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Nakase T, Brownwright T, Okunromade O, Egwuenu A, Ogunbode O, Lawal B, Akanbi K, Grant G, Bassey OO, Coughlin MM, Bankamp B, Adetifa I, Metcalf CJE, Ferrari M. The impact of sub-national heterogeneities in demography and epidemiology on the introduction of rubella vaccination programs in Nigeria. Vaccine 2024; 42:125982. [PMID: 38811269 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Rubella infection during pregnancy can result in miscarriage or infants with a constellation of birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). When coverage is inadequate, rubella vaccination can increase CRS cases by increasing the average age of infection. Thus, the World Health Organisation recommends that countries introducing rubella vaccine be able to vaccinate at least 80% of each birth cohort. Previous studies have focused on national-level analyses and have overlooked sub-national variation in introduction risk. We characterised the sub-national heterogeneity in rubella transmission within Nigeria and modelled local rubella vaccine introduction under different scenarios to refine the set of conditions and strategies required for safe rubella vaccine use. Across Nigeria, the basic reproduction number ranged from 2.6 to 6.2. Consequently, the conditions for safe vaccination varied across states with low-risk areas requiring coverage levels well below 80 %. In high-risk settings, inadequate routine coverage needed to be supplemented by campaigns that allowed for gradual improvements in vaccination coverage over time. Understanding local heterogeneities in both short-term and long-term epidemic dynamics can permit earlier nationwide introduction of rubella vaccination and identify sub-national areas suitable for program monitoring, program improvement and campaign support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Nakase
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tenley Brownwright
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Abiodun Egwuenu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Oladipo Ogunbode
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Bola Lawal
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Kayode Akanbi
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Gavin Grant
- Global Immunization Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Orji O Bassey
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Melissa M Coughlin
- Division of Viral Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bettina Bankamp
- Division of Viral Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ifedayo Adetifa
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew Ferrari
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Rodriguez-Cartes SA, Zhang Y, Mayorga ME, Swann JL, Allaire BT. Evaluating the potential impact of rubella-containing vaccine introduction on congenital rubella syndrome in Afghanistan, Dem. Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Pakistan: A mathematical modeling study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002656. [PMID: 38227558 PMCID: PMC10791005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
We assessed the potential impact of introducing rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) on congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) incidence in Afghanistan (AFG), Democratic Republic of Congo (COD), Ethiopia (ETH), Nigeria (NGA), and Pakistan (PAK). We simulated several RCV introduction scenarios over 30 years using a validated mathematical model. Our findings indicate that RCV introduction could avert between 86,000 and 535,000 CRS births, preventing 2.5 to 15.8 million disability-adjusted life years. AFG and PAK could reduce about 90% of CRS births by introducing RCV with current measles routine coverage and executing supplemental immunization activities (SIAs). However, COD, NGA, and ETH must increase their current routine vaccination coverage to reduce CRS incidence significantly. This study showcases the potential benefits of RCV introduction and reinforces the need for global action to strengthen immunization programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A. Rodriguez-Cartes
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Operations Research Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maria E. Mayorga
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Operations Research Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julie L. Swann
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Operations Research Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Benjamin T. Allaire
