1
|
Sundaram M, Donoghue MJ, Farjon A, Filer D, Mathews S, Jetz W, Leslie AB. Accumulation over evolutionary time as a major cause of biodiversity hotspots in conifers. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191887. [PMID: 31594500 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity hotspots are important for understanding how areas of high species richness form, but disentangling the processes that produce them is difficult. We combine geographical ranges, phylogenetic relationships and trait data for 606 conifer species in order to explore the mechanisms underlying richness hotspot formation. We identify eight richness hotspots that overlap known centres of plant endemism and diversity, and find that conifer richness hotspots occur in mountainous areas within broader regions of long-term climate stability. Conifer hotspots are not unique in their species composition, traits or phylogenetic structure; however, a large percentage of their species are not restricted to hotspots and they rarely show either a preponderance of new radiating lineages or old relictual lineages. We suggest that conifer hotspots have primarily formed as a result of lineages accumulating over evolutionary time scales in stable mountainous areas rather than through high origination, preferential retention of relictual lineages or radiation of species with unique traits, although such processes may contribute to nuanced differences among hotspots. Conifers suggest that a simple accumulation of regional diversity can generate high species richness without additional processes and that geography rather than biology may play a primary role in hotspot formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mekala Sundaram
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Michael J Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aljos Farjon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Denis Filer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Sarah Mathews
- CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Australian National Herbarium, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Andrew B Leslie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brummitt NA, Bachman SP, Griffiths-Lee J, Lutz M, Moat JF, Farjon A, Donaldson JS, Hilton-Taylor C, Meagher TR, Albuquerque S, Aletrari E, Andrews AK, Atchison G, Baloch E, Barlozzini B, Brunazzi A, Carretero J, Celesti M, Chadburn H, Cianfoni E, Cockel C, Coldwell V, Concetti B, Contu S, Crook V, Dyson P, Gardiner L, Ghanim N, Greene H, Groom A, Harker R, Hopkins D, Khela S, Lakeman-Fraser P, Lindon H, Lockwood H, Loftus C, Lombrici D, Lopez-Poveda L, Lyon J, Malcolm-Tompkins P, McGregor K, Moreno L, Murray L, Nazar K, Power E, Quiton Tuijtelaars M, Salter R, Segrott R, Thacker H, Thomas LJ, Tingvoll S, Watkinson G, Wojtaszekova K, Nic Lughadha EM. Green Plants in the Red: A Baseline Global Assessment for the IUCN Sampled Red List Index for Plants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135152. [PMID: 26252495 PMCID: PMC4529080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants provide fundamental support systems for life on Earth and are the basis for all terrestrial ecosystems; a decline in plant diversity will be detrimental to all other groups of organisms including humans. Decline in plant diversity has been hard to quantify, due to the huge numbers of known and yet to be discovered species and the lack of an adequate baseline assessment of extinction risk against which to track changes. The biodiversity of many remote parts of the world remains poorly known, and the rate of new assessments of extinction risk for individual plant species approximates the rate at which new plant species are described. Thus the question 'How threatened are plants?' is still very difficult to answer accurately. While completing assessments for each species of plant remains a distant prospect, by assessing a randomly selected sample of species the Sampled Red List Index for Plants gives, for the first time, an accurate view of how threatened plants are across the world. It represents the first key phase of ongoing efforts to monitor the status of the world's plants. More than 20% of plant species assessed are threatened with extinction, and the habitat with the most threatened species is overwhelmingly tropical rain forest, where the greatest threat to plants is anthropogenic habitat conversion, for arable and livestock agriculture, and harvesting of natural resources. Gymnosperms (e.g. conifers and cycads) are the most threatened group, while a third of plant species included in this study have yet to receive an assessment or are so poorly known that we cannot yet ascertain whether they are threatened or not. This study provides a baseline assessment from which trends in the status of plant biodiversity can be measured and periodically reassessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil A. Brummitt
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P. Bachman
