1
|
Li N, Wang B, Huang Y, Huang Q, Jiao F, An S. Response of cbbL-harboring microorganisms to precipitation changes in a naturally-restored grassland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156191. [PMID: 35618124 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the long-term uneven precipitation distribution model on the diversity and community composition of soil C-fixing microorganisms in arid and semiarid grasslands remains unclear. In 2015, we randomly set up five experimental plots with precipitation gradients on the natural restoration grassland of the Loess Plateau (natural precipitation, NP; ± 40% natural precipitation: decreased precipitation (DP), DP40; increased precipitation (IP), IP40; ± 80% natural precipitation: DP80; IP80). In the third and fifth years after the experimental layout (spanned two years), we explored the cbbL-genes, which are functional genes in the Calvin cycle, harboring microbial diversity and community composition under different precipitation treatments. The results showed that the increase in mean annual precipitation significantly changed the cbbL-harboring microbial alpha diversity, especially when controlling for 40% natural precipitation. The response of the dominant microbial communities to interannual increased precipitation variation shifted from Gammaproteobacteria (Bradyrhizobium) to Betaproteobacteria (Variovorax). The structural equation model showed that precipitation directly affected the cbbL-harboring microbial diversity and community composition and indirectly by affecting soil NO3- (mg N kg -1), soil organic matter, dissolved organic N content, and above- and underground biomass. In conclusion, studying how cbbL-harboring microbial diversity and community composition respond to uneven precipitation variability provides new insights into the ecological processes of C-fixing microbes in semi-arid naturally-restored grasslands dominated by the Calvin cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Baorong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yimei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Shaoshan An
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shan J, Tian X, Guan C, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Chen S. Effect of Copper Ion Sterilization on Bacterial Community in a Freshwater Recirculating Aquaculture System. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:58. [PMID: 34982237 PMCID: PMC8727413 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the safety of copper ion sterilization based on copper ion residues in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio), as well as bacterial community structure and diversity in recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs). The copper ion content was determined using national food safety standard GB 5009.13-2017. Bacterial community structures and alpha and beta diversity indexes were examined using the 16S rRNA gene sequences produced by Illumina HiSeq sequencing. The results revealed no significant copper ion enrichment in B. rerio when the copper ion concentration was 0.15 mg/L. The relative abundances of Erythrobacter, nitrite bacteria, and Flavanobacteria were clearly higher in the treatment group than in the control and differences in bacterial species richness and diversity were obvious. In addition, there was no sharp decrease in the microflora at the outflow of the copper ion generator. In conjunction with the changes in ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, and nitrite concentrations during the experiment, the results indicated that there were no significant effects on the purification efficacy of the biological filter, but the abundances of beneficial bacteria increased significantly. This is of great relevance in order to understand the response of bacterial communities affected by changing environmental conditions, such as copper ion sterilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Shan
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoqing Tian
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongwu Guan
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulei Zhang
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Chen
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu J, Hong Y, Wei Y, Gu JD, Wu J, Wang Y, Ye F, Lin JG. Nitrification mainly driven by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in an anammox-inoculated wastewater treatment system. AMB Express 2021; 11:158. [PMID: 34837527 PMCID: PMC8627542 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process has been acknowledged as an environmentally friendly and time-saving technique capable of achieving efficient nitrogen removal. However, the community of nitrification process in anammox-inoculated wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has not been elucidated. In this study, ammonia oxidation (AO) and nitrite oxidation (NO) rates were analyzed with the incubation of activated sludge from Xinfeng WWTPs (Taiwan, China), and the community composition of nitrification communities were investigated by high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that both AO and NO had strong activity in the activated sludge. The average rates of AO and NO in sample A were 6.51 µmol L−1 h−1 and 6.52 µmol L−1 h−1, respectively, while the rates in sample B were 14.48 µmol L−1 h−1 and 14.59 µmol L−1 h−1, respectively. The abundance of the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) Nitrospira was 0.89–4.95 × 1011 copies/g in both samples A and B, the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was 1.01–9.74 × 109 copies/g. In contrast, the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) was much lower than AOB, only with 1.28–1.53 × 105 copies/g in samples A and B. The AOA community was dominated by Nitrosotenuis, Nitrosocosmicus, and Nitrososphaera, while the AOB community mainly consisted of Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus. The dominant species of Nitrospira were Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii, Candidatus Nitrospira Ecomare2 and Nitrospira inopinata. In summary, the strong nitrification activity was mainly catalyzed by AOB and Nitrospira, maintaining high efficiency in nitrogen removal in the anammox-inoculated WWTPs by providing the substrates required for denitrification and anammox processes.
Collapse
|
4
|
Li P, Zheng T, Li L, Ma Y, Sun X, Liu J. An appropriate technique for treating rural wastewater by a flow step feed system driven by wind-solar hybrid power. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 187:109651. [PMID: 32422485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most rural wastewater treatment facilities require aeration equipment to ensure sufficient dissolved oxygen (DO) during processing. Operation and maintenance are costly, and cannot be met in many areas with poor economic levels. This has led to further deterioration of the rural water environment and aroused much attention. This work reports a plug-flow step feed system utilizing wind and solar hybrid energy for rural wastewater treatment. Under certain climatic conditions, the wind energy and solar energy provided complimentary power generation, and an automatic control system (without batteries) was constructed. The corresponding control logic for multi-energy level operation was developed. Furthermore, the power generation efficiency of the system, the pollutant removal, and its mechanism on the bioreactor were also analyzed. According to the monitoring of meteorological conditions, wind and solar resources at the test site were abundant, and the electricity generated by the power generation was sufficient to meet the operational needs of the equipment. Energy efficiency can reach 80.0%. The characteristics of pollutant removal in each process section were studied on spatial and temporal dimensions. Results showed that the wastewater treatment process reached mean removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (CODcr), NH4+-N, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were 90.2%, 94.3%, 61.4% and 63.1%, respectively. Analyses of microbial community richness and group changes in each anoxic/aerobic reaction chamber in the biofilm reactor showed that the population structure was relatively stable and that there were abundant functional bacteria capable of degrading pollutants in each aerobic and anoxic unit. This system can thus be a more sustainable treatment process than traditional techniques used for rural wastewater treatment, providing a new design approach for low-energy consumption and unattended rural wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Tianlong Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yingqun Ma
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.
