Microbacterium binotii sp. nov., isolated from human blood

Four new Microbacterium species isolated from seaweeds and reclassification of five Microbacterium species with a proposal of Paramicrobacterium gen. nov. under a genome-based framework of the genus Microbacterium

The taxonomic relationships of 10 strains isolated from seaweeds collected from two beaches in Republic of Korea were studied by sequencing and analyses of 16S rRNA genes and whole genomes. For the construction of a more reliable and robust 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, the authentic and nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences of all the Microbacterium type strains were selected through pairwise comparison of the sequences contained in several public databases including the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). The clustering of the ten study strains into five distinct groups was apparent in this single gene-based phylogenetic tree. In addition, the 16S rRNA gene sequences of a few type strains were shown to be incorrectly listed in LPSN. An overall phylogenomic clustering of the genus Microbacterium was performed with a total of 113 genomes by core genome analysis. As a result, nine major (≥ three type strains) and eight minor (two type strains) clusters were defined mostly at gene support index of 92 and mean intra-cluster OrthoANIu of >80.00%. All of the study strains were assigned to a Microbacterium liquefaciens clade and distributed further into four subclusters in the core genome-based phylogenetic tree. In vitro phenotypic assays for physiological, biochemical, and chemotaxonomic characteristics were also carried out with the ten study strains and seven closely related type strains. Comparison of the overall genomic relatedness indices (OGRI) including OrthoANIu and digital DNA-DNA hybridization supported that the study strains constituted four new species of the genus Microbacterium. In addition, some Microbacterium type strains were reclassified as members of preexisting species. Moreover, some of them were embedded in a new genus of the family Microbacteriaceae based on their distinct separation in the core genome-based phylogenetic tree and amino acid identity matrices. Based on the results here, four new species, namely, Microbacterium aurugineum sp. nov., Microbacterium croceum sp. nov., Microbacterium galbinum sp. nov., and Microbacterium sufflavum sp. nov., are described, along with the proposal of Paramicrobacterium gen. nov. containing five reclassified Microbacterium species from the "Microbacterium agarici clade", with Paramicrobacterium agarici gen. nov., comb. nov. as the type species.

Microbacterium plantarum sp. nov. and Microbacterium thalli sp. nov., two endophytic metal-resistant bacteria isolated from Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don and Prosopis laevigata (Humb. et Bonpl. ex Willd) M.C. Johnston

Four Gram-positive, aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-negative, rod-shaped, motile endophytic bacterial strains, designated NM3R9T, NE1TT3, NE2TL11 and NE2HP2T, were isolated from the inner tissues (leaf and stem) of Sphaeralcea angustifolia and roots of Prosopis laevigata. They were characterized using a polyphasic approach, which revealed that they represent two novel Microbacterium species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the species closest to NE2HP2T was Microbacterium arborescens DSM 20754T (99.6 %) and that closest to NM3R9T, NE2TL11 and NE2TT3 was Microbacterium oleivorans NBRC 103075T (97.4 %). The whole-genome average nucleotide identity value between strain NM3R9T and Microbacterium imperiale DSM 20530T was 90.91 %, and that between strain NE2HP2T and M. arborecens DSM 20754T was 91.03 %. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization showed values of less than 70 % with the type strains of related species. The polar lipids present in both strains included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, glycolipids and unidentified lipids, whereas the major fatty acids included anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0. Whole-cell sugars included mannose, rhamnose and galactose. Strains NM3R9T and NE2HP2T showed physiological characteristics different from those present in closely related Microbacterium species. According to the taxonomic analysis, both strains belong to two novel species. The name Microbacterium plantarum sp. nov. is proposed for strain NE2HP2T (=LMG 30875T=CCBAU 101117T) and Microbacterium thalli sp. nov. for strains NM3R9T (=LMG 30873T=CCBAU 101116T), NE1TT3 (=CCBAU 101114) and NE2TL11 (=CCBAU 101115).

