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Altamiranda-Saavedra M, Camaho-Portocarrero R, Machado JO, Jaramillo JDM, Torres-Moreno N, Marín-Ortiz JC, Giraldo-Jaramillo M. Identifying Areas of Invasion Risk and Changes in the Ecological Niche Occupied by the Coffee Leaf Miner Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:608-616. [PMID: 38598071 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-024-01148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Insects of economic importance such as Leucoptera coffeella can cause high defoliation in plants and reduce crop yields. We aimed to identify changes in the ecological niche and potential zones of the invasion. Occurrence records were obtained from databases and bibliography. WorldClim V2.0 bioclimatic layers were used. For the modeling of the potential distribution, the kuenm R package was used by executing the Maxent algorithm. The potential distribution models suggested greatest environmental suitability extends from Europe, South Asia, and Central and South Africa, showing the "tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests" as the ecoregion that presents the greatest probability of the presence of L. coffeella. The potential distribution model projected in the invaded area agrees with the known distribution in the region (America), although the results show that it is occupying environmental spaces not present in the area of origin. This species presented a large proportion of the invaded niche that overlaps the native niche and is colonizing new environmental conditions in the invaded area relative to its native distribution (Africa). This information could be used in the planning of coffee crops on the American continent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose Ortiz Machado
- Programa de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | | | - Natalia Torres-Moreno
- Grupo de Investigación Bioforense, Tecnológico de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Marín-Ortiz
- Grupo de Investigación Fitotecnia Tropical, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marisol Giraldo-Jaramillo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café/Cenicafé, Investigador Científico Área Entomología, Manizales, Colombia
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2
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Navarro-León E, Borda E, Marín C, Sierras N, Blasco B, Ruiz JM. Application of an Enzymatic Hydrolysed L-α-Amino Acid Based Biostimulant to Improve Sunflower Tolerance to Imazamox. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2761. [PMID: 36297785 PMCID: PMC9611503 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides, commonly used in agriculture to control weeds, often cause negative effects on crops. Safeners are applied to reduce the damage to crops without affecting the effectiveness of herbicides against weeds. Plant biostimulants have the potential to increase tolerance to a series of abiotic stresses, but very limited information exists about their effects on herbicide-stressed plants. This study aims to verify whether the application of a potential safener such as Terra-Sorb®, an L-α-amino acid-based biostimulant, reduces the phytotoxicity of an Imazamox-based herbicide and to elucidate which tolerance mechanisms are induced. Sunflower plants were treated with Pulsar® 40 (4% Imazamox) both alone and in combination with Terra-Sorb®. Plants treated with the herbicide in combination with Terra-Sorb® showed higher growth, increased acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity, and amino acid concentration with respect to the plants treated with Imazamox alone. Moreover, the biostimulant protected photosynthetic activity and reduced oxidative stress. This protective effect could be due to the glutathione S-transferase (GST) induction and antioxidant systems dependent on glutathione (GSH). However, no effect of the biostimulant application was observed regarding phenolic compound phenylalanine ammonium-lyase (PAL) activity. Therefore, this study opens the perspective of using Terra-Sorb® in protecting sunflower plants against an imazamox-based herbicide effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Navarro-León
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Elisabet Borda
- R & D Plant Health, Bioiberica S.A.U., 08389 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cándido Marín
- R & D Plant Health, Bioiberica S.A.U., 08389 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Sierras
- R & D Plant Health, Bioiberica S.A.U., 08389 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Blasco
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan M. Ruiz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Gray HL, Farias JR, Venzon M, Torres JB, Souza LM, Aita RC, Andow DA. Predation on sentinel prey increases with increasing latitude in Brassica-dominated agroecosystems. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9086. [PMID: 35845383 PMCID: PMC9272068 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In natural ecosystems, arthropod predation on herbivore prey is higher at lower latitudes, mirroring the latitudinal diversity gradient observed across many taxa. This pattern has not been systematically examined in human‐dominated ecosystems, where frequent disturbances can shift the identity and abundance of local predators, altering predation rates from those observed in natural ecosystems. We investigated how latitude, biogeographical, and local ecological factors influenced arthropod predation in Brassica oleracea‐dominated agroecosystems in 55 plots spread among 5 sites in the United States and 4 sites in Brazil, spanning at least 15° latitude in each country. In both the United States and Brazil, arthropod predator attacks on sentinel model caterpillar prey were highest at the highest latitude studied and declined at lower latitudes. The rate of increased arthropod attacks per degree latitude was higher in the United States and the overall gradient was shifted poleward as compared to Brazil. PiecewiseSEM analysis revealed that aridity mediates the effect of latitude on arthropod predation and largely explains the differences in the intensity of the latitudinal gradient between study countries. Neither predator richness, predator density, nor predator resource availability predicted variation in predator attack rates. Only greater non‐crop plant density drove greater predation rates, though this effect was weaker than the effect of aridity. We conclude that climatic factors rather than ecological community structure shape latitudinal arthropod predation patterns and that high levels of aridity in agroecosystems may dampen the ability of arthropod predators to provide herbivore control services as compared to natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Gray
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota-Twin Cities Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Juliano R Farias
- Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões Santo Ângelo Brazil
| | - Madelaine Venzon
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais - EPAMIG Viçosa Brazil
| | - Jorge Braz Torres
- Departamento de Agronomia-Entomologia Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Carlesso Aita
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota-Twin Cities Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - David A Andow
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota-Twin Cities Minneapolis Minnesota USA
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Hollaus A, Schunko C, Weisshaidinger R, Bala P, Vogl CR. Indigenous farmers' perceptions of problems in the rice field agroecosystems in the upper Baram, Malaysia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2022; 18:26. [PMID: 35351170 PMCID: PMC8962147 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-022-00511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice field agroecosystems produce food for more than half of the world's population and deliver important services supporting farmers' livelihoods. However, traditional rice field agroecosystems are facing a variety of problems, including pests or markets that are hard to access. This research explored indigenous farmers' perceptions of the problems, their causes and consequences, and the solutions applied to address them in the rice field agroecosystem. Furthermore, the study investigated how indigenous farmers related these problems to the surrounding landscape elements and to microzones in the fields. METHODS Data were collected in two villages in the upper Baram, Sarawak using a qualitative approach that included sketch drawings and face-to-face interviews. Forty-three indigenous farmers of the Kenyah, Penan and Sa'ban ethnic groups were interviewed in their rice fields. The sketch drawings were used to identify the perceived landscape elements, while the oral interviews were employed to identify perceived microzones. Furthermore, the interviews elicited the perceived problems in the rice field agroecosystem and their relations to landscape elements and microzones. RESULTS The findings identified a total of nine environmental problems, e.g. animal disturbance, six social problems, e.g. difficult to access farm inputs, and eight agricultural technology system problems, e.g. poor soil quality, with some found to be rooted in complex causes and affecting agricultural productivity. While some problems were perceived at field level, microzones were frequently used as sub-field indicators of the problems. The surrounding landscape elements were perceived as both a source of the problems and as a means of avoiding them. To solve the problems, farmers applied preventive and reactive strategies based on traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge, resulting in a hybridisation of knowledge systems. CONCLUSIONS By including environmental, social, agricultural technology system problems and different spatial scales, this research contributes to addressing issues that can be overlooked when focusing on only one dimension of the problems. These results contribute to a better understanding of how indigenous farmers perceive, cope with and adapt to problems in rice field agroecosystems, which is important for landscape management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hollaus