| | - Xu Sun
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Urban Ecosystem Research Station, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Junxin Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eva S. Longterm Monitoring of Nitrification and Nitrifying Communities during Biofilter Activation of Two Marine Recirculation Aquaculture Systems (RAS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.17352/2455-8400.000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
6
|
How Changes in Anti-SD Sequences Would Affect SD Sequences in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:1607-1615. [PMID: 28364038 PMCID: PMC5427494 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.039305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The 3' end of the small ribosomal RNAs (ssu rRNA) in bacteria is directly involved in the selection and binding of mRNA transcripts during translation initiation via well-documented interactions between a Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence located upstream of the initiation codon and an anti-SD (aSD) sequence at the 3' end of the ssu rRNA. Consequently, the 3' end of ssu rRNA (3'TAIL) is strongly conserved among bacterial species because a change in the region may impact the translation of many protein-coding genes. Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis differ in their 3' ends of ssu rRNA, being GAUCACCUCCUUA3' in E. coli and GAUCACCUCCUUUCU3' or GAUCACCUCCUUUCUA3' in B. subtilis Such differences in 3'TAIL lead to species-specific SDs (designated SDEc for E. coli and SDBs for B. subtilis) that can form strong and well-positioned SD/aSD pairing in one species but not in the other. Selection mediated by the species-specific 3'TAIL is expected to favor SDBs against SDEc in B. subtilis, but favor SDEc against SDBs in E. coli Among well-positioned SDs, SDEc is used more in E. coli than in B. subtilis, and SDBs more in B. subtilis than in E. coli Highly expressed genes and genes of high translation efficiency tend to have longer SDs than lowly expressed genes and genes with low translation efficiency in both species, but more so in B. subtilis than in E. coli Both species overuse SDs matching the bolded part of the 3'TAIL shown above. The 3'TAIL difference contributes to the host specificity of phages.
Collapse
|
7
|
Stempfhuber B, Richter-Heitmann T, Regan KM, Kölbl A, Wüst PK, Marhan S, Sikorski J, Overmann J, Friedrich MW, Kandeler E, Schloter M. Spatial Interaction of Archaeal Ammonia-Oxidizers and Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria in an Unfertilized Grassland Soil. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1567. [PMID: 26834718 PMCID: PMC4722141 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interrelated successive transformation steps of nitrification are performed by distinct microbial groups - the ammonia-oxidizers, comprising ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), and nitrite-oxidizers such as Nitrobacter and Nitrospira, which are the dominant genera in the investigated soils. Hence, not only their presence and activity in the investigated habitat is required for nitrification, but also their temporal and spatial interactions. To demonstrate the interdependence of both groups and to address factors promoting putative niche differentiation within each group, temporal and spatial changes in nitrifying organisms were monitored in an unfertilized grassland site over an entire vegetation period at the plot scale of 10 m(2). Nitrifying organisms were assessed by measuring the abundance of marker genes (amoA for AOA and AOB, nxrA for Nitrobacter, 16S rRNA gene for Nitrospira) selected for the respective sub-processes. A positive correlation between numerically dominant AOA and Nitrospira, and their co-occurrence at the same spatial scale in August and October, suggests that the nitrification process is predominantly performed by these groups and is restricted to a limited timeframe. Amongst nitrite-oxidizers, niche differentiation was evident in observed seasonally varying patterns of co-occurrence and spatial separation. While their distributions were most likely driven by substrate concentrations, oxygen availability may also have played a role under substrate-limited conditions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed temporal shifts in Nitrospira community composition with an increasing relative abundance of OTU03 assigned to sublineage V from August onward, indicating its important role in nitrite oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Stempfhuber
- Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Kathleen M Regan
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany
| | - Angelika Kölbl
- Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Technische Universität München Freising, Germany
| | - Pia K Wüst
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Marhan
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Sikorski
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörg Overmann
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Ellen Kandeler
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Matos M, Pereira MA, Parpot P, Brito AG, Nogueira R. Influence of tetracycline on the microbial community composition and activity of nitrifying biofilms. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:295-302. [PMID: 25127228 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims to evaluate the bacterial composition and activity (carbon and nitrogen removal) of nitrifying biofilms exposed to 50 μg L(-1) of tetracycline. The tetracycline removal efficiency and the occurrence of tetracycline resistance (tet) genes were also studied. Two sequencing batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) fed with synthetic wastewater were operated without (SBBR1) and with (SBBR2) the antibiotic. Both SBBRs showed similar organic matter biodegradation and nitrification activity. Tetracycline removal was about 28% and biodegradation was probably the principal removal mechanism of the antibiotic. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the bacterial community showed shifts leading to not only the fading of some ribotypes, but also the emergence of new ones in the biofilm with tetracycline. The study of the tet genes showed that tet(S) was only detected in the biofilm with tetracycline, suggesting a relationship between its occurrence and the presence of the antibiotic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Matos
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Maria A Pereira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Pier Parpot
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - António G Brito
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute of Agronomy, Department of Biosystems Sciences and Engineering, University of Lisbon, Tapada da ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Regina Nogueira
