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Mekkes L, Renema W, Bednaršek N, Alin SR, Feely RA, Huisman J, Roessingh P, Peijnenburg KTCA. Pteropods make thinner shells in the upwelling region of the California Current Ecosystem. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1731. [PMID: 33462349 PMCID: PMC7814018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shelled pteropods are widely regarded as bioindicators for ocean acidification, because their fragile aragonite shells are susceptible to increasing ocean acidity. While short-term incubations have demonstrated that pteropod calcification is negatively impacted by ocean acidification, we know little about net calcification in response to varying ocean conditions in natural populations. Here, we examine in situ calcification of Limacina helicina pteropods collected from the California Current Ecosystem, a coastal upwelling system with strong spatial gradients in ocean carbonate chemistry, dissolved oxygen and temperature. Depth-averaged pH ranged from 8.03 in warmer offshore waters to 7.77 in cold CO2-rich waters nearshore. Based on high-resolution micro-CT technology, we showed that shell thickness declined by ~ 37% along the upwelling gradient from offshore to nearshore water. Dissolution marks covered only ~ 2% of the shell surface area and were not associated with the observed variation in shell thickness. We thus infer that pteropods make thinner shells where upwelling brings more acidified and colder waters to the surface. Probably the thinner shells do not result from enhanced dissolution, but are due to a decline in calcification. Reduced calcification of pteropods is likely to have major ecological and biogeochemical implications for the cycling of calcium carbonate in the oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Mekkes
- grid.425948.60000 0001 2159 802XNaturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.7177.60000000084992262Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Renema
- grid.425948.60000 0001 2159 802XNaturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.7177.60000000084992262Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Bednaršek
- grid.419399.f0000 0001 0057 0239Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA USA ,grid.419523.80000 0004 0637 0790National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, 1000 Slovenia
| | - Simone R. Alin
- grid.3532.70000 0001 1266 2261Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Richard A. Feely
- grid.3532.70000 0001 1266 2261Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Jef Huisman
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Roessingh
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg
- grid.425948.60000 0001 2159 802XNaturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.7177.60000000084992262Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Peijnenburg KTCA, Janssen AW, Wall-Palmer D, Goetze E, Maas AE, Todd JA, Marlétaz F. The origin and diversification of pteropods precede past perturbations in the Earth's carbon cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25609-25617. [PMID: 32973093 PMCID: PMC7568333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920918117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pteropods are a group of planktonic gastropods that are widely regarded as biological indicators for assessing the impacts of ocean acidification. Their aragonitic shells are highly sensitive to acute changes in ocean chemistry. However, to gain insight into their potential to adapt to current climate change, we need to accurately reconstruct their evolutionary history and assess their responses to past changes in the Earth's carbon cycle. Here, we resolve the phylogeny and timing of pteropod evolution with a phylogenomic dataset (2,654 genes) incorporating new data for 21 pteropod species and revised fossil evidence. In agreement with traditional taxonomy, we recovered molecular support for a division between "sea butterflies" (Thecosomata; mucus-web feeders) and "sea angels" (Gymnosomata; active predators). Molecular dating demonstrated that these two lineages diverged in the early Cretaceous, and that all main pteropod clades, including shelled, partially-shelled, and unshelled groups, diverged in the mid- to late Cretaceous. Hence, these clades originated prior to and subsequently survived major global change events, including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), the closest analog to modern-day ocean acidification and warming. Our findings indicate that planktonic aragonitic calcifiers have shown resilience to perturbations in the Earth's carbon cycle over evolutionary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja T C A Peijnenburg
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Department Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie W Janssen
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Wall-Palmer
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erica Goetze
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Amy E Maas
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. Georges GE01, Bermuda
| | - Jonathan A Todd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdinand Marlétaz
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son 904-0495, Japan
