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Ali SA, Niaz S, Nasreen N, Khan A, Shafeeq S, Aguilar-Marcelino L, Safi WA, Zaki MA, De La Fuente J, Ben Said M. Temporal and spatial patterns of Trichuris trichiura eggs: a potential threat to human health in Pakistan. Helminthologia 2024; 61:11-19. [PMID: 38659469 PMCID: PMC11038264 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2024-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the presence of Trichuris trichiura eggs in soil samples collected from urban areas in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 3600 soil samples were collected over two years from Lahore's urban regions. The detection of helminth eggs in these samples was performed using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as a diagnostic technique. The study reveals an overall prevalence rate of T. trichiura at 0.97 % (35 out of 3600) in the contaminated soil samples from Lahore's slum areas. When analyzing the data by geographical areas, the study found the highest prevalence of T. trichiura in Allama Iqbal Town (1.83 %, 11 out of 600), followed by Samanabad (1.16 %, 7 out of 600), Wapda Town (1.00 %, 6 out of 600), Gulberg (1.00 %, 6 out of 600), and Cantt (0.50 %, 3 out of 600). Conversely, Valencia Town had the lowest prevalence rate at 0.33 % (2 out of 600). However, these variations in prevalence rates were not statistically significant (p = 0.117). Prevalence rates of T. trichiura's eggs varied significantly across different sampling seasons (p>0.001). In autumn, a total of 900 soil samples were collected, with 19 samples (2.11 %) testing positive for T. trichiura. This rate was notably higher compared to the prevalence rates observed in winter, spring, and summer, which were 0.66 %, 0.22 %, and 0.88 %, respectively. Regarding the sampling months, the study observed a significantly higher prevalence during September (3.33 %, 10 out of 300), followed by October (2.33 %, 7 out of 300), and August (1.33 %, 4 out of 300). Prevalence rates gradually decreased in other months, ranging from 1 % to 0.33 % (3 to 1 out of 300), with no parasite detection in March (0 %, 0 out of 300) (p < 0.001). This research underscores soil contamination due to fecal waste and highlights public unawareness of parasite biology, driven by open defecation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Ali
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S. Niaz
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - N. Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - A. Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - S. Shafeeq
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - L. Aguilar-Marcelino
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinariaen Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca Cuautla, No. 8534, Col. Progreso, CP62550Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - M. A. Zaki
- Shaukat Khanum Hospital, Lahore -03004246819, Pakistan
| | - J. De La Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK74078, USA
| | - M. Ben Said
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba2010, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Microbiology at the National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba2010, Tunisia
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2
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Hubbard IC, Thompson JS, Else KJ, Shears RK. Another decade of Trichuris muris research: An update and application of key discoveries. Adv Parasitol 2023; 121:1-63. [PMID: 37474238 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The mouse whipworm, Trichuris muris, has been used for over 60 years as a tractable model for human trichuriasis, caused by the related whipworm species, T. trichiura. The history of T. muris research, from the discovery of the parasite in 1761 to understanding the lifecycle and outcome of infection with different doses (high versus low dose infection), as well as the immune mechanisms associated with parasite expulsion and chronic infection have been detailed in an earlier review published in 2013. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of whipworm biology, host-parasite interactions and basic immunology brought about using the T. muris mouse model, focussing on developments from the last decade. In addition to the traditional high/low dose infection models that have formed the mainstay of T. muris research to date, novel models involving trickle (repeated low dose) infection in laboratory mice or infection in wild or semi-wild mice have led to important insights into how immunity develops in situ in a multivariate environment, while the use of novel techniques such as the development of caecal organoids (enabling the study of larval development ex vivo) promise to deliver important insights into host-parasite interactions. In addition, the genome and transcriptome analyses of T. muris and T. trichiura have proven to be invaluable tools, particularly in the context of vaccine development and identification of secreted products including proteins, extracellular vesicles and micro-RNAs, shedding further light on how these parasites communicate with their host and modulate the immune response to promote their own survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella C Hubbard
- Centre for Bioscience, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob S Thompson
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn J Else
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca K Shears
- Centre for Bioscience, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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3