- ISAH - Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management, University of Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wertz S, Leigh AKK, Grayston SJ. Effects of long-term fertilization of forest soils on potential nitrification and on the abundance and community structure of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 79:142-54. [PMID: 22066501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest fertilization in British Columbia is increasing, to alleviate timber shortfalls resulting from the mountain pine beetle epidemic. However, fertilization effects on soil microbial communities, and consequently ecosystem processes, are poorly understood. Fertilization has contrasting effects on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea (AOB and AOA) in grassland and agricultural ecosystems, but there are no studies on AOB and AOA in forests. We assessed the effect of periodic (6-yearly application 200 kg N ha⁻¹) and annual (c. 75 kg N ha⁻¹) fertilization of lodgepole pine and spruce stands at five long-term maximum productivity sites on potential nitrification (PN), and the abundance and diversity of AOB, AOA and Nitrobacter and Nitrospira-like nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Fertilization increased AOB and Nitrobacter-like NOB abundances at some sites, but did not influence AOA and Nitrospira-like NOB abundances. AOB and Nitrobacter-like NOB abundances were correlated with PN and soil nitrate concentration; no such correlations were observed for AOA and Nitrospira-like NOB. Autotrophic nitrification dominated (55–97%) in these forests and PN rates were enhanced for up to 2 years following periodic fertilization. More changes in community composition between control and fertilized plots were observed for AOB and Nitrobacter-like NOB than AOA. We conclude that fertilization causes rapid shifts in the structure of AOB and Nitrobacter-like NOB communities that dominate nitrification in these forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Wertz
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dhanasiri A, Kiron V, Fernandes J, Bergh Ø, Powell M. Novel application of nitrifying bacterial consortia to ease ammonia toxicity in ornamental fish transport units: trials with zebrafish. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:278-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Attard E, Poly F, Commeaux C, Laurent F, Terada A, Smets BF, Recous S, Roux XL. Shifts betweenNitrospira- andNitrobacter-like nitrite oxidizers underlie the response of soil potential nitrite oxidation to changes in tillage practices. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12:315-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Sanguin H, Sarniguet A, Gazengel K, Moënne-Loccoz Y, Grundmann GL. Rhizosphere bacterial communities associated with disease suppressiveness stages of take-all decline in wheat monoculture. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:694-707. [PMID: 19732350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The decline of take-all disease (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici), which may take place during wheat monocropping, involves plant-protecting, root-colonizing microorganisms. So far, however, most work has focused on antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads. Our objective was to assess the changes in rhizobacterial community composition during take-all decline of field-grown wheat. The study was based on the development and utilization of a taxonomic 16S rRNA-based microarray of 575 probes, coupled with cloning-sequencing and quantitative PCR. Plots from one experimental field grown with wheat for 1 yr (low level of disease), 5 yr (high level of disease) or 10 yr (low level of disease, suppressiveness reached) were used. Microarray data discriminated between the three stages. The outbreak stage (5 yr) was mainly characterized by the prevalence of Proteobacteria, notably Pseudomonas (Gammaproteobacteria), Nitrosospira (Betaproteobacteria), Rhizobacteriaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Phyllobacteriaceae (Alphaproteobacteria), as well as Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia. By contrast, suppressiveness (10 yr) correlated with the prevalence of a broader range of taxa, which belonged mainly to Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Nitrospira, Chloroflexi, Alphaproteobacteria (notably Azospirillum) and Firmicutes (notably Thermoanaerobacter). In conclusion, take-all decline correlated with multiple changes in rhizobacterial community composition, far beyond the sole case of pseudomonads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Sanguin
- Université de Lyon, F-69003, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - A Sarniguet
- INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université Rennes 1, UMR 1099 BiO3P 'Biologie des Organismes et des Populations appliquée à la Protection des Plantes', F-35653 Le Rheu, France
| | - K Gazengel
- INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université Rennes 1, UMR 1099 BiO3P 'Biologie des Organismes et des Populations appliquée à la Protection des Plantes', F-35653 Le Rheu, France
| | - Y Moënne-Loccoz
- Université de Lyon, F-69003, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - G L Grundmann
- Université de Lyon, F-69003, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rivas R, Martens M, de Lajudie P, Willems A. Multilocus sequence analysis of the genus Bradyrhizobium. Syst Appl Microbiol 2009; 32:101-10. [PMID: 19201125 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) for the taxonomy of Bradyrhizobium was assessed. We compared partial sequences for atpD, recA, gyrB, rpoB and dnaK for a set of reference strains representing named species and genospecies, and a number of new isolates from Lupinus albus, Arachis hypogaea and Ornithopus compressus from Spain. The phylogenies of the individual genes were compared with previous DNA-DNA hybridization results. High hybridization values were well reflected, but intermediary hybridization values were less clearly apparent. However, the phylogeny of a concatenated dataset of the five genes did reflect all values and thus is more informative of overall genome similarity. Our results indicate that only for the genes gyrB, rpoB and dnaK there is a small gap between the interspecies sequence similarities and the intraspecies similarity, and therefore cut-off levels for species delineation cannot be set, although high sequence similarity (>99%) does permit identification. In a few instances, a reference strain did not group as expected for one of the five genes tested. This may be a result of horizontal gene transfer and recombination events occasionally involving housekeeping genes. This observation indicates it is best to consider more than one gene for taxonomic inferences. The majority of the new isolates from the three host species was identified as Bradyrhizobium canariense. Four strains from L. albus from León, Spain, formed a separate group close to Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Rivas