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Johnson KM, Hofmann GE. Combined stress of ocean acidification and warming influence survival and drives differential gene expression patterns in the Antarctic pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa013. [PMID: 32257214 PMCID: PMC7098371 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ecologically important thecosome pteropods in the Limacina spp. complex have recently been the focus of studies examining the impacts global change factors - e.g., ocean acidification (OA) and ocean warming (OW) - on their performance and physiology. This focus is driven by conservation concerns where the health of pteropod populations is threatened by the high susceptibility of their shells to dissolution in low aragonite saturation states associated with OA and how coupling of these stressors may push pteropods past the limits of physiological plasticity. In this manipulation experiment, we describe changes in the transcriptome of the Antarctic pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica, to these combined stressors. The conditions used in the laboratory treatments met or exceeded those projected for the Southern Ocean by the year 2100. We made two general observations regarding the outcome of the data: (1) Temperature was more influential than pH in terms of changing patterns of gene expression, and (2) these Antarctic pteropods appeared to have a significant degree of transcriptomic plasticity to respond to acute abiotic stress in the laboratory. In general, differential gene expression was observed amongst the treatments; here, for example, transcripts associated with maintaining protein structure and cell proliferation were up-regulated. To disentangle the effects of OA and OW, we used a weighted gene co-expression network analysis to explore patterns of change in the transcriptome. This approach identified gene networks associated with OW that were enriched for transcripts proposed to be involved in increasing membrane fluidity at warmer temperatures. Together these data provide evidence that L.h.antarctica has a limited capacity to acclimate to the combined conditions of OA and OW used in this study. This reduced scope of acclimation argues for continued study of how adaptation to polar aquatic environments may limit the plasticity of present-day populations in responding to future environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620 USA
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Choo LQ, Bal TMP, Choquet M, Smolina I, Ramos-Silva P, Marlétaz F, Kopp M, Hoarau G, Peijnenburg KTCA. Novel genomic resources for shelled pteropods: a draft genome and target capture probes for Limacina bulimoides, tested for cross-species relevance. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:11. [PMID: 31900119 PMCID: PMC6942316 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pteropods are planktonic gastropods that are considered as bio-indicators to monitor impacts of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems. In order to gain insight into their adaptive potential to future environmental changes, it is critical to use adequate molecular tools to delimit species and population boundaries and to assess their genetic connectivity. We developed a set of target capture probes to investigate genetic variation across their large-sized genome using a population genomics approach. Target capture is less limited by DNA amount and quality than other genome-reduced representation protocols, and has the potential for application on closely related species based on probes designed from one species. RESULTS We generated the first draft genome of a pteropod, Limacina bulimoides, resulting in a fragmented assembly of 2.9 Gbp. Using this assembly and a transcriptome as a reference, we designed a set of 2899 genome-wide target capture probes for L. bulimoides. The set of probes includes 2812 single copy nuclear targets, the 28S rDNA sequence, ten mitochondrial genes, 35 candidate biomineralisation genes, and 41 non-coding regions. The capture reaction performed with these probes was highly efficient with 97% of the targets recovered on the focal species. A total of 137,938 single nucleotide polymorphism markers were obtained from the captured sequences across a test panel of nine individuals. The probes set was also tested on four related species: L. trochiformis, L. lesueurii, L. helicina, and Heliconoides inflatus, showing an exponential decrease in capture efficiency with increased genetic distance from the focal species. Sixty-two targets were sufficiently conserved to be recovered consistently across all five species. CONCLUSION The target capture protocol used in this study was effective in capturing genome-wide variation in the focal species L. bulimoides, suitable for population genomic analyses, while providing insights into conserved genomic regions in related species. The present study provides new genomic resources for pteropods and supports the use of target capture-based protocols to efficiently characterise genomic variation in small non-model organisms with large genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Qin Choo
- Marine Biodiversity, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Thijs M P Bal
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Marvin Choquet
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Irina Smolina
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Paula Ramos-Silva
- Marine Biodiversity, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand Marlétaz
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Japan
| | - Martina Kopp
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Galice Hoarau
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Katja T C A Peijnenburg
- Marine Biodiversity, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Convey P, Peck LS. Antarctic environmental change and biological responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaz0888. [PMID: 31807713 PMCID: PMC6881164 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean are facing complex environmental change. Their native biota has adapted to the region's extreme conditions over many millions of years. This unique biota is now challenged by environmental change and the direct impacts of human activity. The terrestrial biota is characterized by considerable physiological and ecological flexibility and is expected to show increases in productivity, population sizes and ranges of individual species, and community complexity. However, the establishment of non-native organisms in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems may present an even greater threat than climate change itself. In the marine environment, much more limited response flexibility means that even small levels of warming are threatening. Changing sea ice has large impacts on ecosystem processes, while ocean acidification and coastal freshening are expected to have major impacts.