Microbacterium stercoris sp. nov., an indole acetic acid-producing actinobacterium isolated from cow dung

A novel growth-promoting and indole acetic acid-producing strain, designated NEAU-LLB^T, was isolated from cow dung collected from Shangzhi, Heilongjiang Province, PR China. Cells of strain NEAU-LLB^T were Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, aerobic and non-spore-forming. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain NEAU-LLB^T belonged to the genus Microbacterium. Strain NEAU-LLB^T had high 16S rRNA sequence similarities of 98.81 and 98.41 % to Microbacterium paludicola DSM 16915^T and Microbacterium marinilacus DSM 18904^T, and less than 98 % to other members of the genus Microbacterium. Chemotaxonomic characteristics showed that MK-11 and MK-12 were detected as the predominant menaquinones. The peptidoglycan contained glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, ornithine and a small amount of alanine, with ornithine as the diagnostic diamino acid. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified glycolipid. The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_16 : 0 and iso-C_17 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain NEAU-LLB^T was 70.2 mol%. In addition, the average nucleotide identity values between strain NEAU-LLB^T and its reference strains, M. paludicola DSM 16915^T, M. marinilacus DSM 18904^T and M. album SYSU D8007^T, were found to be 81.1, 79.4 and 78.7 %, respectively, and the level of digital DNA-DNA hybridization between them were 23.8, 22.6 and 21.8 %, respectively. Based on the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain NEAU-LLB^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium stercoris sp. nov is proposed, with NEAU-LLB^T (=CCTCC AA 2018028^T=JCM 32660^T) as the type strain.

Isolation and characterization of a heavy metal- and antibiotic-tolerant novel bacterial strain from a contaminated culture plate of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green micro-alga

Background:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green micro-alga, is normally cultured in laboratories in Tris-Acetate Phosphate (TAP), a medium which contains acetate as the sole carbon source. Acetate in TAP can lead to occasional bacterial and fungal contamination. We isolated a yellow-pigmented bacterium from a Chlamydomonas TAP plate. It was named Clip185 based on the Chlamydomonas strain plate it was isolated from. In this article we present our work on the isolation, taxonomic identification and physiological and biochemical characterizations of Clip185. Methods: We measured sensitivities of Clip185 to five antibiotics and performed standard microbiological tests to characterize it. We partially sequenced the 16S rRNA gene of Clip185. We identified the yellow pigment of Clip185 by spectrophotometric analyses. We tested tolerance of Clip185 to six heavy metals by monitoring its growth on Lysogeny Broth (LB) media plates containing 0.5 mM -10 mM concentrations of six different heavy metals. Results: Clip185 is an aerobic, gram-positive rod, oxidase-negative, mesophilic, alpha-hemolytic bacterium. It can ferment glucose, sucrose and mannitol. It is starch hydrolysis-positive. It is very sensitive to vancomycin but resistant to penicillin and other bacterial cell membrane- and protein synthesis-disrupting antibiotics. Clip185 produces a C50 carotenoid, decaprenoxanthin, which is a powerful anti-oxidant with a commercial demand. Decaprenoxanthin production is induced in Clip185 under light. NCBI-BLAST analyses of the partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of Clip185 revealed a 99% sequence identity to that of Microbacterium binotii strain PK1-12M and Microbacterium sp. strain MDP6. Clip185 is able to tolerate toxic concentrations of six heavy metals. Conclusions: Our results show that Clip185 belongs to the genus Microbacterium. In the future, whole genome sequencing of Clip185 will clarify if Clip185 is a new Microbacterium species or a novel strain of Microbacterium binotii, and will reveal its genes involved in antibiotic-resistance, heavy-metal tolerance and regulation of decaprenoxanthin biosynthesis.

Isolation and characterization of a heavy metal- and antibiotic-tolerant novel bacterial strain from a contaminated culture plate of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green micro-alga

