1
|
Hajredini A, Demelezi F, Somlyai I, Grigorszky I, Berta C. Possible mediation of Cladocera species by a researcher's chest wader. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16725. [PMID: 37303560 PMCID: PMC10248275 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mediation of aquatic species has become an increasing problem for the last few decades. With the increasing commercial import, species' direct or indirect spread can gain more space. There are several ways for them to land in their new home and spread through the country. Most of the aquatic species are spread by waterways, boats, vehicles, or even with the help of humans. Cladocerans have a good dispersal ability, thanks to their small size, additionally they possess good adaptation, and mechanisms to develop resting eggs. Benthic or littoral species can be mediated much more easily due to their living space, and with the help of human activities (e.g., scientists, anglers and people working in water bodies) they have a higher chance to colonize new habitats. Our goal was to explore if Cladocera species might be mediated by a scientist chest wader, while sampling in similar-sized, close-to-each other lakes, with different utilization. Most of the species were found in abandoned fishing lakes, followed by oxbow lakes (protected), and ultimately in intensively fished lakes. NMDS showed that samples from lakes with the same utilization are similar to each other. Differently utilized lakes can have various Cladocera species, even though they are closely related to each other. Based on the results, scientists can mediate species on their chest wader from lake to lake and may deteriorate the results. We recommend a necessary chest wader cleaning after every sampling process, especially when samples are taken from differently utilized lakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arber Hajredini
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
- Pál Juhász-Nagy Doctoral School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Florent Demelezi
- Department of Water Management and Climate Adaptation, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Imre Somlyai
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Security, University of Debrecen, Department of Hydrobiology, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Grigorszky
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Security, University of Debrecen, Department of Hydrobiology, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Berta
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Security, University of Debrecen, Department of Hydrobiology, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fernandez-Figueroa EG, Wilson AE. Local adaptation mediates direct and indirect effects of multiple stressors on consumer fitness. Oecologia 2022; 198:483-492. [PMID: 35119504 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic impacts are expected to increase the co-occurrence of stressors that can fundamentally alter ecosystem structure and function. To cope with stress, many organisms locally adapt, but how such adaptations affect the ability of an organism to manage co-occurring stressors is not well understood. In aquatic ecosystems, elevated temperatures and harmful algal blooms are common co-stressors. To better understand the role and potential trade-offs of local adaptations for mitigating the effects of stressors, Daphnia pulicaria genotypes that varied in their ability to consume toxic cyanobacteria prey (i.e., three tolerant and three sensitive) were exposed to five diets that included combinations of toxic cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa, and a green alga, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, under two temperatures (20 °C vs. 28 °C). A path analysis was conducted to understand how local adaptations affect energy allocation to intermediate life history traits (i.e., somatic growth, fecundity, survival) that maximize Daphnia fitness (i.e., population growth rate). Results from the 10-day study show that tolerant Daphnia genotypes had higher fitness than sensitive genotypes regardless of diet or temperature treatment, suggesting toxic cyanobacteria tolerance did not cause a decrease in fitness in the absence of cyanobacteria or under elevated temperatures. Results from the path analysis demonstrated that toxic cyanobacteria had a stronger effect on life history traits than temperature and that population growth rate was mainly constrained by reduced fecundity. These findings suggest that local adaptations to toxic cyanobacteria and elevated temperatures are synergistic, leading to higher survivorship of cyanobacteria-tolerant genotypes during summer cyanobacterial bloom events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edna G Fernandez-Figueroa
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Alan E Wilson
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tsugeki N, Nakane K, Doi H, Ochi N, Kuwae M. Reconstruction of 100-year dynamics in Daphnia spawning activity revealed by sedimentary DNA. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1741. [PMID: 35110566 PMCID: PMC8810866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is currently developing as a powerful tool for assessing aquatic species dynamics. However, its utility as an assessment tool for quantification remain under debate as the sources of eDNA for different species is not always known. Therefore, accumulating information about eDNA sources from different species is urgently required. The objective of our study was to evaluate whether sedimentary DNA targeting two Daphnia species, D. galeata and D. pulicaria, could track Daphnia population dynamics and resting egg production. Applying a quantitative PCR targeting the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene on sediment cores collected in Lake Biwa, Japan, we compared sedimentary DNA concentration of Daphnia with the abundance of remains and ephippia, reflecting their abundance and resting egg production, respectively. We found that the sedimentary DNA concentrations of Daphnia for the past century were inconsistent with their population abundance. However, the concentration was highly correlated with the resting egg production. Our results provide evidence that ephippia with resting eggs, released during spawning activities, was a significant source of Daphnia DNA archived in sediments. Our work provides critical insights for using sedimentary DNA as a monitoring tool for egg production dating back 100 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Tsugeki
- Faculty of Law, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, 790-8578, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Kai Nakane
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Doi
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, Kobe, 650-0047, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Ochi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Ehime, Japan
| | - Michinobu Kuwae
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Ehime, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vahsen ML, Gentile RM, Summers JL, Kleiner HS, Foster B, McCormack RM, James EW, Koch RA, Metts DL, Saunders C, Megonigal JP, Blum MJ, McLachlan JS. Accounting for variability when resurrecting dormant propagules substantiates their use in eco-evolutionary studies. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2831-2847. [PMID: 34950232 PMCID: PMC8674891 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a steady rise in the use of dormant propagules to study biotic responses to environmental change over time. This is particularly important for organisms that strongly mediate ecosystem processes, as changes in their traits over time can provide a unique snapshot into the structure and function of ecosystems from decades to millennia in the past. Understanding sources of bias and variation is a challenge in the field of resurrection ecology, including those that arise because often-used measurements like seed germination success are imperfect indicators of propagule viability. Using a Bayesian statistical framework, we evaluated sources of variability and tested for zero-inflation and overdispersion in data from 13 germination trials of soil-stored seeds of Schoenoplectus americanus, an ecosystem engineer in coastal salt marshes in the Chesapeake Bay. We hypothesized that these two model structures align with an ecological understanding of dormancy and revival: zero-inflation could arise due to failed germinations resulting from inviability or failed attempts to break dormancy, and overdispersion could arise by failing to measure important seed traits. A model that accounted for overdispersion, but not zero-inflation, was the best fit to our data. Tetrazolium viability tests corroborated this result: most seeds that failed to germinate did so because they were inviable, not because experimental methods failed to break their dormancy. Seed viability declined exponentially with seed age and was mediated by seed provenance and experimental conditions. Our results provide a framework for accounting for and explaining variability when estimating propagule viability from soil-stored natural archives which is a key aspect of using dormant propagules in eco-evolutionary studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Vahsen