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Burridge AK, Van Der Hulst R, Goetze E, Peijnenburg KTCA. Assessing species boundaries in the open sea: an integrative taxonomic approach to the pteropod genus Diacavolinia. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To track changes in pelagic biodiversity in response to climate change, it is essential to accurately define species boundaries. Shelled pteropods are a group of holoplanktonic gastropods that have been proposed as bio-indicators because of their vulnerability to ocean acidification. A particularly suitable, yet challenging group for integrative taxonomy is the pteropod genus Diacavolinia, which has a circumglobal distribution and is the most species-rich pteropod genus, with 24 described species. We assessed species boundaries in this genus, with inferences based on geometric morphometric analyses of shell-shape variation, genetic (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 28S rDNA sequences) and geographic data. We found support for a total of 13 species worldwide, with observations of 706 museum and 263 freshly collected specimens across a global collection of material, including holo‐ and paratype specimens for 14 species. In the Atlantic Ocean, two species are well supported, in contrast to the eight currently described, and in the Indo‐Pacific we found a maximum of 11 species, partially merging 13 of the described species. Distributions of these revised species are congruent with well-known biogeographic provinces. Combining varied datasets in an integrative framework may be suitable for many diverse taxa and is an important first step to predicting species-specific responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice K Burridge
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erica Goetze
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Katja T C A Peijnenburg
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Eco-physiological responses of copepods and pteropods to ocean warming and acidification. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4748. [PMID: 30894601 PMCID: PMC6426838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We compare physiological responses of the crustacean copepod Calanus pacificus and pelagic pteropod mollusk Limacina helicina to ocean temperatures and pH by measuring biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidant defences, and the activity of the respiratory electron transport system in organisms collected on the 2016 West Coast Ocean Acidification cruise in the California Current System. Copepods and pteropods exhibited strong but divergent responses in the same habitat; copepods had higher oxygen-reactive absorbance capacity, glutathione-S-transferase, and total glutathione content. The ratio between reduced to oxidised glutathione was higher in copepods than in pteropods, indicating lower oxidative stress in copepods. Pteropods showed higher activities of glutathione reductase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation, indicating increased antioxidant defences and oxidative stress. Thus, the antioxidant defence system of the copepods has a greater capacity to respond to oxidative stress, while pteropods already face severe stress and show limited capacity to deal with further changes. The results suggest that copepods have higher adaptive potential, owing to their stronger vertical migration behaviour and efficient glutathione metabolism, whereas pteropods run the risk of oxidative stress and mortality under high CO2 conditions. Our results provide a unique dataset and evidence of stress-inducing mechanisms behind pteropod ocean acidification responses.