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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Motaze NV, Mthombothi ZE, Adetokunboh O, Hazelbag CM, Saldarriaga EM, Mbuagbaw L, Wiysonge CS. The Impact of Rubella Vaccine Introduction on Rubella Infection and Congenital Rubella Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Mathematical Modelling Studies. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:84. [PMID: 33503898 PMCID: PMC7912610 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rubella vaccines have been used to prevent rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in several World Health Organization (WHO) regions. Mathematical modelling studies have simulated introduction of rubella-containing vaccines (RCVs), and their results have been used to inform rubella introduction strategies in several countries. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence from mathematical models regarding the impact of introducing RCVs. METHODS We registered the review in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) with registration number CRD42020192638. Systematic review methods for classical epidemiological studies and reporting guidelines were followed as far as possible. A comprehensive search strategy was used to identify published and unpublished studies with no language restrictions. We included deterministic and stochastic models that simulated RCV introduction into the public sector vaccination schedule, with a time horizon of at least five years. Models focused only on estimating epidemiological parameters were excluded. Outcomes of interest were time to rubella and CRS elimination, trends in incidence of rubella and CRS, number of vaccinated individuals per CRS case averted, and cost-effectiveness of vaccine introduction strategies. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using a modified risk of bias tool, and a qualitative narrative was provided, given that data synthesis was not feasible. RESULTS Seven studies were included from a total of 1393 records retrieved. The methodological quality was scored high for six studies and very high for one study. Quantitative data synthesis was not possible, because only one study reported point estimates and uncertainty intervals for the outcomes. All seven included studies presented trends in rubella incidence, six studies reported trends in CRS incidence, two studies reported the number vaccinated individuals per CRS case averted, and two studies reported an economic evaluation measure. Time to CRS elimination and time to rubella elimination were not reported by any of the included studies. Reported trends in CRS incidence showed elimination within five years of RCV introduction with scenarios involving mass vaccination of older children in addition to routine infant vaccination. CRS incidence was higher with RCV introduction than without RCV when public vaccine coverage was lower than 50% or only private sector vaccination was implemented. Although vaccination of children at a given age achieved slower declines in CRS incidence compared to mass campaigns targeting a wide age range, this approach resulted in the lowest number of vaccinated individuals per CRS case averted. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS We were unable to conduct data synthesis of included studies due to discrepancies in outcome reporting. However, qualitative assessment of results of individual studies suggests that vaccination of infants should be combined with vaccination of older children to achieve rapid elimination of CRS. Better outcomes are obtained when rubella vaccination is introduced into public vaccination schedules at coverage figures of 80%, as recommended by WHO, or higher. Guidelines for reporting of outcomes in mathematical modelling studies and the conduct of systematic reviews of mathematical modelling studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkengafac Villyen Motaze
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (O.A.); (L.M.); (C.S.W.)
- Centre for the Development of Best Practices in Health (CDBPH), Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé 1211, Cameroon
| | - Zinhle E. Mthombothi
- The South African Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation (DSI-NRF), Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Z.E.M.); (C.M.H.)
| | - Olatunji Adetokunboh
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (O.A.); (L.M.); (C.S.W.)
- The South African Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation (DSI-NRF), Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Z.E.M.); (C.M.H.)
| | - C. Marijn Hazelbag
- The South African Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation (DSI-NRF), Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Z.E.M.); (C.M.H.)
| | - Enrique M. Saldarriaga
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (O.A.); (L.M.); (C.S.W.)
- Centre for the Development of Best Practices in Health (CDBPH), Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé 1211, Cameroon
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, The Research Institute, St Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Charles Shey Wiysonge
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (O.A.); (L.M.); (C.S.W.)
- Centre for the Development of Best Practices in Health (CDBPH), Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé 1211, Cameroon
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
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Kayano T, Lee H, Kinoshita R, Nishiura H. Identifying geographic areas at risk of rubella epidemics in Japan using seroepidemiological data. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 102:203-211. [PMID: 33010463 PMCID: PMC7526531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Seroepidemiological data enabled us to compute the effective reproduction number. Risks of a major epidemic were high in areas with capital cities. Urban geographic areas possess small epidemic risk due to low volume of travelers. Urban areas have a large number of susceptible adult males aged 30–59 years.