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Rachel M. Gentile
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Jennifer L. Summers
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Helena S. Kleiner
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMarylandUSA
| | - Benjamin Foster
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Regina M. McCormack
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Evan W. James
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Rachel A. Koch
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Dailee L. Metts
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Colin Saunders
- Southeast Environmental Research CenterFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
| | | | - Michael J. Blum
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Jason S. McLachlan
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
O'Grady CJ, Dhandapani V, Colbourne JK, Frisch D. Refining the evolutionary time machine: An assessment of whole genome amplification using single historical Daphnia eggs. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:946-961. [PMID: 34672105 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing is instrumental for the study of genome variation in natural populations, delivering important knowledge on genomic modifications and potential targets of natural selection at the population level. Large dormant eggbanks of aquatic invertebrates such as the keystone herbivore Daphnia, a microcrustacean widespread in freshwater ecosystems, provide detailed sedimentary archives to study genomic processes over centuries. To overcome the problem of limited DNA amounts in single Daphnia dormant eggs, we developed an optimized workflow for whole genome amplification (WGA), yielding sufficient amounts of DNA for downstream whole genome sequencing of individual historical eggs, including polyploid lineages. We compare two WGA kits, applied to recently produced Daphnia magna dormant eggs from laboratory cultures, and to historical dormant eggs of Daphnia pulicaria collected from Arctic lake sediment between 10 and 300 years old. Resulting genome coverage breadth in most samples was ~70%, including those from >100-year-old isolates. Sequence read distribution was highly correlated among samples amplified with the same kit, but less correlated between kits. Despite this, a high percentage of genomic positions with single nucleotide polymorphisms in one or more samples (maximum of 74% between kits, and 97% within kits) were recovered at a depth required for genotyping. As a by-product of sequencing we obtained 100% coverage of the mitochondrial genomes even from the oldest isolates (~300 years). The mitochondrial DNA provides an additional source for evolutionary studies of these populations. We provide an optimized workflow for WGA followed by whole genome sequencing including steps to minimize exogenous DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher James O'Grady
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, London, UK.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Dagmar Frisch
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Blum MJ, Saunders CJ, McLachlan JS, Summers J, Craft C, Herrick JD. A century-long record of plant evolution reconstructed from a coastal marsh seed bank. Evol Lett 2021; 5:422-431. [PMID: 34367666 PMCID: PMC8327947 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is mounting that climate-driven shifts in environmental conditions can elicit organismal evolution, yet there are sparingly few long-term records that document the tempo and progression of responses, particularly for plants capable of transforming ecosystems. In this study, we "resurrected" cohorts of a foundational coastal marsh sedge (Schoenoplectus americanus) from a time-stratified seed bank to reconstruct a century-long record of heritable variation in response to salinity exposure. Common-garden experiments revealed that S. americanus exhibits heritable variation in phenotypic traits and biomass-based measures of salinity tolerance. We found that responses to salinity exposure differed among the revived cohorts, with plants from the early 20th century exhibiting greater salinity tolerance than those from the mid to late 20th century. Fluctuations in salinity tolerance could reflect stochastic variation but a congruent record of genotypic variation points to the alternative possibility that the loss and gain in functionality are driven by selection, with comparisons to historical rainfall and paleosalinity records suggesting that selective pressures vary according to shifting estuarine conditions. Because salinity tolerance in S. americanus is tightly coupled to primary productivity and other vital ecosystem attributes, these findings indicate that organismal evolution merits further consideration as a factor shaping coastal marsh responses to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Blum
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennessee37996
| | - Colin J. Saunders
- Southeast Environmental Research CenterFlorida International UniversityMiamiFlorida33199
| | - Jason S. McLachlan
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameSouth BendIndiana46556
| | - Jennifer Summers
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennessee37996
| | - Christopher Craft
- School of Public and Environmental AffairsIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana47405
| | - Jeffrey D. Herrick
- U.S Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina27711
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cordellier M, Wojewodzic MW, Wessels M, Kuster C, von Elert E. Next-generation sequencing of DNA from resting eggs: signatures of eutrophication in a lake's sediment. ZOOLOGY 2021; 145:125895. [PMID: 33561655 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hatching resting stages of ecologically important organisms such as Daphnia from lake sediments, referred to as resurrection ecology, is a powerful approach to assess changes in alleles and traits over time. However, the utility of the approach is constrained by a few obstacles, including low and/or biased hatching among genotypes. Here, we eliminated such bottlenecks by investigating DNA sequences isolated directly (i.e. without hatching) from resting eggs found in the sediments of Lake Constance spanning pre-, peri-, and post-eutrophication. While we expected genome-wide changes, we specifically expected changes in alleles related to pathways involved in mitigating effects of cyanobacterial toxins. We used pairwise FST-analyses to identify transcripts that showed strongest divergence among the four different populations and a clustering analysis to identify correlations between allele frequency shifts and changes in abiotic and biotic lake parameters. In a cluster that correlated with the increased abundance of cyanobacteria in Lake Constance we find genes that have been reported earlier to be differentially expressed in response to the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin and to microcystin-free cyanobacteria. We further reveal the enrichment of gene ontology terms that have been shown to be involved in microcystin-related responses in other organisms but not yet in Daphnia and as such are candidate loci for adaptation of natural Daphnia populations to increased cyanobacterial abundances. In conclusion this approach of investigating DNA extracted from Daphnia resting stages allowed to determine frequency changes of loci in a natural population over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Cordellier
- Universität Hamburg, Biozentrum Grindel, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marcin W Wojewodzic
- Cancer Registry of Norway (Kreftregisteret), Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Etiology Group, NO-0304, Oslo, Norway; School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Martin Wessels
- Institute for Lake Research at the Agency for Environment Baden-Württemberg, 88085, Langenargen, Germany.
| | - Christian Kuster
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Koeln, Biocenter, Zuelpicher Strasse 47 B, 50858, Koeln, Germany.