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Pereira de Araújo M, Sato MO, Sato M, Bandara WM KM, Coelho LFL, Souza RLM, Kawai S, Marques MJ. Unbalanced relationships: insights into the interaction between gut microbiota, geohelminths, and schistosomiasis. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13401. [PMID: 35539016 PMCID: PMC9080432 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hosts and their microbiota and parasites have co-evolved in an adaptative relationship since ancient times. The interaction between parasites and intestinal bacteria in terms of the hosts' health is currently a subject of great research interest. Therapeutic interventions can include manipulations of the structure of the intestinal microbiota, which have immunological interactions important for modulating the host's immune system and for reducing inflammation. Most helminths are intestinal parasites; the intestinal environment provides complex interactions with other microorganisms in which internal and external factors can influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Moreover, helminths and intestinal microorganisms can modulate the host's immune system either beneficially or harmfully. The immune response can be reduced due to co-infection, and bacteria from the intestinal microbiota can translocate to other organs. In this way, the treatment can be compromised, which, together with drug resistance by the parasites makes healing even more difficult. Thus, this work aimed to understand interactions between the microbiota and parasitic diseases caused by the most important geohelminths and schistosomiasis and the consequences of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Pereira de Araújo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil,Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Marcello Otake Sato
- Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Megumi Sato
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Satoru Kawai
- Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Marcos José Marques
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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4
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Wei J, Hegde VL, Yanamandra AV, O'Hara MP, Keegan B, Jones KM, Strych U, Bottazzi ME, Zhan B, Sastry KJ, Hotez PJ. Mucosal Vaccination With Recombinant Tm-WAP49 Protein Induces Protective Humoral and Cellular Immunity Against Experimental Trichuriasis in AKR Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:800295. [PMID: 35197976 PMCID: PMC8859434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.800295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichuriasis is one of the most common neglected tropical diseases of the world's poorest people. A recombinant vaccine composed of Tm-WAP49, an immunodominant antigen secreted by adult Trichuris stichocytes into the mucosa of the cecum to which the parasite attaches, is under development. The prototype is being evaluated in a mouse model of Trichuris muris infection, with the ultimate goal of producing a mucosal vaccine through intranasal delivery. Intranasal immunization of mice with Tm-WAP49 formulated with the adjuvant OCH, a truncated analog of alpha-GalCer with adjuvanticity to stimulate natural killer T cells (NKT) and mucosal immunity, induced significantly high levels of IgG and its subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2a) in immunized mice. This also resulted in a significant reduction of worm burden after challenge with T. muris-infective eggs. The addition of QS-21 adjuvant to this vaccine formulation further reduced worm counts. The improved protection from the dual-adjuvanted vaccine correlated with higher serum antibody responses (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgA) as well as with the induction of antigen-specific IgA in the nasal mucosa. It was also associated with the robust cellular responses including functional subsets of CD4 T cells producing IL-4, and cytotoxic CD8 T cells expressing granzyme B. The worm reduction achieved by mucosal immunization was higher than that induced by subcutaneous immunization. Intranasal immunization also induced a significantly higher nasal mucosa-secreted antigen-specific IgA response, as well as higher functional cellular responses including CD4+IL4+ (Th1) and CD8+GnzB+ (Th2) T cells, and antigen-specific INFγ-producing T cells in both spleen and MLNs and antibody-producing B cells (CD19+B220+/B220+GL7+). Mucosal immunization further induced long-term T lymphocyte memory with increased central (CD62L+CD44+) and effector (CD62L-CD44+) memory subsets of both CD4 and CD8 T cells at 60 days after the last immunization. In summary, intranasal immunization with recombinant Tm-WAP49 protein induced strong protection versus murine trichuriasis. It represents a promising vaccination approach against intestinal nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Wei
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Venkatesh L Hegde
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ananta V Yanamandra
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Madison P O'Hara
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brian Keegan
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kathryn M Jones
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Bin Zhan
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - K Jagannadha Sastry
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
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5
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Abstract
Intestinal nematode infections caused by soil-transmitted helminths (STH), such as the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, the whipworm Trichuris trichiura, and the hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale, and Necator americanus, infect more than 1 billion people throughout the world. School-aged children tend to harbor the greatest numbers of intestinal worms, and as a result, experience more adverse health consequences, such as poor growth, anemia, and cognitive decline. Clinicians should maintain a high degree of suspicion in endemic areas when patients present with surgical abdomens, particularly children. Current antihelminthic drugs are moderately effective, but reinfection is possible. Global efforts are needed to eradicate STH infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela F Veesenmeyer
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Pediatric Infectious Disease, Valleywise Health Medical Center, 2601 East Roosevelt Street, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA.