Background:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green micro-alga, is normally cultured in laboratories in Tris-Acetate Phosphate (TAP), a medium which contains acetate as the sole carbon source. Acetate in TAP can lead to occasional bacterial and fungal contamination. We isolated a yellow-pigmented bacterium from a Chlamydomonas TAP plate. It was named Clip185 based on the Chlamydomonas strain plate it was isolated from. In this article we present our work on the isolation, taxonomic identification and physiological and biochemical characterizations of Clip185. Methods: We measured sensitivities of Clip185 to five antibiotics and performed standard microbiological tests to characterize it. We partially sequenced the 16S rRNA gene of Clip185. We identified the yellow pigment of Clip185 by spectrophotometric analyses. We tested tolerance of Clip185 to six heavy metals by monitoring its growth on Lysogeny Broth (LB) media plates containing 0.5 mM -10 mM concentrations of six different heavy metals. Results: Clip185 is an aerobic, gram-positive rod, oxidase-negative, mesophilic, alpha-hemolytic bacterium. It can ferment glucose, sucrose and mannitol. It is starch hydrolysis-positive. It is very sensitive to vancomycin but resistant to penicillin and other bacterial cell membrane- and protein synthesis-disrupting antibiotics. Clip185 produces a C50 carotenoid, decaprenoxanthin, which is a powerful anti-oxidant with a commercial demand. Decaprenoxanthin production is induced in Clip185 under light. NCBI-BLAST analyses of the partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of Clip185 revealed a 99% sequence identity to that of Microbacterium binotii strain PK1-12M and Microbacterium sp. strain MDP6. Clip185 is able to tolerate toxic concentrations of six heavy metals. Conclusions: Our results show that Clip185 belongs to the genus Microbacterium. In the future, whole genome sequencing of Clip185 will clarify if Clip185 is a new Microbacterium species or a novel strain of Microbacterium binotii, and will reveal its genes involved in antibiotic-resistance, heavy-metal tolerance and regulation of decaprenoxanthin biosynthesis.

Microbacterium helvum sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from cow dung

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, short rod-shaped strain, NEAU-LLC^T, was isolated from cow dung in Shangzhi City, Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China and identified by a polyphasic taxonomic study. Colonies was light yellow, round, with entire margin. Strain NEAU-LLC^T was grown at 15-45 ℃ and pH 6.0-10.0. NaCl concentration ranged from 0 to 5% (W/V). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of NEAU-LLC^T showed the high similarities with Microbacterium kyungheense JCM 18735^T (98.5%), Microbacterium trichothecenolyticum JCM 1358^T (98.3%) and Microbacterium jejuense JCM 18734^T (98.2%). The whole-cell sugars were glucose, rhamnose and ribose. The menaquinones contained MK-12 and MK-13. Ornithine, glutamic acid, lysine and a small amount of alanine and glycine were the amino acids in the hydrolyzed products of the cell wall. The major fatty acids were iso-C_16:0, iso-C_18:0, anteiso-C_15:0 and anteiso-C_17:0. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified glycolipid. The genome of NEAU-LLC^T was 4,369,375 bp and G + C content is 70.28 mol%. A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization result and some phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that strain NEAU-LLC^T could be distinguished from its closely related strains. Therefore, the strain NEAU-LLC^T was considered to represent a novel species, which was named Microbacterium helvum sp. (Type strain NEAU-LLC^T = CCTCC AA 2018026^T = JCM 32661^T).

Catheter-related bloodstream infection by Microbacterium paraoxydans in a pediatric patient with B-cell precursor acute lymphocytic leukemia: A case report and review of literature on Microbacterium bacteremia

Microbacterium species are coryneform gram-positive rods that are widely distributed in the environment and have been recently recognized as rare pathogens in humans. However, information about the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of Microbacterium species is scarce. We herein reported an 11-year-old girl with acute leukemia who was found to have catheter-related bloodstream infection in her neutropenic phase. Gram-positive bacilli repeatedly grew on the blood cultures and were later confirmed by 16S rRNA analysis as Microbacterium paraoxydans. A literature review found available clinical courses in 21 cases (7 pediatric cases) of Microbacterium spp. bacteremia. Our case and those in literature suggested that Microbacterium spp. bacteremia often occurs in patients with indwelling central venous catheters; the literature review further suggested that removal of central venous catheters is required in most cases and that 16S rRNA sequence was useful in identifying in detail the species of Microbacterium.

