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Karimi N, Krieg CP, Spalink D, Lemmon AR, Lemmon EM, Eifler E, Hernández AI, Chan PW, Rodríguez A, Landis JB, Strickler SR, Specht CD, Givnish TJ. Chromosomal evolution, environmental heterogeneity, and migration drive spatial patterns of species richness in Calochortus (Liliaceae). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2305228121. [PMID: 38394215 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305228121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We used nuclear genomic data and statistical models to evaluate the ecological and evolutionary processes shaping spatial variation in species richness in Calochortus (Liliaceae, 74 spp.). Calochortus occupies diverse habitats in the western United States and Mexico and has a center of diversity in the California Floristic Province, marked by multiple orogenies, winter rainfall, and highly divergent climates and substrates (including serpentine). We used sequences of 294 low-copy nuclear loci to produce a time-calibrated phylogeny, estimate historical biogeography, and test hypotheses regarding drivers of present-day spatial patterns in species number. Speciation and species coexistence require reproductive isolation and ecological divergence, so we examined the roles of chromosome number, environmental heterogeneity, and migration in shaping local species richness. Six major clades-inhabiting different geographic/climatic areas, and often marked by different base chromosome numbers (n = 6 to 10)-began diverging from each other ~10.3 Mya. As predicted, local species number increased significantly with local heterogeneity in chromosome number, elevation, soil characteristics, and serpentine presence. Species richness is greatest in the Transverse/Peninsular Ranges where clades with different chromosome numbers overlap, topographic complexity provides diverse conditions over short distances, and several physiographic provinces meet allowing immigration by several clades. Recently diverged sister-species pairs generally have peri-patric distributions, and maximum geographic overlap between species increases over the first million years since divergence, suggesting that chromosomal evolution, genetic divergence leading to gametic isolation or hybrid inviability/sterility, and/or ecological divergence over small spatial scales may permit species co-occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisa Karimi
- Science and Conservation Division, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Daniel Spalink
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845
| | - Alan R Lemmon
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | | | - Evan Eifler
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Adriana I Hernández
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Patricia W Chan
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Aarón Rodríguez
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de la Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco 45200, Mexico
| | - Jacob B Landis
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de la Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco 45200, Mexico
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - Chelsea D Specht
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Thomas J Givnish
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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2
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Bello-González OC, Andersen T, Mercado-Silva N. A revised, annotated checklist of Mexican non-biting midges (Diptera, Chironomidae). Zookeys 2024; 1191:237-286. [PMID: 38389584 PMCID: PMC10882552 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1191.117223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
An updated checklist of Mexican non-biting midges (Chironomidae) is presented. A total of 110 species of Chironomidae are known for Mexico: 52 species in 25 genera belong to the subfamily Chironominae, 30 species in 13 genera to Orthocladiinae, 21 species in nine genera to Tanypodinae, five species in two genera to Telmatogetoninae, and two species in one genus to Diamesinae. In addition, 41 genera without identified species are listed. The highest number of species (29) is recorded from the state of Campeche, while 19 species have been found in Veracruz and 15 in Nuevo León. Few or no records exist for states in Central and Northern Mexico, or those on the Pacific coast. The type localities for 34 species are in Mexico; of these, 27 species (25% of the total number of species recorded in the country) are endemic. Twenty-nine species recorded in Mexico have a Neotropical distribution, 15 a Nearctic distribution, and 39 species are distributed in both the Neotropical and Nearctic regions or more widely. It has been suggested that as many as 1000 species might occur in Mexico; so only a little more than 10% of the expected diversity has so far been recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestes C Bello-González
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Trond Andersen
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Norman Mercado-Silva
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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3
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Uden DR, Mech AM, Havill NP, Schulz AN, Ayres MP, Herms DA, Hoover AM, Gandhi KJK, Hufbauer RA, Liebhold AM, Marsico TD, Raffa KF, Thomas KA, Tobin PC, Allen CR. Phylogenetic risk assessment is robust for forecasting the impact of European insects on North American conifers. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2761. [PMID: 36218183 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Some introduced species cause severe damage, although the majority have little impact. Robust predictions of which species are most likely to cause substantial impacts could focus efforts to mitigate those impacts or prevent certain invasions entirely. Introduced herbivorous insects can reduce crop yield, fundamentally alter natural and managed forest ecosystems, and are unique among invasive species in that they require certain host plants to succeed. Recent studies have demonstrated that understanding the evolutionary history of introduced herbivores and their host plants can provide robust predictions of impact. Specifically, divergence times between hosts in the native and introduced ranges of a nonnative insect can be used to predict the potential impact of the insect should it establish in a novel ecosystem. However, divergence time estimates vary among published phylogenetic datasets, making it crucial to understand if and how the choice of phylogeny affects prediction of impact. Here, we tested the robustness of impact prediction to variation in host phylogeny by using insects that feed on conifers and predicting the likelihood of high impact using four different published phylogenies. Our analyses ranked 62 insects that are not established in North America and 47 North American conifer species according to overall risk and vulnerability, respectively. We found that results were robust to the choice of phylogeny. Although published vascular plant phylogenies continue to be refined, our analysis indicates that those differences are not substantial enough to alter the predictions of invader impact. Our results can assist in focusing biosecurity programs for conifer pests and can be more generally applied to nonnative insects and their potential hosts by prioritizing surveillance for those insects most likely to be damaging invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Uden