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6
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Badri M, Olfatifar M, Wandra T, Budke CM, Mahmoudi R, Abdoli A, Hajialilo E, Pestehchian N, Ghaffarifar F, Foroutan M, Hashemipour S, Sotoodeh S, Samimi R, Eslahi AV. The prevalence of human trichuriasis in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1-10. [PMID: 34993634 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trichuriasis is one of the most common soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, affecting populations globally. The condition is particularly prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas with low levels of sanitation and poor living conditions. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the prevalence of Trichuris trichiura infection in Asia at the country and region level. Multiple databases/academic search engines (Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched for literature on T. trichiura prevalence in Asia published through January 2021. Pooled prevalence was determined using the meta-package in R (version 3.6.1). Out of 13,836 articles, 226 studies (5,439,500 individuals) from 26 countries met the inclusion criteria. Of the 226 studies, 151 were community-based studies that included individuals across the age spectrum, while 75 studies focused on school children (typically in the 5-16 years age range). The overall T. trichiura pooled prevalence was 15.3% (95% CI: 12.4-19.1%), with a pooled prevalence of 13.3% (95% CI: 10.0-17.1%) for the community studies and 20.9% (95% CI: 14.7-27.9%) for the studies only including school children. For studies including all age groups, individuals in the 1-15 years age group had the highest pooled prevalence at 23.4% (95% CI: 1.7-49.4%). There was a significant difference found in overall pooled prevalence by sex (p < 0.001) and community type (rural versus urban) (p < 0.001). Although prevalence appears to be decreasing, study findings suggest that T. trichiura infection continues to be a public health problem in Asia. Therefore, control programs focused on at-risk individuals in endemic areas are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Badri
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Toni Wandra
- Directorate of Postgraduate, Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Christine M Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Razzagh Mahmoudi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Elham Hajialilo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Nader Pestehchian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Foroutan
- Research Center for Environmental Contaminants (RCEC), Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Sima Hashemipour
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Simin Sotoodeh
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Kosar Hospital, Qazvin University Of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Rasoul Samimi
- Children Growth Research Center Research Institute for Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
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7
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Nichols L, Bridgewater JC, Wagner NB. Ascariasis, trichuriasis and fatal non-transfusion. Autops Case Rep 2021; 11:e2021314. [PMID: 34458182 PMCID: PMC8387076 DOI: 10.4322/acr.2021.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood transfusion for chronic anemia can lead to acute or decompensated heart failure in patients who have fluid overload as part of their compensatory response and/or have intrinsic heart disease, and then it could be fatal in such clinical scenarios. This is the report of a case of profound chronic anemia in a young male patient, who was not transfused and then developed confusion followed by terminal cardiopulmonary arrest. Autopsy revealed severe trichuriasis to be the cause of the anemia, along with severe ascariasis, but minimal intrinsic brain disease. This supports the conclusion that anemia was the cause of the confusion, and the lesson that confusion may be a sign that the benefit of blood transfusion outweighs the risk in a patient with severe chronic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Nichols
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Clinical Science Education, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Joshua Curtis Bridgewater
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Clinical Science Education, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas Brennan Wagner
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Clinical Science Education, Macon, GA, USA
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8
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Abstract
Trichuriasis is a serious threat to the economic development of animal husbandry. This research aimed to establish a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method to detect Trichuris spp. for the early diagnosis and prevention of trichuriasis in sheep. The real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and ddPCR methods were used for the detection of nematodes by targeted amplification of the ITS gene. Each means was evaluated to optimize the limit of detection and reproducibility. For a recombinant plasmid, the qPCR results showed that the detection limit was 31.7 copies per reaction. In contrast to qPCR, ddPCR was able to detect concentrations below 3.17 copies per reaction. Both assays exhibited good reproducibility. However, the ddPCR method was more stable for low-copy-number detection. This new assay was specific for Trichuris spp. and did not cross-react with other relevant gastrointestinal nematodes. A total of 98 clinical samples were tested with both assays. The results showed that the positive rate of ddPCR (80.6%) was higher than that of qPCR (72.4%). This method could be used as an efficient molecular biology tool to test for Trichuris spp. and could be a new valuable tool for the clinical diagnosis and prevention of trichuriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Yu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China.,Technology Center, Hohhot Customs District, Hohhot, 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhao
