1
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Gregory EF, Luxton GWG, Starr DA. Anchorage of H3K9-methylated heterochromatin to the nuclear periphery helps mediate P-cell nuclear migration though constricted spaces in Caenorhabditis elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.22.595380. [PMID: 38826247 PMCID: PMC11142143 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.22.595380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Nuclei adjust their deformability while migrating through constrictions to enable structural changes and maintain nuclear integrity. The effect of heterochromatin anchored at the nucleoplasmic face of the inner nuclear membrane on nuclear morphology and deformability during in vivo nuclear migration through constricted spaces remains unclear. Here, we show that abolishing peripheral heterochromatin anchorage by eliminating CEC-4, a chromodomain protein that tethers H3K9-methylated chromatin to the nuclear periphery, disrupts constrained P-cell nuclear migration in Caenorhabditis elegans larvae in the absence of the established LINC complex-dependent pathway. CEC-4 acts in parallel to an actin and CDC-42-based pathway. We also demonstrate the necessity for the chromatin methyltransferases MET-2 and JMJD-1.2 during P-cell nuclear migration in the absence of functional LINC complexes. We conclude that H3K9-nethylated chromatin needs to be anchored to the nucleoplasmic face of the inner nuclear membrane to help facilitate nuclear migration through constricted spaces in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen F Gregory
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - G W Gant Luxton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Daniel A Starr
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
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2
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Cheng Y, Pang SW. Biointerfaces with ultrathin patterns for directional control of cell migration. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:158. [PMID: 38589901 PMCID: PMC11000378 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of wound healing and tissue regeneration, precise control of cell migration direction is deemed crucial. To address this challenge, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) platforms with patterned 10 nm thick TiOx in arrowhead shape were designed and fabricated. Remarkably, without tall sidewall constraints, MC3T3-E1 cells seeded on these platforms were constrained to migrate along the tips of the arrowheads, as the cells were guided by the asymmetrical arrowhead tips which provided large contact areas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the use of thin TiOx arrowhead pattern in combination with a cell-repellent PDMS surface to provide guided cell migration unidirectionally without tall sidewall constraints. Additionally, high-resolution fluorescence imaging revealed that the asymmetrical distribution of focal adhesions, triggered by the patterned TiOx arrowheads with arm lengths of 10, 20, and 35 μm, promoted cell adhesion and protrusion along the arrowhead tip direction, resulting in unidirectional cell migration. These findings have important implications for the design of biointerfaces with ultrathin patterns to precisely control cell migration. Furthermore, microelectrodes were integrated with the patterned TiOx arrowheads to enable dynamic monitoring of cell migration using impedance measurement. This microfluidic device integrated with thin layer of guiding pattern and microelectrodes allows simultaneous control of directional cell migration and characterization of the cell movement of individual MC3T3-E1 cells, offering great potential for the development of biosensors for single-cell monitoring.
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Grants
- CityU11207620, CityU11207821, CityU11205423 Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- CityU11207620, CityU11207821, CityU11205423 Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- 9360148, 9380062 Center for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology (CBNN) of City University of Hong Kong
- 9360148, 9380062 Center for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology (CBNN) of City University of Hong Kong
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stella W Pang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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3
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Lightsey S, Sharma B. Natural Killer Cell Mechanosensing in Solid Tumors. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:328. [PMID: 38671750 PMCID: PMC11048000 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, which are an exciting alternative cell source for cancer immunotherapies, must sense and respond to their physical environment to traffic to and eliminate cancer cells. Herein, we review the mechanisms by which NK cells receive mechanical signals and explore recent key findings regarding the impact of the physical characteristics of solid tumors on NK cell functions. Data suggest that different mechanical stresses present in solid tumors facilitate NK cell functions, especially infiltration and degranulation. Moreover, we review recent engineering advances that can be used to systemically study the role of mechanical forces on NK cell activity. Understanding the mechanisms by which NK cells interpret their environment presents potential targets to enhance NK cell immunotherapies for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blanka Sharma
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 23610, USA;
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4
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Kim D, Kim DH. Subcellular mechano-regulation of cell migration in confined extracellular microenvironment. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:041305. [PMID: 38505424 PMCID: PMC10903498 DOI: 10.1063/5.0185377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Cell migration is a highly coordinated cellular event that determines diverse physiological and pathological processes in which the continuous interaction of a migrating cell with neighboring cells or the extracellular matrix is regulated by the physical setting of the extracellular microenvironment. In confined spaces, cell migration occurs differently compared to unconfined open spaces owing to the additional forces that limit cell motility, which create a driving bias for cells to invade the confined space, resulting in a distinct cell motility process compared to what is expected in open spaces. Moreover, cells in confined environments can be subjected to elevated mechanical compression, which causes physical stimuli and activates the damage repair cycle in the cell, including the DNA in the nucleus. Although cells have a self-restoring system to repair damage from the cell membrane to the genetic components of the nucleus, this process may result in genetic and/or epigenetic alterations that can increase the risk of the progression of diverse diseases, such as cancer and immune disorders. Furthermore, there has been a shift in the paradigm of bioengineering from the development of new biomaterials to controlling biophysical cues and fine-tuning cell behaviors to cure damaged/diseased tissues. The external physical cues perceived by cells are transduced along the mechanosensitive machinery, which is further channeled into the nucleus through subcellular molecular linkages of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton or the biochemical translocation of transcription factors. Thus, external cues can directly or indirectly regulate genetic transcriptional processes and nuclear mechanics, ultimately determining cell fate. In this review, we discuss the importance of the biophysical cues, response mechanisms, and mechanical models of cell migration in confined environments. We also discuss the effect of force-dependent deformation of subcellular components, specifically focusing on subnuclear organelles, such as nuclear membranes and chromosomal organization. This review will provide a biophysical perspective on cancer progression and metastasis as well as abnormal cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daesan Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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5
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Subramani A, Cui W, Zhang Y, Friman T, Zhao Z, Huang W, Fonseca P, Lui WO, Narayanan V, Bobrowska J, Lekka M, Yan J, Conway DE, Holmgren L. Modulation of E-Cadherin Function through the AmotL2 Isoforms Promotes Ameboid Cell Invasion. Cells 2023; 12:1682. [PMID: 37443716 PMCID: PMC10340588 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of tumor cells and the formation of distant metastasis remain the main causes of mortality in cancer patients. However, the mechanisms governing the release of cells from micro-environmental constraints remain unclear. E-cadherin negatively controls the invasion of epithelial cells by maintaining cell-cell contacts. Furthermore, the inactivation of E-cadherin triggers invasion in vitro. However, the role of E-cadherin is complex, as metastasizing cells maintain E-cadherin expression, which appears to have a positive role in the survival of tumor cells. In this report, we present a novel mechanism delineating how E-cadherin function is modulated to promote invasion. We have previously shown that E-cadherin is associated with p100AmotL2, which is required for radial actin formation and the transmission of mechanical force. Here, we present evidence that p60AmotL2, which is expressed in invading tumor cells, binds to the p100AmotL2 isoform and uncouples the mechanical constraint of radial actin filaments. We show for the first time that the coupling of E-cadherin to the actin cytoskeleton via p100AmotL2 is directly connected to the nuclear membrane. The expression of p60AmotL2 inactivates this connection and alters the properties of the nuclear lamina, potentiating the invasion of cells into micropores of the extracellular matrix. In summary, we propose that the balance of the two AmotL2 isoforms is important in the modulation of E-cadherin function and that an imbalance of this axis promotes ameboid cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravindh Subramani
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, U2, Bioclinicum J6:20, Solnavägen 30 Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.S.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.F.); (P.F.); (W.-O.L.)
| | - Weiyingqi Cui
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, U2, Bioclinicum J6:20, Solnavägen 30 Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.S.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.F.); (P.F.); (W.-O.L.)