- School of Natural Resources, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Resilience in Agricultural Working Landscapes, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Angela M Mech
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Nathan P Havill
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Hamden, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ashley N Schulz
- Department of Agricultural Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Matthew P Ayres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Angela M Hoover
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kamal J K Gandhi
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ruth A Hufbauer
- Department of Agricultural Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Travis D Marsico
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kathryn A Thomas
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Patrick C Tobin
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Craig R Allen
- School of Natural Resources, Center for Resilience in Agricultural Working Landscapes, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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McCulloh KA, Augustine SP, Goke A, Jordan R, Krieg CP, O’Keefe K, Smith DD. At least it is a dry cold: the global distribution of freeze-thaw and drought stress and the traits that may impart poly-tolerance in conifers. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1-15. [PMID: 36094836 PMCID: PMC9833871 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Conifers inhabit some of the most challenging landscapes where multiple abiotic stressors (e.g., aridity, freezing temperatures) often co-occur. Physiological tolerance to multiple stressors ('poly-tolerance') is thought to be rare because exposure to one stress generally limits responses to another through functional trade-offs. However, the capacity to exhibit poly-tolerance may be greater when combined abiotic stressors have similar physiological impacts, such as the disruption of hydraulic function imposed by drought or freezing. Here, we reviewed empirical data in light of theoretical expectations for conifer adaptations to drought and freeze-thaw cycles with particular attention to hydraulic traits of the stem and leaf. Additionally, we examined the commonality and spatial distribution of poly-stress along indices of these combined stressors. We found that locations with the highest values of our poly-stress index (PSi) are characterized by moderate drought and moderate freeze-thaw, and most of the global conifer distribution occupies areas of moderate poly-stress. Among traits examined, we found diverse responses to the stressors. Turgor loss point did not correlate with freeze-thaw or drought stress individually, but did with the PSi, albeit inverse to what was hypothesized. Leaf mass per area was more strongly linked with drought stress than the poly-stress and not at all with freeze-thaw stress. In stems, the water potential causing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity became more negative with increasing drought stress and poly-stress but did not correlate with freeze-thaw stress. For these traits, we identified a striking lack of coverage for substantial portions of species ranges, particularly at the upper boundaries of their respective PSis, demonstrating a critical gap in our understanding of trait prevalence and plasticity along these stress gradients. Future research should investigate traits that confer tolerance to both freeze-thaw and drought stress in a wide range of species across broad geographic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven P Augustine
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Alex Goke
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Rachel Jordan
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Christopher P Krieg
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kimberly O’Keefe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Saint Edward’s University, Austin, TX 78704, USA
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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5
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Leslie AB, Benson RBJ. Neontological and paleontological congruence in the evolution of Podocarpaceae (coniferales) reproductive morphology. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1058746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPodocarpaceae are a diverse, primarily tropical conifer family that commonly produce large leaves and highly reduced, fleshy seed cones bearing large seeds. These features may result from relatively recent adaptation to closed-canopy angiosperm forests and bird-mediated seed dispersal, although determining precisely when shifts in leaf and seed cone morphology occurred is difficult due to a sparse fossil record and relatively few surviving deep lineages.MethodsWe compare the fossil record of Podocarpaceae with results from ancestral state reconstruction methods and correlated character models using neontological data and a previously published molecular time-tree.ResultsAncestral state reconstructions suggest that small leaves, small seeds, and multi-seeded cones are ancestral in crown Podocarpaceae, with reduced cones bearing few seeds appearing in the Early Cretaceous and the correlated evolution of large leaves and large seeds occurring from the Late Cretaceous onwards. The exact timing of these shifts based on neontological data alone are poorly constrained, however, and estimates of leaf and seed size are imprecise.DiscussionThe fossil record is largely congruent with results based on the molecular time-tree, but provide important constraints on the range of leaf and seed sizes that were present in Cretaceous Podocarpaceae and the time by which changes in cone morphology and seed size likely occurred. We suggest in particular that reduced seed cones appeared in the Early Cretaceous and are linked to the contemporaneous diversification of small bodied avialans (birds), with shifts to larger seed sizes occurring after the Cretaceous in association with the spread of closed-canopy angiosperm forests.