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Burridge AK, Hörnlein C, Janssen AW, Hughes M, Bush SL, Marlétaz F, Gasca R, Pierrot-Bults AC, Michel E, Todd JA, Young JR, Osborn KJ, Menken SBJ, Peijnenburg KTCA. Time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of pteropods. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177325. [PMID: 28604805 PMCID: PMC5467808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pteropods are a widespread group of holoplanktonic gastropod molluscs and are uniquely suitable for study of long-term evolutionary processes in the open ocean because they are the only living metazoan plankton with a good fossil record. Pteropods have been proposed as bioindicators to monitor the impacts of ocean acidification and in consequence have attracted considerable research interest, however, a robust evolutionary framework for the group is still lacking. Here we reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and examine the evolutionary history of pteropods based on combined analyses of Cytochrome Oxidase I, 28S, and 18S ribosomal rRNA sequences and a molecular clock calibrated using fossils and the estimated timing of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. Euthecosomes with uncoiled shells were monophyletic with Creseis as the earliest diverging lineage, estimated at 41-38 million years ago (mya). The coiled euthecosomes (Limacina, Heliconoides, Thielea) were not monophyletic contrary to the accepted morphology-based taxonomy; however, due to their high rate heterogeneity no firm conclusions can be drawn. We found strong support for monophyly of most euthecosome genera, but Clio appeared as a polyphyletic group, and Diacavolinia grouped within Cavolinia, making the latter genus paraphyletic. The highest evolutionary rates were observed in Heliconoides inflatus and Limacina bulimoides for both 28S and 18S partitions. Using a fossil-calibrated phylogeny that sets the first occurrence of coiled euthecosomes at 79-66 mya, we estimate that uncoiled euthecosomes evolved 51-42 mya and that most extant uncoiled genera originated 40-15 mya. These findings are congruent with a molecular clock analysis using the Isthmus of Panama formation as an independent calibration. Although not all phylogenetic relationships could be resolved based on three molecular markers, this study provides a useful resource to study pteropod diversity and provides general insight into the processes that generate and maintain their diversity in the open ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice K. Burridge
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Hörnlein
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee (NIOZ), Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin Hughes
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Natural History Museum (NHM), Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie L. Bush
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, United States of America
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), Moss Landing, California, United States of America
| | - Ferdinand Marlétaz
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Japan
| | - Rebeca Gasca
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Unidad Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Chetumal, Mexico
| | - Annelies C. Pierrot-Bults
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellinor Michel
- Natural History Museum (NHM), Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A. Todd
- Natural History Museum (NHM), Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy R. Young
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J. Osborn
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, United States of America
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), Moss Landing, California, United States of America
| | - Steph B. J. Menken
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Smith JN, Richter C, Fabricius KE, Cornils A. Pontellid copepods, Labidocera spp., affected by ocean acidification: A field study at natural CO2 seeps. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175663. [PMID: 28467414 PMCID: PMC5415112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CO2 seeps in coral reefs were used as natural laboratories to study the impacts of ocean acidification on the pontellid copepod, Labidocera spp. Pontellid abundances were reduced by ∼70% under high-CO2 conditions. Biological parameters and substratum preferences of the copepods were explored to determine the underlying causes of such reduced abundances. Stage- and sex-specific copepod lengths, feeding ability, and egg development were unaffected by ocean acidification, thus changes in these physiological parameters were not the driving factor for reduced abundances under high-CO2 exposure. Labidocera spp. are demersal copepods, hence they live amongst reef substrata during the day and emerge into the water column at night. Deployments of emergence traps showed that their preferred reef substrata at control sites were coral rubble, macro algae, and turf algae. However, under high-CO2 conditions they no longer had an association with any specific substrata. Results from this study indicate that even though the biology of a copepod might be unaffected by high-CO2, Labidocera spp. are highly vulnerable to ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy N. Smith
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudio Richter
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Astrid Cornils
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
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10
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Late winter-to-summer change in ocean acidification state in Kongsfjorden, with implications for calcifying organisms. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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A transcriptomic analysis of the response of the arctic pteropod Limacina helicina to carbon dioxide-driven seawater acidification. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Burridge AK, Goetze E, Raes N, Huisman J, Peijnenburg KTCA. Global biogeography and evolution of Cuvierina pteropods. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:39. [PMID: 25880735 PMCID: PMC4443520 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shelled pteropods are planktonic gastropods that are potentially good indicators of the effects of ocean acidification. They also have high potential for the study of zooplankton evolution because they are metazoan plankton with a good fossil record. We investigated phenotypic and genetic variation in pteropods belonging to the genus Cuvierina in relation to their biogeographic distribution across the world's oceans. We aimed to assess species boundaries and to reconstruct their evolutionary history. RESULTS We distinguished six morphotypes based on geometric morphometric analyses of shells from 926 museum and 113 fresh specimens. These morphotypes have distinct geographic distributions across the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, and belong to three major genetic clades based on COI and 28S DNA sequence data. Using a fossil-calibrated phylogeny, we estimated that these clades separated in the Late Oligocene and Early to Middle Miocene. We found evidence for ecological differentiation among all morphotypes based on ecological niche modelling with sea surface temperature, salinity and phytoplankton biomass as primary determinants. Across all analyses, we found highly congruent patterns of differentiation suggesting species level divergences between morphotypes. However, we also found distinct morphotypes (e.g. in the Atlantic Ocean) that were ecologically, but not genetically differentiated. CONCLUSIONS Given the distinct ecological and phenotypic specializations found among both described and undescribed Cuvierina taxa, they may not respond equally to future ocean changes and may not be equally sensitive to ocean acidification. Our findings support the view that ecological differentiation may be an important driving force in the speciation of zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice K Burridge
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, Amsterdam, 1090 GE, The Netherlands.