- Laboratory of Microbiology (WE10), Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wertz S, Poly F, Le Roux X, Degrange V. Development and application of a PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis tool to study the diversity of Nitrobacter-like nxrA sequences in soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 63:261-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
15
|
Poly F, Wertz S, Brothier E, Degrange V. First exploration of Nitrobacter diversity in soils by a PCR cloning-sequencing approach targeting functional gene nxrA. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 63:132-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
16
|
Vanparys B, Spieck E, Heylen K, Wittebolle L, Geets J, Boon N, De Vos P. The phylogeny of the genus Nitrobacter based on comparative rep-PCR, 16S rRNA and nitrite oxidoreductase gene sequence analysis. Syst Appl Microbiol 2007; 30:297-308. [PMID: 17208402 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Strains of Nitrobacter mediate the second step in the nitrification process by oxidizing nitrite to nitrate. The phylogenetic diversity of the genus is currently not well investigated. In this study, a rep-PCR profile and the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of 30 strains, comprising a wide physiological as well as ecological diversity and encompassing representatives of the four species, were determined. The sequence diversity of the 16S rRNA gene between different species was low, indicating the need for additional phylogenetic markers. Therefore, primers were developed for amplifying the complete nxrX gene and a 380bp fragment of the nxrB1 gene, which are both genes involved in the nitrite oxidation process. These genes confirmed the division into phylogenetic groups revealed by the 16S rRNA gene but showed a better discriminatory power. They can be a valuable additional tool for phylogenetic analysis within the genus Nitrobacter and can assist in the identification of new Nitrobacter isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Vanparys
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Microbiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sanguin H, Herrera A, Oger-Desfeux C, Dechesne A, Simonet P, Navarro E, Vogel TM, Moënne-Loccoz Y, Nesme X, Grundmann GL. Development and validation of a prototype 16S rRNA-based taxonomic microarray for Alphaproteobacteria. Environ Microbiol 2006; 8:289-307. [PMID: 16423016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The microarray approach has been proposed for high throughput analysis of the microbial community by providing snapshots of the microbial diversity under different environmental conditions. For this purpose, a prototype of a 16S rRNA-based taxonomic microarray was developed and evaluated for assessing bacterial community diversity. The prototype microarray is composed of 122 probes that target bacteria at various taxonomic levels from phyla to species (mostly Alphaproteobacteria). The prototype microarray was first validated using bacteria in pure culture. Differences in the sequences of probes and potential target DNAs were quantified as weighted mismatches (WMM) in order to evaluate hybridization reliability. As a general feature, probes having a WMM > 2 with target DNA displayed only 2.8% false positives. The prototype microarray was subsequently tested with an environmental sample, which consisted of an Agrobacterium-related polymerase chain reaction amplicon from a maize rhizosphere bacterial community. Microarray results were compared to results obtained by cloning-sequencing with the same DNA. Microarray analysis enabled the detection of all 16S rRNA gene sequences found by cloning-sequencing. Sequences representing only 1.7% of the clone library were detected. In conclusion, this prototype 16S rRNA-based taxonomic microarray appears to be a promising tool for the analysis of Alphaproteobacteria in complex ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Sanguin
- UMR CNRS 5557/USC INRA 1193 Ecologie Microbienne, Université Claude Bernard (Lyon 1), Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Freitag TE, Chang L, Clegg CD, Prosser JI. Influence of inorganic nitrogen management regime on the diversity of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in agricultural grassland soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 71:8323-34. [PMID: 16332819 PMCID: PMC1317387 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.12.8323-8334.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess links between the diversity of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in agricultural grassland soils and inorganic N fertilizer management, NOB communities in fertilized and unfertilized soils were characterized by analysis of clone libraries and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene fragments. Previously uncharacterized Nitrospira-like sequences were isolated from both long-term-fertilized and unfertilized soils, but DGGE migration patterns indicated the presence of additional sequence types in the fertilized soils. Detailed phylogenetic analysis of Nitrospira-like sequences suggests the existence of one newly described evolutionary group and of subclusters within previously described sublineages, potentially representing different ecotypes; the new group may represent a lineage of noncharacterized Nitrospira species. Clone libraries of Nitrobacter-like sequences generated from soils under different long-term N management regimes were dominated by sequences with high similarity to the rhizoplane isolate Nitrobacter sp. strain PJN1. However, the diversity of Nitrobacter communities did not differ significantly between the two soil types. This is the first cultivation-independent study of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in soil demonstrating that nitrogen management practices influence the diversity of this bacterial functional group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Freitag
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wampler DA, Ensign SA. Photoheterotrophic metabolism of acrylamide by a newly isolated strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:5850-7. [PMID: 16204496 PMCID: PMC1265943 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.10.5850-5857.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide, a neurotoxin and suspected carcinogen, is produced by industrial processes and during the heating of foods. In this study, the microbial diversity of acrylamide metabolism has been expanded through the isolation and characterization of a new strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris capable of growth with acrylamide under photoheterotrophic conditions. The newly isolated strain grew rapidly with acrylamide under photoheterotrophic conditions (doubling time of 10 to 12 h) but poorly under anaerobic dark or aerobic conditions. Acrylamide was rapidly deamidated to acrylate by strain Ac1, and the subsequent degradation of acrylate was the rate-limiting reaction in cell growth. Acrylamide metabolism by succinate-grown cultures occurred only after a lag period, and the induction of acrylamide-degrading activity was prevented by the presence of protein or RNA synthesis inhibitors. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of [1,2,3-13C]acrylamide metabolism by actively growing cultures confirmed the rapid conversion of acrylamide to acrylate but failed to detect any subsequent intermediates of acrylate degradation. Using concentrated cell suspensions containing natural abundance succinate as an additional carbon source, [13C]acrylate consumption occurred with the production and then degradation of [13C]propionate. Although R. palustris strain Ac1 grew well and with comparable doubling times for each of acrylamide, acrylate, and propionate, R. palustris strain CGA009 was incapable of significant acrylamide- or acrylate-dependent growth over the same time course, but grew comparably with propionate. These results provide the first demonstration of anaerobic photoheterotrophic bacterial acrylamide catabolism and provide evidence for a new pathway for acrylate catabolism involving propionate as an intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Wampler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Willems A, Munive A, de Lajudie P, Gillis M. In most Bradyrhizobium groups sequence comparison of 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions corroborates DNA-DNA hybridizations. Syst Appl Microbiol 2003; 26:203-10. [PMID: 12866847 DOI: 10.1078/072320203322346056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In an extension of a previous small-scale test to assess the use of 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences for rapid grouping of bradyrhizobia, we have sequenced the ITS region of 32 isolates of Bradyrhizobium that had previously been studied using AFLP and DNA-DNA hybridizations. We also included representatives of Afipia and Rhodopseudomonas. Our results indicate that ITS sequences are very diverse among bradyrhizobia. Nevertheless, for most of the bradyrhizobia, the grouping of ITS sequences was in line with AFLP results and DNA-DNA hybridization data. Strains that have at least 95.5% ITS sequence similarity belong to the same genospecies, i.e. they have more than 60% DNA-DNA hybridization values. The ITS sequences can therefore provide a relatively fast way to guide strain identification and aid selection of the reference groups that should be included in DNA-DNA hybridization experiments for precise genotypic identification. The Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from Aeschynomene species showed a much larger diversity in ITS sequences than other bradyrhizobia, possibly as a result of lateral exchange. The above ITS sequence similarity criterion for genospecies therefore does not apply to them, but they can easily be distinguished from other Bradyrhizobium genospecies because they have a distinct tRNA(ala) gene.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Bacterial Typing Techniques/methods
- Bradyrhizobium/classification
- Bradyrhizobium/genetics
- Consensus Sequence
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Phylogeny
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
- Ribotyping
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Species Specificity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Willems
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Dept. Physiology, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Fac. Science, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Khetmalas MB, Egger KN, Massicotte HB, Tackaberry LE, Clapperton MJ. Bacterial diversity associated with subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) ectomycorrhizae following wildfire and salvage-logging in central British Columbia. Can J Microbiol 2002; 48:611-25. [PMID: 12224560 DOI: 10.1139/w02-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effect of fire and salvage logging on the diversity of mycorrhizal-bacterial communities, bacteria associated with Cenococcum, Thelephora, Tomentella, Russulaceae, and E-strain ectomycorrhizae (ECM) of Abies lasiocarpa seedlings were characterized using two approaches. First, bacteria were isolated and characterized by Biolog, gas chromatography fatty acid methyl ester (GC-FAME), and amplified 16S rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). The bacterial communities retrieved from ECM from both sites were dominated by Proteobacteria (groups gamma and beta). Pseudomonas was the most common genus isolated, followed by Variovorax, Burkholderia, and Xanthomonas. Gram-positive isolates (mostly high-G+C Gram-positive bacteria) were more frequently retrieved on the burned-salvaged site, many commonly associated with the two ascomycete ECM, Cenococcum and E-strain. Pseudomonas species were retrieved more frequently from Thelephora. Although actinomycetes were isolated from all sites, almost no actinomycetes or other Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from either Thelephora or Tomentella. Second, amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified directly from root tips and then cloned into the plasmid vector pAMP1, followed by restriction analysis. This technique distinguished more genotypes than isolates retrieved by culturing methods, but generally, results were similar in that the largest proportion of the bacteria were putatively Gram-negative; putative Gram-positive bacteria were fewer and most were from the burned-salvaged site. Direct cloning resulted in many patterns that did not match any identified isolates, suggesting that a large proportion of clones were unique or not culturable by the methods used. Analysis for both protocols showed no significant difference in bacterial diversity between the burned-salvaged and unburned sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhukar B Khetmalas
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, College of Science and Management, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Grundmann GL, Normand P. Microscale diversity of the genus Nitrobacter in soil on the basis of analysis of genes encoding rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:4543-6. [PMID: 11010914 PMCID: PMC92340 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.10.4543-4546.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We looked at the diversity of [NO(2)](-) oxidizers at field scale by examining isolates at clump scale and in microsamples of soil (diameter, 50 microm). The genetic distances (as determined by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis performed with Nitrobacter-specific primers) in a small clump of soil were as large as those between reference strains from large geographical areas. Diversity in individual microsamples was shown by serotyping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G L Grundmann