Objective Even with relatively high vaccination coverage, Japan experienced rubella epidemics in 2012–2014 and 2018–2019, which were fueled by untraced imported cases. We aimed to develop a risk map for rubella epidemics in Japan by geographic location via analysis of seroepidemiological data and accounting for the abundance of foreign visitors. Methods Geographic age distribution and seroprevalence were used to compute the age- and sex-dependent next-generation matrix in each region. We computed the probability of a major epidemic using the assumed number of untraced imported rubella cases proportionally modeled to the number of foreign travelers. Results Risks of a major epidemic were high in areas with capital cities, while areas with a greater fraction of older people yielded smaller effective reproduction numbers, a lower volume of foreign travelers, and thus a lower probability of a major epidemic. The volume of susceptible adult males was larger in urban geographic regions, having a greater number of foreign travelers than remote areas. Conclusions Our findings are consistent with the observation of multiple large clusters of rubella cases in urban areas during 2012–2014 and 2018–2019. Should a future rubella epidemic occur, it will likely be in geographic areas with capital cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Kayano
- Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hyojung Lee
- National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryo Kinoshita
- Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishiura
- Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Rubella Vaccine Introduction in the South African Public Vaccination Schedule: Mathematical Modelling for Decision Making. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030383. [PMID: 32668819 PMCID: PMC7565203 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: age structured mathematical models have been used to evaluate the impact of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) introduction into existing measles vaccination programs in several countries. South Africa has a well-established measles vaccination program and is considering RCV introduction. This study aimed to provide a comparison of different scenarios and their relative costs within the context of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) reduction or elimination. Methods: we used a previously published age-structured deterministic discrete time rubella transmission model. We obtained estimates of vaccine costs from the South African medicines price registry and the World Health Organization. We simulated RCV introduction and extracted estimates of rubella incidence, CRS incidence and effective reproductive number over 30 years. Results: compared to scenarios without mass campaigns, scenarios including mass campaigns resulted in more rapid elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Routine vaccination at 12 months of age coupled with vaccination of nine-year-old children was associated with the lowest RCV cost per CRS case averted for a similar percentage CRS reduction. Conclusion: At 80% RCV coverage, all vaccine introduction scenarios would achieve rubella and CRS elimination in South Africa. Any RCV introduction strategy should consider a combination of routine vaccination in the primary immunization series and additional vaccination of older children.
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Cutts FT, Dansereau E, Ferrari MJ, Hanson M, McCarthy KA, Metcalf CJE, Takahashi S, Tatem AJ, Thakkar N, Truelove S, Utazi E, Wesolowski A, Winter AK. Using models to shape measles control and elimination strategies in low- and middle-income countries: A review of recent applications. Vaccine 2020; 38:979-992. [PMID: 31787412 PMCID: PMC6996156 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
After many decades of vaccination, measles epidemiology varies greatly between and within countries. National immunization programs are therefore encouraged to conduct regular situation analyses and to leverage models to adapt interventions to local needs. Here, we review applications of models to develop locally tailored interventions to support control and elimination efforts. In general, statistical and semi-mechanistic transmission models can be used to synthesize information from vaccination coverage, measles incidence, demographic, and/or serological data, offering a means to estimate the spatial and age-specific distribution of measles susceptibility. These estimates complete the picture provided by vaccination coverage alone, by accounting for natural immunity. Dynamic transmission models can then be used to evaluate the relative impact of candidate interventions for measles control and elimination and the expected future epidemiology. In most countries, models predict substantial numbers of susceptible individuals outside the age range of routine vaccination, which affects outbreak risk and necessitates additional intervention to achieve elimination. More effective use of models to inform both vaccination program planning and evaluation requires the development of training to enhance broader understanding of models and where feasible, building capacity for modelling in-country, pipelines for rapid evaluation of model predictions using surveillance data, and clear protocols for incorporating model results into decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- F T Cutts
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - E Dansereau
- Vaccine Delivery, Global Development, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M J Ferrari
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - M Hanson
- Vaccine Delivery, Global Development, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K A McCarthy
- Institute for Disease Modeling, 3150 139th Ave SE, Bellevue, WA 98005, USA
| | - C J E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - S Takahashi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - A J Tatem
- WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - N Thakkar
- Institute for Disease Modeling, 3150 139th Ave SE, Bellevue, WA 98005, USA
| | - S Truelove
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E Utazi
- WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - A Wesolowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A K Winter
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Bozick BA, Worby CJ, Metcalf CJE. Phylogeography of rubella virus in Asia: Vaccination and demography shape synchronous outbreaks. Epidemics 2019; 28:100346. [PMID: 31201039 PMCID: PMC6731519 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2019.100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus causes mild disease in children but for women in the early stages of pregnancy, it can cause spontaneous abortion, congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and associated birth defects. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, rubella virus continues to circulate endemically in several regions of the world. This is particularly true in East and Southeast (E/SE) Asia, where control efforts vary widely among countries that are well connected through travel and immigration. It is therefore important to understand how the regional persistence of rubella is affected both by dynamics occurring across countries and susceptibility within countries. Here, we use genetic and epidemiological data from countries in E/SE Asia to explore the phylogeography of rubella virus in this region. Our results underline that metapopulation dynamics are key for rubella persistence and highlight the source-sink population structure of the region. We identify countries that contribute to the regional metapopulation network and link epidemic dynamics to susceptibility profiles within each country. Our results indicate that human movement plays an important role in driving epidemic dynamics in E/SE Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Bozick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States.
