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Hutagalung SV, Rattaprasert P, Promptmas C, Moonsom S, Yongkiettrakul S, Thima K, Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmitr P. Development of nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay for molecular detection of Entamoeba moshkovskii and Entamoeba dispar in stool samples. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6635. [PMID: 38503871 PMCID: PMC10951296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba moshkovskii, recently known as a possible pathogenic amoeba, and the non-pathogenic Entamoeba dispar are morphologically indistinguishable by microscopy. Although PCR was used for differential diagnosis, gel electrophoresis is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and exposed to hazardous elements. In this study, nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay (NALFIA) was developed to detect E. moshkovskii and E. dispar by post-PCR amplicon analysis. E. moshkovskii primers were labeled with digoxigenin and biotin whereas primers of E. dispar were lebeled with FITC and digoxigenin. The gold nanoparticles were labeled with antibodies corresponding to particular labeling. Based on the established assay, NALFIA could detect as low as 975 fg of E. moshkovskii target DNA (982 parasites or 196 parasites/microliter), and 487.5 fg of E. dispar target DNA (444 parasites or 89 parasites/microliter) without cross-reactivity to other tested intestinal organisms. After testing 91 stool samples, NALFIA was able to detect seven E. moshkovskii (87.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity) and eight E. dispar samples (66.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity) compared to real-time PCR. Interestingly, it detected three mixed infections as real-time PCR. Therefore, it can be a rapid, safe, and effective method for the detection of the emerging pathogens E. moshkovskii and E. dispar in stool samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunna Vyatra Hutagalung
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pongruj Rattaprasert
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chamras Promptmas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Saengduen Moonsom
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Kanthinich Thima
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Trippa D, Scalenghe R, Basso MF, Panno S, Davino S, Morone C, Giovino A, Oufensou S, Luchi N, Yousefi S, Martinelli F. Next-generation methods for early disease detection in crops. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:245-261. [PMID: 37599270 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens are commonly identified in the field by the typical disease symptoms that they can cause. The efficient early detection and identification of pathogens are essential procedures to adopt effective management practices that reduce or prevent their spread in order to mitigate the negative impacts of the disease. In this review, the traditional and innovative methods for early detection of the plant pathogens highlighting their major advantages and limitations are presented and discussed. Traditional techniques of diagnosis used for plant pathogen identification are focused typically on the DNA, RNA (when molecular methods), and proteins or peptides (when serological methods) of the pathogens. Serological methods based on mainly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are the most common method used for pathogen detection due to their high-throughput potential and low cost. This technique is not particularly reliable and sufficiently sensitive for many pathogens detection during the asymptomatic stage of infection. For non-cultivable pathogens in the laboratory, nucleic acid-based technology is the best choice for consistent pathogen detection or identification. Lateral flow systems are innovative tools that allow fast and accurate results even in field conditions, but they have sensitivity issues to be overcome. PCR assays performed on last-generation portable thermocyclers may provide rapid detection results in situ. The advent of portable instruments can speed pathogen detection, reduce commercial costs, and potentially revolutionize plant pathology. This review provides information on current methodologies and procedures for the effective detection of different plant pathogens. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Trippa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Scalenghe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Panno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Davino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Morone
- Regione Piemonte - Phytosanitary Division, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Giovino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA)-Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Nicola Luchi
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, (CNR-IPSP), Florence, Italy
| | - Sanaz Yousefi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Federico Martinelli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, (CNR-IPSP), Florence, Italy
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The Epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica Infection and Its Associated Risk Factors among Domestic and Imported Patients in Taiwan during the 2011-2020 Period. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58060820. [PMID: 35744083 PMCID: PMC9228342 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Amebiasis remains an important public health problem worldwide, and immigration and increased international travel have affected incident disease cases. This study assesses the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in Taiwan between 2011 and 2020 by analyzing data from surveillance programs conducted by the Centers for Disease Control of Taiwan (TCDC) on laboratory-confirmed cases. Materials and Methods: The E. histolytica infection-related data reported to the National Infectious Diseases Statistics System at the TCDC from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2020 were collected, including age, gender, place of residence, and the geographic season of exposure for each case. Results: In total, 3066 cases with E. histolytica infections were included in our analysis. Among them, 1735 (57%) cases were imported, and 1331 (43%) were locally acquired. The average annual incidence rate of E. histolytica infections in Taiwan between 2011 and 2020 was 10.6 and 16.1 per 1,000,000 patients. There were statistical differences in gender, age group, and place of residence (p < 0.001) by the source distribution of cases. Also, these differences were found every year (p < 0.05). There were statistical differences in gender and age group (p < 0.001) by place of residence (p < 0.001). The only difference between the distribution of cases and age group was in gender (p < 0.001). Eight patients with amebiasis died, and the fatality rate was 0.3% (8/3066), of whom 75% (6/8) were male, and 75% (6/8) were over 45 years old. This study demonstrates that multiple linear regression analysis shows positive associations between NO2 concentration and amebiasis cases (B value = 2.569, p = 0.019), O3 concentration and amebiasis cases (B value = 0.294, p = 0.008), and temperature and amebiasis cases (B value = 1.096, p = 0.046). Conclusions: This study is the first report of confirmed E. histolytica cases from TCDC surveillance data between 2011 and 2020. This study showed the importance of long periods, air pollutants, and geographically comprehensive analysis for estimating the effect of amebiasis transmission in Taiwan’s populations.