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR 5557 Université Claude Bernard, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bartosch S, Wolgast I, Spieck E, Bock E. Identification of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria with monoclonal antibodies recognizing the nitrite oxidoreductase. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:4126-33. [PMID: 10473425 PMCID: PMC99750 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.9.4126-4133.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoblot analyses performed with three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognized the nitrite oxidoreductase (NOR) of the genus Nitrobacter were used for taxonomic investigations of nitrite oxidizers. We found that these MAbs were able to detect the nitrite-oxidizing systems (NOS) of the genera Nitrospira, Nitrococcus, and Nitrospina. The MAb designated Hyb 153-2, which recognized the alpha subunit of the NOR (alpha-NOR), was specific for species belonging to the genus Nitrobacter. In contrast, Hyb 153-3, which recognized the beta-NOR, reacted with nitrite oxidizers of the four genera. Hyb 153-1, which also recognized the beta-NOR, bound to members of the genera Nitrobacter and Nitrococcus. The molecular masses of the beta-NOR of the genus Nitrobacter and the beta subunit of the NOS (beta-NOS) of the genus Nitrococcus were identical (65 kDa). In contrast, the molecular masses of the beta-NOS of the genera Nitrospina and Nitrospira were different (48 and 46 kDa). When the genus-specific reactions of the MAbs were correlated with 16S rRNA sequences, they reflected the phylogenetic relationships among the nitrite oxidizers. The specific reactions of the MAbs allowed us to classify novel isolates and nitrite oxidizers in enrichment cultures at the genus level. In ecological studies the immunoblot analyses demonstrated that Nitrobacter or Nitrospira cells could be enriched from activated sludge by using various substrate concentrations. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and electron microscopic analyses confirmed these results. Permeated cells of pure cultures of members of the four genera were suitable for immunofluorescence labeling; these cells exhibited fluorescence signals that were consistent with the location of the NOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bartosch
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Universität Hamburg, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Margheri MC, Bosco M, Giovannetti L, Ventura S. Assessment of the genetic diversity of halotolerant coccoid cyanobacteria using amplified 16S rDNA restriction analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
25
|
Juretschko S, Timmermann G, Schmid M, Schleifer KH, Pommerening-Röser A, Koops HP, Wagner M. Combined molecular and conventional analyses of nitrifying bacterium diversity in activated sludge: Nitrosococcus mobilis and Nitrospira-like bacteria as dominant populations. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:3042-51. [PMID: 9687471 PMCID: PMC106813 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.8.3042-3051.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/1998] [Accepted: 05/27/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacterial populations occurring in the nitrifying activated sludge of an industrial wastewater treatment plant receiving sewage with high ammonia concentrations were studied by use of a polyphasic approach. In situ hybridization with a set of hierarchical 16S rRNA-targeted probes for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria revealed the dominance of Nitrosococcus mobilis-like bacteria. The phylogenetic affiliation suggested by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was confirmed by isolation of N. mobilis as the numerically dominant ammonia oxidizer and subsequent comparative 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) sequence and DNA-DNA hybridization analyses. For molecular fine-scale analysis of the ammonia-oxidizing population, a partial stretch of the gene encoding the active-site polypeptide of ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) was amplified from total DNA extracted from ammonia oxidizer isolates and from activated sludge. However, comparative sequence analysis of 13 amoA clone sequences from activated sludge demonstrated that these sequences were highly similar to each other and to the corresponding amoA gene fragments of Nitrosomonas europaea Nm50 and the N. mobilis isolate. The unexpected high sequence similarity between the amoA gene fragments of the N. mobilis isolate and N. europaea indicates a possible lateral gene transfer event. Although a Nitrobacter strain was isolated, members of the nitrite-oxidizing genus Nitrobacter were not detectable in the activated sludge by in situ hybridization. Therefore, we used the rRNA approach to investigate the abundance of other well-known nitrite-oxidizing bacterial genera. Three different methods were used for DNA extraction from the activated sludge. For each DNA preparation, almost full-length genes encoding small-subunit rRNA were separately amplified and used to generate three 16S rDNA libraries. By comparative sequence analysis, 2 of 60 randomly selected clones could be assigned to the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Nitrospira. Based on these clone sequences, a specific 16S rRNA-targeted probe was developed. FISH of the activated sludge with this probe demonstrated that Nitrospira-like bacteria were present in significant numbers (9% of the total bacterial counts) and frequently occurred in coaggregated microcolonies with N. mobilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Juretschko
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, D-80290 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The microbiology of the biomass from a nitrite-oxidizing sequencing batch reactor (NOSBR) fed with an inorganic salts solution and nitrite as the sole energy source that had been operating for 6 months was investigated by microscopy, by culture-dependent methods, and by molecular biological methods, and the seed sludge that was used to inoculate the NOSBR was investigated by molecular biological methods. The NOSBR sludge comprised a complex and diverse microbial community containing gram-negative and gram-positive rods, cocci, and filaments. By culture-dependent methods (i.e., micromanipulation and sample dilution and spread plate inoculation), 16 heterotrophs (6 gram positive and 10 gram negative) were identified in the NOSBR sludge (RC), but no autotrophs were isolated. 16S ribosomal DNA clone libraries of the two microbial communities revealed that the seed sludge (GC) comprised a complex microbial community dominated by Proteobacteria (29% beta subclass; 18% gamma subclass) and high G + C gram-positive bacteria (10%). Three clones (4%) were closely related to the autotrophic nitrite-oxidizer Nitrospira moscoviensis. The NOSBR sludge was overwhelmingly dominated by bacteria closely related to N. moscoviensis (89%). Two clone sequences were similar to those of the genus Nitrobacter. Near-complete insert sequences of eight RC and one GC N. moscoviensis clone were determined and phylogenetically analyzed. This is the first report of the presence of bacteria from the Nitrospira phylum in wastewater treatment systems, and it is hypothesized that these bacteria are the unknown nitrite oxidizers in these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Burrell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hovanec TA, DeLong EF. Comparative analysis of nitrifying bacteria associated with freshwater and marine aquaria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:2888-96. [PMID: 8702281 PMCID: PMC168074 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.8.2888-2896.