| | - Colin J Worby
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
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Brook CE, Ranaivoson HC, Broder CC, Cunningham AA, Héraud J, Peel AJ, Gibson L, Wood JLN, Metcalf CJ, Dobson AP. Disentangling serology to elucidate henipa- and filovirus transmission in Madagascar fruit bats. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1001-1016. [PMID: 30908623 PMCID: PMC7122791 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs for emerging human pathogens, including Hendra and Nipah henipaviruses and Ebola and Marburg filoviruses. These viruses demonstrate predictable patterns in seasonality and age structure across multiple systems; previous work suggests that they may circulate in Madagascar's endemic fruit bats, which are widely consumed as human food. We aimed to (a) document the extent of henipa- and filovirus exposure among Malagasy fruit bats, (b) explore seasonality in seroprevalence and serostatus in these bat populations and (c) compare mechanistic hypotheses for possible transmission dynamics underlying these data. To this end, we amassed and analysed a unique dataset documenting longitudinal serological henipa- and filovirus dynamics in three Madagascar fruit bat species. We uncovered serological evidence of exposure to Hendra-/Nipah-related henipaviruses in Eidolon dupreanum, Pteropus rufus and Rousettus madagascariensis, to Cedar-related henipaviruses in E. dupreanum and R. madagascariensis and to Ebola-related filoviruses in P. rufus and R. madagascariensis. We demonstrated significant seasonality in population-level seroprevalence and individual serostatus for multiple viruses across these species, linked to the female reproductive calendar. An age-structured subset of the data highlighted evidence of waning maternal antibodies in neonates, increasing seroprevalence in young and decreasing seroprevalence late in life. Comparison of mechanistic epidemiological models fit to these data offered support for transmission hypotheses permitting waning antibodies but retained immunity in adult-age bats. Our findings suggest that bats may seasonally modulate mechanisms of pathogen control, with consequences for population-level transmission. Additionally, we narrow the field of candidate transmission hypotheses by which bats are presumed to host and transmit potentially zoonotic viruses globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara E. Brook
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey
- Present address:
Department of Integrative BiologyUC BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia.
| | - Hafaliana C. Ranaivoson
- Virology UnitInstitut Pasteur de MadagascarAntananarivoMadagascar
- Department of Animal BiologyUniversity of AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMaryland
| | | | | | - Alison J. Peel
- Environmental Futures Research InstituteGriffith UniversityNathanQueenslandAustralia
| | - Louise Gibson
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - C. Jessica Metcalf
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey
| | - Andrew P. Dobson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey
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Motaze NV, Manamela J, Smit S, Rabie H, Harper K, duPlessis N, Reubenson G, Coetzee M, Ballot D, Moore D, Nuttall J, Linley L, Tooke L, Kriel J, Hallbauer U, Sutton C, Moodley P, Hardie D, Mazanderani AH, Goosen F, Kyaw T, Leroux D, Hussain A, Singh R, Kelly C, Ducasse G, Muller M, Blaauw M, Hamese M, Leeuw T, Mekgoe O, Rakgole P, Dungwa N, Maphosa T, Sanyane K, Preiser W, Cohen C, Suchard M. Congenital Rubella Syndrome Surveillance in South Africa Using a Sentinel Site Approach: A Cross-sectional Study. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 68:1658-1664. [PMID: 30203002 PMCID: PMC6495013 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) includes disorders associated with intrauterine rubella infection. Incidence of CRS is higher in countries with no rubella-containing vaccines (RCV) in their immunization schedules. In the World Health Organization African region, RCVs are being introduced as part of the 2012-2020 global measles and rubella strategic plan. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of confirmed CRS in South Africa prior to introduction of RCVs in the immunization schedule. METHODS This was a descriptive study with 28 sentinel sites reporting laboratory-confirmed CRS cases in all 9 provinces of South Africa. In the retrospective phase (2010 to 2014), CRS cases were retrieved from medical records, and in the prospective phase (2015 to 2017) clinicians at study sites reported CRS cases monthly. RESULTS There were 42 confirmed CRS cases in the retrospective phase and 53 confirmed CRS cases in the prospective phase. Most frequently reported birth defects were congenital heart disease and cataracts. The median age of mothers of CRS cases was 21 years in the retrospective phase (range: 11 to 38 years) and 22 years in the prospective phase (range: 15 to 38 years). CONCLUSION Baseline data on laboratory-confirmed CRS will enable planning and monitoring of RCV implementation in the South African Expanded Programme on Immunization program. Ninety-eight percent of mothers of infants with CRS were young women 14-30 years old, indicating a potential immunity gap in this age group for consideration during introduction of RCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkengafac Villyen Motaze