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, U2, Bioclinicum J6:20, Solnavägen 30 Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.S.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.F.); (P.F.); (W.-O.L.)
| | - Tomas Friman
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, U2, Bioclinicum J6:20, Solnavägen 30 Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.S.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.F.); (P.F.); (W.-O.L.)
| | - Zhihai Zhao
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science: 2 Science Drive 3, S7-01-10, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 117542, Singapore; (Z.Z.); (W.H.); (J.Y.)
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI): T-Lab, #10-02, 5A Engineering Drive 1, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Wenmao Huang
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science: 2 Science Drive 3, S7-01-10, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 117542, Singapore; (Z.Z.); (W.H.); (J.Y.)
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI): T-Lab, #10-02, 5A Engineering Drive 1, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Pedro Fonseca
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, U2, Bioclinicum J6:20, Solnavägen 30 Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.S.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.F.); (P.F.); (W.-O.L.)
| | - Weng-Onn Lui
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, U2, Bioclinicum J6:20, Solnavägen 30 Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.S.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.F.); (P.F.); (W.-O.L.)
| | - Vani Narayanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (V.N.); (D.E.C.)
| | - Justyna Bobrowska
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland; (J.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Małgorzata Lekka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland; (J.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science: 2 Science Drive 3, S7-01-10, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 117542, Singapore; (Z.Z.); (W.H.); (J.Y.)
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI): T-Lab, #10-02, 5A Engineering Drive 1, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Daniel E. Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (V.N.); (D.E.C.)
| | - Lars Holmgren
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, U2, Bioclinicum J6:20, Solnavägen 30 Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.S.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.F.); (P.F.); (W.-O.L.)
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6
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Hsia CR, Melters DP, Dalal Y. The Force is Strong with This Epigenome: Chromatin Structure and Mechanobiology. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168019. [PMID: 37330288 PMCID: PMC10567996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
All life forms sense and respond to mechanical stimuli. Throughout evolution, organisms develop diverse mechanosensing and mechanotransduction pathways, leading to fast and sustained mechanoresponses. Memory and plasticity characteristics of mechanoresponses are thought to be stored in the form of epigenetic modifications, including chromatin structure alterations. These mechanoresponses in the chromatin context share conserved principles across species, such as lateral inhibition during organogenesis and development. However, it remains unclear how mechanotransduction mechanisms alter chromatin structure for specific cellular functions, and if altered chromatin structure can mechanically affect the environment. In this review, we discuss how chromatin structure is altered by environmental forces via an outside-in pathway for cellular functions, and the emerging concept of how chromatin structure alterations can mechanically affect nuclear, cellular, and extracellular environments. This bidirectional mechanical feedback between chromatin of the cell and the environment can potentially have important physiological implications, such as in centromeric chromatin regulation of mechanobiology in mitosis, or in tumor-stroma interactions. Finally, we highlight the current challenges and open questions in the field and provide perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Ren Hsia
- Chromatin Structure and Epigenetic Mechanisms, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States. https://twitter.com/JeremiahHsia
| | - Daniël P Melters
- Chromatin Structure and Epigenetic Mechanisms, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States. https://twitter.com/dpmelters
| | - Yamini Dalal
- Chromatin Structure and Epigenetic Mechanisms, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States. https://twitter.com/NCIYaminiDalal
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7
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Peng Q, Vermolen FJ, Weihs D. Physical confinement and cell proximity increase cell migration rates and invasiveness: A mathematical model of cancer cell invasion through flexible channels. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105843. [PMID: 37104897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell migration between different body parts is the driving force behind cancer metastasis, which is the main cause of mortality of patients. Migration of cancer cells often proceeds by penetration through narrow cavities in locally stiff, yet flexible tissues. In our previous work, we developed a model for cell geometry evolution during invasion, which we extend here to investigate whether leader and follower (cancer) cells that only interact mechanically can benefit from sequential transmigration through narrow micro-channels and cavities. We consider two cases of cells sequentially migrating through a flexible channel: leader and follower cells being closely adjacent or distant. Using Wilcoxon's signed-rank test on the data collected from Monte Carlo simulations, we conclude that the modelled transmigration speed for the follower cell is significantly larger than for the leader cell when cells are distant, i.e. follower cells transmigrate after the leader has completed the crossing. Furthermore, it appears that there exists an optimum with respect to the width of the channel such that cell moves fastest. On the other hand, in the case of closely adjacent cells, effectively performing collective migration, the leader cell moves 12% faster since the follower cell pushes it. This work shows that mechanical interactions between cells can increase the net transmigration speed of cancer cells, resulting in increased invasiveness. In other words, interaction between cancer cells can accelerate metastatic invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Peng
- Mathematical Institute, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Neils Bohrweg 1, 2333 CA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Fred J Vermolen
- Computational Mathematics Group, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Hasselt, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Daphne Weihs
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
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8
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X-rays induced alterations in mechanical and biochemical properties of isolated SH-SY5Y nuclei. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130291. [PMID: 36529242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of ionizing radiations in radiotherapy is an effective and very common cancer treatment after surgery. Although ionizing-radiation DNA damages are extensively investigated, little is known about their effects on the other nuclear components, since their variations when studied in whole cells can be difficult to decouple from those of the cytoplasmatic structures. The organization of nuclear components plays a functional role since they are directly involved in some of the nuclear response to chemical or physical stimuli. For this reason, studying the X-ray effects on nuclear components is a crucial step in radiobiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have used Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and micro-FTIR to examine the biomechanical and biochemical properties of hydrated fixed nuclei isolated from neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells irradiated by 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy X-ray doses. RESULTS The experimental results have shown that, already at 2 Gy irradiation dose, the nuclei exhibit not only a DNA damage, but also relevant alterations of lipid saturation, protein secondary structure arrangement and a significant decrease in nuclear stiffness, which indicate a remarkable chromatin decondensation. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The present work demonstrates that a multi-technique approach, able to disclose multiple features, can be helpful to achieve a comprehensive picture of the X-ray irradiation effects of the nuclear components and distinguish them from those occurring at the level of cytoplasm.