| | - Eric von Elert
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Koeln, Biocenter, Zuelpicher Strasse 47 B, 50858, Koeln, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sherman RE, Hartnett R, Kiehnau EL, Weider LJ, Jeyasingh PD. Quantitative genetics of phosphorus content in the freshwater herbivore, Daphnia pulicaria. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:909-916. [PMID: 33368234 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is essential for growth of all organisms, and P content is correlated with growth in most taxa. Although P content was initially considered to be a trait fixed at the species level, there is growing evidence for considerable intraspecific variation. Selection on such variation can thus alter the rates at which P fluxes through food webs. Nevertheless, prior work describing the sources and extent of intraspecific variation in P content were not genetically explicit, confounded by unknown genetic background and evolutionary history. We constructed an F2 recombinant population of the dominant freshwater grazer, Daphnia pulicaria to mitigate such issues. F2 recombinants exhibited considerable variation in growth rate, P content (0.49%-1.97%), P use efficiency (PUE; 51-208 mg biomass/mg P), and correlated traits such as hatching time of resting eggs, in common garden conditions. These results clearly demonstrate the scope of genetic recombination in generating variation in ecologically relevant traits. The absence of environmental selection is a likely component driving such variation not observed in natural settings. Although phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) genotype was significantly associated with variation in hatching time of resting eggs, contrary to prior work with less rigorous designs, and allelic variation at the PGI locus did not explain variation in P content and PUE of Daphnia, indicating that such quantitative traits are under polygenic control. Together, these results suggest that although there is considerable genetic scope for variation in key ecologically relevant traits, such as P content and efficiency of P use, these traits are likely under strong stabilizing selection, most likely due to selection on growth rate and size. Importantly, our observations suggest that anthropogenic alterations to P supply due to eutrophication could alter selection on these traits, thereby rapidly altering the role Daphnia plays in the P cycle of lakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Sherman
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Rachel Hartnett
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.,Department of Biology, Program in Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Emily L Kiehnau
- Department of Biology, Program in Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Lawrence J Weider
- Department of Biology, Program in Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Punidan D Jeyasingh
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ji H, Du B, Wen J, Sun N, Peng M, Du H, Liu C. Metabolome and ionome analyses reveal the stoichiometric effects of contrasting geological phosphorus soils on seed-parasitic insects in subtropical oak forests. CHEMOECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-019-00290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
10
|
García-Roger EM, Lubzens E, Fontaneto D, Serra M. Facing Adversity: Dormant Embryos in Rotifers. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2019; 237:119-144. [PMID: 31714860 DOI: 10.1086/705701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An in-depth look at the basic aspects of dormancy in cyclic parthenogenetic organisms is now possible thanks to research efforts conducted over the past two decades with rotifer dormant embryos. In this review, we assemble and compose the current knowledge on four central themes: (1) distribution of dormancy in animals, with an overview on the phylogenetic distribution of embryo dormancy in metazoans, and (2) physiological and cellular processes involved in dormancy, with a strong emphasis on the dormant embryos of cyclically parthenogenetic monogonont rotifers; and discussions of (3) the selective pressures and (4) the evolutionary and population implications of dormancy in these animals. Dormancy in metazoans is a widespread phenomenon with taxon-specific features, and rotifers are among the animals in which dormancy is an intrinsic feature of their life cycle. Our review shows that embryo dormancy in rotifers shares common functional pathways with other taxa at the molecular and cellular level, despite the independent evolution of dormancy across phyla. These pathways include the arrest of similar metabolic routes and the usage of common metabolites for the stabilization of cellular structures and to confer stress resistance. We conclude that specific features of recurrent harsh environmental conditions are a powerful selective pressure for the fine-tuning of dormancy patterns in rotifers. We hypothesize that similar mechanisms at the organism level will lead to similar adaptive consequences at the population level across taxa, among which the formation of egg banks, the coexistence of species, and the possibility of differentiation among populations and local adaptation stand out. Our review shows how studies of rotifers have contributed to improved knowledge of all of these aspects.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ślusarczyk M, Chlebicki W, Pijanowska J, Radzikowski J. The role of the refractory period in diapause length determination in a freshwater crustacean. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11905. [PMID: 31417146 PMCID: PMC6695402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate here the mechanism of allochronic resumption of development by the dormant forms in organisms inhabiting temporary habitats. The cohorts of resting eggs of a short living freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna collected in two temporary waters at two occasions (spring and autumn) were exposed after different storage periods (0–16 weeks) spent either in wet or dry conditions to a given set of hatching stimuli announcing appearance of favourable conditions. Freshly formed resting eggs did not hatch or hatched occasionally. The resting eggs formed in autumn hatched more eagerly than the spring ones when exposed to favourable conditions after wet storage. The hatching proportion increased linearly up to 68–82% in autumn resting eggs while to 33–44% in the spring ones over 16 weeks of storage that might have covered several generations of the active forms. Dry storage of the resting eggs reduced their hatching proportion considerably. We suspect that the length variation of a refractory period (initial phase of developmental arrest when resting forms remain insensitive to hatching stimuli) followed by a reactivation period may constitute the simplest two-step physiological mechanism allowing staggering revival of the dormant forms in subsequent generations that maximise chances for survival in unpredictably changing habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Ślusarczyk
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Center of Biological and Chemical Research, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Chlebicki
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Center of Biological and Chemical Research, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Joanna Pijanowska
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Center of Biological and Chemical Research, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jacek Radzikowski
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Center of Biological and Chemical Research, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warszawa, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hessen DO, Jensen TC, Walseng B. Zooplankton Diversity and Dispersal by Birds; Insights From Different Geographical Scales. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
13
|
Summers JL, Bernik B, Saunders CJ, McLachlan JS, Blum MJ. A century of genetic variation inferred from a persistent soil-stored seed bank. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1715-1731. [PMID: 30344638 PMCID: PMC6183470 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stratigraphic accretion of dormant propagules in soil can result in natural archives useful for studying ecological and evolutionary responses to environmental change. Few attempts have been made, however, to use soil-stored seed banks as natural archives, in part because of concerns over nonrandom attrition and mixed stratification. Here, we examine the persistent seed bank of Schoenoplectus americanus, a foundational brackish marsh sedge, to determine whether it can serve as a resource for reconstructing historical records of demographic and population genetic variation. After assembling profiles of the seed bank from radionuclide-dated soil cores, we germinated seeds to "resurrect" cohorts spanning the 20th century. Using microsatellite markers, we assessed genetic diversity and differentiation among depth cohorts, drawing comparisons to extant plants at the study site and in nearby and more distant marshes. We found that seed density peaked at intermediate soil depths. We also detected genotypic differences among cohorts as well as between cohorts and extant plants. Genetic diversity did not decline with depth, indicating that the observed pattern of differentiation is not due to attrition. Patterns of differentiation within and among extant marshes also suggest that local populations persist as aggregates of small clones, likely reflecting repeated seedling recruitment and low immigration from admixed regional gene pools. These findings indicate that persistent and stratified soil-stored seed banks merit further consideration as resources for reconstructing decadal- to century-long records that can lend insight into the tempo and nature of ecological and evolutionary processes that shape populations over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Summers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisiana