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Jack Manamela
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sheilagh Smit
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Helena Rabie
- Department of Pediatrics, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Kim Harper
- Department of Pediatrics, Frere Hospital, East London, South Africa
| | - Nicolette duPlessis
- Department of Pediatrics, Kalafong Hospital, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gary Reubenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Empilweni Service and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Melantha Coetzee
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Daynia Ballot
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Charlotte Maxeke Academic Hospital, Johannesburg
| | - David Moore
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - James Nuttall
- Department of Pediatrics, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, South Africa
| | - Lucy Linley
- Department of Pediatrics, Mowbray Maternity Hospital, South Africa
| | - Lloyd Tooke
- Department of Pediatrics, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeannette Kriel
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ute Hallbauer
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Christopher Sutton
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Polokwane Hospital, University of Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Pravi Moodley
- Department of Virology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Diana Hardie
- Division of Medical Virology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ahmad Haeri Mazanderani
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Felicity Goosen
- Department of Pediatrics, Cecilia Makiwane Hospital, East London, South Africa
| | - Thanda Kyaw
- Department of Virological Pathology, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dave Leroux
- Department of Pediatrics, New Somerset Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Akhtar Hussain
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, Durban
| | - Radhika Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban
| | | | - Graham Ducasse
- Department of Pediatrics, Grey’s Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | | | - Magdaleen Blaauw
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Dr Harry Surtie Hospital, Upington, South Africa
| | - Mohlabi Hamese
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Mankweng Hospital, University of Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Tumelo Leeuw
- Department of Pediatrics, Mafikeng Provincial Hospital, South Africa
| | - Omphile Mekgoe
- Department of Pediatrics, Klerksdorp Hospital, South Africa
| | - Philemon Rakgole
- Department of Pediatrics, Job Shimankana Tabane Hospital, Rustenburg, South Africa
| | - Norman Dungwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Witbank Hospital, South Africa
| | - Thulisile Maphosa
- Department of Pediatrics, Rob Fereirra Hospital, Nelspruit, South Africa
| | - Kgomotso Sanyane
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr George Mukhari Hospital, Sefako Makgatho University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Service Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Melinda Suchard
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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10
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Predicting congenital rubella syndrome in Japan, 2018-2019. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 82:1-5. [PMID: 30807870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A rubella epidemic has been ongoing in Japan since August 2018. In the present study, we aimed to predict the likely size of a congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) epidemic during 2018-19. METHODS The expected number of CRS cases was estimated using an integral equation based on age-specific incidence of rubella among adult women, the time delay from gestational age of infection to diagnosis of CRS, and distribution of the mothers' age at delivery. We used epidemic data during 2012-14 to parameterize the model and applied this in the prediction for 2018-19. RESULTS In analyzing the 2012-14 epidemic data, the mean delay from the mother's infection to diagnosis was estimated at 24.2weeks (95% confidence interval (CI): 20.7, 28.1). Applying the parameterized model, together with the more than 480 rubella cases in women in 2018 as well as delayed mother's age at delivery in 2017, we determined that the expected number of CRS cases would be 9.7 (95% CI: 6.5, 12.5) cases. As the epidemic is ongoing, the cumulative number of CRS cases could potentially reach 96.8 (95% CI: 65.3, 125.5) cases, if rubella cases in adult women rose to 10 times the number by week 49 in 2018. CONCLUSIONS CRS is expected to occur an average of 24weeks following the mother's infection with rubella virus. Accounting for an increase to 650 cases in women by week 5 in 2019, the expected number of CRS cases during 2018-19 has already exceeded 13 cases, as of week 5 in 2019.