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Organic Farming, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Schunko
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Organic Farming, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Weisshaidinger
- Agroecology.AT, Consultancy on Agroecology and Sustainability of Agricultural Systems, Hauptstrasse 22, 2120, Obersdorf, Austria
| | - Poline Bala
- Institute of Borneo Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Christian R Vogl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Organic Farming, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
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Gururani K, Sood S, Kumar A, Joshi DC, Pandey D, Sharma AR. Mainstreaming Barahnaja cultivation for food and nutritional security in the Himalayan region. BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 2021; 30:551-574. [PMID: 33526962 PMCID: PMC7838019 DOI: 10.1007/s10531-021-02123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Selective production of input intensive crops in the present scenario have resulted in productivity stagnation or even decline due to excessive usage of chemicals, affecting the farmers economically. Sustainable agriculture is the way to increase agricultural productivity and economic prosperity by protecting all natural resources. It maintains a balance of soil fertility with crop productivity and nutritional quality. The mixed cropping systems followed earlier in different regions according to their tradition, climatic zone, soil and water conditions were climate-smart approaches to sustainable food production based on practical experiences over the years of old generations. The life style changes, imbalance in farming system in last 70 years and demand for more food as well as declining land resources resulted in intensive agriculture. Besides, least returns and less demand of ethnic crops gave more preference to major staple food crops. Barahnaja is a traditional orphan crops based mixed cropping system practiced in Himalayan region due to its sustainability and assured crop harvest during erratic weather conditions. This traditional farming method is an exemplary scientific approach to derive innovations with respect to productivity, quality, plant soil interactions and organic agriculture. The main focus of the review is to substantiate the characteristics of the traditional mixed cropping system by describing the advantages of the system and opportunities for scientific innovation towards new knowledge and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Gururani
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant Univ. of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145 India
| | - Salej Sood
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute Shimla, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001 India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Central Agricultural University, Jhanshi, UP India
| | - Dinesh C. Joshi
- ICAR-Vivekanada Institute of Hill Agriculture, Almora, Uttarakhand 263601 India
| | - Dinesh Pandey
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant Univ. of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145 India
| | - A. R. Sharma
- Central Agricultural University, Jhanshi, UP India
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Stratton AE, Kuhl L, Blesh J. Ecological and Nutritional Functions of Agroecosystems as Indicators of Smallholder Resilience. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.543914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Reviewing Value Creation in Agriculture—A Conceptual Analysis and a New Framework. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12125021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Creation of business value is a major objective of any enterprise, but the way in which value is created and its consequences call for re-evaluation in response to current sustainability goals. The agricultural sector serves basic human needs, but its systems and methods for production, processing, and consumption often pose challenges to sustainable development. To address these challenges, this study consolidated value-creating factors identified in a systematic literature review into nine clusters: collaboration, communication, knowledge, production, diversification, entrepreneurism, funding, policies, and inclusiveness. These clusters were analyzed with a Triple Bottom Line framework where financial, environmental, and social dimensions are part of sustainable development. The analysis revealed that agricultural enterprises pursue business activities in a near-term perspective, with few having strategies for long-term activities such as innovativeness, knowledge acquisition, and collaboration with external stakeholders. These findings highlight the complexity in creation of sustainable business value and call for further investigation of how value is conceptualized in the agricultural sector. Re-thinking value creation in the sector should consider why value is created, for whom, the time perspective in which value is assessed, and the aspects given weight in the assessment.
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Batallas RE, Evenden ML. Influence of Host Plant Species and Fertilization Regime on Larval Performance and Feeding Preference of the Redbacked Cutworm and the Pale Western Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:731-741. [PMID: 31814017 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The redbacked cutworm, Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée), and the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia (Morrison), are generalist pests that cause sporadic economic damage to several annual crops in the Canadian Prairies. Early larval instars feed on foliage, whereas mature larvae eat into the stem and sever crop seedlings. Here, we evaluate the influence of annual crop species and host fertilization on the larval performance and feeding preference of both cutworm species. Performance is the ability of an insect to reach its maximum growth potential. The first set of experiments evaluated larval development and preference on canola (Brassica napus L. [Capparales: Brassicaeae]), field peas (Pisum sativa L. [Fabales: Fabaceae]), and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. [Cyperales: Poaceae]). The redbacked cutworm had higher performance on canola and peas, while the pale western cutworm had higher performance on wheat. In multiple-choice feeding experiments, the redbacked cutworm consumed more canola, whereas the pale western cutworm consumed more spring wheat. The third set of experiments evaluated larval development on fertilized and unfertilized seedlings of canola and spring wheat seedlings. When fed unfertilized seedlings, the redbacked cutworm had better performance on canola than spring wheat, whereas pale western cutworm had better performance on spring wheat than canola. Fertilizer application enhanced the performance of both cutworms regardless of the crop species. Despite their generalist feeding behavior, both cutworm species have a larval feeding preference for the host plant on which they achieve high performance. Canola-cereal cropping is a common crop rotation schedule in the region; however, this tactic will not negatively impact cutworm performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Batallas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Maya L Evenden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Sbaraini N, Bellini R, Penteriche AB, Guedes RLM, Garcia AWA, Gerber AL, Vainstein MH, de Vasconcelos ATR, Schrank A, Staats CC. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of Metarhizium anisopliae during tick mimicked infection condition. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:836. [PMID: 31711419 PMCID: PMC6849299 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Metarhizium genus harbors important entomopathogenic fungi. These species have been widely explored as biological control agents, and strategies to improve the fungal virulence are under investigation. Thus, the interaction between Metarhizium species and susceptible hosts have been explored employing different methods in order to characterize putative virulence determinants. However, the impact of epigenetic modulation on the infection cycle of Metarhizium is still an open topic. Among the different epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation of cytosine bases is an important mechanism to control gene expression in several organisms. To better understand if DNA methylation can govern Metarhizium-host interactions, the genome-wide DNA methylation profile of Metarhizium anisopliae was explored in two conditions: tick mimicked infection and a saprophytic-like control. RESULTS Using a genome wide DNA methylation profile based on bisulfite sequencing (BS-Seq), approximately 0.60% of the total cytosines were methylated in saprophytic-like condition, which was lower than the DNA methylation level (0.89%) in tick mimicked infection condition. A total of 670 mRNA genes were found to be putatively methylated, with 390 mRNA genes uniquely methylated in the tick mimicked infection condition. GO terms linked to response to stimuli, cell wall morphogenesis, cytoskeleton morphogenesis and secondary metabolism biosynthesis were over-represented in the tick mimicked infection condition, suggesting that energy metabolism is directed towards the regulation of genes associated with infection. However, recognized virulence determinants known to be expressed at distinct infection steps, such as the destruxin backbone gene and the collagen-like protein gene Mcl1, were found methylated, suggesting that a dynamic pattern of methylation could be found during the infectious process. These results were further endorsed employing RT-qPCR from cultures treated or not with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Azacytidine. CONCLUSIONS The set of genes here analyzed focused on secondary metabolites associated genes, known to be involved in several processes, including virulence. The BS-Seq pipeline and RT-qPCR analysis employing 5-Azacytidine led to identification of methylated virulence genes in M. anisopliae. The results provided evidences that DNA methylation in M. anisopliae comprises another layer of gene expression regulation, suggesting a main role of DNA methylation regulating putative virulence determinants during M. anisopliae infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Sbaraini
- Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Rede Avançada em Biologia Computacional, RABICÓ, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Bellini
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, LNCC, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.,Rede Avançada em Biologia Computacional, RABICÓ, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Lucas Muniz Guedes
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, LNCC, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.,Rede Avançada em Biologia Computacional, RABICÓ, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marilene Henning Vainstein
- Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Rede Avançada em Biologia Computacional, RABICÓ, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Tereza Ribeiro de Vasconcelos
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, LNCC, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.,Rede Avançada em Biologia Computacional, RABICÓ, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Rede Avançada em Biologia Computacional, RABICÓ, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Charley Christian Staats
- Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Rede Avançada em Biologia Computacional, RABICÓ, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.
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Semenenko SY, Lytov MN, Chushkin AN, Chushkina EI. Agroecological assessment of the effectiveness of irrigation of tomato using electrolyzed water. SOUTH OF RUSSIA: ECOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.18470/1992-1098-2019-3-61-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim. The purpose of the research is to quantify the agroecological response of plants and the bio‐productivity of crops to irrigation using electrochemical water treatment technology. Material and Methods. The study was carried out using the tomato (Solanum lycoparsicum, hybrid Pink Paradise F1) in a protected ground culture as an example. The experimental site is located in the dry‐steppe zone of light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region (48о56΄46˝N44о51΄45˝E). The magnitude of the electrochemically initiated shift of the redox potential of irrigation water and the options for combining the use of electrochemically treated water were taken as variable experimental factors. Results. It was established that the magnitude of the electrochemically initiated shift of the redox potential of irrigation water has a predominant effect on the estimated biometric indicators: the coefficient of variation of the indicators for this factor reached 9.5‐38.0%. The influence of the method of using electrochemically treated water is estimated at 4.12‐10.24%, but regarding net assimilation the significance of this factor is not statistically proven. The highest estimates of linear growth – 2.21 m, maximum leaf area – 43.4 thousand m2/ha, accumulated biomass – 13.39 t/ha, photosynthetic potential – 3617 thousand m2 days/ha and tomato biological yield – 140.0 t/ha, obtained by the combined use of a catholyte for vegetation and fertilizer irrigation with an electrochemically initiated shift of the redox potential (‐500) mV. Conclusion. The studies have proved the statistical significance of the biometric response of tomato plants to the use of water with electrochemically altered redox potential for vegetation and fertilizer irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ya. Semenenko
- Federal Research Centre for Agroecology, Integrated Land Improvement and Protective Afforestation
| | - M. N. Lytov
- Federal Research Centre for Agroecology, Integrated Land Improvement and Protective Afforestation
| | - A. N. Chushkin
- Federal Research Centre for Agroecology, Integrated Land Improvement and Protective Afforestation
| | - E. I. Chushkina
- Federal Research Centre for Agroecology, Integrated Land Improvement and Protective Afforestation
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Lauer A, Baal JD, Mendes SD, Casimiro KN, Passaglia AK, Valenzuela AH, Guibert G. Valley Fever on the Rise-Searching for Microbial Antagonists to the Fungal Pathogen Coccidioides immitis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E31. [PMID: 30682831 PMCID: PMC6406340 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever, is increasing in the Southwestern United States and Mexico. Despite considerable efforts, a vaccine to protect humans from this disease is not forthcoming. The aim of this project was to isolate and phylogenetically compare bacterial species that could serve as biocontrol candidates to suppress the growth of Coccidioides immitis, the causative agent of coccidioidomycosis, in eroded soils or in areas close to human settlements that are being developed. Soil erosion in Coccidioides endemic areas is leading to substantial emissions of fugitive dust that can contain arthroconidia of the pathogen and thus it is becoming a health hazard. Natural microbial antagonists to C. immitis, that are adapted to arid desert soils could be used for biocontrol attempts to suppress the growth of the pathogen in situ to reduce the risk for humans and animals of contracting coccidioidomycosis. Bacteria were isolated from soil samples obtained near Bakersfield, California. Subsequently, pairwise challenge assays with bacterial pure cultures were initially performed against Uncinocarpus reesii, a non-pathogenic relative of C. immitis on media plates. Bacterial isolates that exhibited strongly antifungal properties were then re-challenged against C. immitis. Strongly anti-C. immitis bacterial isolates related to Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces spp. were isolated, and their antifungal spectrum was investigated using a selection of environmental fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Lauer
- Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311-1022, USA.
| | - Joe Darryl Baal
- Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311-1022, USA.
| | - Susan D Mendes
- Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311-1022, USA.
| | - Kayla Nicole Casimiro
- Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311-1022, USA.
| | - Alyce Kayes Passaglia
- Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311-1022, USA.
| | - Alex Humberto Valenzuela
- Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311-1022, USA.
| | - Gerry Guibert
- Monterey County Health Department, 1270 Natividad, Salinas, CA 93906, USA.