| | - Erica Goetze
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Niels Raes
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands.
| | - Jef Huisman
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, Amsterdam, 1090 GE, The Netherlands.
| | - Katja T C A Peijnenburg
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, Amsterdam, 1090 GE, The Netherlands.
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13
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Haigh R, Ianson D, Holt CA, Neate HE, Edwards AM. Effects of Ocean Acidification on Temperate Coastal Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries in the Northeast Pacific. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117533. [PMID: 25671596 PMCID: PMC4324998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As the oceans absorb anthropogenic CO2 they become more acidic, a problem termed ocean acidification (OA). Since this increase in CO2 is occurring rapidly, OA may have profound implications for marine ecosystems. In the temperate northeast Pacific, fisheries play key economic and cultural roles and provide significant employment, especially in rural areas. In British Columbia (BC), sport (recreational) fishing generates more income than commercial fishing (including the expanding aquaculture industry). Salmon (fished recreationally and farmed) and Pacific Halibut are responsible for the majority of fishery-related income. This region naturally has relatively acidic (low pH) waters due to ocean circulation, and so may be particularly vulnerable to OA. We have analyzed available data to provide a current description of the marine ecosystem, focusing on vertical distributions of commercially harvested groups in BC in the context of local carbon and pH conditions. We then evaluated the potential impact of OA on this temperate marine system using currently available studies. Our results highlight significant knowledge gaps. Above trophic levels 2–3 (where most local fishery-income is generated), little is known about the direct impact of OA, and more importantly about the combined impact of multi-stressors, like temperature, that are also changing as our climate changes. There is evidence that OA may have indirect negative impacts on finfish through changes at lower trophic levels and in habitats. In particular, OA may lead to increased fish-killing algal blooms that can affect the lucrative salmon aquaculture industry. On the other hand, some species of locally farmed shellfish have been well-studied and exhibit significant negative direct impacts associated with OA, especially at the larval stage. We summarize the direct and indirect impacts of OA on all groups of marine organisms in this region and provide conclusions, ordered by immediacy and certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Haigh
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Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Debby Ianson
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Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 4B2, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Carrie A. Holt
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Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Holly E. Neate
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Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
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Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Edwards
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Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
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Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Busch K, Bauerfeind E, Nöthig EM. Pteropod sedimentation patterns in different water depths observed with moored sediment traps over a 4-year period at the LTER station HAUSGARTEN in eastern Fram Strait. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Bednaršek N, Tarling GA, Bakker DCE, Fielding S, Feely RA. Dissolution dominating calcification process in polar pteropods close to the point of aragonite undersaturation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109183. [PMID: 25285916 PMCID: PMC4186832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thecosome pteropods are abundant upper-ocean zooplankton that build aragonite shells. Ocean acidification results in the lowering of aragonite saturation levels in the surface layers, and several incubation studies have shown that rates of calcification in these organisms decrease as a result. This study provides a weight-specific net calcification rate function for thecosome pteropods that includes both rates of dissolution and calcification over a range of plausible future aragonite saturation states (Ω(ar)). We measured gross dissolution in the pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica in the Scotia Sea (Southern Ocean) by incubating living specimens across a range of aragonite saturation states for a maximum of 14 days. Specimens started dissolving almost immediately upon exposure to undersaturated conditions (Ω(ar) ∼ 0.8), losing 1.4% of shell mass per day. The observed rate of gross dissolution was different from that predicted by rate law kinetics of