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three nucleic acid probes, two for autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the beta subdivision of the class Proteobacteria and one for alpha subdivision nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, were developed and used to study nitrifying bacterial phylotypes associated with various freshwater and seawater aquarium biofilters. Nitrosomonas europaea and related species were detected in all nitrifying seawater systems and accounted for as much as 20% of the total eubacterial rRNA. In contrast, nitrifying bacteria belonging to the beta-proteobacterial subdivision were detected in only two samples from freshwater aquaria showing vigorous nitrification rates. rRNA originating from nitrite-oxidizing alpha subdivision proteobacteria was not detected in samples from either aquarium environment. The data obtained indicate that chemolithotrophic ammonia oxidation in the freshwater aquaria was not due to beta-proteobacterial phylotypes related to members of the genus Nitrosomonas and their close relatives, the organisms usually implicated in freshwater nitrification. It is likely that nitrification in natural environments is even more complex than nitrification in these simple systems and is less well characterized with regard to the microorganisms responsible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A Hovanec
- Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mobarry BK, Wagner M, Urbain V, Rittmann BE, Stahl DA. Phylogenetic probes for analyzing abundance and spatial organization of nitrifying bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:2156-62. [PMID: 8787412 PMCID: PMC167993 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.6.2156-2162.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A hierarchical set of five 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide DNA probes for phylogenetically defined groups of autotrophic ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria was developed for environmental and determinative studies. Hybridization conditions were established for each probe by using temperature dissociation profiles of target and closely related nontarget organisms to document specificity. Environmental application was demonstrated by quantitative slot blot hybridization and whole-cell hybridization of nitrifying activated sludge and biofilm samples. Results obtained with both techniques suggested the occurrence of novel populations of ammonia oxidizers. In situ hybridization experiments revealed that Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas species occurred in clusters and frequently were in contact with each other within sludge flocs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B K Mobarry
- Department of Civil Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3109, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Berben G. Nitrobacter winogradskyi cytochrome c oxidase genes are organized in a repeated gene cluster. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1996; 69:305-15. [PMID: 8836428 DOI: 10.1007/bf00399619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) is one of the components of the electron transport chain by which Nitrobacter, a facultative lithoautotrophic bacterium, recovers energy from nitrite oxidation. The genes encoding the two catalytic core subunits of the enzyme were isolated from a Nitrobacter winogradskyi gene library. Sequencing of one of the 14 cloned DNA segments revealed that the subunit genes are side by side in an operon-like cluster. Remarkably the cluster appears to be present in at least two copies per genome. It extends over a 5-6 kb length including, besides the catalytic core subunit genes, other cytochrome oxidase related genes, especially a heme O synthase gene. Noteworthy is the new kind of gene order identified within the cluster. Deduced sequences for the cytochrome oxidase subunits and for the heme O synthase look closest to their counterparts in other alpha-subdivision Proteobacteria, particularly the Rhizobiaceae. This confirms the phylogenetic relationships established only upon 16S rRNA data. Furthermore, interesting similarities exist between N. winogradskyi and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunits while the heme O synthase sequence gives some new insights about the other similar published alpha-subdivision proteobacterial sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Berben
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Centre de Recherches Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ehrich S, Behrens D, Lebedeva E, Ludwig W, Bock E. A new obligately chemolithoautotrophic, nitrite-oxidizing bacterium, Nitrospira moscoviensis sp. nov. and its phylogenetic relationship. Arch Microbiol 1995; 164:16-23. [PMID: 7646315 DOI: 10.1007/bf02568729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A gram-negative, non-motile, non-marine, nitrite-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from an enrichment culture initiated with a sample from a partially corroded area of an iron pipe of a heating system in Moscow, Russia. The cells were 0.9-2.2 microns x 0.2-0.4 microns in size. They were helical- to vibroid-shaped and often formed spirals with up to three turns 0.8-1.0 micron in width. The organism possessed an enlarged periplasmic space and lacked intracytoplasmic membranes and carboxysomes. The cells tended to excrete extracellular polymers, forming aggregates. The bacterium grew optimally at 39 degrees C and pH 7.6-8.0 in a mineral medium with nitrite as sole energy source and carbon dioxide as sole carbon source. The optimal nitrite concentration was 0.35 mM. Nitrite was oxidized to nitrate stoichiometrically. The doubling time was 12 h in a mineral medium with 7.5 mM nitrite. The cell yield was low; only 0.9 mg protein/l was formed during oxidation of 7.5 mM nitrite. Under anoxic conditions, hydrogen was used as electron donor with nitrate as electron acceptor. Organic matter (yeast extract, meat extract, peptone) supported neither mixotrophic nor heterotrophic growth. At concentrations as low as 0.75 g organic matter/l or higher, growth of nitrite-oxidizing cells was inhibited. The cells contained cytochromes of the b- and c-type. The G+C content of DNA was 56.9 +/- 0.4 mol%. The chemolithoautotrophic nitrite-oxidizer differed from the terrestrial members of the genus Nitrobacter with regard to morphology and substrate range and equaled Nitrospira marina in both characteristics. The isolated bacterium is designated as a new species of the genus Nitrospira.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ehrich