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Dubs F, Vergnes A, Mirlicourtois E, Le Viol I, Kerbiriou C, Goulnik J, Belghali S, Bentze L, Barot S, Porcher E. Positive effects of wheat variety mixtures on aboveground arthropods are weak and variable. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sarwar A, Latif Z, Zhang S, Zhu J, Zechel DL, Bechthold A. Biological Control of Potato Common Scab With Rare Isatropolone C Compound Produced by Plant Growth Promoting Streptomyces A1RT. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1126. [PMID: 29899736 PMCID: PMC5989138 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato is prone to many drastic diseases like potato common scab (CS). As no highly effective methods exist for managing CS, this study explored the possibility of using biological control. Ten bacterial strains were isolated from CS-infected potato tubers from four different locations of Punjab, Pakistan, and identified based on biochemical and molecular analysis. Analysis of 16s rDNA sequences amplified by PCR revealed the isolated bacterial strains to be Streptomyces scabies, S. turgidiscabies and S. stelliscabiei. Pathogenic islands were also confirmed among the isolates after identification of txtAB, nec1, and tomA genes with PCR amplification. One strain isolated from soil was antagonistic to the pathogenic Streptomyces spp., and determined to be Streptomyces A1RT on the basis of 16s rRNA sequencing. A methanolic extract of Streptomyces A1RT contained Isatropolone C, which was purified and structurally determined by 1H- and 13C-NMR, 1H/1H-COSY, HMQC, and HMBC techniques. Streptomyces A1RT also produced the plant growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) with a titer of 26 μg ml-1 as confirmed by spectrophotometry and HPLC. In a greenhouse assay, disease severity index was established from 0 to 500. Average disease severity indexes were recorded as 63, 130.5, and 78 for Streptomyces scabies, S. turgidiscabies and S. stelliscabiei, respectively. When Streptomyces A1RT was applied in soil that contained one of these pathogenic isolates, the average disease severity indexes were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 11.1, 5.6 and 8.4, respectively. A significant increase in tuber weight and shoot development was also observed with the tubers treated with Streptomyces A1RT. The use of the plant growth-promoting Streptomyces A1RT against potato CS thus provides an alternative strategy to control the disease without affecting environmental, plants, animals and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Sarwar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zakia Latif
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Songya Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - David L Zechel
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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15
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Ryan MR, Crews TE, Culman SW, DeHaan LR, Hayes RC, Jungers JM, Bakker MG. Managing for Multifunctionality in Perennial Grain Crops. Bioscience 2018; 68:294-304. [PMID: 29662249 PMCID: PMC5894082 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant breeders are increasing yields and improving agronomic traits in several perennial grain crops, the first of which is now being incorporated into commercial food products. Integration strategies and management guidelines are needed to optimize production of these new crops, which differ substantially from both annual grain crops and perennial forages. To offset relatively low grain yields, perennial grain cropping systems should be multifunctional. Growing perennial grains for several years to regenerate soil health before rotating to annual crops and growing perennial grains on sloped land and ecologically sensitive areas to reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses are two strategies that can provide ecosystem services and support multifunctionality. Several perennial cereals can be used to produce both grain and forage, and these dual-purpose crops can be intercropped with legumes for additional benefits. Highly diverse perennial grain polycultures can further enhance ecosystem services, but increased management complexity might limit their adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Ryan
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Steven W Culman
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Wooster
| | - Lee R DeHaan
- Kernza Domestication Program at The Land Institute, Salina, Kansas
| | - Richard C Hayes
- Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Australia
| | - Jacob M Jungers
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul
| | - Matthew G Bakker
- US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, Illinois
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16
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Mashavakure N, Mashingaidze AB, Musundire R, Gandiwa E, Muposhi VK, Thierfelder C, Nhamo N, Bere T, Akhtar SS. Short-term Impacts of Tillage and Fertilizer Treatments on Soil and Root Borne Nematodes and Maize Yield in a Fine Textured Cambisol. J Nematol 2018; 50:329-342. [PMID: 30451418 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2018-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation agriculture (CA) based on the principles of minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention, and crop rotation has been the focus of intensive research in recent years. A study was carried out to determine the effects of tillage and fertilizer on the population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes in maize. Three tillage regimes, (i) basin planting, (ii) rip line seeding, and (iii) conventional tillage, were combined with four fertilizer regimes: (i) no-fertilizer, (ii) low fertilizer rate, (iii) medium fertilizer rate, and (iv) high fertilizer rate. The experiment was arranged as a split plot in randomized complete block design, replicated three times with tillage as the main plot factor and fertilizer as the sub-plot factor. The study was conducted on fine-textured Cambisol soils at Chinhoyi University of Technology farm, Zimbabwe, over two cropping seasons between December 2014 and April 2016. Eight plant-parasitic nematode genera were observed belonging to five groups based on their feeding sites: (i) sedentary endoparasites ( Meloidogyne and Rotylenchulus ), (ii) migratory endoparasites ( Pratylenchus ), (iii) semi-endoparasites ( Scutelonema and Helicotylenchus ), (iv) ectoparasites ( Xiphinema and Trichodorus ), and (v) algal, lichen or moss feeders ( Tylenchus ). In both cropping seasons, semi-endoparasitic nematodes were double under rip line seeding and triple under basin planting compared to conventional tillage. Basin planting had higher plant-parasitic nematode richness than rip line seeding. Nematode densities did not have a measurable effect on maize grain yield. Maize grain yield was higher in rip line seeding (37%) and planting basins (52%) than conventional tillage during 2014/15 cropping season. On the other hand, during 2015/16 cropping season, maize grain yield was 78% and 113% higher in rip line seeding and basin planting, respectively, compared to conventional tillage. The results show that under the environmental and edaphic conditions of this specific study site, semi-endoparasitic nematodes were higher under rip line seeding and basin planting compared to conventional tillage. The authors conclude that (i) plant-parasitic nematode genera exhibited differential responses to different tillage systems but were not affected by fertilizer application, and (ii) in the present study, maize grain yield response under different tillage and fertilizer regimes was overall not related to nematode population density and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mashavakure
- School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - A B Mashingaidze
- School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - R Musundire
- School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - E Gandiwa
- School of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - V K Muposhi
- School of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - C Thierfelder
- CIMMYT, P.O. Box MP 163, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - N Nhamo
- Marondera University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box 35, Marondera, Zimbabwe
| | - T Bere
- School of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - S S Akhtar
- Department of Research and Specialist Services, P.O. Box CY550, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
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17
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Blesh J. Functional traits in cover crop mixtures: Biological nitrogen fixation and multifunctionality. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Blesh
- School for Environment and Sustainability; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
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18