aragonite dissolution, in being higher at Ω(ar) levels slightly above 1 and lower at Ω(ar) levels of between 1 and 0.8. This indicates that shell mass is affected by even transitional levels of saturation, but there is, nevertheless, some partial means of protection for shells when in undersaturated conditions. A function for gross dissolution against Ω(ar) derived from the present observations was compared to a function for gross calcification derived by a different study, and showed that dissolution became the dominating process even at Ω(ar) levels close to 1, with net shell growth ceasing at an Ω(ar) of 1.03. Gross dissolution increasingly dominated net change in shell mass as saturation levels decreased below 1. As well as influencing their viability, such dissolution of pteropod shells in the surface layers will result in slower sinking velocities and decreased carbon and carbonate fluxes to the deep ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bednaršek
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Dorothee C. E. Bakker
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Fielding
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Feely
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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16
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Busch DS, Maher M, Thibodeau P, McElhany P. Shell condition and survival of Puget Sound pteropods are impaired by ocean acidification conditions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105884. [PMID: 25162395 PMCID: PMC4146564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested whether the thecosome pteropod Limacina helicina from Puget Sound, an urbanized estuary in the northwest continental US, experiences shell dissolution and altered mortality rates when exposed to the high CO2, low aragonite saturation state (Ωa) conditions that occur in Puget Sound and the northeast Pacific Ocean. Five, week-long experiments were conducted in which we incubated pteropods collected from Puget Sound in four carbon chemistry conditions: current summer surface (∼460–500 µatm CO2, Ωa≈1.59), current deep water or surface conditions during upwelling (∼760 and ∼1600–1700 µatm CO2, Ωa≈1.17 and 0.56), and future deep water or surface conditions during upwelling (∼2800–3400 µatm CO2, Ωa≈0.28). We measured shell condition using a scoring regime of five shell characteristics that capture different aspects of shell dissolution. We characterized carbon chemistry conditions in statistical analyses with Ωa, and conducted analyses considering Ωa both as a continuous dataset and as discrete treatments. Shell dissolution increased linearly as aragonite saturation state decreased. Discrete treatment comparisons indicate that shell dissolution was greater in undersaturated treatments compared to oversaturated treatments. Survival increased linearly with aragonite saturation state, though discrete treatment comparisons indicated that survival was similar in all but the lowest saturation state treatment. These results indicate that, under starvation conditions, pteropod survival may not be greatly affected by current and expected near-future aragonite saturation state in the NE Pacific, but shell dissolution may. Given that subsurface waters in Puget Sound’s main basin are undersaturated with respect to aragonite in the winter and can be undersaturated in the summer, the condition and persistence of the species in this estuary warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Shallin Busch
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Maher
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Patricia Thibodeau
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul McElhany
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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17
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Diverse trends in shell weight of three Southern Ocean pteropod taxa collected with Polar Frontal Zone sediment traps from 1997 to 2007. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Strong AL, Kroeker KJ, Teneva LT, Mease LA, Kelly RP. Ocean Acidification 2.0: Managing our Changing Coastal Ocean Chemistry. Bioscience 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biu072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Bednaršek N, Tarling GA, Bakker DCE, Fielding S, Feely RA. Dissolution dominating calcification process in polar pteropods close to the point of aragonite undersaturation. PLoS One 2014. [PMID: 25285916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.