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11
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Carran S, Ferrari M, Reluga T. Unintended consequences and the paradox of control: Management of emerging pathogens with age-specific virulence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0005997. [PMID: 29630603 PMCID: PMC5908194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We project forward total Zika virus disease (ZVD) under varying hazards of infection and consider how the age distribution of disease burden varies between these scenarios. Pathogens with age structured disease outcomes, such as rubella and Zika virus, require that management decisions consider their impact not only on total disease incidence but also on distribution of disease burden within a population. Some situations exhibit a "paradox of control" in which reductions of overall transmission decrease the total incidence but increase the incidence of severe disease. This happens because of corresponding increases in the average age of infection. Beginning with the current population structure and demographic rates of Brazil, we project forward total ZVD burden as measured by cases occurring in pregnant women and document the scenarios under which a paradox of control for ZVD management emerges. We conclude that while a paradox of control can occur for ZVD, the higher total costs from increasing the average age of infection will only be realized after several decades and vanish under conservative discounting of future costs. This indicates that managers faced with an emerging pathogen are justified to prioritize current disease incidence over potential increases in severe disease outcomes in the endemic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Carran
- Ecology IGDP, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Ferrari
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy Reluga
- Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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12
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WINTER AK, PRAMANIK S, LESSLER J, FERRARI M, GRENFELL BT, METCALF CJE. Rubella vaccination in India: identifying broad consequences of vaccine introduction and key knowledge gaps. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:65-77. [PMID: 29198212 PMCID: PMC6024169 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus infection typically presents as a mild illness in children; however, infection during pregnancy may cause the birth of an infant with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). As of February 2017, India began introducing rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) into the public-sector childhood vaccination programme. Low-level RCV coverage among children over several years can result in an increase in CRS incidence by increasing the average age of infection without sufficiently reducing rubella incidence. We evaluated the impact of RCV introduction on CRS incidence across India's heterogeneous demographic and epidemiological contexts. We used a deterministic age-structured model that reflects Indian states' rural and urban area-specific demography and vaccination coverage levels to simulate rubella dynamics and estimate CRS incidence with and without RCV introduction to the public sector. Our analysis suggests that current low-level private-sector vaccination has already slightly increased the burden of CRS in India. We additionally found that the effect of public-sector RCV introduction depends on the basic reproductive number, R 0, of rubella. If R 0 is five, a value empirically estimated from an array of settings, CRS incidence post-RCV introduction will likely decrease. However, if R 0 is seven or nine, some states may experience short-term or annual increases in CRS, even if a long-term total reduction in cases (30 years) is expected. Investment in population-based serological surveys and India's fever/rash surveillance system will be key to monitoring the success of the vaccination programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. WINTER
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - S. PRAMANIK
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - J. LESSLER
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M. FERRARI
- IGDP in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - B. T. GRENFELL
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - C. J. E. METCALF
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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13
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Study of rubella candidate vaccine based on a structurally modified plant virus. Antiviral Res 2017; 144:27-33. [PMID: 28511994 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel rubella candidate vaccine based on a structurally modified plant virus - spherical particles (SPs) - was developed. SPs generated by the thermal remodelling of the tobacco mosaic virus are promising platforms for the development of vaccines. SPs combine unique properties: biosafety, stability, high immunogenicity and the effective adsorption of antigens. We assembled in vitro and characterised complexes (candidate vaccine) based on SPs and the rubella virus recombinant antigen. The candidate vaccine induced a strong humoral immune response against rubella. The IgG isotypes ratio indicated the predominance of IgG1 which plays a key role in immunity to natural rubella infection. The immune response was generally directed against the rubella antigen within the complexes. We suggest that SPs can act as a platform (depot) for the rubella antigen, enhancing specific immune response. Our results demonstrate that SPs-antigen complexes can be an effective and safe candidate vaccine against rubella.
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