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Domínguez-Mendez R, Alcántara-de la Cruz R, Rojano-Delgado AM, Fernández-Moreno PT, Aponte R, De Prado R. Multiple mechanisms are involved in new imazamox-resistant varieties of durum and soft wheat. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14839. [PMID: 29093532 PMCID: PMC5665993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Weed control in wheat is one of the major goals of farmers in their efforts toward obtaining the highest crop yields for human foods. Several studies (dose-response, enzyme activity, absorption-translocation and metabolism) were conducted to characterize the resistance level of two new wheat cultivars called Rafalín (Triticum aestivum) and Antoñín (T. durum) that were obtained by conventional breeding based on Clearfield® technology; they are resistant (R) to imazamox compared to their sensitive (S) counterparts (Gazul and Simeto, respectively). The R-cultivars were 93.7-fold (Rafalín) and 43.7-fold (Antoñín) more resistant than their respective S-cultivars. The acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme activity revealed high resistance to imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides in R-cultivars, but no cross-resistance to other ALS herbicides was found. The Ser653Asn mutation that confers resistance to IMI herbicides was identified in the imi1 and imi2 genes of Rafalín and only in the imi1 gene of Antoñín. The 14C-imazamox absorption did not differ between the R- and S-cultivars. Imazamox was metabolized by Cyt-P450 into imazamox-hydroxyl and imazamox-glucoside in the R-cultivars, altering their translocation patterns. The differential sensitivity to imazamox between R-cultivars was due to the number of resistance genes that carry each genotype. The R-cultivars Rafalín and Antoñín could be excellent weed control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Domínguez-Mendez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Edaphology, University of Cordoba, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Antonia M Rojano-Delgado
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Edaphology, University of Cordoba, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Pablo T Fernández-Moreno
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Edaphology, University of Cordoba, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raphael Aponte
- BASF SE, Agricultural Products, 67117, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Rafael De Prado
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Edaphology, University of Cordoba, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
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19
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Thurman JH, Crowder DW, Northfield TD. Biological control agents in the Anthropocene: current risks and future options. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 23:59-64. [PMID: 29129283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is often expected to disrupt biological control. Predicting the effects of climate change on biological control, and identifying natural enemies that will thrive in future climate scenarios, is thus essential to ensure agricultural sustainability. To promote biological control under climate change, land managers should prioritise the conservation of natural enemy diversity to ensure some effective natural enemies are always present despite often-unpredictable climate scenarios. In addition, ecophysiological and habitat domain models should be combined to predict climate change-induced shifts in predation by diverse predator communities. Finally, insights from land managers during extreme weather events, such as droughts and heat waves, may be invaluable in the effort to identify key biological control agents for future scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessa H Thurman
- Department of Biology, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Ave., Conway, AR 72032, United States
| | - David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Tobin D Northfield
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Studies, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
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20
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Tsiafouli MA, Drakou EG, Orgiazzi A, Hedlund K, Ritz K. Editorial: Optimizing the Delivery of Multiple Ecosystem Goods and Services in Agricultural Systems. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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21
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Kaleita AL, Schott LR, Hargreaves SK, Hofmockel KS. Differences in soil biological activity by terrain types at the sub-field scale in central Iowa US. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180596. [PMID: 28686652 PMCID: PMC5501568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil microbial communities are structured by biogeochemical processes that occur at many different spatial scales, which makes soil sampling difficult. Because soil microbial communities are important in nutrient cycling and soil fertility, it is important to understand how microbial communities function within the heterogeneous soil landscape. In this study, a self-organizing map was used to determine whether landscape data can be used to characterize the distribution of microbial biomass and activity in order to provide an improved understanding of soil microbial community function. Points within a row crop field in south-central Iowa were clustered via a self-organizing map using six landscape properties into three separate landscape clusters. Twelve sampling locations per cluster were chosen for a total of 36 locations. After the soil samples were collected, the samples were then analysed for various metabolic indicators, such as nitrogen and carbon mineralization, extractable organic carbon, microbial biomass, etc. It was found that sampling locations located in the potholes and toe slope positions had significantly greater microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon, total carbon, total nitrogen and extractable organic carbon than the other two landscape position clusters, while locations located on the upslope did not differ significantly from the other landscape clusters. However, factors such as nitrate, ammonia, and nitrogen and carbon mineralization did not differ significantly across the landscape. Overall, this research demonstrates the effectiveness of a terrain-based clustering method for guiding soil sampling of microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Kaleita
- Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Linda R. Schott
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sarah K. Hargreaves
- Ecological Farmers Association of Ontario, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Formerly: Ecology, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kirsten S. Hofmockel
- Formerly: Ecology, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
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22
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Pocock MJO, Tweddle JC, Savage J, Robinson LD, Roy HE. The diversity and evolution of ecological and environmental citizen science. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172579. [PMID: 28369087 PMCID: PMC5378328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citizen science—the involvement of volunteers in data collection, analysis and interpretation—simultaneously supports research and public engagement with science, and its profile is rapidly rising. Citizen science represents a diverse range of approaches, but until now this diversity has not been quantitatively explored. We conducted a systematic internet search and discovered 509 environmental and ecological citizen science projects. We scored each project for 32 attributes based on publicly obtainable information and used multiple factor analysis to summarise this variation to assess citizen science approaches. We found that projects varied according to their methodological approach from ‘mass participation’ (e.g. easy participation by anyone anywhere) to ‘systematic monitoring’ (e.g. trained volunteers repeatedly sampling at specific locations). They also varied in complexity from approaches that are ‘simple’ to those that are ‘elaborate’ (e.g. provide lots of support to gather rich, detailed datasets). There was a separate cluster of entirely computer-based projects but, in general, we found that the range of citizen science projects in ecology and the environment showed continuous variation and cannot be neatly categorised into distinct types of activity. While the diversity of projects begun in each time period (pre 1990, 1990–99, 2000–09 and 2010–13) has not increased, we found that projects tended to have become increasingly different from each other as time progressed (possibly due to changing opportunities, including technological innovation). Most projects were still active so consequently we found that the overall diversity of active projects (available for participation) increased as time progressed. Overall, understanding the landscape of citizen science in ecology and the environment (and its change over time) is valuable because it informs the comparative evaluation of the ‘success’ of different citizen science approaches. Comparative evaluation provides an evidence-base to inform the future development of citizen science activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J O Pocock
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - John C Tweddle
- Angela Marmont Centre for UK Biodiversity, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Savage
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy D Robinson
- Angela Marmont Centre for UK Biodiversity, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Roy
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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23