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Fang WJ, Cai Q, Zhao Q, Ji CJ, Zhu JL, Tang ZY, Fang JY. Species richness patterns and the determinants of larch forests in China. PLANT DIVERSITY 2022; 44:436-444. [PMID: 36187549 PMCID: PMC9512642 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Larch forests are important for species diversity, as well as soil and water conservation in mountain regions. In this study, we determined large-scale patterns of species richness in larch forests and identified the factors that drive these patterns. We found that larch forest species richness was high in southern China and low in northern China, and that patterns of species richness along an elevational gradient depend on larch forest type. In addition, we found that patterns of species richness in larch forests are best explained by contemporary climatic factors. Specifically, mean annual temperature and annual potential evapotranspiration were the most important factors for species richness of tree and shrub layers, while mean temperature of the coldest quarter and anomaly of annual precipitation from the Last Glacial Maximum to the present were the most important for that of herb layer and the whole community. Community structural factors, especially stand density, are also associated with the species richness of larch forests. Our findings that species richness in China's larch forests is mainly affected by energy availability and cold conditions support the ambient energy hypothesis and the freezing tolerance hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Fang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiong Cai
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cheng-Jun Ji
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiang-Ling Zhu
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhi-Yao Tang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing-Yun Fang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Martínez de León R, Castellanos-Morales G, Moreno-Letelier A. Incipient speciation, high genetic diversity, and ecological divergence in the alligator bark juniper suggest complex demographic changes during the Pleistocene. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13802. [PMID: 35910768 PMCID: PMC9336613 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The most recent glacial cycles of the Pleistocene affected the distribution, population sizes, and levels of genetic structure of temperate-forest species in the main Mexican mountain systems. Our objective was to investigate the effects these cycles had on the genetic structure and distribution of a dominant species of the "mexical" vegetation across North and Central America. We studied the genetic diversity of Juniperus deppeana, a conifer distributed from the Southwestern United States to the highlands of Central America. We combined information of one plastid marker and two nuclear markers to infer phylogeographic structure, genetic diversity and demographic changes. We also characterized the climatic niche for each variety to infer the plausible area of suitability during past climatic conditions and to evaluate climatic niche discontinuities along with the species distribution. We found a marked phylogeographic structure separating the populations North and South of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, with populations to the South of this barrier forming a distinct genetic cluster corresponding to Juniperus deppeana var. gamboana. We also found signals of population expansion in the Northern genetic cluster. Ecological niche modeling results confirmed climatic niche differences and discontinuities among J. deppeana varieties and heterogeneous responses to climatic oscillations. Overall, J. deppeana's genetic diversity has been marked by distribution shifts, population growth and secondary contact the North, and in situ permanence in the South since the last interglacial to the present. High genetic variation suggests a wide and climatically diverse distribution during climatic oscillations. We detected the existence of two main genetic clusters, supporting previous proposals that Juniperus deppeana and Juniperus gamboana may be considered two separate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Martínez de León
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico,Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandra Moreno-Letelier
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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8