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9
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Svoren M, Camerini E, van Erp M, Yang FW, Bakker GJ, Wolf K. Approaches to Determine Nuclear Shape in Cells During Migration Through Collagen Matrices. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2608:97-114. [PMID: 36653704 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2887-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fibrillar collagen is an abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) component of interstitial tissues which supports the structure of many organs, including the skin and breast. Many different physiological processes, but also pathological processes such as metastatic cancer invasion, involve interstitial cell migration. Often, cell movement takes place through small ECM gaps and pores and depends upon the ability of the cell and its stiff nucleus to deform. Such nuclear deformation during cell migration may impact nuclear integrity, such as of chromatin or the nuclear envelope, and therefore the morphometric analysis of nuclear shapes can provide valuable insight into a broad variety of biological processes. Here, we describe a protocol on how to generate a cell-collagen model in vitro and how to use confocal microscopy for the static and dynamic visualization of labeled nuclei in single migratory cells. We developed, and here provide, two scripts that (Fidler, Nat Rev Cancer 3(6):453-458, 2003) enable the semi-automated and fast quantification of static single nuclear shape descriptors, such as aspect ratio or circularity, and the nuclear irregularity index that forms a combination of four distinct shape descriptors, as well as (Frantz et al., J Cell Sci 123 (Pt 24):4195-4200, 2010) a quantification of their changes over time. Finally, we provide quantitative measurements on nuclear shapes from cells that migrated through collagen either in the presence or the absence of an inhibitor of collagen degradation, showing the distinctive power of this approach. This pipeline can also be applied to cell migration studied in different assays, ranging from 3D microfluidics to migration in the living organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Svoren
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Camerini
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Merijn van Erp
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Feng Wei Yang
- Department of Mathematics, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, Falmer, UK
| | - Gert-Jan Bakker
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Katarina Wolf
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Merino-Casallo F, Gomez-Benito MJ, Hervas-Raluy S, Garcia-Aznar JM. Unravelling cell migration: defining movement from the cell surface. Cell Adh Migr 2022; 16:25-64. [PMID: 35499121 PMCID: PMC9067518 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2022.2055520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is essential for life and development. Unfortunately, cell migration is also linked to several pathological processes, such as cancer metastasis. Cells' ability to migrate relies on many actors. Cells change their migratory strategy based on their phenotype and the properties of the surrounding microenvironment. Cell migration is, therefore, an extremely complex phenomenon. Researchers have investigated cell motility for more than a century. Recent discoveries have uncovered some of the mysteries associated with the mechanisms involved in cell migration, such as intracellular signaling and cell mechanics. These findings involve different players, including transmembrane receptors, adhesive complexes, cytoskeletal components , the nucleus, and the extracellular matrix. This review aims to give a global overview of our current understanding of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Merino-Casallo
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Gomez-Benito
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Hervas-Raluy
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Aznar
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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11
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Golloshi R, Playter C, Freeman TF, Das P, Raines TI, Garretson JH, Thurston D, McCord RP. Constricted migration is associated with stable 3D genome structure differences in cancer cells. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e52149. [PMID: 35969179 PMCID: PMC9535800 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202052149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To spread from a localized tumor, metastatic cancer cells must squeeze through constrictions that cause major nuclear deformations. Since chromosome structure affects nucleus stiffness, gene regulation, and DNA repair, here, we investigate the relationship between 3D genome structure and constricted migration in cancer cells. Using melanoma (A375) cells, we identify phenotypic differences in cells that have undergone multiple rounds of constricted migration. These cells display a stably higher migration efficiency, elongated morphology, and differences in the distribution of Lamin A/C and heterochromatin. Hi-C experiments reveal differences in chromosome spatial compartmentalization specific to cells that have passed through constrictions and related alterations in expression of genes associated with migration and metastasis. Certain features of the 3D genome structure changes, such as a loss of B compartment interaction strength, are consistently observed after constricted migration in clonal populations of A375 cells and in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Our observations suggest that consistent types of chromosome structure changes are induced or selected by passage through constrictions and that these may epigenetically encode stable differences in gene expression and cellular migration phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosela Golloshi
- Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology DepartmentUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Christopher Playter
- Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology DepartmentUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Trevor F Freeman
- Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology DepartmentUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Priyojit Das
- UT‐ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and TechnologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Thomas Isaac Raines
- Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology DepartmentUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Joshua H Garretson
- Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology DepartmentUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Delaney Thurston
- Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology DepartmentUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Rachel Patton McCord
- Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology DepartmentUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
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12
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Kalukula Y, Stephens AD, Lammerding J, Gabriele S. Mechanics and functional consequences of nuclear deformations. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:583-602. [PMID: 35513718 PMCID: PMC9902167 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the home of cellular genetic information, the nucleus has a critical role in determining cell fate and function in response to various signals and stimuli. In addition to biochemical inputs, the nucleus is constantly exposed to intrinsic and extrinsic mechanical forces that trigger dynamic changes in nuclear structure and morphology. Emerging data suggest that the physical deformation of the nucleus modulates many cellular and nuclear functions. These functions have long been considered to be downstream of cytoplasmic signalling pathways and dictated by gene expression. In this Review, we discuss an emerging perspective on the mechanoregulation of the nucleus that considers the physical connections from chromatin to nuclear lamina and cytoskeletal filaments as a single mechanical unit. We describe key mechanisms of nuclear deformations in time and space and provide a critical review of the structural and functional adaptive responses of the nucleus to deformations. We then consider the contribution of nuclear deformations to the regulation of important cellular functions, including muscle contraction, cell migration and human disease pathogenesis. Collectively, these emerging insights shed new light on the dynamics of nuclear deformations and their roles in cellular mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohalie Kalukula
- University of Mons, Soft Matter and Biomaterials group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, CIRMAP, Place du Parc, 20 B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Andrew D. Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA,Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sylvain Gabriele
- University of Mons, Soft Matter and Biomaterials group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, CIRMAP, Place du Parc, 20 B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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13
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Beunk L, Bakker GJ, van Ens D, Bugter J, Gal F, Svoren M, Friedl P, Wolf K. Actomyosin contractility requirements and reciprocal cell-tissue mechanics for cancer cell invasion through collagen-based channels. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2022; 45:48. [PMID: 35575822 PMCID: PMC9110550 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The interstitial tumor microenvironment is composed of heterogeneously organized collagen-rich porous networks as well as channel-like structures and interfaces which provide both barriers and guidance for invading cells. Tumor cells invading 3D random porous collagen networks depend upon actomyosin contractility to deform and translocate the nucleus, whereas Rho/Rho-associated kinase-dependent contractility is largely dispensable for migration in stiff capillary-like confining microtracks. To investigate whether this dichotomy of actomyosin contractility dependence also applies to physiological, deformable linear collagen environments, we developed nearly barrier-free collagen-scaffold microtracks of varying cross section using two-photon laser ablation. Both very narrow and wide tracks supported single-cell migration by either outward pushing of collagen up to four times when tracks were narrow, or cell pulling on collagen walls down to 50% of the original diameter by traction forces of up to 40 nN when tracks were wide, resulting in track widths optimized to single-cell diameter. Targeting actomyosin contractility by synthetic inhibitors increased cell elongation and nuclear shape change in narrow tracks and abolished cell-mediated deformation of both wide and narrow tracks. Accordingly, migration speeds in all channel widths reduced, with migration rates of around 45-65% of the original speed persisting. Together, the data suggest that cells engage actomyosin contraction to reciprocally adjust both own morphology and linear track width to optimal size for effective cellular locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Beunk
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Bakker
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diede van Ens
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bugter
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Gal