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Droppelmann KJ, Snapp SS, Waddington SR. Sustainable intensification options for smallholder maize-based farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Food Secur 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-016-0636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Agroecological and social characteristics of New York city community gardens: contributions to urban food security, ecosystem services, and environmental education. Urban Ecosyst 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-015-0505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Papaïx J, Burdon JJ, Zhan J, Thrall PH. Crop pathogen emergence and evolution in agro-ecological landscapes. Evol Appl 2015; 8:385-402. [PMID: 25926883 PMCID: PMC4408149 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Remnant areas hosting natural vegetation in agricultural landscapes can impact the disease epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of crop pathogens. However, the potential consequences for crop diseases of the composition, the spatial configuration and the persistence time of the agro-ecological interface - the area where crops and remnant vegetation are in contact - have been poorly studied. Here, we develop a demographic-genetic simulation model to study how the spatial and temporal distribution of remnant wild vegetation patches embedded in an agricultural landscape can drive the emergence of a crop pathogen and its subsequent specialization on the crop host. We found that landscape structures that promoted larger pathogen populations on the wild host facilitated the emergence of a crop pathogen, but such landscape structures also reduced the potential for the pathogen population to adapt to the crop. In addition, the evolutionary trajectory of the pathogen population was determined by interactions between the factors describing the landscape structure and those describing the pathogen life histories. Our study contributes to a better understanding of how the shift of land-use patterns in agricultural landscapes might influence crop diseases to provide predictive tools to evaluate management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Papaïx
- UMR 1290 BIOGER, INRAThiverval-Grignon, France
- UR 341 MIA, INRAJouy-en-Josas, France
- UR 546 BioSP, INRAAvignon, France
- CSIRO Agriculture FlagshipCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Jiasui Zhan
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
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26
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Keren IN, Menalled FD, Weaver DK, Robison-Cox JF. Interacting agricultural pests and their effect on crop yield: application of a Bayesian decision theory approach to the joint management of Bromus tectorum and Cephus cinctus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118111. [PMID: 25692673 PMCID: PMC4333819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the landscape homogeneity of extensive monocultures that characterizes conventional agriculture has resulted in the development of specialized and interacting multitrophic pest complexes. While integrated pest management emphasizes the need to consider the ecological context where multiple species coexist, management recommendations are often based on single-species tactics. This approach may not provide satisfactory solutions when confronted with the complex interactions occurring between organisms at the same or different trophic levels. Replacement of the single-species management model with more sophisticated, multi-species programs requires an understanding of the direct and indirect interactions occurring between the crop and all categories of pests. We evaluated a modeling framework to make multi-pest management decisions taking into account direct and indirect interactions among species belonging to different trophic levels. We adopted a Bayesian decision theory approach in combination with path analysis to evaluate interactions between Bromus tectorum (downy brome, cheatgrass) and Cephus cinctus (wheat stem sawfly) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) systems. We assessed their joint responses to weed management tactics, seeding rates, and cultivar tolerance to insect stem boring or competition. Our results indicated that C. cinctus oviposition behavior varied as a function of B. tectorum pressure. Crop responses were more readily explained by the joint effects of management tactics on both categories of pests and their interactions than just by the direct impact of any particular management scheme on yield. In accordance, a C. cinctus tolerant variety should be planted at a low seeding rate under high insect pressure. However as B. tectorum levels increase, the C. cinctus tolerant variety should be replaced by a competitive and drought tolerant cultivar at high seeding rates despite C. cinctus infestation. This study exemplifies the necessity of accounting for direct and indirect biological interactions occurring within agroecosystems and propagating this information from the statistical analysis stage to the management stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilai N. Keren
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fabian D. Menalled
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David K. Weaver
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - James F. Robison-Cox
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
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27
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Ecologies of Scale: Multifunctionality Connects Conservation and Agriculture across Fields, Farms, and Landscapes. LAND 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/land3030739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Gimonneau G, Brossette L, Mamaï W, Dabiré RK, Simard F. Larval competition between An. coluzzii and An. gambiae in insectary and semi-field conditions in Burkina Faso. Acta Trop 2014; 130:155-61. [PMID: 24269743 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Competition in mosquito larvae is common and different ecological context could change competitive advantage between species. Here, larval competition between the widely sympatric African malaria mosquitoes, Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae were investigated in controlled insectary conditions using individuals from laboratory colonies and under ambient conditions using wild mosquitoes in a semi-field enclosure in western Burkina Faso. Larvae of both species were reared in trays at the same larval density and under the same feeding regimen in either single-species or mixed-species populations at varying species ratios reflecting 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of competitor species. In the insectaries, where environmental variations are controlled, larvae of the An. coluzzii colony developed faster and with lower mortality than larvae of the An. gambiae colony (8.8±0.1 days and 21±3% mortality vs. 9.5±0.1 days and 32±3% mortality, respectively). Although there was no significant effect of competition on these phenotypic traits in any species, there was a significant trend for higher fitness of the An. coluzzii colony when competing with An. gambiae under laboratory conditions (i.e. lower development time and increased wing length at emergence, Cuzik's tests, P<0.05). In semi-field experiments, competition affected the life history traits of both species in a different way. Larvae of An. gambiae tended to reduce development time when in competition with An. coluzzii (Cuzick's test, P=0.002) with no impact either on mortality or size at emergence. On the other hand, An. coluzzii showed a significant trend for reduced larval mortality with increasing competition pressure (Cuzick's test, P=0.037) and production of smaller females when grown together with An. gambiae (Cuzick's test, P=0.002). Our results hence revealed that competitive interactions between larvae of the two species are context dependent. They further call for caution when exploring ecological processes using inbred laboratory colonies in this system of utmost medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Gimonneau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1-Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Genetique, Evolution et Contrôle), team BEES (Biology, Ecology and Evolution of vector Systems), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France; Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Lou Brossette
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1-Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Genetique, Evolution et Contrôle), team BEES (Biology, Ecology and Evolution of vector Systems), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Wadaka Mamaï
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1-Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Genetique, Evolution et Contrôle), team BEES (Biology, Ecology and Evolution of vector Systems), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France; Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Frédéric Simard
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1-Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Genetique, Evolution et Contrôle), team BEES (Biology, Ecology and Evolution of vector Systems), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France; Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Pathogen population dynamics in agricultural landscapes: the Ddal modelling framework. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:509-20. [PMID: 24480053 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Modelling processes that occur at the landscape scale is gaining more and more attention from theoretical ecologists to agricultural managers. Most of the approaches found in the literature lack applicability for managers or, on the opposite, lack a sound theoretical basis. Based on the metapopulation concept, we propose here a modelling approach for landscape epidemiology that takes advantage of theoretical results developed in the metapopulation context while considering realistic landscapes structures. A landscape simulator makes it possible to represent both the field pattern and the spatial distribution of crops. The pathogen population dynamics are then described through a matrix population model both stage- and space-structured. In addition to a classical invasion analysis we present a stochastic simulation experiment and provide a complete framework for performing a sensitivity analysis integrating the landscape as an input factor. We illustrate our approach using an example to evaluate whether the agricultural landscape composition and structure may prevent and mitigate the development of an epidemic. Although designed for a fungal foliar disease, our modelling approach is easily adaptable to other organisms.
