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Headley SA, Fritzen JTT, Rodriguez MC, Alfieri AA. Quantification of ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 in clinical cases of cattle with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1949-1959. [PMID: 38696038 PMCID: PMC11153457 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2) produces sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), a frequently lethal, lymphoproliferative disease that is characterized by widespread vascular lesions. Most studies that evaluated the viral load in tissues of animals with SA-MCF were done in the Northern Hemisphere, with scant information from the Southern part of the globe. This study investigated the viral load of OvGHV2 in the tissues of cattle and an underdeveloped fetus with SA-MCF from three distinct biomes of Brazil. All animals had clinical and histopathological manifestations consistent with SA-MCF. Molecular testing identified the OvGHV2 tegument protein and glycoprotein B genes in the tissues of all animals and the fetus. Viral quantification based on the DNA polymerase gene detected elevated loads of OvGHV2 in tissues with histopathological evidence of SA-MCF and organs with unknown histological data, except for the tissues of the fetus, where the viral load was comparatively reduced. The viral loads detected in multiple organs of cattle from this study with SA-MCF are consistent with those identified in different animal species from the USA and Europe. The detection of a low viral load of OvGHV2 in fetal tissue confirmed transplacental dissemination since elevated viral loads were detected in multiple tissues of the cow with SA-MCF. Furthermore, the elevated viral loads detected in the pulmonary tissues of cattle with interstitial pneumonia indicate that OvGHV2 is an inductor of pulmonary disease in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory (LAMSA), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Torres Tomazi Fritzen
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Constanza Rodriguez
- Marcos Enrietti Diagnostic Center, Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Paraná (ADAPAR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory (LAMSA), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Oğuzoğlu TÇ, Salar S, Adıgüzel E, Demirden C, Ülgenalp O. Detection and characterisation of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever infection from ruminants by using tegument and gB gene sequences of OvHV-2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 87:e1-e4. [PMID: 33179949 PMCID: PMC7670032 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v87i1.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, positive blood and organ samples were obtained from different mixed herds of sheep and cattle against ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) infection. Target-positive DNA was sequenced and compared with worldwide distributed OvHV-2 sequences. Tegument gene (422 base pairs) and glycoprotein B (gB) gene (2800 base pairs) amplicons of OvHV-2 genome were used for understanding of epidemiology of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) infection in Turkey. The results of nucleotide sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products indicated presence of sheep-associated form for MCF infection in Turkey. Although the obtained sequences were genetically different from each other, it was found that genetic variations were limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Ç Oğuzoğlu
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara.
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Doboro FA, Njiro S, Sibeko-Matjila K, Van Vuuren M. Molecular Analysis of South African Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Strains Based on Selected Glycoprotein and Tegument Genes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147019. [PMID: 27002629 PMCID: PMC4803344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), is the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), a generally fatal disease of cattle and other captive wild ruminants. Information on the OvHV-2 strains circulating in South Africa (SA) and other African countries with regard to genetic structure and diversity, and pattern of distribution is not available. This study aimed to characterize the OvHV-2 strains circulating in SA using selected genes encoding glycoproteins and tegument proteins. To establish the genetic diversity of OvHV-2 strains, four genes, Ov 7, Ov 8 ex2, ORF 27 and ORF 73 were selected for analysis by PCR and DNA sequencing. Nucleotide and amino acid multiple sequence analyses revealed two genotypes for ORF 27 and ORF 73, and three genotypes for Ov 7 and Ov 8 ex2, randomly distributed throughout the regions. Ov 7 and ORF 27 nucleotide sequence analysis revealed variations that distinguished SA genotypes from those of reference OvHV-2 strains. Epitope mapping analysis showed that mutations identified from the investigated genes are not likely to affect the functions of the gene products, particularly those responsible for antibody binding activities associated with B-cell epitopes. Knowledge of the extent of genetic diversity existing among OvHV-2 strains has provided an understanding on the distribution patterns of OvHV-2 strains or genotypes across the regions of South Africa. This can facilitate the management of SA-MCF in SA, in terms of introduction of control measures or safe practices to monitor and control OvHV-2 infection. The products encoded by the Ov 7, Ov 8 ex2 and ORF 27 genes are recommended for evaluation of their coded proteins as possible antigens in the development of an OvHV-2 specific serodiagnostic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulufhelo Amanda Doboro
- Molecular Epidemiology and Diagnostics programme, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen Njiro
- Food, feed & Veterinary Public Health Programme, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kgomotso Sibeko-Matjila
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Moritz Van Vuuren
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
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Premkrishnan GN, Sood R, Hemadri D, Chanu KV, Khandia R, Bhat S, Dimri U, Bhatia S. Cross-sectional study indicates nearly a quarter of sheep population in Karnataka state of India is infected with ovine herpesvirus 2. Virusdisease 2015; 26:180-8. [PMID: 26396985 PMCID: PMC4571589 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In a cross-sectional study, prevalence of ovine herpesvirus 2 (family: Herpesviridae, subfamily: Gammaherpesvirinae, genus Macavirus and species: Ovine herpesvirus 2) infection was estimated in sheep population of Karnataka state in India. Based on the three stage cluster sampling method, whole blood samples (356) of sheep were collected from 11 sheep-dense districts of the state. The samples were tested for presence of OvHV-2 genome by recommended hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. The true prevalence of OvHV-2 infection in sheep population of Karnataka was 24.44 %. Of the 11 district surveyed, highest true prevalence of 42.42 % (CI 25.56-59.29) was found in Raichur followed by Tumkur (39.02 %, CI 24.09-53.96). Inverse distance weighted interpolation of prevalence indicated that OvHV-2 prevalence within a given district is not uniform and there are areas of varied prevalence. The nucleotide sequence of the 422 bp DNA fragment, amplified in PCR, matched 99 % with OvHV-2 reference sequence and other sequences reported from India. Grouping of OvHV-2 sequences obtained from Karnataka with those from Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Jammu and Kashmir in the neighbour joining tree indicated a close relationship among the OvHV-2s circulating in India. This is the first study in the country where systematic screening of sheep population of a state for the presence of OvHV-2 infection has been carried out, which indicated a widespread prevalence calling for an urgent need for policy measures to prevent economic losses due to the disease in susceptible cattle and buffalo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. N. Premkrishnan