| | - Brittany Bernik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisiana
| | - Colin J. Saunders
- Southeast Environmental Research CenterFlorida International UniversityMiamiFlorida
| | - Jason S. McLachlan
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
| | - Michael J. Blum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisiana
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Burge DRL, Edlund MB, Frisch D. Paleolimnology and resurrection ecology: The future of reconstructing the past. Evol Appl 2018; 11:42-59. [PMID: 29302271 PMCID: PMC5748527 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleolimnologists have utilized lake sediment records to understand historical lake and landscape development, timing and magnitude of environmental change at lake, watershed, regional and global scales, and as historical datasets to target watershed and lake management. Resurrection ecologists have long recognized lake sediments as sources of viable propagules ("seed or egg banks") with which to explore questions of community ecology, ecological response, and evolutionary ecology. Most researchers consider Daphnia as the primary model organism in these efforts, but many other aquatic biota, from viruses to macrophytes, similarly produce viable propagules that are incorporated in the sediment record but have been underutilized in resurrection ecology. The common goals shared by these two disciplines have led to mutualistic and synergistic collaborations-a development that must be encouraged to expand. We give an overview of the achievements of paleolimnology and the reconstruction of environmental history of lakes, review the untapped diversity of aquatic organisms that produce dormant propagules, compare Daphnia as a model of resurrection ecology with other organisms amenable to resurrection studies, especially diatoms, and consider new research directions that represent the nexus of these two fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R. L. Burge
- St. Croix Watershed Research StationScience Museum of MinnesotaMarine on St. CroixMNUSA
- Water Resources Science Graduate ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Mark B. Edlund
- St. Croix Watershed Research StationScience Museum of MinnesotaMarine on St. CroixMNUSA
| | - Dagmar Frisch
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cáceres CE, Mulvany SL, Paczolt KA, Steiner C. Cladoceran community assembly in a recently created lake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2005.11902838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Weider LJ, Jeyasingh PD, Frisch D. Evolutionary aspects of resurrection ecology: Progress, scope, and applications-An overview. Evol Appl 2017; 11:3-10. [PMID: 29302267 PMCID: PMC5748524 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This perspective provides an overview to the Special Issue on Resurrection Ecology (RE). It summarizes the contributions to this Special Issue, and provides background information and future prospects for the use of RE in both basic and applied evolutionary studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Weider
- Department of Biology Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA
| | - Punidan D Jeyasingh
- Department of Integrative Biology Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA
| | - Dagmar Frisch
- School of Biosciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lenormand T, Nougué O, Jabbour-Zahab R, Arnaud F, Dezileau L, Chevin LM, Sánchez MI. Resurrection ecology in Artemia. Evol Appl 2017; 11:76-87. [PMID: 29302273 PMCID: PMC5748519 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resurrection ecology (RE) is a very powerful approach to address a wide range of question in ecology and evolution. This approach rests on using appropriate model systems, and only few are known to be available. In this study, we show that Artemia has multiple attractive features (short generation time, cyst bank and collections, well‐documented phylogeography, and ecology) for a good RE model. We show in detail with a case study how cysts can be recovered from sediments to document the history and dynamics of a biological invasion. We finally discuss with precise examples the many RE possibilities with this model system: adaptation to climate change, to pollution, to parasites, to invaders and evolution of reproductive systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lenormand
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Odrade Nougué
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Roula Jabbour-Zahab
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Fabien Arnaud
- Laboratoire EDYTEM UMR 5204 du CNRS, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne, Université de SavoieLe Bourget du Lac Cedex France
| | - Laurent Dezileau
- Géosciences Montpellier, UMR 5243 Université de Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Luis-Miguel Chevin
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lack JB, Weider LJ, Jeyasingh PD. Whole genome amplification and sequencing of a
Daphnia
resting egg. Mol Ecol Resour 2017; 18:118-127. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Lack
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource National Cancer Institute NIH Bethesda MD USA
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick MD USA
| | - Lawrence J. Weider
- Department of Biology Program in Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Frisch D, Morton PK, Culver BW, Edlund MB, Jeyasingh PD, Weider LJ. Paleogenetic records of Daphnia pulicaria in two North American lakes reveal the impact of cultural eutrophication. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:708-718. [PMID: 27474788 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary consequences of the green revolution, particularly in wild populations, is an important frontier in contemporary biology. Because human impacts have occurred at varying magnitudes or time periods depending on the study ecosystem, evolutionary histories may vary considerably among populations. Paleogenetics in conjunction with paleolimnology enable us to associate microevolutionary dynamics with detailed information on environmental change. We used this approach to reconstruct changes in the temporal population genetic structure of the keystone zooplankton grazer, Daphnia pulicaria, using dormant eggs extracted from sediments in two Minnesota lakes (South Center, Hill). The extent of agriculture and human population density in the catchment of these lakes has differed markedly since European settlement in the late 19th century and is reflected in their environmental histories reconstructed here. The reconstructed environments of these two lakes differed strongly in terms of environmental stability and their associated patterns of Daphnia population structure. We detected long periods of stability in population structure and environmental conditions in South Center Lake that were followed by a dramatic temporal shift in population genetic structure after the onset of European settlement and industrialized agriculture in its watershed. In particular, we noted a 24.3-fold increase in phosphorus (P) flux between pre-European and modern sediment P accumulation rates (AR) in this lake. In contrast, no such shifts were detected in Hill Lake, where the watershed was not as impacted by European settlement and rates of change were less directional with a much smaller increase in sediment P AR (2.3-fold). We identify direct and indirect effects of eutrophication proxies on genetic structure in these lake populations and demonstrate the power of using this approach in understanding the consequences of anthropogenic environmental change on natural populations throughout historic time periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Frisch
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73071, USA
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Philip K Morton
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73071, USA
- Division of Science, Murray State College, Tishomingo, OK, 73460, USA
| | - Billy W Culver
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73071, USA
| | - Mark B Edlund
- St. Croix Watershed Research Station, Science Museum of Minnesota, Marine on St. Croix, MN, 55047, USA
| | - Punidan D Jeyasingh
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Integrative Biology, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Lawrence J Weider
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73071, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Muñoz J, Chaturvedi A, De Meester L, Weider LJ. Characterization of genome-wide SNPs for the water flea Daphnia pulicaria generated by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Sci Rep 2016; 6:28569. [PMID: 27346179 PMCID: PMC4921830 DOI: 10.1038/srep28569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The keystone aquatic herbivore Daphnia has been studied for more than 150 years in the context of evolution, ecology and ecotoxicology. Although it is rapidly becoming an emergent model for environmental and population genomics, there have been limited genome-wide level studies in natural populations. We report a unique resource of novel Single Nucleotide Polymorphic (SNP) markers for Daphnia pulicaria using the reduction in genomic complexity with the restriction enzymes approach, genotyping-by-sequencing. Using the genome of D. pulex as a reference, SNPs were scored for 53 clones from five natural populations that varied in lake trophic status. Our analyses resulted in 32,313 highly confident and bi-allelic SNP markers. 1,364 outlier SNPs were mapped on the annotated D. pulex genome, which identified 2,335 genes, including 565 within functional genes. Out of 885 EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups that we found from outlier SNPs, 294 were involved in three metabolic and four regulatory pathways. Bayesian-clustering analyses showed two distinct population clusters representing the possible combined effects of geography and lake trophic status. Our results provide an invaluable tool for future population genomics surveys in Daphnia targeting informative regions related to physiological processes that can be linked to the ecology of this emerging eco-responsive taxon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Muñoz