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Universität Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Although the biological conversion of nitrite to nitrate is a well-known process, studies of Nitrobacter populations are hindered by their physiological characteristics. This report describes a new method for detecting and counting Nitrobacter populations in situ with the PCR. Two primers from the 16S rRNA gene were used to generate a 397-bp fragment by amplification of Nitrobacter species DNA. No signal was detected from their phylogenetic neighbors or the common soil bacteria tested. Extraction and purification steps were optimized for minimal loss and maximal purity of soil DNA. The detection threshold and accuracy of the molecular method were determined from soil inoculated with 10, 10(2), or 10(3) Nitrobacter hamburgensis cells per g of soil. Counts were also done by the most-probable-number (MPN)-Griess and fluorescent antibody methods. PCR had a lower detection threshold (10(2) Nitrobacter cells per g of soil) than did the MPN-Griess or fluorescent antibody method. When PCR amplification was coupled with the MPN method, the counting rate reached 65 to 72% of inoculated Nitrobacter cells. Tested on nonsterile soil, this rapid procedure was proved efficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Degrange
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, URA Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1450, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Van Rossum D, Schuurmans FP, Gillis M, Muyotcha A, Van Verseveld HW, Stouthamer AH, Boogerd FC. Genetic and phenetic analyses of Bradyrhizobium strains nodulating peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) roots. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:1599-609. [PMID: 7538280 PMCID: PMC167415 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.4.1599-1609.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Seventeen Bradyrhizobium sp. strains and one Azorhizobium strain were compared on the basis of five genetic and phenetic features: (i) partial sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene (rDNA), (ii) randomly amplified DNA polymorphisms (RAPD) using three oligonucleotide primers, (iii) total cellular protein profiles, (iv) utilization of 21 aliphatic and 22 aromatic substrates, and (v) intrinsic resistances to seven antibiotics. Partial 16S rDNA analysis revealed the presence of only two rDNA homology (i.e., identity) groups among the 17 Bradyrhizobium strains. The partial 16S rDNA sequences of Bradyrhizobium sp. strains form a tight similarity (> 95%) cluster with Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Nitrobacter species, Afipia species, and Blastobacter denitrificans but were less similar to other members of the alpha-Proteobacteria, including other members of the Rhizobiaceae family. Clustering the Bradyrhizobium sp. strains for their RAPD profiles, protein profiles, and substrate utilization data revealed more diversity than rDNA analysis. Intrinsic antibiotic resistance yielded strain-specific patterns that could not be clustered. High rDNA similarity appeared to be a prerequisite, but it did not necessarily lead to high similarity values between RAPD profiles, protein profiles, and substrate utilization. The various relationship structures, coming forth from each of the studied features, had low compatibilities, casting doubt on the usefulness of a polyphasic approach in rhizobial taxonomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Van Rossum
- Department of Microbiology, Vrije Universiteit, BioCentrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Teske A, Alm E, Regan JM, Toze S, Rittmann BE, Stahl DA. Evolutionary relationships among ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:6623-30. [PMID: 7961414 PMCID: PMC197018 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.21.6623-6630.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative 16S rRNA sequencing was used to evaluate phylogenetic relationships among selected strains of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. All characterized strains were shown to be affiliated with the proteobacteria. The study extended recent 16S rRNA-based studies of phylogenetic diversity among nitrifiers by the comparison of eight strains of the genus Nitrobacter and representatives of the genera Nitrospira and Nitrospina. The later genera were shown to be affiliated with the delta subdivision of the proteobacteria but did not share a specific relationship to each other or to other members of the delta subdivision. All characterized Nitrobacter strains constituted a closely related assemblage within the alpha subdivision of the proteobacteria. As previously observed, all ammonia-oxidizing genera except Nitrosococcus oceanus constitute a monophyletic assemblage within the beta subdivision of the proteobacteria. Errors in the 16S rRNA sequences for two strains previously deposited in the databases by other investigators (Nitrosolobus multiformis C-71 and Nitrospira briensis C-128) were corrected. Consideration of physiology and phylogenetic distribution suggested that nitrite-oxidizing bacteria of the alpha and gamma subdivisions are derived from immediate photosynthetic ancestry. Each nitrifier retains the general structural features of the specific ancestor's photosynthetic membrane complex. Thus, the nitrifiers, as a group, apparently are not derived from an ancestral nitrifying phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Teske
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Haurat J, Faure D, Bally R, Normand P. Molecular relationship of an atypical Azospirillum strain 4T to other Azospirillum species. Res Microbiol 1994; 145:633-40. [PMID: 7871242 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(94)90080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA/DNA hybridization, plasmid content and partial 16S rDNA sequence were determined to confirm the relationship between two Azospirillum strains, 4B and 4T, isolated from the same rice rhizosphere. The partial 16S rDNA sequence was determined for 9 strains belonging to 5 Azospirillum species which included Azospirillum lipoferum strains 4B and 4T, and was compared to a set of ribosomal sequences from other bacteria of the alpha subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Four Azospirillum species sequences were found to form a coherent group, whereas A. halopraeferens was found to be more divergent. The five Azospirillum species were closely related to Magnetospirillum and to a lesser extent to Rhodospirillum, with which they share some morphological features. The partial 16S rDNA sequences of the two strains 4B and 4T were identical and confirmed the closeness of these two strains. Plasmid content and DNA/DNA hybridization data (S1 nuclease and delta Tm) grouped Azospirillum strains 4B and 4T with the other strains of species Azospirillum lipoferum (USA5a, 59b, BR17). Other biochemical and genetic characters confirmed the grouping of Azospirillum strains 4B and 4T together with A. lipoferum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Haurat
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, URA CNRS 1450, Université Claude-Bernard-Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|