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Nik Zuraina NMN, Goni MD, Amalina KN, Hasan H, Mohamad S, Suraiya S. Thermostable Heptaplex PCR Assay for the Detection of Six Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050753. [PMID: 33922299 PMCID: PMC8146555 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A thermostabilized, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay was developed in this study for the detection of six respiratory bacterial pathogens. Specific primers were designed for an internal amplification control (IAC) and six target sequences from Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Haemophilus influenzae. The resultant seven-band positive amplification control (PAC) of this heptaplex PCR assay corresponded to 105 base pairs (bp) of IAC, 202 bp of K. pneumoniae, 293 bp of S. aureus, 349 bp of S. pneumoniae, 444 bp of P. aeruginosa, 505 bp of M. tuberculosis, and 582 bp of H. influenzae. Results found that 6% (w/v) of the stabilizer was optimum to preserve the functional conformation of Taq DNA polymerase enzyme. This assay was stable at ambient temperature for at least 6 months. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay were both 100% when testing on the intended target organisms (n = 119) and non-intended species (n = 57). The mPCR assay developed in this study enabled accurate, rapid, and simple detection of six respiratory bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Mohd Noor Nik Zuraina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (N.M.N.N.Z.); (K.N.A.); (H.H.)
| | - Mohammed Dauda Goni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Khazani Nur Amalina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (N.M.N.N.Z.); (K.N.A.); (H.H.)
| | - Habsah Hasan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (N.M.N.N.Z.); (K.N.A.); (H.H.)
| | - Suharni Mohamad
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Siti Suraiya
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (N.M.N.N.Z.); (K.N.A.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Foo PC, Nurul Najian AB, Muhamad NA, Ahamad M, Mohamed M, Yean Yean C, Lim BH. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reaction as viable PCR substitute for diagnostic applications: a comparative analysis study of LAMP, conventional PCR, nested PCR (nPCR) and real-time PCR (qPCR) based on Entamoeba histolytica DNA derived from faecal sample. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:34. [PMID: 32571286 PMCID: PMC7310076 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study reports the analytical sensitivity and specificity of a Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and compares its amplification performance with conventional PCR, nested PCR (nPCR) and real-time PCR (qPCR). All the assays demonstrated in this study were developed based on Serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica protein (SREHP) gene as study model. Results A set of SREHP gene specific LAMP primers were designed for the specific detection of Entamoeba histolytica. This set of primers recorded 100% specificity when it was evaluated against 3 medically important Entamoeba species and 75 other pathogenic microorganisms. These primers were later modified for conventional PCR, nPCR and qPCR applications. Besides, 3 different post-LAMP analyses including agarose gel electrophoresis, nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay and calcein-manganese dye techniques were used to compare their limit of detection (LoD). One E. histolytica trophozoite was recorded as the LoD for all the 3 post-LAMP analysis methods when tested with E. histolytica DNA extracted from spiked stool samples. In contrast, none of the PCR method outperformed LAMP as both qPCR and nPCR recorded LoD of 100 trophozoites while the LoD of conventional PCR was 1000 trophozoites. Conclusions The analytical sensitivity comparison among the conventional PCR, nPCR, qPCR and LAMP reveals that the LAMP outperformed the others in terms of LoD and amplification time. Hence, LAMP is a relevant alternative DNA-based amplification platform for sensitive and specific detection of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phiaw Chong Foo
- Acarology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, National Institutes of Health Complex, Bandar Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - A B Nurul Najian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Bacteriology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, National Institutes of Health Complex, Bandar Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nuramin A Muhamad
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mariana Ahamad
- Acarology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, National Institutes of Health Complex, Bandar Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maizan Mohamed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, City Campus, Pengkalan Chepa, Locked bag 36, 16100, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Hospital USM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Boon Huat Lim