- Doñana Biological Station (CSIC), Isla de La Cartuja, Av. Américo Vespucio S/N, 41092-Seville, Spain.,Department of Biology, Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Anurag Chaturvedi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Lawrence J Weider
- Department of Biology, Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Venâncio C, Ribeiro R, Soares A, Lopes I. Multiple Stressor Differential Tolerances: Possible Implications at the Population Level. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151847. [PMID: 26990542 PMCID: PMC4798757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The probability of the most sensitive genotypes being eliminated from a population due to a contaminant pulse--genetic erosion--is negatively associated to the within-genotype variation. A sensitive genotype with a small phenotypic variation would be more prone to be lost-a critically sensitive genotype. Furthermore, natural populations inhabiting contaminated sites are usually exposed to several pollutants. Such co- or sequential exposure can have severe effects if at least some tolerant clonal lineages surviving one contaminant are sensitive to the others. Such an inverse relationship coupled with a low within-genotype variation potentially enhances genetic erosion. Accordingly, this study evaluated co-tolerance and the occurrence of clonal lineages critically sensitive to 48-hours lethal exposures of copper, zinc, cobalt, and chromium among eight clonal lineages of the cladocerans Daphnia longispina. Median lethal concentrations (LC50) of each metal were found to have the potential to provoke genetic erosion. Pairwise comparisons of LC50, from the eight clonal lineages, revealed neither negative nor positive correlations (r ≤ |0.56|; p ≥ 0.18), but inversely sensitive clonal lineages were found for all pairs of metals. Therefore, besides having the potential to eliminate critically sensitive clonal lineages in a first intermediately lethal pulse, all tested metals may provoke further losses of clonal lineages in an already genetically eroded population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Venâncio
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Ribeiro
- CFE–Centre for Functional Ecology, DepartmentofLifeSciences, Universityof Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000–456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amadeu Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lopes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Turko P, Sigg L, Hollender J, Spaak P. Rapid evolutionary loss of metal resistance revealed by hatching decades-old eggs. Evolution 2016; 70:398-407. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Turko
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag); CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zurich; CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Laura Sigg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag); CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Department of Environmental Chemistry; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag); CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Piet Spaak
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag); CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zurich; CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Alric B, Möst M, Domaizon I, Pignol C, Spaak P, Perga ME. Local human pressures influence gene flow in a hybridizing Daphnia
species complex. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:720-35. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Alric
- INRA; UMR 0042 CARRTEL; Thonon-les-Bains France
- University of Savoie; Le Bourget du Lac France
- CNRS; UMR 5558; Laboratory of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology; University of Lyon; University Lyon 1; Villeurbanne France
| | - M. Möst
- Eawag; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - I. Domaizon
- INRA; UMR 0042 CARRTEL; Thonon-les-Bains France
- University of Savoie; Le Bourget du Lac France
| | - C. Pignol
- UMR 5204 EDYTEM; University of Savoie; Le Bourget du Lac France
| | - P. Spaak
- Eawag; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M.-E. Perga
- INRA; UMR 0042 CARRTEL; Thonon-les-Bains France
- University of Savoie; Le Bourget du Lac France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jones NT, Gilbert B. Changing climate cues differentially alter zooplankton dormancy dynamics across latitudes. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:559-69. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie T. Jones
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3G5 Canada
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3G5 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Möst M, Oexle S, Marková S, Aidukaite D, Baumgartner L, Stich HB, Wessels M, Martin-Creuzburg D, Spaak P. Population genetic dynamics of an invasion reconstructed from the sediment egg bank. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4074-93. [PMID: 26122166 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions are a global issue with far-reaching consequences for single species, communities and whole ecosystems. Our understanding of modes and mechanisms of biological invasions requires knowledge of the genetic processes associated with successful invasions. In many instances, this information is particularly difficult to obtain as the initial phases of the invasion process often pass unnoticed and we rely on inferences from contemporary population genetic data. Here, we combined historic information with the genetic analysis of resting eggs to reconstruct the invasion of Daphnia pulicaria into Lower Lake Constance (LLC) in the 1970s from the resting egg bank in the sediments. We identified the invader as 'European D. pulicaria' originating from meso- and eutrophic lowland lakes and ponds in Central Europe. The founding population was characterized by extremely low genetic variation in the resting egg bank that increased considerably over time. Furthermore, strong evidence for selfing and/or biparental inbreeding was found during the initial phase of the invasion, followed by a drop of selfing rate to low levels in subsequent decades. Moreover, the increase in genetic variation was most pronounced during early stages of the invasion, suggesting additional introductions during this period. Our study highlights that genetic data covering the entire invasion process from its beginning can be crucial to accurately reconstruct the invasion history of a species. We show that propagule banks can preserve such information enabling the study of population genetic dynamics and sources of genetic variation in successful invasive populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Möst
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Oexle
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, D-78464, Konstanz, Germany.,Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Marková
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rumburská 89, 27721, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Dalia Aidukaite
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Livia Baumgartner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Wessels
- Institute for Lake Research, D-88085, Langenargen, Germany
| | | | - Piet Spaak
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hylander S, Ekvall MT, Bianco G, Yang X, Hansson LA. Induced tolerance expressed as relaxed behavioural threat response in millimetre-sized aquatic organisms. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20140364. [PMID: 24966309 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural selection shapes behaviour in all organisms, but this is difficult to study in small, millimetre-sized, organisms. With novel labelling and tracking techniques, based on nanotechnology, we here show how behaviour in zooplankton (Daphnia magna) is affected by size, morphology and previous exposure to detrimental ultraviolet radiation (UVR). All individuals responded with immediate downward swimming to UVR exposure, but when released from the threat they rapidly returned to the surface. Large individuals swam faster and generally travelled longer distances than small individuals. Interestingly, individuals previously exposed to UVR (during several generations) showed a more relaxed response to UVR and travelled shorter total distances than those that were naive to UVR, suggesting induced tolerance to the threat. In addition, animals previously exposed to UVR also had smaller eyes than the naive ones, whereas UVR-protective melanin pigmentation of the animals was similar between populations. Finally, we show that smaller individuals have lower capacity to avoid UVR which could explain patterns in natural systems of lower migration amplitudes in small individuals. The ability to change behavioural patterns in response to a threat, in this case UVR, adds to our understanding of how organisms navigate in the 'landscape of fear', and this has important implications for individual fitness and for interaction strengths in biotic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems-EEMiS, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mikael T Ekvall
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Bianco
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
New chitin, chitosan, and O-carboxymethyl chitosan sources from resting eggs of Daphnia longispina (Crustacea); with physicochemical characterization, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-013-0488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
28
|