-pone.0109183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Thecosome pteropods are abundant upper-ocean zooplankton that build aragonite shells. Ocean acidification results in the lowering of aragonite saturation levels in the surface layers, and several incubation studies have shown that rates of calcification in these organisms decrease as a result. This study provides a weight-specific net calcification rate function for thecosome pteropods that includes both rates of dissolution and calcification over a range of plausible future aragonite saturation states (Ω(ar)). We measured gross dissolution in the pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica in the Scotia Sea (Southern Ocean) by incubating living specimens across a range of aragonite saturation states for a maximum of 14 days. Specimens started dissolving almost immediately upon exposure to undersaturated conditions (Ω(ar) ∼ 0.8), losing 1.4% of shell mass per day. The observed rate of gross dissolution was different from that predicted by rate law kinetics of aragonite dissolution, in being higher at Ω(ar) levels slightly above 1 and lower at Ω(ar) levels of between 1 and 0.8. This indicates that shell mass is affected by even transitional levels of saturation, but there is, nevertheless, some partial means of protection for shells when in undersaturated conditions. A function for gross dissolution against Ω(ar) derived from the present observations was compared to a function for gross calcification derived by a different study, and showed that dissolution became the dominating process even at Ω(ar) levels close to 1, with net shell growth ceasing at an Ω(ar) of 1.03. Gross dissolution increasingly dominated net change in shell mass as saturation levels decreased below 1. As well as influencing their viability, such dissolution of pteropod shells in the surface layers will result in slower sinking velocities and decreased carbon and carbonate fluxes to the deep ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bednaršek
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, United States of America; British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dorothee C E Bakker
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Fielding
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Feely
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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20
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Adverse effects of ocean acidification on early development of squid (Doryteuthis pealeii). PLoS One 2013; 8:e63714. [PMID: 23741298 PMCID: PMC3669312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is being absorbed into the ocean, altering seawater chemistry, with potentially negative impacts on a wide range of marine organisms. The early life stages of invertebrates with internal and external aragonite structures may be particularly vulnerable to this ocean acidification. Impacts to cephalopods, which form aragonite cuttlebones and statoliths, are of concern because of the central role they play in many ocean ecosystems and because of their importance to global fisheries. Atlantic longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii), an ecologically and economically valuable taxon, were reared from eggs to hatchlings (paralarvae) under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations in replicated experimental trials. Animals raised under elevated pCO2 demonstrated significant developmental changes including increased time to hatching and shorter mantle lengths, although differences were small. Aragonite statoliths, critical for balance and detecting movement, had significantly reduced surface area and were abnormally shaped with increased porosity and altered crystal structure in elevated pCO2-reared paralarvae. These developmental and physiological effects could alter squid paralarvae behavior and survival in the wild, directly and indirectly impacting marine food webs and commercial fisheries.
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21
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Beare D, McQuatters-Gollop A, van der Hammen T, Machiels M, Teoh SJ, Hall-Spencer JM. Long-term trends in calcifying plankton and pH in the North Sea. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61175. [PMID: 23658686 PMCID: PMC3641030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Relationships between six calcifying plankton groups and pH are explored in a highly biologically productive and data-rich area of the central North Sea using time-series datasets. The long-term trends show that abundances of foraminiferans, coccolithophores, and echinoderm larvae have risen over the last few decades while the abundances of bivalves and pteropods have declined. Despite good coverage of pH data for the study area there is uncertainty over the quality of this historical dataset; pH appears to have been declining since the mid 1990s but there was no statistical connection between the abundance of the calcifying plankton and the pH trends. If there are any effects of pH on calcifying plankton in the North Sea they appear to be masked by the combined effects of other climatic (e.g. temperature), chemical (nutrient concentrations) and biotic (predation) drivers. Certain calcified plankton have proliferated in the central North Sea, and are tolerant of changes in pH that have occurred since the 1950s but bivalve larvae and pteropods have declined. An improved monitoring programme is required as ocean acidification may be occurring at a rate that will exceed the environmental niches of numerous planktonic taxa, testing their capacities for acclimation and genetic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Beare
- Natural Resources Management, WorldFish, Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia.
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