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Wong WK, Mohd-Nor N, Noordin R, Foo PC, Mohamed Z, Haq JA, Acosta A, Sarmiento ME, Subramaniam P, Dony JF, Mohamad-Roze MN, Osman S, Lim BH. Parasitic infections in Malaysian aborigines with pulmonary tuberculosis: a comparative cross-sectional study. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2635-2642. [PMID: 31363922 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The geographical distribution of tuberculosis (TB) overlaps with various parasitic infections. Uncovering the characteristics of coinfecting parasites that potentially affect the host susceptibility to TB is pertinent as it may provide input to current TB therapeutic and prophylactic measures. The present study was aimed at examining the types of parasitic infections in TB patients and healthy TB contacts (HC) in Orang Asli, Malaysian aborigines, who dwelled in the co-endemic areas. Stool and serum samples were collected from Orang Asli who fulfilled the selection criteria and provided written informed consents. Selected parasitic infections in the two study groups were determined by stool examination and commercial serum antibody immunoassays. The prevalence of parasitic infections in TB and HC participants were 100% (n = 82) and 94.6% (n = 55) respectively. The parasitic infections comprised toxocariasis, trichuriasis, amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis, hookworm infection, ascariasis, strongyloidiasis, and brugian filariasis, in decreasing order of prevalence. Overall, helminth or protozoa infection did not show any significant association with the study groups. However, when the species of the parasite was considered, individuals exposed to trichuriasis and toxoplasmosis showed significant odds reduction (odds ratio (OR) 0.338; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.166, 0.688) and odds increment (OR 2.193; 95% CI 1.051, 4.576) to have active pulmonary TB, respectively. In conclusion, trichuriasis and toxoplasmosis may have distinct negative and positive associations respectively with the increase of host susceptibility to TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng-Kin Wong
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Norazmi Mohd-Nor
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Phiaw-Chong Foo
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Acarology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Ministry of Health, Institute for Medical Research, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Zeehaida Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | | | - Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Maria E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Puvaneswari Subramaniam
- Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Perak State Health Department, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Jiloris F Dony
- Tuberculosis & Leprosy Sector, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Sabariah Osman
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Boon-Huat Lim
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. .,Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia.
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Entamoeba histolytica infection in humans, chimpanzees and baboons in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem, Tanzania. Parasitology 2018; 146:1116-1122. [PMID: 30157971 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric parasite that infects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Although E. histolytica is a zoonotic parasite that has the potential to infect nonhuman primates, such transmission is poorly understood. Consequently, this study examined whether E. histolytica is present among humans, chimpanzees and baboons living in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem (GGE), Tanzania. The primary aims were to determine patterns of E. histolytica infection in a system with human-nonhuman primate overlap and to test associations between infection status and potential risk factors of disease. Entamoeba spp. occurred in 60.3% of human, 65.6% of chimpanzee and 88.6% of baboon samples. Entamoeba histolytica occurred in 12.1% of human, 34.1% of chimpanzee and 10.9% of baboon samples. Human E. histolytica infection was associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. This was the first study to confirm the presence of E. histolytica in the GGE. The high sample prevalence of E. histolytica in three sympatric primates suggests that zoonotic transmission is possible and stresses the need for further phylogenetic studies. Interventions targeting better sanitation and hygiene practices for humans living in the GGE can help prevent E. histolytica infection in humans, while also protecting the endangered chimpanzees and other primates in this region.