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Lyu L, Leugger F, Hagen O, Fopp F, Boschman LM, Strijk JS, Albouy C, Karger DN, Brun P, Wang Z, Zimmermann NE, Pellissier L. An integrated high-resolution mapping shows congruent biodiversity patterns of Fagales and Pinales. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:759-772. [PMID: 35429166 PMCID: PMC9323436 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The documentation of biodiversity distribution through species range identification is crucial for macroecology, biogeography, conservation, and restoration. However, for plants, species range maps remain scarce and often inaccurate. We present a novel approach to map species ranges at a global scale, integrating polygon mapping and species distribution modelling (SDM). We develop a polygon mapping algorithm by considering distances and nestedness of occurrences. We further apply an SDM approach considering multiple modelling algorithms, complexity levels, and pseudo-absence selections to map the species at a high spatial resolution and intersect it with the generated polygons. We use this approach to construct range maps for all 1957 species of Fagales and Pinales with data compilated from multiple sources. We construct high-resolution global species richness maps of these important plant clades, and document diversity hotspots for both clades in southern and south-western China, Central America, and Borneo. We validate the approach with two representative genera, Quercus and Pinus, using previously published coarser range maps, and find good agreement. By efficiently producing high-resolution range maps, our mapping approach offers a new tool in the field of macroecology for studying global species distribution patterns and supporting ongoing conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Lyu
- Department of Environmental System ScienceETH ZürichUniversitätstrasse 168092ZürichSwitzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Flurin Leugger
- Department of Environmental System ScienceETH ZürichUniversitätstrasse 168092ZürichSwitzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Oskar Hagen
- Department of Environmental System ScienceETH ZürichUniversitätstrasse 168092ZürichSwitzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Fabian Fopp
- Department of Environmental System ScienceETH ZürichUniversitätstrasse 168092ZürichSwitzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Lydian M. Boschman
- Department of Environmental System ScienceETH ZürichUniversitätstrasse 168092ZürichSwitzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Joeri Sergej Strijk
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental ResearchUniversiti Brunei DarussalamJalan Tungku LinkGadongBE1410Brunei Darussalam
- Alliance for Conservation Tree GenomicsPha Tad Ke Botanical Garden, PO Box 95906000Luang PrabangLao PDR
| | - Camille Albouy
- IFREMERUnité Écologie et Modèles pour l’Hallieutiquerue I’lle d’YeauBP21105, 44311Nantes Cedex 3France
| | - Dirk N. Karger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Philipp Brun
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationCollege of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking University100871BeijingChina
| | - Niklaus E. Zimmermann
- Department of Environmental System ScienceETH ZürichUniversitätstrasse 168092ZürichSwitzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Department of Environmental System ScienceETH ZürichUniversitätstrasse 168092ZürichSwitzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
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Herrando-Moraira S, Nualart N, Galbany-Casals M, Garcia-Jacas N, Ohashi H, Matsui T, Susanna A, Tang CQ, López-Pujol J. Climate Stability Index maps, a global high resolution cartography of climate stability from Pliocene to 2100. Sci Data 2022; 9:48. [PMID: 35145118 PMCID: PMC8831633 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate changes are top biodiversity shapers, both during the past and future. Mapping the most climatic stable and unstable zones on Earth could improve our understanding of biodiversity distribution and evolution. Here, we present a set of maps based on a global scale, high resolution (ca. 5 km) new Climate Stability Index (CSI). The CSI considers bioclimatic variables for two different time ranges: (1) from Pliocene (3.3 Ma) to the present (CSI-past map set), using 12 time periods of PaleoClim representing warm and cold cycles; and (2) from present to the year 2100 (CSI-future), using nine general circulation models of climate change of four periods available from WorldClim. We calculated standard deviation of the variables and selected an uncorrelated set for summing, normalizing and obtaining the CSI maps. Our approach is useful for fields such as biogeography, earth sciences, agriculture, or sociology. However, CSI is an index that can be re-calculated according to particular criteria and objectives (e.g. temperature variables); maps are, therefore, customizable to every user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Herrando-Moraira
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia, s.n., 08038, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Neus Nualart
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia, s.n., 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Galbany-Casals
- Systematics and Evolution of Vascular Plants (UAB) - Associated Unit to CSIC, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Núria Garcia-Jacas
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia, s.n., 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Haruka Ohashi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsui
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305-8687, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Alfonso Susanna
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia, s.n., 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cindy Q Tang