- />ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - R. Sood
- />ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - D. Hemadri
- />ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
| | - Kh Victoria Chanu
- />ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - R. Khandia
- />ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - S. Bhat
- />ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - U. Dimri
- />Division of Veterinary Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122 India
| | - S. Bhatia
- />ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
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Ossiboff RJ, Raphael BL, Ammazzalorso AD, Seimon TA, Newton AL, Chang TY, Zarate B, Whitlock AL, McAloose D. Three novel herpesviruses of endangered Clemmys and Glyptemys turtles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122901. [PMID: 25875510 PMCID: PMC4398433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rich diversity of the world’s reptiles is at risk due to significant population declines of broad taxonomic and geographic scope. Significant factors attributed to these declines include habitat loss, pollution, unsustainable collection and infectious disease. To investigate the presence and significance of a potential pathogen on populations of critically endangered bog turtles (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) as well sympatric endangered wood (G. insculpta) and endangered spotted (Clemmys guttata) turtles in the northeastern United States, choanal and cloacal swabs collected from 230 turtles from 19 sites in 5 states were screened for herpesvirus by polymerase chain reaction. We found a high incidence of herpesvirus infection in bog turtles (51.5%; 105/204) and smaller numbers of positive wood (5) and spotted (1) turtles. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed three previously uncharacterized alphaherpesviruses. Glyptemys herpesvirus 1 was the predominant herpesvirus detected and was found exclusively in bog turtles in all states sampled. Glyptemys herpesvirus 2 was found only in wood turtles. Emydid herpesvirus 2 was found in a small number of bog turtles and a single spotted turtle from one state. Based on these findings, Glyptemys herpesvirus 1 appears to be a common infection in the study population, whereas Glyptemys herpesvirus 2 and Emydid herpesvirus 2 were not as frequently detected. Emydid herpesvirus 2 was the only virus detected in more than one species. Herpesviruses are most often associated with subclinical or mild infections in their natural hosts, and no sampled turtles showed overt signs of disease at sampling. However, infection of host-adapted viruses in closely related species can result in significant disease. The pathogenic potential of these viruses, particularly Emydid herpesvirus 2, in sympatric chelonians warrants additional study in order to better understand the relationship of these viruses with their endangered hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Ossiboff
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bonnie L. Raphael
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Alyssa D. Ammazzalorso
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Fordham University, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Tracie A. Seimon
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Alisa L. Newton
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Tylis Y. Chang
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian Zarate
- New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, Endangered and Nongame Species Program, Clinton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Alison L. Whitlock
- U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hadley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Denise McAloose
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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Sood R, Khandia R, Bhatia S, Hemadri D, Kumar M, Patil SS, Pateriya AK, Siddiqui A, Kumar MS, Venkatesha MD, Kulkarni DD. Detection and molecular characterization of naturally transmitted sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever in cattle in India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:1037-43. [PMID: 24817424 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a fatal herpesvirus infection of domestic and wild ruminants, with a short and dramatic clinical course characterized primarily by high fever, severe depression, swollen lymph nodes, salivation, diarrhea, dermatitis, neurological disorders, and ocular lesions often leading to blindness. In the present study, fatal clinical cases of sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) were identified in cattle in the state of Karnataka. These cases were initially presented with symptoms of diarrhea, respiratory distress, conjunctivitis, and nasal discharges. Laboratory diagnosis confirmed the detection of ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) genome in the peripheral blood samples of two ailing animals. The blood samples collected subsequently from sheep of the neighboring areas also showed presence of OvHV-2 genome indicating a nidus of infection in the region. The positive test results were further confirmed by nucleotide sequencing of the OIE approved portion of tegument gene as well as complete ORF8 region of the OvHV-2 genome. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequence of the latter region indicated close genetic relationship with other OvHV-2 reported elsewhere in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Sood
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India,
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Identifying the viral genes encoding envelope glycoproteins for differentiation of Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 isolates. Viruses 2013; 5:568-76. [PMID: 23435236 PMCID: PMC3640514 DOI: 10.3390/v5020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpes virus 3 (CyHV-3) diseases have been reported around the world and are associated with high mortalities of koi (Cyprinus carpio). Although little work has been conducted on the molecular analysis of this virus, glycoprotein genes identified in the present study seem to be valuable targets for genetic comparison of this virus. Three envelope glycoprotein genes (ORF25, 65 and 116) of the CyHV-3 isolates from the USA, Israel, Japan and Korea were compared, and interestingly, sequence insertions or deletions were observed in these target regions. In addition, polymorphisms were presented in microsatellite zones from two glycoprotein genes (ORF65 and 116). In phylogenetic tree analysis, the Korean isolate was remarkably distinguished from USA, Israel, Japan isolates. These findings may be suitable for many applications including isolates differentiation and phylogeny studies.