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Engku Nur Syafirah E, Nurul Najian A, Foo PC, Mohd Ali MR, Mohamed M, Yean CY. An ambient temperature stable and ready-to-use loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in outbreak settings. Acta Trop 2018; 182:223-231. [PMID: 29545156 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae is a foodborne disease that frequently reported in food and water related outbreak. Rapid diagnosis of cholera infection is important to avoid potential spread of disease. Among available diagnostic platforms, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is regarded as a potential diagnostic tool due to its rapidity, high sensitivity and specificity and independent of sophisticated thermalcycler. However, the current LAMP often requires multiple pipetting steps, hence is susceptible to cross contamination. Besides, the strict requirement of cold-chain during transportation and storage make its application in low resource settings to be inconvenient. To overcome these problems, the present study is aimed to develop an ambient-temperature-stable and ready-to-use LAMP assay for the detection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in low resource settings. A set of specific LAMP primers were designed and tested against 155 V. cholerae and non-V. cholerae strains. Analytical specifity showed that the developed LAMP assay detected 100% of pathogenic V. cholerae and did not amplified other tested bacterial strains. Upon testing against stool samples spiked with toxigenic V. cholerae outbreak isolates, the LAMP assay detected all of the spiked samples (n = 76/76, 100%), in contrast to the conventional PCR which amplified 77.6% (n = 59/76) of the tested specimens. In term of sensitivity, the LAMP assay was 100-fold more sensitive as compared to the conventional PCR method, with LOD of 10 fg per μL and 10 CFU per mL. Following lyophilisation with addition of lyoprotectants, the dry-reagent LAMP mix has an estimated shelf-life of 90.75 days at room temperature.
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Garcia LS, Arrowood M, Kokoskin E, Paltridge GP, Pillai DR, Procop GW, Ryan N, Shimizu RY, Visvesvara G. Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasites from the Gastrointestinal Tract. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00025-17. [PMID: 29142079 PMCID: PMC5740970 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00025-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology document on the laboratory diagnosis of parasites from the gastrointestinal tract provides practical information for the recovery and identification of relevant human parasites. The document is based on a comprehensive literature review and expert consensus on relevant diagnostic methods. However, it does not include didactic information on human parasite life cycles, organism morphology, clinical disease, pathogenesis, treatment, or epidemiology and prevention. As greater emphasis is placed on neglected tropical diseases, it becomes highly probable that patients with gastrointestinal parasitic infections will become more widely recognized in areas where parasites are endemic and not endemic. Generally, these methods are nonautomated and require extensive bench experience for accurate performance and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Arrowood
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Evelyne Kokoskin
- Public Health Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Public Health Laboratories-Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dylan R Pillai
- Calgary Laboratory Services, Diagnostic and Scientific Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary W Procop
- Enterprise Test Utilization and Pathology Consultative Services, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Molecular Microbiology, Parasitology, and Mycology Laboratories, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Norbert Ryan
- Bacteriology and Parasitology, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Govinda Visvesvara
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Ragazzo LJ, Zohdy S, Velonabison M, Herrera J, Wright PC, Gillespie TR. Entamoeba histolytica infection in wild lemurs associated with proximity to humans. Vet Parasitol 2017; 249:98-101. [PMID: 29279094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Amoebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, affects 50 million people worldwide, and results in 100,000 deaths annually. It is particularly prevalent in developing nations where poverty and poor sanitation contribute to contamination of food and water. E. histolytica is also a zoonotic protozoan parasite with the potential to infect non-human primates. Lemurs, primates endemic to Madagascar, are the most threatened mammalian group in the world due to habitat loss. As forests disappear, humans and lemurs come into more frequent contact, and the potential for E. histolytica to infect lemurs intensifies. Consequently, we screened 176 fecal samples from seven lemur species at eight sites in the rain forests of southeastern Madagascar for E. histolytica to determine if human proximity influenced lemur infection. Of samples examined, 4.0% (from three lemur species) were positive for E. histolytica. Of lemurs infected with E. histolytica, three (43%) exhibited diarrheal feces. Distance to human settlements explained the variation in E. histolytica infection seen in lemurs. These results provide the first evidence of E. histolytica in wild lemurs and highlight the need for additional work to better understand the eco-epidemiology of this potential threat to these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo J Ragazzo
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Suite E510, 400 Dowman Drive, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Suite E510, 400 Dowman Drive, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - James Herrera
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Patricia C Wright
- Centre ValBio, BP 33, Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, Madagascar; Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Suite E510, 400 Dowman Drive, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Centre ValBio, BP 33, Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, Madagascar; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Development of a thermostabilised triplex LAMP assay with dry-reagent four target lateral flow dipstick for detection of Entamoeba histolytica and non-pathogenic Entamoeba spp. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 966:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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12
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A Thermostabilized, One-Step PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. J Trop Med 2017; 2017:7210849. [PMID: 28386286 PMCID: PMC5366220 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7210849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are two common pathogens associated with respiratory tract infections. The identification of these pathogens using conventional molecular diagnostic tests requires trained personnel, cold-chain transportation, and storage-dependance, which does not render them user-friendly. The aim of this study was to develop a thermostabilized, cold-chain-free, one-step multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of K. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. The multiplex PCR assay was designed to amplify the php gene of K. pneumoniae (202 bp) and p6 gene of H. influenzae (582 bp). In addition, the specific primer to amplify glm gene of Helicobacter pylori (105 bp) was included as an internal amplification control. Subsequently, the designed primers and all PCR reagents were thermostabilized by lyophilization. The stability of the thermostabilized PCR was evaluated using the Q10 method. The sensitivity and specificity of performances for thermostabilized PCR were evaluated using 127 clinical isolates and were found to be 100% sensitive and specific. The thermostabilized PCR mix was found to be stable for 30 days and the Q10 accelerated stability was found to be 3.02 months. A cold-chain-free, PCR assay for easy, rapid, and simultaneous detection of K. pneumoniae and H. influenzae was successfully developed in this study.