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Svoren
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Cancer Genomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katarina Wolf
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Cox-Pridmore DM, Castro FA, Silva SRP, Camelliti P, Zhao Y. Emerging Bioelectronic Strategies for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering and Implantation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105281. [PMID: 35119208 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heart diseases are currently the leading cause of death worldwide. The ability to create cardiovascular tissue has numerous applications in understanding tissue development, disease progression, pharmacological testing, bio-actuators, and transplantation; yet current cardiovascular tissue engineering (CTE) methods are limited. However, there have been emerging developments in the bioelectronics field, with the creation of biomimetic devices that can intimately interact with cardiac cells, provide monitoring capabilities, and regulate tissue formation. Combining bioelectronics with cardiac tissue engineering can overcome current limitations and produce physiologically relevant tissue that can be used in various areas of cardiovascular research and medicine. This review highlights the recent advances in cardiovascular-based bioelectronics. First, cardiac tissue engineering and the potential of bioelectronic therapies for cardiovascular diseases are discussed. Second, advantageous bioelectronic materials for CTE and implantation and their properties are reviewed. Third, several representative cardiovascular tissue-bioelectronic interface models and the beneficial functions that bioelectronics can demonstrate in in vitro and in vivo applications are explored. Finally, the prospects and remaining challenges for clinical application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle M Cox-Pridmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando A Castro
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - S Ravi P Silva
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Patrizia Camelliti
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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15
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Tollis S, Rizzotto A, Pham NT, Koivukoski S, Sivakumar A, Shave S, Wildenhain J, Zuleger N, Keys JT, Culley J, Zheng Y, Lammerding J, Carragher NO, Brunton VG, Latonen L, Auer M, Tyers M, Schirmer EC. Chemical Interrogation of Nuclear Size Identifies Compounds with Cancer Cell Line-Specific Effects on Migration and Invasion. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:680-700. [PMID: 35199530 PMCID: PMC8938924 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
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Background: Lower survival rates for many cancer
types correlate with changes in nuclear size/scaling in a tumor-type/tissue-specific
manner. Hypothesizing that such changes might confer an advantage
to tumor cells, we aimed at the identification of commercially available
compounds to guide further mechanistic studies. We therefore screened
for Food and Drug Administration (FDA)/European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved
compounds that reverse the direction of characteristic tumor nuclear
size changes in PC3, HCT116, and H1299 cell lines reflecting, respectively,
prostate adenocarcinoma, colonic adenocarcinoma, and small-cell squamous
lung cancer. Results: We found distinct, largely
nonoverlapping sets of compounds that rectify nuclear size changes
for each tumor cell line. Several classes of compounds including,
e.g., serotonin uptake inhibitors, cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, β-adrenergic
receptor agonists, and Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitors,
displayed coherent nuclear size phenotypes focused on a particular
cell line or across cell lines and treatment conditions. Several compounds
from classes far afield from current chemotherapy regimens were also
identified. Seven nuclear size-rectifying compounds selected for further
investigation all inhibited cell migration and/or invasion. Conclusions: Our study provides (a) proof of concept that
nuclear size might be a valuable target to reduce cell migration/invasion
in cancer treatment and (b) the most thorough collection of tool compounds
to date reversing nuclear size changes specific to individual cancer-type
cell lines. Although these compounds still need to be tested in primary
cancer cells, the cell line-specific nuclear size and migration/invasion
responses to particular drug classes suggest that cancer type-specific
nuclear size rectifiers may help reduce metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Tollis
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Andrea Rizzotto
- The Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Michael Swann Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Nhan T. Pham
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Sonja Koivukoski
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Aishwarya Sivakumar
- The Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Michael Swann Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Steven Shave
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Jan Wildenhain
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Nikolaj Zuleger
- The Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Michael Swann Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Jeremy T. Keys
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jayne Culley
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K
| | - Yijing Zheng
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Neil O. Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K
| | - Valerie G. Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K
| | - Leena Latonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Manfred Auer
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Mike Tyers
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Eric C. Schirmer
- The Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Michael Swann Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
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16
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Qazi TH, Wu J, Muir VG, Weintraub S, Gullbrand SE, Lee D, Issadore D, Burdick JA. Anisotropic Rod-Shaped Particles Influence Injectable Granular Hydrogel Properties and Cell Invasion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109194. [PMID: 34932833 PMCID: PMC8957565 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Granular hydrogels have emerged as a new class of injectable and porous biomaterials that improve integration with host tissue when compared to solid hydrogels. Granular hydrogels are typically prepared using spherical particles and this study considers whether particle shape (i.e., isotropic spheres vs anisotropic rods) influences granular hydrogel properties and cellular invasion. Simulations predict that anisotropic rods influence pore shape and interconnectivity, as well as bead transport through granular assemblies. Photo-cross-linkable norbornene-modified hyaluronic acid is used to produce spherical and rod-shaped particles using microfluidic droplet generators and formed into shear-thinning and self-healing granular hydrogels, with particle shape influencing mechanics and injectability. Rod-shaped particles form granular hydrogels that have anisotropic and interconnected pores, with pore size and number influenced by particle shape and degree of packing. Robust in vitro sprouting of endothelial cells from embedded cellular spheroids is observed with rod-shaped particles, including higher sprouting densities and sprout lengths when compared to hydrogels with spherical particles. Cell and vessel invasion into granular hydrogels when injected subcutaneously in vivo are significantly greater with rod-shaped particles, whereas a gradient of cellularity is observed with spherical particles. Overall, this work demonstrates potentially superior functional properties of granular hydrogels with rod-shaped particles for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimoor H Qazi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jingyu Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Victoria G Muir
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shoshana Weintraub
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sarah E Gullbrand
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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17
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Jaroenlak P, Usmani M, Ekiert DC, Bhabha G. Mechanics of Microsporidian Polar Tube Firing. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:215-245. [PMID: 35544005 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As obligate intracellular parasites with reduced genomes, microsporidia must infect host cells in order to replicate and cause disease. They can initiate infection by utilizing a harpoon-like invasion organelle called the polar tube (PT). The PT is both visually and functionally a striking organelle and is a characteristic feature of the microsporidian phylum. Outside the host, microsporidia exist as transmissible, single-celled spores. Inside each spore, the PT is arranged as a tight coil. Upon germination, the PT undergoes a large conformational change into a long, linear tube and acts as a tunnel for the delivery of infectious cargo from the spore to a host cell. The firing process is extremely rapid, occurring on a millisecond timescale, and the emergent tube may be as long as 20 times the size of the spore body. In this chapter, we discuss what is known about the structure of the PT, the mechanics of the PT firing process, and how it enables movement of material from the spore body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattana Jaroenlak
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mahrukh Usmani
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Damian C Ekiert
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Gira Bhabha
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Sanchez V, Britt W. Human Cytomegalovirus Egress: Overcoming Barriers and Co-Opting Cellular Functions. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010015. [PMID: 35062219 PMCID: PMC8778548 DOI: 10.3390/v14010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and other herpesviruses includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic phases. During the prolonged replication cycle of HCMV, the cell undergoes remarkable changes in cellular architecture that include marked increases in nuclear size and structure as well as the reorganization of membranes in cytoplasm. Similarly, significant changes occur in cellular metabolism, protein trafficking, and cellular homeostatic functions. These cellular modifications are considered integral in the efficient assembly of infectious progeny in productively infected cells. Nuclear egress of HCMV nucleocapsids is thought to follow a pathway similar to that proposed for other members of the herpesvirus family. During this process, viral nucleocapsids must overcome structural barriers in the nucleus that limit transit and, ultimately, their delivery to the cytoplasm for final assembly of progeny virions. HCMV, similar to other herpesviruses, encodes viral functions that co-opt cellular functions to overcome these barriers and to bridge the bilaminar nuclear membrane. In this brief review, we will highlight some of the mechanisms that define our current understanding of HCMV egress, relying heavily on the current understanding of egress of the more well-studied α-herpesviruses, HSV-1 and PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - William Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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19