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Dongwaihuan South Road, University Town, Chenggong New District, Kunming, Yunnan, 650504, China
| | - Jordi López-Pujol
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia, s.n., 08038, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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González‐Orozco CE, Sosa CC, Thornhill AH, Laffan SW. Phylogenetic diversity and conservation of crop wild relatives in Colombia. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2603-2617. [PMID: 34815742 PMCID: PMC8591330 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop wild relatives (CWR) are an important agricultural resource as they contain genetic traits not found in cultivated species due to localized adaptation to unique environmental and climatic conditions. Phylogenetic diversity (PD) measures the evolutionary relationship of species using the tree of life. Our knowledge of CWR PD in neotropical regions is in its infancy. We analysed the distribution of CWR PD across Colombia and assessed its conservation status. The areas with the largest concentration of PD were identified as being in the northern part of the central and western Andean mountain ranges and the Pacific region. These centres of high PD were comprised of predominantly short and closely related branches, mostly of species of wild tomatoes and black peppers. In contrast, the CWR PD in the lowland ecosystems of the Amazon and Orinoquia regions had deeply diverging clades predominantly represented by long and distantly related branches (i.e. tuberous roots, grains and cacao). We categorized 50 (52.6%) of the CWR species as 'high priority', 36 as 'medium priority' and nine as 'low priority' for further ex-situ and in situ conservation actions. New areas of high PD and richness with large ex-situ gap collections were identified mainly in the northern part of the Andes of Colombia. We found that 56% of the grid cells with the highest PD values were unprotected. These baseline data could be used to create a comprehensive national strategy of CWR conservation in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. González‐Orozco
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA)Centro de Investigación La LibertadVillavicencioColombia
| | - Chrystian C. Sosa
- Departamento de Ciencias naturales y MatemáticasPontificia Universidad Javeriana CaliCaliColombia
- Grupo de Investigación en EvoluciónEcología y Conservación EECOPrograma de BiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Básicas y TecnologíasUniversidad del QuindíoArmeniaColombia
| | - Andrew H. Thornhill
- Environment InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
- Department for Environment and WaterState Herbarium of South AustraliaBotanic Gardens and State HerbariumAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Shawn W. Laffan
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research CentreSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of New South WalesKensingtonNSWAustralia
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11
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Phylogenomic and ecological analyses reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of global pines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022302118. [PMID: 33941644 PMCID: PMC8157994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022302118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
How coniferous forests evolved in the Northern Hemisphere remains largely unknown. Unlike most groups of organisms that generally follow a latitudinal diversity gradient, most conifer species in the Northern Hemisphere are distributed in mountainous areas at middle latitudes. It is of great interest to know whether the midlatitude region has been an evolutionary cradle or museum for conifers and how evolutionary and ecological factors have driven their spatiotemporal evolution. Here, we investigated the macroevolution of Pinus, the largest conifer genus and characteristic of northern temperate coniferous forests, based on nearly complete species sampling. Using 1,662 genes from transcriptome sequences, we reconstructed a robust species phylogeny and reestimated divergence times of global pines. We found that ∼90% of extant pine species originated in the Miocene in sharp contrast to the ancient origin of Pinus, indicating a Neogene rediversification. Surprisingly, species at middle latitudes are much older than those at other latitudes. This finding, coupled with net diversification rate analysis, indicates that the midlatitude region has provided an evolutionary museum for global pines. Analyses of 31 environmental variables, together with a comparison of evolutionary rates of niche and phenotypic traits with a net diversification rate, found that topography played a primary role in pine diversification, and the aridity index was decisive for the niche rate shift. Moreover, fire has forced diversification and adaptive evolution of Pinus Our study highlights the importance of integrating phylogenomic and ecological approaches to address evolution of biological groups at the global scale.