Microbacterium ureisolvens sp. nov., isolated from a Yellow River sample

A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, non-motile and short-rod-shaped strain, CFH S00084^T, was isolated from a sediment sample of the Yellow River in Henan Province, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CFH S00084^T clustered within members of Microbacterium and was most closely related to the type strains Microbacterium yannicii JCM 18959^T and Microbacterium arthrosphaerae DSM 22421^T (98.97 % and 98.36 % similarity, respectively). The strain grew optimally at 25-37 °C, at pH 7.0 and in 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The major whole-cell sugars were rhamnose and glucose. The cell-wall peptidoglycan mainly contained glycine, alanine and ornithine. The menaquinones of strain CFH S00084^T were MK-13, MK-12 and MK-11. The major fatty acids detected were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The genome of strain CFH S00084^T was 4.03 Mbp with a G+C content of 70.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between CFH S00084^T and the other species of the genus Microbacterium were found to be low (ANIm <85 %, ANIb <75 % and dDDH <24 %). The phylogenomic analysis provided evidence for clear phylogenetic divergence between strain CFH S00084^T and its closely related type strains. On the basis of the differential physiological properties, chemotaxonomic characteristics and low ANI and dDDH results, strain CFH S00084^T is considered to represent a novel species for which the name Microbacteriumureisolvens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH S00084^T (=KCTC 39802^T=DSM 103157^T).

Microbacterium telephonicum sp. nov., isolated from the screen of a cellular phone

A cultivation-based study of the microbial diversity of cellular phone screens led to the isolation of a Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-endospore-forming bacterium, designated S2T63^T, exhibiting phenotypic and genotypic characteristics unique to the type strains of closely related species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain is a member of Microbacterium, and most closely related to Microbacterium aurantiacum IFO 15234^T and Microbacterium kitamiense Kitami C2^T. The DNA-DNA relatedness values of the strain S2T63^T to M. aurantiacum KACC 20510^T, M. kitamiense KACC 20514^Tand Microbacterium laevaniformans KACC 14463^T were 65 % (±4), 29.5 % (±3) and 55.9 % (±4), respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was 71.8 mol%. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified polar lipids. The peptidoglycan contained the amino acids glycine, lysine, alanine and glutamic acid, with substantial amounts of hydroxy glutamic acid detected, which is characteristic of peptidoglycan type B1α. The predominant menaquinones were MK-12 and MK-13. Rhamnose, fucose and galactose were the whole-cell sugars detected. The strain also showed biofilm production, estimated by using crystal violet assay. Based on the results of the phenotypic and genotypic characterizations, it was concluded that the new strain represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacteriumtelephonicum is proposed, with S2T63T (=MCC 2967^T=KACC 18715^T=LMG 29293^T) as the type strain.

Psychrobacter pasteurii and Psychrobacter piechaudii sp. nov., two novel species within the genus Psychrobacter

Six Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, non-pigmented, oxidase- and catalase-positive bacterial strains were deposited in 1972, in the Collection of the Institut Pasteur (CIP), Paris, France. The strains, previously identified as members of the genus Moraxella on the basis of their phenotypic and biochemical characteristics, were placed within the genus Psychrobacter based on the results from comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies. Their closest phylogenetic relatives were Psychrobacter sanguinis CIP 110993T, Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus CIP 82.27T and Psychrobacter lutiphocae CIP 110018T. The DNA G+C contents were between 42.1 and 42.7 mol%. The predominant fatty acids were C18 : 1ω9c, C16 : 0, C12 : 0 3-OH, and C18 : 0. Average nucleotide identity between the six strains and their closest phylogenetic relatives, as well as their phenotypic characteristics, supported the assignment of these strains to two novel species within the genus Psychrobacter. The proposed names for these strains are Psychrobacter pasteurii sp. nov., for which the type strain is A1019T (=CIP 110853T=CECT 9184T), and Psychrobacter piechaudii sp. nov., for which the type strain is 1232T (=CIP110854T=CECT 9185T).

Draft Genome Sequence of Microbacterium oleivorans Strain A9, a Bacterium Isolated from Chernobyl Radionuclide-Contaminated Soil

Here, we present the draft genome sequence of Microbacterium oleivorans strain A9, a uranium-tolerant actinobacterium which has been isolated from radionuclide-contaminated soil from the Chernobyl exclusion zone. It is composed of 22 contigs totaling 2,954,335 bp and contains 2,813 coding DNA sequences, one cluster of rRNA genes, and 45 tRNA genes.