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Marks P, Petrie R. Push or pull: how cytoskeletal crosstalk facilitates nuclear movement through 3D environments. Phys Biol 2021; 19. [PMID: 34936999 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac45e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As cells move from two-dimensional (2D) surfaces into complex 3D environments, the nucleus becomes a barrier to movement due to its size and rigidity. Therefore, moving the nucleus is a key step in 3D cell migration. In this review, we discuss how coordination between cytoskeletal and nucleoskeletal networks is required to pull the nucleus forward through complex 3D spaces. We summarize recent migration models which utilize unique molecular crosstalk to drive nuclear migration through different 3D environments. In addition, we speculate about the role of proteins that indirectly crosslink cytoskeletal networks and the role of 3D focal adhesions and how these protein complexes may drive 3D nuclear migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Marks
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 CHESTNUT ST, PISB 401M1, PHILADELPHIA, Philadelphia, 19104-2816, UNITED STATES
| | - Ryan Petrie
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, PISB 419, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-2816, UNITED STATES
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20
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Yang S, Xiong Y, Du Y, Wang YJ, Zhang L, Shen F, Liu YJ, Liu X, Yang P. Ultrasensitive Trace Sample Proteomics Unraveled the Protein Remodeling during Mesenchymal-Amoeboid Transition. Anal Chem 2021; 94:768-776. [PMID: 34928127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deep mining the proteome of trace biological samples is critical for biomedical applications. However, it remains a challenge due to the loss of analytes caused by current sample preparation procedures. To address this, we recently developed a single-pot and miniaturized in-solution digestion (SMID) method for minute sample handling with three streamlined steps and completed within 3 h. The SMID approach outperformed the traditional workflow in substantially saving time, reducing sample loss, and exhibiting extensive applicability for 10-100 000 cell analysis. This user-friendly and high-sensitivity strategy enables ∼5300 proteins and 53 000 peptides to be confidently identified within 1 h of mass spectrometry (MS) time from a small amount of 1000 HeLa cells. In addition, we accurately and robustly detected proteomes in 10 mouse oocytes with excellent reproducibility. We further adopted SMID for the proteome analysis in cell migration under confinement, which induced cells to undergo a mesenchymal-amoeboid transition (MAT). During the MAT, a systematic quantitative proteome map of 1000 HeLa cells was constructed with seven expression profile clusters, which illustrated the application of SMID and provided a fundamental resource to investigate the mechanism of MAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Zhongshan Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yueting Xiong
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Zhongshan Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Du
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Zhongshan Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya-Jun Wang
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Zhongshan Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Zhongshan Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fenglin Shen
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Zhongshan Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Zhongshan Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Zhongshan Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Zhongshan Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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21
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Siemsen K, Rajput S, Rasch F, Taheri F, Adelung R, Lammerding J, Selhuber-Unkel C. Tunable 3D Hydrogel Microchannel Networks to Study Confined Mammalian Cell Migration. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100625. [PMID: 34668667 PMCID: PMC8743577 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells adapt and move due to chemical, physical, and mechanical cues from their microenvironment. It is therefore important to create materials that mimic human tissue physiology by surface chemistry, architecture, and dimensionality to control cells in biomedical settings. The impact of the environmental architecture is particularly relevant in the context of cancer cell metastasis, where cells migrate through small constrictions in their microenvironment to invade surrounding tissues. Here, a synthetic hydrogel scaffold with an interconnected, random, 3D microchannel network is presented that is functionalized with collagen to promote cell adhesion. It is shown that cancer cells can invade such scaffolds within days, and both the microarchitecture and stiffness of the hydrogel modulate cell invasion and nuclear dynamics of the cells. Specifically, it is found that cell migration through the microchannels is a function of hydrogel stiffness. In addition to this, it is shown that the hydrogel stiffness and confinement, influence the occurrence of nuclear envelope ruptures of cells. The tunable hydrogel microarchitecture and stiffness thus provide a novel tool to investigate cancer cell invasion as a function of the 3D microenvironment. Furthermore, the material provides a promising strategy to control cell positioning, migration, and cellular function in biological applications, such as tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Siemsen
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kiel, D-24143, Germany
| | - Sunil Rajput
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Florian Rasch
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kiel, D-24143, Germany
| | - Fereydoon Taheri
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kiel, D-24143, Germany
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Christine Selhuber-Unkel
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
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22
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Mierke CT. The Pertinent Role of Cell and Matrix Mechanics in Cell Adhesion and Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720494. [PMID: 34722504 PMCID: PMC8548417 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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23
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Zhao R, Zhou X, Khan ES, Alansary D, Friedmann KS, Yang W, Schwarz EC, del Campo A, Hoth M, Qu B. Targeting the Microtubule-Network Rescues CTL Killing Efficiency in Dense 3D Matrices. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729820. [PMID: 34484240 PMCID: PMC8416057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacy of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-based immunotherapy is still unsatisfactory against solid tumors, which are frequently characterized by condensed extracellular matrix. Here, using a unique 3D killing assay, we identify that the killing efficiency of primary human CTLs is substantially impaired in dense collagen matrices. Although the expression of cytotoxic proteins in CTLs remained intact in dense collagen, CTL motility was largely compromised. Using light-sheet microscopy, we found that persistence and velocity of CTL migration was influenced by the stiffness and porosity of the 3D matrix. Notably, 3D CTL velocity was strongly correlated with their nuclear deformability, which was enhanced by disruption of the microtubule network especially in dense matrices. Concomitantly, CTL migration, search efficiency, and killing efficiency in dense collagen were significantly increased in microtubule-perturbed CTLs. In addition, the chemotherapeutically used microtubule inhibitor vinblastine drastically enhanced CTL killing efficiency in dense collagen. Together, our findings suggest targeting the microtubule network as a promising strategy to enhance efficacy of CTL-based immunotherapy against solid tumors, especially stiff solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renping Zhao
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Xiangda Zhou
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Essak S. Khan
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dalia Alansary
- Molecular Biophysics, CIPMM, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Kim S. Friedmann
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Eva C. Schwarz
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Hoth
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
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24
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Sharma VP, Williams J, Leung E, Sanders J, Eddy R, Castracane J, Oktay MH, Entenberg D, Condeelis JS. SUN-MKL1 Crosstalk Regulates Nuclear Deformation and Fast Motility of Breast Carcinoma Cells in Fibrillar ECM Microenvironment. Cells 2021; 10:1549. [PMID: 34205257 PMCID: PMC8234170 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aligned collagen fibers provide topography for the rapid migration of single tumor cells (streaming migration) to invade the surrounding stroma, move within tumor nests towards blood vessels to intravasate and form distant metastases. Mechanisms of tumor cell motility have been studied extensively in the 2D context, but the mechanistic understanding of rapid single tumor cell motility in the in vivo context is still lacking. Here, we show that streaming tumor cells in vivo use collagen fibers with diameters below 3 µm. Employing 1D migration assays with matching in vivo fiber dimensions, we found a dependence of tumor cell motility on 1D substrate width, with cells moving the fastest and the most persistently on the narrowest 1D fibers (700 nm-2.5 µm). Interestingly, we also observed nuclear deformation in the absence of restricting extracellular matrix pores during high speed carcinoma cell migration in 1D, similar to the nuclear deformation observed in tumor cells in vivo. Further, we found that actomyosin machinery is aligned along the 1D axis and actomyosin contractility synchronously regulates cell motility and nuclear deformation. To further investigate the link between cell speed and nuclear deformation, we focused on the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex proteins and SRF-MKL1 signaling, key regulators of mechanotransduction, actomyosin contractility and actin-based cell motility. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset showed a dramatic decrease in the LINC complex proteins SUN1 and SUN2 in primary tumor compared to the normal tissue. Disruption of LINC complex by SUN1 + 2 KD led to multi-lobular elongated nuclei, increased tumor cell motility and concomitant increase in F-actin, without affecting Lamin proteins. Mechanistically, we found that MKL1, an effector of changes in cellular G-actin to F-actin ratio, is required for increased 1D motility seen in SUN1 + 2 KD cells. Thus, we demonstrate a previously unrecognized crosstalk between SUN proteins and MKL1 transcription factor in modulating nuclear shape and carcinoma cell motility in an in vivo relevant 1D microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved P. Sharma
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (E.L.); (R.E.); (M.H.O.); (D.E.)
- Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - James Williams
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA; (J.W.); (J.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Edison Leung
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (E.L.); (R.E.); (M.H.O.); (D.E.)
| | - Joe Sanders
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA; (J.W.); (J.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Robert Eddy
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (E.L.); (R.E.); (M.H.O.); (D.E.)
| | - James Castracane
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA; (J.W.); (J.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Maja H. Oktay
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (E.L.); (R.E.); (M.H.O.); (D.E.)
- Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David Entenberg
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (E.L.); (R.E.); (M.H.O.); (D.E.)
- Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - John S. Condeelis
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (E.L.); (R.E.); (M.H.O.); (D.E.)
- Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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25
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Strom AR, Biggs RJ, Banigan EJ, Wang X, Chiu K, Herman C, Collado J, Yue F, Ritland Politz JC, Tait LJ, Scalzo D, Telling A, Groudine M, Brangwynne CP, Marko JF, Stephens AD. HP1α is a chromatin crosslinker that controls nuclear and mitotic chromosome mechanics. eLife 2021; 10:e63972. [PMID: 34106828 PMCID: PMC8233041 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin, which consists of DNA and associated proteins, contains genetic information and is a mechanical component of the nucleus. Heterochromatic histone methylation controls nucleus and chromosome stiffness, but the contribution of heterochromatin protein HP1α (CBX5) is unknown. We used a novel HP1α auxin-inducible degron human cell line to rapidly degrade HP1α. Degradation did not alter transcription, local chromatin compaction, or histone methylation, but did decrease chromatin stiffness. Single-nucleus micromanipulation reveals that HP1α is essential to chromatin-based mechanics and maintains nuclear morphology, separate from histone methylation. Further experiments with dimerization-deficient HP1αI165E indicate that chromatin crosslinking via HP1α dimerization is critical, while polymer simulations demonstrate the importance of chromatin-chromatin crosslinkers in mechanics. In mitotic chromosomes, HP1α similarly bolsters stiffness while aiding in mitotic alignment and faithful segregation. HP1α is therefore a critical chromatin-crosslinking protein that provides mechanical strength to chromosomes and the nucleus throughout the cell cycle and supports cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Strom
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Ronald J Biggs
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Edward J Banigan
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Xiaotao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Katherine Chiu
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
| | - Cameron Herman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Jimena Collado
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | | | - Leah J Tait
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - David Scalzo
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Agnes Telling
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Mark Groudine
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Clifford P Brangwynne
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - John F Marko
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Andrew D Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
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26
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Roberts AB, Zhang J, Raj Singh V, Nikolić M, Moeendarbary E, Kamm RD, So PTC, Scarcelli G. Tumor cell nuclei soften during transendothelial migration. J Biomech 2021; 121:110400. [PMID: 33882444 PMCID: PMC8274349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During cancer metastasis, tumor cells undergo significant deformation in order to traverse through endothelial cell junctions in the walls of blood vessels. As cells pass through narrow gaps, smaller than the nuclear diameter, the spatial configuration of chromatin must change along with the distribution of nuclear enzymes. Nuclear stiffness is an important determinant of the ability of cells to undergo transendothelial migration, yet no studies have been conducted to assess whether tumor cell cytoskeletal or nuclear stiffness changes during this critical process in order to facilitate passage. To address this question, we employed two non-contact methods, Brillouin confocal microscopy (BCM) and confocal reflectance quantitative phase microscopy (QPM), to track the changes in mechanical properties of live, transmigrating tumor cells in an in vitro collagen gel platform. Using these two imaging modalities to study transmigrating MDA-MB-231, A549, and A375 cells, we found that both the cells and their nuclei soften upon extravasation and that the nuclear membranes remain soft for at least 24 h. These new data suggest that tumor cells adjust their mechanical properties in order to facilitate extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya B Roberts
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Jitao Zhang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, MD, USA
| | - Vijay Raj Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA; Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Miloš Nikolić
- Maryland Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA.
| | - Peter T C So
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA; Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA.
| | - Giuliano Scarcelli
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, MD, USA; Maryland Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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27
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Djakbarova U, Madraki Y, Chan ET, Kural C. Dynamic interplay between cell membrane tension and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Biol Cell 2021; 113:344-373. [PMID: 33788963 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Deformability of the plasma membrane, the outermost surface of metazoan cells, allows cells to be dynamic, mobile and flexible. Factors that affect this deformability, such as tension on the membrane, can regulate a myriad of cellular functions, including membrane resealing, cell motility, polarisation, shape maintenance, membrane area control and endocytic vesicle trafficking. This review focuses on mechanoregulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). We first delineate the origins of cell membrane tension and the factors that yield to its spatial and temporal fluctuations within cells. We then review the recent literature demonstrating that tension on the membrane is a fast-acting and reversible regulator of CME. Finally, we discuss tension-based regulation of endocytic clathrin coat formation during physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasaman Madraki
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Emily T Chan
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Molecular Biophysics Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cömert Kural
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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28
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Hayn A, Fischer T, Mierke CT. Inhomogeneities in 3D Collagen Matrices Impact Matrix Mechanics and Cancer Cell Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:593879. [PMID: 33251219 PMCID: PMC7674772 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility under physiological and pathological conditions including malignant progression of cancer and subsequent metastasis are founded on environmental confinements. During the last two decades, three-dimensional cell migration has been studied mostly by utilizing biomimetic extracellular matrix models. In the majority of these studies, the in vitro collagen scaffolds are usually assumed to be homogenous, as they consist commonly of one specific type of collagen, such as collagen type I, isolated from one species. These collagen matrices should resemble in vivo extracellular matrix scaffolds physiologically, however, mechanical phenotype and functional reliability have been addressed poorly due to certain limitations based on the assumption of homogeneity. How local variations of extracellular matrix structure impact matrix mechanics and cell migration is largely unknown. Here, we hypothesize that local inhomogeneities alter cell movement due to alterations in matrix mechanics, as they frequently occur in in vivo tissue scaffolds and were even changed in diseased tissues. To analyze the effect of structural inhomogeneities on cell migration, we used a mixture of rat tail and bovine dermal collagen type I as well as pure rat and pure bovine collagens at four different concentrations to assess three-dimensional scaffold inhomogeneities. Collagen type I from rat self-assembled to elongated fibrils, whereas bovine collagen tended to build node-shaped inhomogeneous scaffolds. We have shown that the elastic modulus determined with atomic force microscopy in combination with pore size analysis using confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed distinct inhomogeneities within collagen matrices. We hypothesized that elastic modulus and pore size govern cancer cell invasion in three-dimensional collagen matrices. In fact, invasiveness of three breast cancer cell types is altered due to matrix-type and concentration indicating that these two factors are crucial for cellular invasiveness. Our findings revealed that local matrix scaffold inhomogeneity is another crucial parameter to explain differences in cell migration, which not solely depended on pore size and stiffness of the collagen matrices. With these three distinct biophysical parameters, characterizing structure and mechanics of the studied collagen matrices, we were able to explain differences in the invasion behavior of the studied cancer cell lines in dependence of the used collagen model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hayn
- Biological Physics Division, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tony Fischer
- Biological Physics Division, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Biological Physics Division, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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29
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Francis AC, Marin M, Prellberg MJ, Palermino-Rowland K, Melikyan GB. HIV-1 Uncoating and Nuclear Import Precede the Completion of Reverse Transcription in Cell Lines and in Primary Macrophages. Viruses 2020; 12:E1234. [PMID: 33143125 PMCID: PMC7693591 DOI: 10.3390/v12111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An assembly of capsid proteins (CA) form the mature viral core enclosing the HIV-1 ribonucleoprotein complex. Discrepant findings have been reported regarding the cellular sites and the extent of core disassembly (uncoating) in infected cells. Here, we combined single-virus imaging and time-of-drug-addition assays to elucidate the kinetic relationship between uncoating, reverse transcription, and nuclear import of HIV-1 complexes in cell lines and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). By using cyclophilin A-DsRed (CDR) as a marker for CA, we show that, in contrast to TZM-bl cells, early cytoplasmic uncoating (loss of CDR) is limited in MDMs and is correlated with the efficiency of reverse transcription. However, we find that reverse transcription is dispensable for HIV-1 nuclear import, which progressed through an uncoating step at the nuclear pore. Comparison of the kinetics of nuclear import and the virus escape from inhibitors targeting distinct steps of infection, as well as direct quantification of viral DNA synthesis, revealed that reverse transcription is completed after nuclear import of HIV-1 complexes. Collectively, these results suggest that reverse transcription is dispensable for the uncoating step at the nuclear pore and that vDNA synthesis is completed in the nucleus of unrelated target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwanth C. Francis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.M.); (M.J.P.); (K.P.-R.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.M.); (M.J.P.); (K.P.-R.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mathew J. Prellberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.M.); (M.J.P.); (K.P.-R.)