Chislock MF, Sarnelle O, Olsen BK, Doster E, Wilson AE. Large effects of consumer offense on ecosystem structure and function. Ecology 2014; 94:2375-80. [PMID: 24400489 DOI: 10.1890/13-0320.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Study of the role of within-species adaptation in ecological dynamics has focused largely on prey adaptations that reduce consumption risk (prey defense). Few, if any, studies have examined how consumer adaptations to overcome prey defenses (consumer offense) affect ecosystem structure and function. We manipulated two sets of genotypes of a planktonic herbivore (Daphnia pulicaria) in a highly productive ecosystem with abundant toxic prey (cyanobacteria). The two sets of consumer genotypes varied widely in their tolerance of toxic cyanobacteria in the diet (i.e., sensitive vs. tolerant). We found a large effect of tolerant D. pulicaria on phytoplankton biomass and gross primary productivity but no effect of sensitive genotypes, this result stemming from genotype-specific differences in population growth in the presence of toxic prey. The former effect was as large as effects seen in previous Daphnia manipulations at similar productivity levels. Thus, we demonstrated that the effect of consumer genotypes with contrasting offensive adaptations was as large as the effect of consumer presence/absence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Chislock
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Orlando Sarnelle
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Brianna K Olsen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Enrique Doster
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Alan E Wilson
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Frisch D, Morton PK, Chowdhury PR, Culver BW, Colbourne JK, Weider LJ, Jeyasingh PD. A millennial-scale chronicle of evolutionary responses to cultural eutrophication inDaphnia. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:360-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Frisch
- University of Oklahoma; Biological Station; Kingston OK 73439 USA
| | - Philip K. Morton
- University of Oklahoma; Biological Station; Kingston OK 73439 USA
| | | | - Billy W. Culver
- University of Oklahoma; Biological Station; Kingston OK 73439 USA
- University of Oklahoma; Department of Biology; Norman OK 73071 USA
| | - John K. Colbourne
- University of Birmingham; School of Biosciences; Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Lawrence J. Weider
- University of Oklahoma; Biological Station; Kingston OK 73439 USA
- University of Oklahoma; Department of Biology; Norman OK 73071 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Orsini L, Schwenk K, De Meester L, Colbourne JK, Pfrender ME, Weider LJ. The evolutionary time machine: using dormant propagules to forecast how populations can adapt to changing environments. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 28:274-82. [PMID: 23395434 PMCID: PMC3640660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary changes are determined by a complex assortment of ecological, demographic, and adaptive histories. Predicting how evolution will shape the genetic structures of populations coping with current (and future) environmental challenges has principally relied on investigations through space, in lieu of time, because long-term phenotypic and molecular data are scarce. Yet, dormant propagules in sediments, soils, and permafrost are convenient natural archives of population histories from which to trace adaptive trajectories along extended time periods. DNA sequence data obtained from these natural archives, combined with pioneering methods for analyzing both ecological and population genomic time-series data, are likely to provide predictive models to forecast evolutionary responses of natural populations to environmental changes resulting from natural and anthropogenic stressors, including climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Orsini
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bron JE, Frisch D, Goetze E, Johnson SC, Lee CE, Wyngaard GA. Observing copepods through a genomic lens. Front Zool 2011; 8:22. [PMID: 21933388 PMCID: PMC3184258 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-8-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Copepods outnumber every other multicellular animal group. They are critical components of the world's freshwater and marine ecosystems, sensitive indicators of local and global climate change, key ecosystem service providers, parasites and predators of economically important aquatic animals and potential vectors of waterborne disease. Copepods sustain the world fisheries that nourish and support human populations. Although genomic tools have transformed many areas of biological and biomedical research, their power to elucidate aspects of the biology, behavior and ecology of copepods has only recently begun to be exploited. Discussion The extraordinary biological and ecological diversity of the subclass Copepoda provides both unique advantages for addressing key problems in aquatic systems and formidable challenges for developing a focused genomics strategy. This article provides an overview of genomic studies of copepods and discusses strategies for using genomics tools to address key questions at levels extending from individuals to ecosystems. Genomics can, for instance, help to decipher patterns of genome evolution such as those that occur during transitions from free living to symbiotic and parasitic lifestyles and can assist in the identification of genetic mechanisms and accompanying physiological changes associated with adaptation to new or physiologically challenging environments. The adaptive significance of the diversity in genome size and unique mechanisms of genome reorganization during development could similarly be explored. Genome-wide and EST studies of parasitic copepods of salmon and large EST studies of selected free-living copepods have demonstrated the potential utility of modern genomics approaches for the study of copepods and have generated resources such as EST libraries, shotgun genome sequences, BAC libraries, genome maps and inbred lines that will be invaluable in assisting further efforts to provide genomics tools for copepods. Summary Genomics research on copepods is needed to extend our exploration and characterization of their fundamental biological traits, so that we can better understand how copepods function and interact in diverse environments. Availability of large scale genomics resources will also open doors to a wide range of systems biology type studies that view the organism as the fundamental system in which to address key questions in ecology and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Klerks PL, Xie L, Levinton JS. Quantitative genetics approaches to study evolutionary processes in ecotoxicology; a perspective from research on the evolution of resistance. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:513-23. [PMID: 21516382 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative genetic approaches are often used to study evolutionary processes in ecotoxicology. This paper focuses on the evolution of resistance to environmental contaminants-an important evolutionary process in ecotoxicology. Three approaches are commonly employed to study the evolution of resistance: (1) Assessing whether a contaminant-exposed population has an increased resistance relative to a control population, using either spatial or temporal comparisons. (2) Estimating a population's heritability of resistance. (3) Investigating responses in a laboratory selection experiment. All three approaches provide valuable information on the potential for contaminants to affect a population's evolutionary trajectory via natural selection. However, all three approaches have inherent limitations, including difficulty in separating the various genetic and environmental variance components, responses being dependent on specific population and testing conditions, and inability to fully capture natural conditions in the laboratory. In order to maximize insights into the long-term consequences of adaptation, it is important to not just look at resistance itself, but also at the fitness consequences and at correlated responses in characteristics other than resistance. The rapid development of molecular genetics has yielded alternatives to the "black box" approach of quantitative genetics, but the presence of different limitations and strengths in the two fields means that they should be viewed as complementary rather than exchangeable. Quantitative genetics is benefiting from the incorporation of molecular tools and remains an important field for studying evolutionary toxicology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Klerks
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jeyasingh PD, Weider LJ, Sterner RW. Genetically-based trade-offs in response to stoichiometric food quality influence competition in a keystone aquatic herbivore. Ecol Lett 2009; 12:1229-37. [PMID: 19719840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
34
|
The impact of human-made ecological changes on the genetic architecture of Daphnia species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:4758-63. [PMID: 19273852 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807187106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The overenrichment (eutrophication) of aquatic ecosystems with nutrients leading to algal blooms and anoxic conditions has been a persistent and widespread environmental problem. Although there are many studies on the ecological impact of elevated phosphorus (P) levels (e.g., decrease in biodiversity and water quality), little is known about the evolutionary consequences for animal species. We reconstructed the genetic architecture of a Daphnia species complex in 2 European lakes using diapausing eggs that were isolated from sediment layers covering the past 100 years. Changes in total P were clearly associated with a shift in species composition and the population structure of evolutionary lineages. Although environmental conditions were largely re-established after peak eutrophication during the 1970s and 1980s, original species composition and the genetic architecture of species were not restored but evolved along new evolutionary trajectories. Our data demonstrate that anthropogenically induced temporal alterations of habitats are associated with long-lasting changes in communities and species via interspecific hybridization and introgression.
