: 32320890 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Modification of nighttime light levels by artificial illumination (artificial light at night; ALAN) is a rapidly increasing form of human disturbance that affects natural environments worldwide. Light in natural environments influences a variety of physiological and ecological processes directly and indirectly and, as a result, the effects of light pollution on species, communities and ecosystems are emerging as significant. Small prey species may be particularly susceptible to ALAN as it makes them more conspicuous and thus more vulnerable to predation by visually oriented predators. Understanding the effects of disturbance like ALAN is especially important for threatened or endangered species as impacts have the potential to impede recovery, but due to low population numbers inherent to at-risk species, disturbance is rarely studied. The endangered Stephens' kangaroo rat (SKR), Dipodomys stephensi, is a nocturnal rodent threatened by habitat destruction from urban expansion. The degree to which ALAN impacts their recovery is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of ALAN on SKR foraging decisions across a gradient of light intensity for two types of ALAN, flood and bug lights (756 vs 300 lumen, respectfully) during full and new moon conditions. We found that ALAN decreased probability of resource patch depletion compared to controls. Moreover, lunar illumination, distance from the light source and light type interacted to alter SKR foraging. Under the new moon, SKR were consistently more likely to deplete patches under control conditions, but there was an increasing probability of patch depletion with distance from the source of artificial light. The full moon dampened SKR foraging activity and the effect of artificial lights. Our study underscores that ALAN reduces habitat suitability, and raises the possibility that ALAN may impede the recovery of at-risk nocturnal rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra M Shier
- Recovery Ecology, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA, 92027, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Alicia K Bird
- Recovery Ecology, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA, 92027, USA; Department of Evolution & Ecology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Thea B Wang
- Recovery Ecology, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA, 92027, USA
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Durrant J, Green MP, Jones TM. Dim artificial light at night reduces the cellular immune response of the black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:571-582. [PMID: 30720239 PMCID: PMC7277038 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A functioning immune system is crucial for protection against disease and illness, yet increasing evidence suggests that species living in urban areas could be suffering from immune suppression, due to the presence of artificial light at night (ALAN). This study examined the effects of ecologically relevant levels of ALAN on three key measures of immune function (haemocyte concentration, lytic activity, and phenoloxidase activity) using a model invertebrate species, the Australian black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus. We reared crickets under an ecologically relevant daily light-cycle consisting of 12 hr bright daylight (2600 lx) followed by either 12 h darkness (0 lx) or dim environmentally relevant ALAN (1, 10, 100 lx), and then assessed immune function at multiple time points throughout adult life using haemolymph samples. We found that the presence of ALAN had a clear negative effect on haemocytes, while the effects on lytic activity and phenoloxidase activity were more complex or largely unaffected by ALAN. Furthermore, the effects of lifelong exposure to ALAN of 1 lx were comparable to those of 10 and 100 lx. Our data suggest that the effects of ALAN could be large and widespread, and such reductions in the core immune response of individuals will likely have greater consequences for fitness and survival under more malign conditions, such as those of the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Durrant
- The School of BioSciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of MelbourneVictoria3010Australia
| | - Mark P. Green
- The School of BioSciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of MelbourneVictoria3010Australia
| | - Therésa M. Jones
- The School of BioSciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of MelbourneVictoria3010Australia
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Bumgarner JR, Walker WH, Liu JA, Walton JC, Nelson RJ. Dim Light at Night Exposure Induces Cold Hyperalgesia and Mechanical Allodynia in Male Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 434:111-119. [PMID: 32201267 PMCID: PMC7176554 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing presence of artificial lighting across the globe presents a number of challenges to human and ecological health despite its societal benefits. Exposure to artificial light at night, a seemingly innocuous aspect of modern life, disrupts behavior and physiological functions. Specifically, light at night induces neuroinflammation, which is implicated in neuropathic and nociceptive pain states, including hyperalgesia and allodynia. Because of its influence on neuroinflammation, we investigated the effects of dim light at night exposure on pain responsiveness in male mice. In this study, mice exposed to four days of dim (5 lux) light at night exhibited cold hyperalgesia. Further, after 28 days of exposure, mice exhibited both cold hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. No heat/hot hyperalgesia was observed in this experiment. Altered nociception in mice exposed to dim light at night was concurrent with upregulated interleukin-6 and nerve growth factor mRNA expression in the medulla and elevated μ-opioid receptor mRNA expression in the periaqueductal gray region of the brain. The current results support the relationship between disrupted circadian rhythms and altered pain sensitivity. In summary, we observed that dim light at night induces cold hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, potentially through elevated neuroinflammation and dysregulation of the endogenous opioid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Bumgarner
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - William H Walker
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jennifer A Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - James C Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Cissé YM, Russart K, Nelson RJ. Exposure to dim light at night prior to conception attenuates offspring innate immune responses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231140. [PMID: 32302341 PMCID: PMC7164648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional circadian timekeeping is necessary for homeostatic control of the immune system and appropriate immune responsiveness. Disruption of natural light-dark cycles, through light at night (LAN), impairs innate and adaptive immune responses in nocturnal rodents. These altered immune responses are associated with disrupted endogenous gene transcriptional and endocrine cycles. However, few studies have addressed the multigenerational consequences of systemic circadian rhythm disruption. We hypothesized that parental exposure to dim LAN (dLAN) would alter innate immune and sickness responses to an endotoxin challenge in adult offspring gestated and reared in dark nights. Adult male and female Siberian hamsters were exposed to either dark nights (DARK) or dLAN (~5 lux) for 8 weeks, then paired, mated, and thereafter housed under dark nights. Maternal exposure to dLAN prior to conception impaired febrile responses and increased splenic il-1 production in response to LPS in male offspring. Paternal pre-conception dLAN dampened offspring tnf-α expression in the hypothalamus, reduced serum bactericidal capacity, and dark phase locomotor activity. These changes occurred despite offspring being conceived, gestated, and reared under standard dark night conditions. Overall, these data suggest that dLAN has intergenerational effects on innate immunity and sickness responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine M. Cissé
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Russart
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Randy J. Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
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Komine H, Koike S, Schwarzkopf L. Impacts of artificial light on food intake in invasive toads. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6527. [PMID: 32300179 PMCID: PMC7162902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a major form of anthropogenic disturbance. ALAN attracts nocturnal invertebrates, which are a food source for nocturnal predators, including invasive species. Few studies quantify the effects of increased food availablity by ALAN on invasive vertebrate predators, and enhancement of food intake caused by ALAN may also be influenced by various environmental factors, such as proximitity to cities, moon phase, temperature, rainfall and wind speed. Revealing the potential impacts on invasive predators of ALAN-attracted invertebrates, and the influence of other factors on these effects, could provide important insights for the management of these predators. We constructed and supplied with artificial light field enclosures for invasive toads, and placed them at locations with different levels of ambient light pollution, in northeastern Australia. In addition, we determined the effect of rainfall, temperature, wind speed, and lunar phase on food intake in toads. We found that ALAN greatly increased the mass of gut contents of invasive toads compared to controls, but that the effect was increased in dark lunar phases, and when there were low ambient light pollution levels. Effects of rainfall, temperature and wind speed on food intake were comparatively weak. To avoid providing food resources to toads, management of ALAN in rural areas, and during dark lunar phases may be advisable. On the contrary, to effectively capture toads, trapping using lights as lures at such times and places should be more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Komine
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan. .,College of Science and Engineering, Centre for Biodiversity & Climate Change, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia.
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Lin Schwarzkopf
- College of Science and Engineering, Centre for Biodiversity & Climate Change, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
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