| | - Kristina Palermino-Rowland
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.M.); (M.J.P.); (K.P.-R.)
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.M.); (M.J.P.); (K.P.-R.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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30
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Jacquet K, Rodrigue MA, Richard DE, Lavoie JN. The adenoviral protein E4orf4: a probing tool to decipher mechanical stress-induced nuclear envelope remodeling in tumor cells. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2963-2981. [PMID: 33103553 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1836441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus (Ad) type 2/5 early region 4 (E4) ORF4 protein (E4orf4) exerts a remarkable tumor cell-selective killing activity in mammalian cells. This indicates that E4orf4 can target tumor cell-defining features and is a unique tool to probe cancer cell vulnerabilities. Recently, we found that E4orf4, through an interaction with the polarity protein PAR3, subverts nuclear envelope (NE) remodeling processes in a tumor cell-selective manner. In this Perspective, we outline mechanical signals that modify nuclear dynamics and tumor cell behavior to highlight potential mechanisms for E4orf4's tumoricidal activity. Through an analysis of E4orf4's cellular targets, we define a protein subnetwork that comprises phosphatase systems interconnected to polarity protein hubs, which could contribute to enhanced NE plasticity. We infer that elucidating E4orf4's protein network at a functional level could uncover key mechanisms of NE remodeling that define the tumor cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Jacquet
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval , Québec, Canada.,Oncology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval , Québec, Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine Rodrigue
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval , Québec, Canada.,Oncology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval , Québec, Canada
| | - Darren E Richard
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval , Québec, Canada.,Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Université Laval , Québec, Canada.,Endocrinology and Nephrology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval , Québec, Canada
| | - Josée N Lavoie
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval , Québec, Canada.,Oncology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval , Québec, Canada.,Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Université Laval , Québec, Canada
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31
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Mukherjee A, Barai A, Singh RK, Yan W, Sen S. Nuclear plasticity increases susceptibility to damage during confined migration. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008300. [PMID: 33035221 PMCID: PMC7577492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Large nuclear deformations during migration through confined spaces have been associated with nuclear membrane rupture and DNA damage. However, the stresses associated with nuclear damage remain unclear. Here, using a quasi-static plane strain finite element model, we map evolution of nuclear shape and stresses during confined migration of a cell through a deformable matrix. Plastic deformation of the nucleus observed for a cell with stiff nucleus transiting through a stiffer matrix lowered nuclear stresses, but also led to kinking of the nuclear membrane. In line with model predictions, transwell migration experiments with fibrosarcoma cells showed that while nuclear softening increased invasiveness, nuclear stiffening led to plastic deformation and higher levels of DNA damage. In addition to highlighting the advantage of nuclear softening during confined migration, our results suggest that plastic deformations of the nucleus during transit through stiff tissues may lead to bending-induced nuclear membrane disruption and subsequent DNA damage. Stiffness of the nucleus is known to impede migration of cells through dense matrices. Nuclear translocation through small pores is achieved by active deformation of the nucleus by the cytoskeleton. However, stresses on the nucleus during confined migration may lead to nuclear damage, as observed experimentally. However, the factors contributing to nuclear damage remain incompletely understood. Here we show that plastic or permanent nuclear deformation which is necessary for successful migration through small pores in stiff matrices, also leads to bending of the nuclear membrane. We propose that this bending precedes nuclear blebs which are experimentally observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mukherjee
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amlan Barai
- Dept. of Biosciences & Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Wenyi Yan
- Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail: (WY); (SS)
| | - Shamik Sen
- Dept. of Biosciences & Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail: (WY); (SS)
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32
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Fracchia A, Asraf T, Salmon-Divon M, Gerlitz G. Increased Lamin B1 Levels Promote Cell Migration by Altering Perinuclear Actin Organization. Cells 2020; 9:E2161. [PMID: 32987785 PMCID: PMC7598699 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration requires reposition and reshaping of the cell nucleus. The nuclear lamina is highly important for migration of both primary and cancer cells. B-type lamins are important for proper migration of epicardial cells and neurons and increased lamin B to lamin A ratio accelerates cancer cell migration through confined spaces. Moreover, a positive association between lamin B1 levels and tumor formation and progression is found in various cancer types. Still, the molecular mechanism by which B-type lamins promote cell migration is not fully understood. To better understand this mechanism, we tested the effects of lamin B1 on perinuclear actin organization. Here we show that induction of melanoma cell migration leads to the formation of a cytosolic Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex-independent perinuclear actin rim, which has not been detected in migrating cells, yet. Significantly, increasing the levels of lamin B1 but not the levels of lamin A prevented perinuclear actin rim formation while accelerated the cellular migration rate. To interfere with the perinuclear actin rim, we generated a chimeric protein that is localized to the outer nuclear membrane and cleaves perinuclear actin filaments in a specific manner without disrupting other cytosolic actin filaments. Using this tool, we found that disruption of the perinuclear actin rim accelerated the cellular migration rate in a similar manner to lamin B1 over-expression. Taken together, our results suggest that increased lamin B1 levels can accelerate cell migration by inhibiting the association of the nuclear envelope with actin filaments that may reduce nuclear movement and deformability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fracchia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; (A.F.); (T.A.); (M.S.-D.)
| | - Tal Asraf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; (A.F.); (T.A.); (M.S.-D.)
| | - Mali Salmon-Divon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; (A.F.); (T.A.); (M.S.-D.)
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Gabi Gerlitz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; (A.F.); (T.A.); (M.S.-D.)