Collapse
|
35
|
Stoichiometric differences in food quality: impacts on genetic diversity and the coexistence of aquatic herbivores in a Daphnia hybrid complex. Oecologia 2008; 158:47-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
36
|
Jeyasingh PD, Weider LJ. Fundamental links between genes and elements: evolutionary implications of ecological stoichiometry. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:4649-61. [PMID: 17944849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Punidan D Jeyasingh
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Biological Station and Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Eads BD, Andrews J, Colbourne JK. Ecological genomics in Daphnia: stress responses and environmental sex determination. Heredity (Edinb) 2007; 100:184-90. [PMID: 17519967 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological genomics is the study of adaptation of natural populations to their environment, and therefore seeks to link organism and population level processes through an understanding of genome organization and function. The planktonic microcrustacean Daphnia, which has long been an important system for ecology, is now being used as a genomic model as well. Here we review recent progress in selected areas of Daphnia genomics research. Production of parthenogenetic male offspring occurs through environmental cues, which clearly involves endocrine regulation and has also been studied as a toxicological response to juvenoid hormone analog insecticides. Recent progress has uncovered a putative juvenoid cis-response element, which together with microarray analysis will stimulate further research into nuclear hormone receptors and their associated transcriptional regulatory networks. Ecotoxicological studies indicate that mRNA profiling is a sensitive and specific research tool with promising applications in environmental monitoring and for uncovering conserved cellular processes. Rapid progress is expected to continue in these and other areas, as genomic tools for Daphnia become widely available to investigators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B D Eads
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405-3700, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Effects of Liming on the Aquatic Fauna in a Norwegian Watershed: Why Do Crustaceans and Fish Respond Differently? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11267-006-9070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
39
|
Are they still viable? Physical conditions and abundance of Daphnia pulicaria resting eggs in sediment cores from lakes in the Tatra Mountains. Biologia (Bratisl) 2006. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-006-0126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
40
|
Barrett LG, He T, Lamont BB, Krauss SL. Temporal patterns of genetic variation across a 9-year-old aerial seed bank of the shrub Banksia hookeriana (Proteaceae). Mol Ecol 2005; 14:4169-79. [PMID: 16262867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of accumulation of genetic variation over time in seed banks is poorly understood. We examined the genetic structure of the aerial seed bank of Banksia hookeriana within a single 15-year-old population in fire-prone southwestern Australia, and compared genetic variation between adults and each year of a 9-year-old seed bank using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). B. hookeriana is well suited to the study of seed bank dynamics due to the canopy storage of its seeds, and because each annual crop can be identified. A total of 304 seeds from nine crop years and five maternal plants were genotyped, along with 113 plants from the adult population. Genetic variation, as assessed by the proportion of polymorphic markers (P(p)) and Shannon's index (I), increased slightly within the seed bank over time, while gene diversity (H(j)), did not change. P(p), I, and H(j) all indicated that genetic variation within the seed bank quickly approached the maximal level detected. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that less than 4% of variation could be accounted for by variation among seeds produced in different years, whereas there was greater differentiation among maternal plants (12.7%), and among individual seeds produced by different maternal plants (83.4%). With increasing population age, offspring generated each year were slightly more outbred, as indicated by an increase in the mean number of nonmaternal markers per offspring. There were no significant differences for H(j) or I between adults and the seed bank. Viability of seeds decreased with age, such that the viability of 9-year-old seeds was half that of 2-year-old seeds. These results suggest that variable fire frequencies have only limited potential to influence the amount of genetic variation stored within the seed bank of B. hookeriana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke G Barrett
- Department of Environmental Biology, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hairston NG, Kearns CM, Perry Demma L, Effler SW. SPECIES-SPECIFIC DAPHNIA PHENOTYPES: A HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND PELAGIC ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE. Ecology 2005. [DOI: 10.1890/03-0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
42
|
Ortells R, Reusch TBH, Lampert W. Salinity tolerance in Daphnia magna: characteristics of genotypes hatching from mixed sediments. Oecologia 2005; 143:509-16. [PMID: 15800749 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The hatching of diapausing eggs is a means of temporal dispersal that can provide populations with genotypes adapted to different environments. In a salinity-variable shallow lake, we predicted that the mixing of different age-classes of eggs in the sediment may yield genotypes with different salinity optima. The alternative would be the absence of local adaptation and the presence of a homogenous population of salt-tolerant genotypes with high phenotypic plasticity. We tested these alternatives by isolating Daphnia magna resting eggs from different sediment depths, exposing them to hatching cues at different salinity levels and measuring the performance of hatched individuals. Results revealed a homogeneous sediment with generally broad-tolerance genotypes and some genotypes with low salt tolerance, which supports the second hypothesis. However, the disturbed character of the sediment hampered historical reconstruction. The absence of local adaptation in the diapausing egg bank may be the result of various scenarios in the response of D. magna populations to severe salinity changes in the lake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ortells
- Department of Physiological Ecology, Max Planck Institute of Limnology, Postfach 165, Plon, 24302, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vandekerkhove J, Declerck S, Jeppesen E, Conde-Porcuna JM, Brendonck L, De Meester L. Dormant propagule banks integrate spatio-temporal heterogeneity in cladoceran communities. Oecologia 2004; 142:109-16. [PMID: 15378346 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-004-1711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of populations of short-lived organisms are very patchy, both in space and time. The production of dormant propagules, however, results in an effective increase in generation time. We hypothesize that prolonged dormancy, together with variable regeneration niches, result in integration of temporal variability in community structure. In addition, in aquatic habitats, mechanisms such as sediment focussing can contribute to the integration of spatial variability. We tested the hypothesis that dormant propagule banks integrate spatial and temporal variation in active zooplankton communities. This was done by comparing cladoceran species richness and the community structure of hatchling assemblages retrieved from propagule bank samples collected on a single occasion with assemblages encountered in active community samples covering spatial variation (littoral and pelagic zone), diel (day and night), intra-year (May-October) and inter-year variation (1996-2000). The egg bank community structure differed significantly from the active community structure, but the dissimilarity decreased as spatial and temporal variation was better covered by the active community samples. Furthermore, the identification of all fully grown hatchlings ( n=214) yielded an equally high number of species ( n=22) to that occurring in all active community samples together (a total of 1,730 individuals were analysed). We conclude that the analysis of dormant propagules may form a cost-efficient alternative tool to the analysis of active community samples for an integrated assessment of cladoceran communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Vandekerkhove