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Samberg LH, Fishman L, Allendorf FW. Population genetic structure in a social landscape: barley in a traditional Ethiopian agricultural system. Evol Appl 2013; 6:1133-45. [PMID: 24478796 PMCID: PMC3901544 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation strategies are increasingly driven by our understanding of the processes and patterns of gene flow across complex landscapes. The expansion of population genetic approaches into traditional agricultural systems requires understanding how social factors contribute to that landscape, and thus to gene flow. This study incorporates extensive farmer interviews and population genetic analysis of barley landraces (Hordeum vulgare) to build a holistic picture of farmer-mediated geneflow in an ancient, traditional agricultural system in the highlands of Ethiopia. We analyze barley samples at 14 microsatellite loci across sites at varying elevations and locations across a contiguous mountain range, and across farmer-identified barley types and management strategies. Genetic structure is analyzed using population-based and individual-based methods, including measures of population differentiation and genetic distance, multivariate Principal Coordinate Analysis, and Bayesian assignment tests. Phenotypic analysis links genetic patterns to traits identified by farmers. We find that differential farmer management strategies lead to markedly different patterns of population structure across elevation classes and barley types. The extent to which farmer seed management appears as a stronger determinant of spatial structure than the physical landscape highlights the need for incorporation of social, landscape, and genetic data for the design of conservation strategies in human-influenced landscapes.
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31
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Vasileiadis S, Puglisi E, Arena M, Cappa F, van Veen JA, Cocconcelli PS, Trevisan M. Soil microbial diversity patterns of a lowland spring environment. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 86:172-84. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Vasileiadis
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry; Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza; Italy
| | - Edoardo Puglisi
- Institute of Microbiology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza; Italy
| | - Maria Arena
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry; Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza; Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cappa
- Institute of Microbiology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza; Italy
| | | | - Pier S. Cocconcelli
- Institute of Microbiology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza; Italy
| | - Marco Trevisan
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry; Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza; Italy
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32
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Land-cover change effects on trophic interactions: Current knowledge and future challenges in research and conservation. Basic Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Khumairoh U, Groot JC, Lantinga EA. Complex agro-ecosystems for food security in a changing climate. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1696-704. [PMID: 22957173 PMCID: PMC3434917 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to increase food crop yields by intensifying agricultural systems using high inputs of nonrenewable resources and chemicals frequently lead to de-gradation of natural resources, whereas most technological innovations are not accessible for smallholders that represent the majority of farmers world wide. Alternatively, cocultures consisting of assemblages of plant and animal species can support ecological processes of nutrient cycling and pest control, which may lead to increasing yields and declining susceptibility to extreme weather conditions with increasing complexity of the systems. Here we show that enhancing the complexity of a rice production system by adding combinations of compost, azolla, ducks, and fish resulted in strongly increased grain yields and revenues in a season with extremely adverse weather conditions on East Java, Indonesia. We found that azolla, duck, and fish increased plant nutrient content, tillering and leaf area expansion, and strongly reduced the density of six different pests. In the most complex system comprising all components the highest grain yield was obtained. The net revenues of this system from sales of rice grain, fish, and ducks, after correction for extra costs, were 114% higher than rice cultivation with only compost as fertilizer. These results provide more insight in the agro-ecological processes and demonstrate how complex agricultural systems can contribute to food security in a changing climate. If smallholders can be trained to manage these systems and are supported for initial investments by credits, their livelihoods can be improved while producing in an ecologically benign way.
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Davis MF, Price LB, Liu CMH, Silbergeld EK. An ecological perspective on U.S. industrial poultry production: the role of anthropogenic ecosystems on the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria from agricultural environments. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 14:244-50. [PMID: 21621451 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The industrialization of food animal production, specifically the widespread use of antimicrobials, not only increased pressure on microbial populations, but also changed the ecosystems in which antimicrobials and bacteria interact. In this review, we argue that industrial food animal production (IFAP) is appropriately defined as an anthropogenic ecosystem. This paper uses an ecosystem perspective to frame an examination of these changes in the context of U.S. broiler chicken production. This perspective emphasizes multiple modes by which IFAP has altered microbiomes and also suggests a means of generating hypotheses for understanding and predicting the ecological impacts of IFAP in terms of the resistome and the flow of resistance within and between microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan F Davis
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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35
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Johnson RJ, Jedlicka JA, Quinn JE, Brandle JR. Global Perspectives on Birds in Agricultural Landscapes. ISSUES IN AGROECOLOGY – PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTUS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1309-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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37
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Pereira JL, Picanço MC, Pereira EJG, Silva AA, Jakelaitis A, Pereira RR, Xavier VM. Influence of crop management practices on bean foliage arthropods. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2010; 100:679-688. [PMID: 20504384 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485310000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Crop management practices can affect the population of phytophagous pest species and beneficial arthropods with consequences for integrated pest management. In this study, we determined the effect of no-tillage and crop residue management on the arthropod community associated with the canopy of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Abundance and species composition of herbivorous, detritivorous, predaceous and parasitoid arthropods were recorded during the growing seasons of 2003 and 2004 in Coimbra County, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Arthropod diversity and guild composition were similar among crop management systems, but their abundance was higher under no-tillage relative to conventional cultivation and where residues from the preceding crop were maintained in the field. Thirty-four arthropod species were recorded, and those most representative of the impact of the crop management practices were Hypogastrura springtails, Empoasca kraemeri and Circulifer leafhoppers, and Solenopsis ants. The infestation levels of major insect-pests, especially leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), was on average seven-fold lower under no-tillage with retention of crop residues relative to the conventional system with removal of residues, whereas the abundance of predatory ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and springtails (Collembola: Hypogastruridae) were, respectively, about seven- and 15-fold higher in that treatment. Importantly, a significant trophic interaction among crop residues, detritivores, predators and herbivores was observed. Plots managed with no-tillage and retention of crop residues had the highest bean yield, while those with conventional cultivation and removal of the crop residues yielded significantly less beans. This research shows that cropping systems that include zero tillage and crop residue retention can reduce infestation by foliar insect-pests and increase abundance of predators and detritivores, thus having direct consequences for insect pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Viçosa, 36571-000, Brazil