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33
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Mierke CT. Mechanical Cues Affect Migration and Invasion of Cells From Three Different Directions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583226. [PMID: 33043017 PMCID: PMC7527720 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and invasion is a key driving factor for providing essential cellular functions under physiological conditions or the malignant progression of tumors following downward the metastatic cascade. Although there has been plentiful of molecules identified to support the migration and invasion of cells, the mechanical aspects have not yet been explored in a combined and systematic manner. In addition, the cellular environment has been classically and frequently assumed to be homogeneous for reasons of simplicity. However, motility assays have led to various models for migration covering only some aspects and supporting factors that in some cases also include mechanical factors. Instead of specific models, in this review, a more or less holistic model for cell motility in 3D is envisioned covering all these different aspects with a special emphasis on the mechanical cues from a biophysical perspective. After introducing the mechanical aspects of cell migration and invasion and presenting the heterogeneity of extracellular matrices, the three distinct directions of cell motility focusing on the mechanical aspects are presented. These three different directions are as follows: firstly, the commonly used invasion tests using structural and structure-based mechanical environmental signals; secondly, the mechano-invasion assay, in which cells are studied by mechanical forces to migrate and invade; and thirdly, cell mechanics, including cytoskeletal and nuclear mechanics, to influence cell migration and invasion. Since the interaction between the cell and the microenvironment is bi-directional in these assays, these should be accounted in migration and invasion approaches focusing on the mechanical aspects. Beyond this, there is also the interaction between the cytoskeleton of the cell and its other compartments, such as the cell nucleus. In specific, a three-element approach is presented for addressing the effect of mechanics on cell migration and invasion by including the effect of the mechano-phenotype of the cytoskeleton, nucleus and the cell's microenvironment into the analysis. In precise terms, the combination of these three research approaches including experimental techniques seems to be promising for revealing bi-directional impacts of mechanical alterations of the cellular microenvironment on cells and internal mechanical fluctuations or changes of cells on the surroundings. Finally, different approaches are discussed and thereby a model for the broad impact of mechanics on cell migration and invasion is evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Hobson CM, Stephens AD. Modeling of Cell Nuclear Mechanics: Classes, Components, and Applications. Cells 2020; 9:E1623. [PMID: 32640571 PMCID: PMC7408412 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell nuclei are paramount for both cellular function and mechanical stability. These two roles of nuclei are intertwined as altered mechanical properties of nuclei are associated with altered cell behavior and disease. To further understand the mechanical properties of cell nuclei and guide future experiments, many investigators have turned to mechanical modeling. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of mechanical modeling of cell nuclei with an emphasis on the role of the nuclear lamina in hopes of spurring future growth of this field. The goal of this review is to provide an introduction to mechanical modeling techniques, highlight current applications to nuclear mechanics, and give insight into future directions of mechanical modeling. There are three main classes of mechanical models-schematic, continuum mechanics, and molecular dynamics-which provide unique advantages and limitations. Current experimental understanding of the roles of the cytoskeleton, the nuclear lamina, and the chromatin in nuclear mechanics provide the basis for how each component is subsequently treated in mechanical models. Modeling allows us to interpret assay-specific experimental results for key parameters and quantitatively predict emergent behaviors. This is specifically powerful when emergent phenomena, such as lamin-based strain stiffening, can be deduced from complimentary experimental techniques. Modeling differences in force application, geometry, or composition can additionally clarify seemingly conflicting experimental results. Using these approaches, mechanical models have informed our understanding of relevant biological processes such as migration, nuclear blebbing, nuclear rupture, and cell spreading and detachment. There remain many aspects of nuclear mechanics for which additional mechanical modeling could provide immediate insight. Although mechanical modeling of cell nuclei has been employed for over a decade, there are still relatively few models for any given biological phenomenon. This implies that an influx of research into this realm of the field has the potential to dramatically shape both future experiments and our current understanding of nuclear mechanics, function, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M. Hobson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew D. Stephens
- Biology Department, The University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Gerlitz G. The Emerging Roles of Heterochromatin in Cell Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:394. [PMID: 32528959 PMCID: PMC7266953 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a key process in health and disease. In the last decade an increasing attention is given to chromatin organization in migrating cells. In various types of cells induction of migration leads to a global increase in heterochromatin levels. Heterochromatin is required for optimal cell migration capabilities, since various interventions with heterochromatin formation impeded the migration rate of numerous cell types. Heterochromatin supports the migration process by affecting both the mechanical properties of the nucleus as well as the genetic processes taking place within it. Increased heterochromatin levels elevate nuclear rigidity in a manner that allows faster cell migration in 3D environments. Condensed chromatin and a more rigid nucleus may increase nuclear durability to shear stress and prevent DNA damage during the migration process. In addition, heterochromatin reorganization in migrating cells is important for induction of migration-specific transcriptional plan together with inhibition of many other unnecessary transcriptional changes. Thus, chromatin organization appears to have a key role in the cellular migration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Gerlitz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Ledvina V, Klepárník K, Legartová S, Bártová E. A device for investigation of natural cell mobility and deformability. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1238-1244. [PMID: 32358820 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic device made of polydimethylsiloxane was developed for continuous evaluation of natural migration mobility of many eukaryotic cells in relaxed and deformed state. The device was fabricated by standard photolithography and soft lithography techniques using the SU-8 3010 negative photoresist on a glass wafer as the master mold. The simple flow-free device exploits the chemotactic movement of cells through a set of mechanical barriers in the direction of concentration gradients of attractants. The barriers are formed by arrays of circular cross-section pillars with decreasing spacing 7, 5, and 3 μm. To pass through the obstacles, the cells are deformed and change their cytoskeletal architecture. The instantaneous migration velocities of cells are monitored in a time-lapse setup of the scanning confocal microscope. Thus, the cellular deformability and migratory activity can easily be evaluated. The functionality of the device was tested with model HeLa cells stably transfected with fluorescent Premo FUCCI Cell Cycle Sensor. The designed device has the potential to be implemented for testing the tendency of patients' tumors to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Ledvina
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klepárník
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Legartová
- Institute of the Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Bártová
- Institute of the Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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Wang WY, Lin D, Jarman EH, Polacheck WJ, Baker BM. Functional angiogenesis requires microenvironmental cues balancing endothelial cell migration and proliferation. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1153-1166. [PMID: 32100769 PMCID: PMC7328820 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01170f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a complex morphogenetic process that involves intimate interactions between multicellular endothelial structures and their extracellular milieu. In vitro models of angiogenesis can aid in reducing the complexity of the in vivo microenvironment and provide mechanistic insight into how soluble and physical extracellular matrix cues regulate this process. To investigate how microenvironmental cues regulate angiogenesis and the function of resulting microvasculature, we multiplexed an established angiogenesis-on-a-chip platform that affords higher throughput investigation of 3D endothelial cell sprouting emanating from a parent vessel through defined biochemical gradients and extracellular matrix. We found that two fundamental endothelial cell functions, migration and proliferation, dictate endothelial cell invasion as single cells vs. multicellular sprouts. Microenvironmental cues that elicit excessive migration speed incommensurate with proliferation resulted in microvasculature with poor barrier function and an inability to transport fluid across the microvascular bed. Restoring the balance between migration speed and proliferation rate rescued multicellular sprout invasion, providing a new framework for the design of pro-angiogenic biomaterials that guide functional microvasculature formation for regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Y Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA.
| | - Daphne Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA.
| | - Evan H Jarman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA.
| | - William J Polacheck
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514 USA
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA.
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Bakal C, Sero J. The forces of cancer. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190103. [PMID: 31431173 PMCID: PMC6627019 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bakal
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Julia Sero
- University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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