Microbacterium rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from a Ginseng field, South Korea

A novel Gram-stain positive, aerobic, short rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium, designated strain CHO1^T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil from a ginseng agriculture field. Strain CHO1^T was observed to form yellow colonies on R2A agar medium. The cell wall peptidoglycan was found to contain alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, D-ornithine and serine. The cell wall sugars were identified as galactose, mannose, rhamnose and ribose. Strain CHO1^T was found to contain MK-11, MK-12, MK-13 as the predominant menaquinones and anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, and anteiso-C_17:0 as the major fatty acids. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoglycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and three unidentified glycolipids were found to be present in strain CHO1^T. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CHO1^T was found to be closely related to Microbacterium mangrovi DSM 28240^T (97.81 % similarity), Microbacterium immunditiarum JCM 14034^T (97.45 %), Microbacterium oryzae JCM 16837^T (97.33 %) and Microbacterium ulmi KCTC 19363^T (97.10 %) and to other species of the genus Microbacterium. The DNA G+C content of CHO1^T was determined to be 70.1 mol %. The DNA-DNA hybridization values of CHO1^T with M. mangrovi DSM 28240^T, M. immunditiarum JCM 14034^T, M. oryzae JCM 16837^T and M. ulmi KCTC 19363^T were 46.7 ± 2, 32.4 ± 2, 32.0 ± 2 and 29.2 ± 2 %, respectively. On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic and phylogenetic properties, it is concluded that strain CHO1^T represents a novel species within the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of M. rhizosphaerae is CHO1^T (= KEMB 7306-513^T = JCM 31396^T).

Paenibacillus faecis sp. nov., isolated from human faeces

A spore-forming, rod-shaped Gram-strain-positive bacterium, strain 656.84T, was isolated from human faeces in 1984. It contained anteiso-C15 : 0 as the major cellular fatty acid, meso-diaminopimelic acid was found in the cell wall peptidoglycan, the polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and aminophospholipids as the major components, and the predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The DNA G+C content was 52.9 mol%. The results of comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies placed strain 656.84T within the genus Paenibacillus. Its closest phylogenetic relatives were Paenibacillus barengoltzii and Paenibacillus timonensis. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 656.84T and Paenibacillus timonensis CIP 108005T and Paenibacillus barengoltzii CIP 109354T were 17.3 % and 36.8 %, respectively, indicating that strain 656.84T represents a distinct species. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic results, strain 656.84T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus faecis sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is 656.84T ( = DSM 23593T = CIP 101062T).

Microbacterium enclense sp. nov., isolated from sediment sample

A novel bacterium (strain NIO-1002(T)) belonging to the genus Microbacterium was isolated from a marine sediment sample in Chorao Island, Goa Province, India. Its morphology, physiology, biochemical features and 16S rRNA gene sequence were characterized. Cells of this strain were Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming rods that formed yellow-pigmented colonies. It grew in 0-12% (w/v) NaCl and at 25-37 °C, with optimal growth at 30 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NIO-1002(T) is associated with members of the genus Microbacterium, with highest sequence similarity with Microbacterium hominis CIP 105731(T) (98.1%) and Microbacterium testaceum KCTC 9103(T) (98.0%). Within the phylogenetic tree, this novel strain shared a branching point with M. hominis CIP 105731(T). The DNA G+C content was 66.5 mol% and DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness between NIO-1002(T), M. hominis CIP 105731(T) and M. testaceum KCTC 9103(T) was 39.0 ± 2.0% and 41.0 ± 2.0%, respectively. The major fatty acids were ai-C15 : 0, i-C16 : 0 and ai-C17 : 0 and the diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan of NIO-1002(T) was lysine. Data obtained from DNA-DNA hybridization and chemotaxonomic phenotypic analysis support the conclusion that strain NIO-1002(T) represents a novel species within the genus Microbacterium. The name Microbacterium enclense sp. nov. is proposed, with NIO-1002(T) ( = NCIM 5454(T) = DSM 25125(T) = CCTCC AB 2011120(T)) as the type strain.