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Fontecha GA, García K, Rueda MM, Sosa-Ochoa W, Sánchez AL, Leiva B. A PCR-RFLP method for the simultaneous differentiation of three Entamoeba species. Exp Parasitol 2015; 151-152:80-3. [PMID: 25680279 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica continues to be one of the most common parasitic diseases in the developing world. Despite its relevance, due to the lack of accurate diagnostic methods, the true clinical and public health importance of this parasite remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to develop a new diagnostic tool to differentiate E.histolytica from the morphologically undistinguishable E.dispar and E.moshkovskii. We developed a specific, fast and simple PCR-RFLP method that was able to accurately differentiate experimentally-obtained restriction patterns from the three Entamoeba species. This new method could prove useful for clinical and epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Microbiology School, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Ciudad Universitaria, J1, 4th fl., Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
| | - Kimberly García
- Microbiology Research Institute, Microbiology School, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Ciudad Universitaria, J1, 4th fl., Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - María Mercedes Rueda
- Microbiology Research Institute, Microbiology School, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Ciudad Universitaria, J1, 4th fl., Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Wilfredo Sosa-Ochoa
- Microbiology Research Institute, Microbiology School, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Ciudad Universitaria, J1, 4th fl., Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Ana Lourdes Sánchez
- Microbiology Research Institute, Microbiology School, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Ciudad Universitaria, J1, 4th fl., Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Byron Leiva
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases Research Center, UNAN-León, León, Nicaragua
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Leung PO, Chen KH, Chen KL, Tsai YT, Liu SY, Chen KT. Epidemiological features of intestinal infection with Entamoeba histolytica in Taiwan, 2002-2010. Travel Med Infect Dis 2014; 12:673-9. [PMID: 24837854 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amebiasis remains an important public health problem worldwide, and immigration and an increase in international travel have affected the incident cases of the disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in Taiwan between 2002 and 2010. We analyzed data from surveillance programs run by the Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan (Taiwan CDC), and only laboratory-confirmed cases were analyzed. In total, 1796 cases with E. histolytica infections were included in our analysis. Among them, 788 (44%) of the cases were imported, and 1008 (56%) were locally acquired. The average annual incidence rate of E. histolytica infections was 0.49 and 9.26 per 100,000 for local patients and immigrants/foreign workers from endemic countries, respectively. The annual incidence of E. histolytica infections among immigrants/foreign workers was significantly higher than among Taiwanese who had not traveled abroad (P < 0.0001). Travelers to E. histolytica-endemic areas (e.g., Southeast countries) had a higher risk acquiring an E. histolytica infection. This study emphasized that E. histolytica infection is an important intestinal infectious disease in Taiwan. The risk of infection with E. histolytica for travelers was higher for those with destinations in South and Southeast Asia. To control E. histolytica infections in Taiwan, a sensitive surveillance system needs to be established, and the amebiasis-screening program for immigrants/foreign workers from endemic countries should be enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak-On Leung
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liouying Campus, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Huang Chen
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwo-Liang Chen
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tsai
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Kow-Tong Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
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