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Machiels B, Lété C, Guillaume A, Mast J, Stevenson PG, Vanderplasschen A, Gillet L. Antibody evasion by a gammaherpesvirus O-glycan shield. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002387. [PMID: 22114560 PMCID: PMC3219721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
All gammaherpesviruses encode a major glycoprotein homologous to the Epstein-Barr virus gp350. These glycoproteins are often involved in cell binding, and some provide neutralization targets. However, the capacity of gammaherpesviruses for long-term transmission from immune hosts implies that in vivo neutralization is incomplete. In this study, we used Bovine Herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) to determine how its gp350 homolog--gp180--contributes to virus replication and neutralization. A lack of gp180 had no impact on the establishment and maintenance of BoHV-4 latency, but markedly sensitized virions to neutralization by immune sera. Antibody had greater access to gB, gH and gL on gp180-deficient virions, including neutralization epitopes. Gp180 appears to be highly O-glycosylated, and removing O-linked glycans from virions also sensitized them to neutralization. It therefore appeared that gp180 provides part of a glycan shield for otherwise vulnerable viral epitopes. Interestingly, this O-glycan shield could be exploited for neutralization by lectins and carbohydrate-specific antibody. The conservation of O-glycosylation sites in all gp350 homologs suggests that this is a general evasion mechanism that may also provide a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Machiels
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Céline Lété
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Antoine Guillaume
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jan Mast
- Department Biocontrole, Research Unit Electron Microscopy, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Philip G. Stevenson
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gillet
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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A novel herpesvirus of the proposed genus Chelonivirus from an asymptomatic bowsprit tortoise (Chersina angulata). J Zoo Wildl Med 2010; 41:353-8. [PMID: 20597234 DOI: 10.1638/2009-0214r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A wild-caught Bowsprit tortoise (Chersina angulata) was received into quarantine and appeared clinically normal. Oral swabs for consensus herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were obtained during routine quarantine, and a novel herpesvirus was identified. Comparative sequence analysis shows that this virus is a member of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae in the proposed genus Chelonivirus. Host/virus co-evolution appears to be common amongst herpesviruses and their hosts, and the most significant disease is typically seen when herpesviruses jump to related host species. Previous studies have found some diversity of herpesviruses in tortoises. This report expands the number of known herpesviruses of tortoises. It is reasonable to expect that there will be significantly different clinical consequences of different tortoise herpesviruses in different species, and that identification of host/virus relationships will aid in clinical management of tortoise collections. Further work is needed to determine the clinical implications of this and other tortoise herpesviruses in different tortoise species.
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Taus NS, Herndon DR, Traul DL, Stewart JP, Ackermann M, Li H, Knowles DP, Lewis GS, Brayton KA. Comparison of ovine herpesvirus 2 genomes isolated from domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and a clinically affected cow (Bos bovis). J Gen Virol 2007; 88:40-45. [PMID: 17170434 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhadinovirus Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. OvHV-2 primarily affects ruminants and has a worldwide distribution. In this study, a composite sequence of OvHV-2 genomic DNA isolated from nasal secretions of sheep experiencing virus-shedding episodes was determined and compared with the sequence of OvHV-2 DNA isolated from a lymphoblastoid cell line derived from a clinically affected cow. The study confirmed the OvHV-2 sequence information determined for the cell line-isolated DNA and showed no apparently significant changes in the OvHV-2 genome during passage through a clinically susceptible species with subsequent maintenance in vitro. Amino acid identity between the predicted open reading frames (ORFs) of the two genomes was 94-100%, except for ORF73, which had an identity of 83%. Polymorphism in ORF73 was due primarily to variability in the G/E-rich repetitive central region of the ORF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi S Taus
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, PO Box 646630, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - David R Herndon
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, PO Box 646630, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Donald L Traul
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, PO Box 646630, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - James P Stewart
- Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Infection and Host Defence, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Hong Li
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, PO Box 646630, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, PO Box 646630, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Gregory S Lewis
- US Sheep Experiment Station, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Dubois, ID, USA
| | - Kelly A Brayton
- Program in Vector-borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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