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12
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Cazorla BP, Cabello J, Peñas J, Garcillán PP, Reyes A, Alcaraz-Segura D. Incorporating Ecosystem Functional Diversity into Geographic Conservation Priorities Using Remotely Sensed Ecosystem Functional Types. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Lanner J, Huchler K, Pachinger B, Sedivy C, Meimberg H. Dispersal patterns of an introduced wild bee, Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in European alpine countries. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236042. [PMID: 32649722 PMCID: PMC7351169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity monitoring programs are the baseline of species abundancy studies, which in case of introduced species are especially critical. Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853 native to Eastern-Asia, constitutes the first ever recorded wild bee species accidently introduced in Europe. Since its first discovery in 2008, M. sculpturalis has been spreading across the continent. By initiating a citizen science monitoring program, we aimed to investigate the occurrence pattern of M. sculpturalis. Within only two years after starting the project, 111 new reports from Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Austria were recorded. Comparably to other European countries, the population progressed remarkably fast from year to year expanding its area geographically but also ecologically by increasing its altitudinal range. The distribution pattern indicates human assisted jump-dispersal travelling on the major traffic routes of central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lanner
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Huchler
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Bärbel Pachinger
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Harald Meimberg
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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14
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Nürk NM, Linder HP, Onstein RE, Larcombe MJ, Hughes CE, Piñeiro Fernández L, Schlüter PM, Valente L, Beierkuhnlein C, Cutts V, Donoghue MJ, Edwards EJ, Field R, Flantua SGA, Higgins SI, Jentsch A, Liede‐Schumann S, Pirie MD. Diversification in evolutionary arenas-Assessment and synthesis. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6163-6182. [PMID: 32607221 PMCID: PMC7319112 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how and why rates of evolutionary diversification vary is a key issue in evolutionary biology, ecology, and biogeography. Evolutionary rates are the net result of interacting processes summarized under concepts such as adaptive radiation and evolutionary stasis. Here, we review the central concepts in the evolutionary diversification literature and synthesize these into a simple, general framework for studying rates of diversification and quantifying their underlying dynamics, which can be applied across clades and regions, and across spatial and temporal scales. Our framework describes the diversification rate (d) as a function of the abiotic environment (a), the biotic environment (b), and clade-specific phenotypes or traits (c); thus, d ~ a,b,c. We refer to the four components (a-d) and their interactions collectively as the "Evolutionary Arena." We outline analytical approaches to this framework and present a case study on conifers, for which we parameterize the general model. We also discuss three conceptual examples: the Lupinus radiation in the Andes in the context of emerging ecological opportunity and fluctuating connectivity due to climatic oscillations; oceanic island radiations in the context of island formation and erosion; and biotically driven radiations of the Mediterranean orchid genus Ophrys. The results of the conifer case study are consistent with the long-standing scenario that low competition and high rates of niche evolution promote diversification. The conceptual examples illustrate how using the synthetic Evolutionary Arena framework helps to identify and structure future directions for research on evolutionary radiations. In this way, the Evolutionary Arena framework promotes a more general understanding of variation in evolutionary rates by making quantitative results comparable between case studies, thereby allowing new syntheses of evolutionary and ecological processes to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai M. Nürk
- Department of Plant SystematicsBayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - H. Peter Linder
- Department of Systematic & Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Renske E. Onstein
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | | | - Colin E. Hughes
- Department of Systematic & Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Laura Piñeiro Fernández
- Department of Systematic & Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of BotanyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | | | - Luis Valente
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterUnderstanding Evolution GroupLeidenThe Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Carl Beierkuhnlein
- Department of BiogeographyBayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Vanessa Cutts
- School of GeographyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Michael J. Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Erika J. Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Richard Field
- School of GeographyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | | | | | - Anke Jentsch
- Department of Disturbance EcologyBayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Sigrid Liede‐Schumann
- Department of Plant SystematicsBayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Michael D. Pirie
- Johannes Gutenberg‐UniversitätMainzGermany
- University MuseumUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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15
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Sundaram M, Donoghue MJ, Farjon A, Filer D, Mathews S, Jetz W, Leslie AB. Accumulation over evolutionary time as a major cause of biodiversity hotspots in conifers. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191887. [PMID: 31594500 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity hotspots are important for understanding how areas of high species richness form, but disentangling the processes that produce them is difficult. We combine geographical ranges, phylogenetic relationships and trait data for 606 conifer species in order to explore the mechanisms underlying richness hotspot formation. We identify eight richness hotspots that overlap known centres of plant endemism and diversity, and find that conifer richness hotspots occur in mountainous areas within broader regions of long-term climate stability. Conifer hotspots are not unique in their species composition, traits or phylogenetic structure; however, a large percentage of their species are not restricted to hotspots and they rarely show either a preponderance of new radiating lineages or old relictual lineages. We suggest that conifer hotspots have primarily formed as a result of lineages accumulating over evolutionary time scales in stable mountainous areas rather than through high origination, preferential retention of relictual lineages or radiation of species with unique traits, although such processes may contribute to nuanced differences among hotspots. Conifers suggest that a simple accumulation of regional diversity can generate high species richness without additional processes and that geography rather than biology may play a primary role in hotspot formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekala Sundaram
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Michael J Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aljos Farjon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Denis Filer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Sarah Mathews
- CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Australian National Herbarium, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Andrew B Leslie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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