Microbacterium populi sp. nov., isolated from Populus×euramericana bark

Five non-spore-forming, aerobic and Gram-stain-positive bacterial strains, 10-107-8(T), 1C-4, NHI3_6, 4107_1_2, and 3D-3, were isolated from Populus × euramericana bark collected in Puyang City, Henan Province, PR China. The isolates grew at 15-40 °C and pH 5-10. The optimum temperature and pH for growth were 30 °C and pH 8.0, respectively. Chemotaxonomic features included MK-10 and MK-11 as major menaquinones (type strain); predominating iso- and anteiso-branched cellular fatty acids; diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol as major polar lipids (type strain); ornithine as the principal diamino acid of the cell-wall peptidoglycan (type strain); glycolyl type as cell-wall acyl type; and DNA G+C content of 66.8-67.6 mol%. These features were consistent with classification in the genus Microbacterium . Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence data indicated that the five isolates belonged to the genus Microbacterium and were closely related to Microbacterium halotolerans . A high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.97% to M. halotolerans YIM 70130(T) was observed. The five isolates showed less than 96.20% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the other species of the genus Microbacterium with validly published names. DNA-DNA relatedness of the five isolates with M. halotolerans JCM 13013(T) ranged from 35.62% to 44.36%. Considering the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and the physiological and biochemical characteristics, we propose that the five strains should be assigned to a novel species of the genus Microbacterium . The name proposed for the five strains is Microbacterium populi sp. nov., and the type strain is 10-107-8(T) ( =CFCC 11275(T) =KCTC 29152(T)).

Bacteremia caused by Microbacterium binotii in a patient with sickle cell anemia

Microbacterium species are non-spore-forming, Gram-positive rods rarely associated with human disease. In this report, we describe the first case of bacteremia caused by Microbacterium binotii in a patient with sickle cell anemia. The utility of using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis along with phenotypic methods for identification is shown.

Microbacterium lemovicicum sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from a natural uranium-rich soil

An actinobacterial strain, designated ViU22T, was isolated from a natural uranium-rich soil and was studied using a polyphasic approach. Cells formed orange-pigmented colonies, were rod-shaped, Gram-positive (non-staining method), non-motile and non-spore-forming. This organism grew in 0–4.5 % (w/v) NaCl and at 15–37 °C, with optimal growth occurring in 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl and at 30 °C. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strain ViU22T belonged to the genus Microbacterium . It exhibited highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strains of Microbacterium testaceum (98.14 %) and Microbacterium binotii (98.02 %). The DNA–DNA relatedness of strains ViU22T with the most closely related type strains Microbacterium testaceum and Microbacterium binotii DSM 19164T was 20.10 % (±0.70) and 28.05 % (±0.35), respectively. Strain ViU22T possessed a type B2β peptidoglycan with partial substitution of glutamic acid by 3-hydroxy glutamic acid. The major menaquinones were MK-11 and MK-12. Major polar lipids detected in the strain ViU22T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unknown phospholipid and unknown glycolipids. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0, a pattern reported for other Microbacterium species. The major cell-wall sugars were galactose, xylose and mannose and the DNA G+C content was 71 mol%. Together, the DNA–DNA hybridization results and the differentiating phenotypic characteristics, showed that strain ViU22T should be classified as the type strain of a novel species within the genus Microbacterium , for which the name Microbacterium lemovicicum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ViU22T ( = ATCC BAA-2396T = CCUG 62198T = DSM 25044T).

Dandruff is associated with disequilibrium in the proportion of the major bacterial and fungal populations colonizing the scalp

The bacterial and fungal communities associated with dandruff were investigated using culture-independent methodologies in the French subjects. The major bacterial and fungal species inhabiting the scalp subject’s were identified by cloning and sequencing of the conserved ribosomal unit regions (16S for bacterial and 28S-ITS for fungal) and were further quantified by quantitative PCR. The two main bacterial species found on the scalp surface were Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, while Malassezia restricta was the main fungal inhabitant. Dandruff was correlated with a higher incidence of M. restricta and S. epidermidis and a lower incidence of P. acnes compared to the control population (p<0.05). These results suggested for the first time using molecular methods, that dandruff is linked to the balance between bacteria and fungi of the host scalp surface.