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. de Bériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cáceres CE, Tessier AJ. Incidence of diapause varies among populations of Daphnia pulicaria. Oecologia 2004; 141:425-31. [PMID: 15375690 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-004-1657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dormancy is a common way in which organisms survive environmental conditions that would be lethal to the active individual. However, while dormant, individuals forego reproduction. Hence theory suggests an optimal time in which to enter dormancy, depending on risks associated with both remaining active and entering dormancy. When these relative risks differ among habitats, dormancy strategies are predicted to vary as well. For freshwater zooplankton, it has been suggested that sensitivity to the cues that initiate dormancy should be selected against when females have the opportunity to remain in the water column year round. We tested this prediction with 12 populations of lake-dwelling Daphnia pulicaria (Crustacea: Cladocera). Differences among lakes in basin morphometry, predators and resources create a gradient of risk for Daphnia in the water column. Some populations persist in high numbers year round while others are abundant only in spring. We used this difference in persistence ability as an estimate of risk in the water-column. For 3 years of field sampling we found consistent differences among the lake populations in the incidence of dormancy. In some populations, only a small fraction of females switched to producing dormant eggs each year whereas in others the majority of eggs produced in the late spring were dormant. In general, populations that experienced predictably low abundances in the active form exhibited higher incidence of dormancy than did populations that persisted in high abundance year round, but there were exceptions. Our results confirm that the incidence of dormancy varies considerably among populations in a fashion consistent with general theory, but suggest that persistence in the water column is not the sole predictor of the diapause strategy found in any particular lake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla E Cáceres
- School of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois, 515 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jankowski T, Straile D. Allochronic differentiation among Daphnia species, hybrids and backcrosses: the importance of sexual reproduction for population dynamics and genetic architecture. J Evol Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
46
|
Vitalis R, Glémin S, Olivieri I. When Genes Go to Sleep: The Population Genetic Consequences of Seed Dormancy and Monocarpic Perenniality. Am Nat 2004; 163:295-311. [PMID: 14970929 DOI: 10.1086/381041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2003] [Accepted: 08/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In many annual plant populations, seeds may be dormant for several seasons before they germinate. Here, we investigate the consequences of both conditional (dispersed seeds cannot enter a dormant stage) and unconditional seed dormancy on the amount and the distribution of neutral genetic diversity within and among populations. We present joint demographic and population genetics models for single and subdivided populations and derive the effective size and population differentiation at both local and metapopulation scales. We suggest that a Wahlund effect is unlikely to result from age structure alone. Furthermore, the differentiation among populations is decreased by the presence of seed banks. We also extend these models to describe monocarpic (semelparous) perennial life cycle, where the nonreproductive stages are vegetative rosettes instead of dormant seeds. The main difference between the models relies in the way the density-dependent regulation is acting. The effective size of monocarpic perennial species may be less than the census number of individuals, and among-population differentiation is always larger than in annual species. We discuss our results in the light of recent population genetics surveys of annual plants with seed banks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Vitalis
- Laboratoire Genetique et Environnement, C C 065, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Maia‐Barbosa PM, Eskinazi‐Sant'Anna EM, Valadares CF, Pessoa GCD. The resting eggs of zooplankton from a tropical, eutrophic reservoir (Pampulha Reservoir, south‐east Brazil). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2003.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Maia‐Barbosa
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Laboratory of Zooplankton Ecology, ICB/Bl, I3/253, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 2267. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 31270–901, and
| | - E. M. Eskinazi‐Sant'Anna
- UFRN, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia, Via Costeira, s/n. Praia de Mãe Luiza, Natal, RN, Brazil. 59014‐100
| | - C. F. Valadares
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Laboratory of Zooplankton Ecology, ICB/Bl, I3/253, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 2267. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 31270–901, and
| | - G. C. D. Pessoa
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Laboratory of Zooplankton Ecology, ICB/Bl, I3/253, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 2267. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 31270–901, and
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jankowski T, Straile D. Allochronic differentiation among Daphnia species, hybrids and backcrosses: the importance of sexual reproduction for population dynamics and genetic architecture. J Evol Biol 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00666_17_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
49
|
The Monopolization Hypothesis and the dispersal–gene flow paradox in aquatic organisms. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1146-609x(02)01145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
50
|
Limburg PA, Weider LJ. 'Ancient' DNA in the resting egg bank of a microcrustacean can serve as a palaeolimnological database. Proc Biol Sci 2002; 269:281-7. [PMID: 11839197 PMCID: PMC1690889 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work on the diapausing egg banks of zooplankton, such as Daphnia (Crustacea: Anomopoda), indicates that these eggs can remain viable for decades while, theoretically, DNA can remain intact for even longer periods (i.e. centuries or millennia). We isolated diapausing eggs of Daphnia from a 30 m long sediment core taken from a hypereutrophic, northern German lake (Belauer See), with some eggs found in dated core material as old as 4500 years. Using microsatellite markers, we analysed the genetic structure of the resting eggs dated as old as ca. 200 years, and found that, although levels of heterozygosity remained remarkably stable, significant genetic differentiation (Nei's D = 0.36; F(ST) = 0.15) between recent and 'ancient' resting eggs (including allele frequency shifts and private alleles) was detected. These shifts represent either species-level changes in this complex (i.e. species-specific characters of ephippia are not always robust), or intraspecific shifts in genetic variation, or a combination of both. This study demonstrates that the egg banks of aquatic zooplankton can serve as repositories of both genetic (intrapopulational) and ecological (interspecific) information. The use of molecular markers, such as microsatellites, on diapausing egg/seed banks may open new avenues of enquiry related to tracking the long-term genetic (and/or species) shifts that are associated with long-term environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra A Limburg
- Max Planck Institute for Limnology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|