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Verbruggen E, Toby Kiers E. Evolutionary ecology of mycorrhizal functional diversity in agricultural systems. Evol Appl 2010; 3:547-60. [PMID: 25567946 PMCID: PMC3352509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The root systems of most agronomic crops are colonized by diverse assemblages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), varying in the functional benefits (e.g. nutrient transfer, pathogen protection, water uptake) provided to hosts. Little is known about the evolutionary processes that shape the composition of these fungal assemblages, nor is it known whether more diverse assemblages are beneficial to crop productivity. In this review we aim to identify the evolutionary selection pressures that shape AMF diversity in agricultural systems and explore whether promotion of AMF diversity can convincingly be linked to increases in agricultural productivity and/or sustainability. We then ask whether farmers can (and should) actively modify evolutionary selection pressures to increase AMF functioning. We focus on three agriculturally imposed selection regimes: tillage, fertilization, and continuous monoculture. We find that the uniform nature of these practices strongly selects for dominance of few AMF species. These species exhibit predictable, generally non-beneficial traits, namely heavy investment in reproduction at the expense of nutrient scavenging and transfer processes that are beneficial for hosts. A number of focus-points are given based on empirical and theoretical evidence that could be utilized to slow down negative selection pressures on AMF functioning, therein increasing crop benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Verbruggen
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth of Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth of Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Science, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Amherst, MA, USA
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Verbruggen E, Röling WFM, Gamper HA, Kowalchuk GA, Verhoef HA, van der Heijden MGA. Positive effects of organic farming on below-ground mutualists: large-scale comparison of mycorrhizal fungal communities in agricultural soils. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 186:968-979. [PMID: 20345633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
*The impact of various agricultural practices on soil biodiversity and, in particular, on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), is still poorly understood, although AMF can provide benefit to plants and ecosystems. Here, we tested whether organic farming enhances AMF diversity and whether AMF communities from organically managed fields are more similar to those of species-rich grasslands or conventionally managed fields. *To address this issue, the AMF community composition was assessed in 26 arable fields (13 pairs of organically and conventionally managed fields) and five semi-natural grasslands, all on sandy soil. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism community fingerprinting was used to characterize AMF community composition. *The average number of AMF taxa was highest in grasslands (8.8), intermediate in organically managed fields (6.4) and significantly lower in conventionally managed fields (3.9). Moreover, AMF richness increased significantly with the time since conversion to organic agriculture. AMF communities of organically managed fields were also more similar to those of natural grasslands when compared with those under conventional management, and were less uniform than their conventional counterparts, as expressed by higher beta-diversity (between-site diversity). *We suggest that organic management in agro-ecosystems contributes to the restoration and maintenance of these important below-ground mutualists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Verbruggen
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F M Röling
- Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hannes A Gamper
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Boterhoeksestraat 48, 6666 GA Heteren, Heteren, the Netherlands
- Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - George A Kowalchuk
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Boterhoeksestraat 48, 6666 GA Heteren, Heteren, the Netherlands
| | - Herman A Verhoef
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel G A van der Heijden
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Ecological Farming Systems, Research Station ART, Agroscope Reckenholz Tänikon, Zürich, Switzerland
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Sandonato DL, Onody HC, Penteado-Dias AM. Fauna de Campopleginae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) em hortas orgânicas em Araraquara e São Carlos, SP, Brasil. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1676-06032010000200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fauna de Campopleginae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) em hortas orgânicas em Araraquara e São Carlos, SP, Brasil. De março de 2006 a fevereiro 2007 foram realizadas doze amostragens utilizando armadilhas Malaise em cada uma das três áreas de cultivos orgânicos estudadas. Um total de 1773 espécimes foram identificados em dez gêneros de Campopleginae: Campoctonus Viereck, 1912, Campoletis Föster, 1869, Casinaria Holmgren, 1859, Charops Holmgren, 1859, Cryptophion Viereck, 1913, Diadegma Föster, 1869, Dusona Cameron, 1900, Hyposoter Förster, 1869, Microcharops Roman, 1910 e Venturia Schrottky, 1902. A riqueza e diversidade de gêneros foram semelhantes nos locais amostrados. Verificou-se baixa uniformidade, sendo Campoletis, Venturia e Casinaria os gêneros mais comuns e abundantes.
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Pautasso M, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Holdenrieder O, Pietravalle S, Salama N, Jeger MJ, Lange E, Hehl-Lange S. Plant health and global change - some implications for landscape management. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2010; 85:729-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Dardanelli MS, Carletti SM, Paulucci NS, Medeot DB, Cáceres EAR, Vita FA, Bueno M, Fumero MV, Garcia MB. Benefits of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Rhizobia in Agriculture. PLANT GROWTH AND HEALTH PROMOTING BACTERIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13612-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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44
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Scholberg JMS, Dogliotti S, Leoni C, Cherr CM, Zotarelli L, Rossing WAH. Cover Crops for Sustainable Agrosystems in the Americas. GENETIC ENGINEERING, BIOFERTILISATION, SOIL QUALITY AND ORGANIC FARMING 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8741-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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45
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Fink-Gremmels J. Defense mechanisms against toxic phytochemicals in the diet of domestic animals. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 54:249-58. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Pollock C, Pretty J, Crute I, Leaver C, Dalton H. Introduction. Sustainable agriculture II. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Concerns about sustainability in agricultural systems centre on the need to develop technologies and practices that do not have adverse effects on environmental goods and services, are accessible to and effective for farmers, and lead to improvements in food productivity. Despite great progress in agricultural productivity in the past half-century, with crop and livestock productivity strongly driven by increased use of fertilizers, irrigation water, agricultural machinery, pesticides and land, it would be over-optimistic to assume that these relationships will remain linear in the future. New approaches are needed that will integrate biological and ecological processes into food production, minimize the use of those non-renewable inputs that cause harm to the environment or to the health of farmers and consumers, make productive use of the knowledge and skills of farmers, so substituting human capital for costly external inputs, and make productive use of people's collective capacities to work together to solve common agricultural and natural resource problems, such as for pest, watershed, irrigation, forest and credit management. These principles help to build important capital assets for agricultural systems: natural; social; human; physical; and financial capital. Improving natural capital is a central aim, and dividends can come from making the best use of the genotypes of crops and animals and the ecological conditions under which they are grown or raised. Agricultural sustainability suggests a focus on both genotype improvements through the full range of modern biological approaches and improved understanding of the benefits of ecological and agronomic management, manipulation and redesign. The ecological management of agroecosystems that addresses energy flows, nutrient cycling, population-regulating mechanisms and system resilience can lead to the redesign of agriculture at a landscape scale. Sustainable agriculture outcomes can be positive for food productivity, reduced pesticide use and carbon balances. Significant challenges, however, remain to develop national and international policies to support the wider emergence of more sustainable forms of agricultural production across both industrialized and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Pretty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
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