Lactobacillus pasteurii sp. nov. and Lactobacillus hominis sp. nov

Strains 1517T and 61DT were characterized by phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods. These Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria were homo-fermentative, facultatively anaerobic short rods. They were phylogenetically related to the genus Lactobacillus according to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, with 99 % similarity between strain 1517T and the type strain of Lactobacillus gigeriorum , and 98.6, 98.5 and 98.4 % between strain 61DT and Lactobacillus gasseri , Lactobacillus taiwanensis and Lactobacillus johnsonii , respectively. Multilocus sequence analysis and metabolic analysis of both strains showed variation between the two strains and their close relatives, with variation in the position of the pheS and rpoA genes. The DNA–DNA relatedness of 43.5 % between strain 1517T and L. gigeriorum , and 38.6, 29.9 and 39.7 % between strain 61DT and L. johnsonii , L. taiwanensis and L. gasseri , respectively, confirmed their status as novel species. Based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, two novel species of Lactobacillus are proposed: Lactobacillus pasteurii sp. nov., with 1517T ( = CRBIP 24.76T = DSM 23907T) as the type strain, and Lactobacillus hominis sp. nov., with 61DT ( = CRBIP 24.179T = DSM 23910T) as the type strain.

Microbacterium neimengense sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of maize

A Gram-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, strain 7087T, was isolated from rhizosphere of maize in China. The strain grew at 4–50 °C and at pH 4–10, with optima of 37 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain 7087T was a member of the genus Microbacterium . High levels of 16S rRNA gene similarities were found between strain 7087T and Microbacterium binotii DSM 19164T (99.8 %). However, the DNA–DNA hybridization value between strain 7087T and Microbacterium binotii DSM 19164T was 24.2 %. The DNA G+C content of strain 7087T was 69.9 mol%. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C17 : 0 (36.45 %), anteiso-C15 : 0 (36.08 %) and iso-C16 : 0 (16.11 %). The predominant menaquinones were MK-10 (28.1 %), MK-11 (54.8 %) and MK-12 (17.1 %). The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was ornithine. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, unknown phospholipids, an unknown glycolipid and unknown amino lipids. On the basis of these results, strain 7087T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Microbacterium , for which the name Microbacterium neimengense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 7087T ( = ACCC 03008T = DSM 24985T).

Isolation and identification of cellulolytic bacteria from the gut of Holotrichia parallela larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

In this study, 207 strains of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria were isolated from the gut of Holotrichia parallela larvae. These bacterial isolates were assigned to 21 genotypes by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). A partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis and standard biochemical and physiological tests were used for the assignment of the 21 representative isolates. Our results show that the cellulolytic bacterial community is dominated by the Proteobacteria (70.05%), followed by the Actinobacteria (24.15%), the Firmicutes (4.35%), and the Bacteroidetes (1.45%). At the genus level, Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas, Ochrobactrum, Rhizobium, Cellulosimicrobium, and Microbacterium were the predominant groups, but members of Bacillus, Dyadobacter, Siphonobacter, Paracoccus, Kaistia, Devosia, Labrys, Ensifer, Variovorax, Shinella, Citrobacter, and Stenotrophomonas were also found. Furthermore, our results suggest that a significant amount of bacterial diversity exists among the cellulolytic bacteria, and that Siphonobacter aquaeclarae, Cellulosimicrobium funkei, Paracoccus sulfuroxidans, Ochrobactrum cytisi, Ochrobactrum haematophilum, Kaistia adipata, Devosia riboflavina, Labrys neptuniae, Ensifer adhaerens, Shinella zoogloeoides, Citrobacter freundii, and Pseudomonas nitroreducens are reported to be cellulolytic for the first time in this study. Our results indicate that the scarab gut is an attractive source for the study of novel cellulolytic microorganisms and enzymes useful for cellulose degradation.

Lactobacillus gigeriorum sp. nov., isolated from chicken crop

In the early 1980s, a facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, short rod, designated 202T, was isolated from a chicken crop and identified as a homofermentative lactic acid bacterium. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the strain was affiliated with the genus Lactobacillus, clustering within the Lactobacillus acidophilus–delbrueckii group. In this analysis, strain 202T appeared to be most closely related to the type strains of Lactobacillus intestinalis and Lactobacillus amylolyticus, with gene sequence similarities of 96.1 and 96.2 %, respectively. Strain 202T was found to differ from these two species, however, when investigated by multilocus sequence analysis, and it also differed in terms of some of its metabolic properties. On the basis of these observations, strain 202T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Lactobacillus, for which the name Lactobacillus gigeriorum sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is 202T ( = CRBIP 24.85T = DSM 23908T).