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maiko Lutz
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Justin F. Moat
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aljos Farjon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Donaldson
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, KRC, Private Bag X7, Claremont, South Africa
| | | | - Thomas R. Meagher
- School of Biology, Dyers Brae, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elina Aletrari
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
- King's College London, Strand, London, United Kingdom
| | - A. Kei Andrews
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Atchison
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alice Brunazzi
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Carretero
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Celesti
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Chadburn
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris Cockel
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sara Contu
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Vicki Crook
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Dyson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Gardiner
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Ghanim
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Greene
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Groom
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Harker
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Della Hopkins
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Khela
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Heather Lindon
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Lockwood
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Debora Lombrici
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Lopez-Poveda
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - James Lyon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kirsty McGregor
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Moreno
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Murray
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Keara Nazar
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Power
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth Salter
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Segrott
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Thacker
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah Tingvoll
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Watkinson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoffmann M, Hilton-Taylor C, Angulo A, Böhm M, Brooks TM, Butchart SHM, Carpenter KE, Chanson J, Collen B, Cox NA, Darwall WRT, Dulvy NK, Harrison LR, Katariya V, Pollock CM, Quader S, Richman NI, Rodrigues ASL, Tognelli MF, Vié JC, Aguiar JM, Allen DJ, Allen GR, Amori G, Ananjeva NB, Andreone F, Andrew P, Aquino Ortiz AL, Baillie JEM, Baldi R, Bell BD, Biju SD, Bird JP, Black-Decima P, Blanc JJ, Bolaños F, Bolivar-G W, Burfield IJ, Burton JA, Capper DR, Castro F, Catullo G, Cavanagh RD, Channing A, Chao NL, Chenery AM, Chiozza F, Clausnitzer V, Collar NJ, Collett LC, Collette BB, Cortez Fernandez CF, Craig MT, Crosby MJ, Cumberlidge N, Cuttelod A, Derocher AE, Diesmos AC, Donaldson JS, Duckworth JW, Dutson G, Dutta SK, Emslie RH, Farjon A, Fowler S, Freyhof J, Garshelis DL, Gerlach J, Gower DJ, Grant TD, Hammerson GA, Harris RB, Heaney LR, Hedges SB, Hero JM, Hughes B, Hussain SA, Icochea M J, Inger RF, Ishii N, Iskandar DT, Jenkins RKB, Kaneko Y, Kottelat M, Kovacs KM, Kuzmin SL, La Marca E, Lamoreux JF, Lau MWN, Lavilla EO, Leus K, Lewison RL, Lichtenstein G, Livingstone SR, Lukoschek V, Mallon DP, McGowan PJK, McIvor A, Moehlman PD, Molur S, Muñoz Alonso A, Musick JA, Nowell K, Nussbaum RA, Olech W, Orlov NL, Papenfuss TJ, Parra-Olea G, Perrin WF, Polidoro BA, Pourkazemi M, Racey PA, Ragle JS, Ram M, Rathbun G, Reynolds RP, Rhodin AGJ, Richards SJ, Rodríguez LO, Ron SR, Rondinini C, Rylands AB, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y, Sanciangco JC, Sanders KL, Santos-Barrera G, Schipper J, Self-Sullivan C, Shi Y, Shoemaker A, Short FT, Sillero-Zubiri C, Silvano DL, Smith KG, Smith AT, Snoeks J, Stattersfield AJ, Symes AJ, Taber AB, Talukdar BK, Temple HJ, Timmins R, Tobias JA, Tsytsulina K, Tweddle D, Ubeda C, Valenti SV, van Dijk PP, Veiga LM, Veloso A, Wege DC, Wilkinson M, Williamson EA, Xie F, Young BE, Akçakaya HR, Bennun L, Blackburn TM, Boitani L, Dublin HT, da Fonseca GAB, Gascon C, Lacher TE, Mace GM, Mainka SA, McNeely JA, Mittermeier RA, Reid GM, Rodriguez JP, Rosenberg AA, Samways MJ, Smart J, Stein BA, Stuart SN. The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates. Science 2010; 330:1503-9. [PMID: 20978281 DOI: 10.1126/science.1194442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups: agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hoffmann
- IUCN SSC Species Survival Commission, c/o United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|