- Technology Center, Hohhot Customs District, Hohhot, 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Linjun Chen
- Technology Center, Hohhot Customs District, Hohhot, 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Junyan Li
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China
| | - Xianghong Ju
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
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9
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Le L, Khatoon S, Jiménez P, Peterson C, Kernen R, Zhang W, Molehin AJ, Lazarus S, Sudduth J, May J, Karmakar S, Rojo JU, Ahmad G, Torben W, Carey D, Wolf RF, Papin JF, Siddiqui AA. Chronic whipworm infection exacerbates Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced hepatopathology in non-human primates. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:109. [PMID: 32111243 PMCID: PMC7048111 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis continues to inflict significant morbidity and mortality in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The disease endemicity overlaps with the transmission of other parasitic diseases. Despite the ubiquity of polyparasitism in tropical regions, particularly in rural communities, little is known about the impact of multiple helminth infections on disease progression. In this pilot study, we describe the influence of chronic Trichuris trichiura infection on Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced hepatopathology in infected baboons. METHODS Baboons with or without underlying whipworm infection were challenged with S. mansoni cercariae to establish schistosomiasis. Adult S. mansoni worms were recovered by perfusion and enumerated, hepatic granulomas were quantified via light microscopy, and transcriptional profiling of tissues were completed using RNA sequencing technologies. RESULTS Co-infection with both S. mansoni and T. trichiura resulted in higher female schistosome worm burden and significantly larger liver granuloma sizes. Systems biology analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) revealed pathways associated with increased liver damage in co-infected baboons. CONCLUSIONS Underlying chronic whipworm infection intensified schistosome egg-induced liver pathology in infected baboons. RNA-Seq analysis provided insight into pathways associated with increased liver damage, corroborating histological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc Le
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sabiha Khatoon
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Paola Jiménez
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Peterson
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca Kernen
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Adebayo J Molehin
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Samra Lazarus
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Justin Sudduth
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jordan May
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Souvik Karmakar
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan U Rojo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Gul Ahmad
- Department of Natural Sciences, Peru State College, Peru, NE, USA
| | - Workineh Torben
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Alexandria, LA, USA
| | - David Carey
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Roman F Wolf
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - James F Papin
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Afzal A Siddiqui
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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10
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Li SS, Wang L, Li AH. [Surveillance of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Zhenjiang City from 2006 to 2018]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2019; 32:83-86. [PMID: 32185933 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2019137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the epidemic trend of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in Zhenjiang City from 2006 to 2018, so as to provide evidence for formulating targeted control measures. METHODS The permanent residents at ages of 3 years and greater and the immigrants who had lived in Zhenjiang City for more than one year were selected as the study subjects. Fecal samples were collected, and the soil-transmitted nematode eggs were detected in fecal samples with the modified Kato-Katz technique (three smears from one stool sample), while the children at ages of 12 years and lower were tested for Enterobius vermicularis eggs using the adhesive cellophane-tape perianal swab method. The prevalence and intensity of parasitic infections were estimated in Zhenjiang City each year from 2006 to 2018, and the data pertaining to the deworming for soil-transmitted nematode infections were collected during the study period. RESULTS A total of 202 880 person-times were subjected to stool examinations in Zhenjiang City from 2006 to 2018, and 946 persons were detected with soil-transmitted nematode infections, with a mean prevalence of 0.47%. The overall prevalence of human soil-transmitted nematode infections appeared a decline tendency (P < 0.01), with a reduction from 1.10% in 2006 to 0.11% in 2018, and there was a region-specific overall prevalence (P < 0.01), with the highest prevalence seen in Runzhou District (1.65%) and the lowest detected in New District (0.04%). The mean prevalence of human Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura infections was 0.33%, 0.09% and 0.04% in Zhenjiang City, respectively, and showed a decline tendency year by year from 2006 to 2018 (P < 0.01). Among all infections, mild infections were predominant. During the period from 2006 through 2018, a total of 45 427 children were examined in Zhenjiang City from 2006 to 2018, and 145 children were positive for E. vermicularis infections, with a mean prevalence of 0.32%. The prevalence of E. vermicularis infections decreased from 1.33% in 2006 to 0.22% in 2018 in children, and the overall prevalence appeared a decline tendency (P < 0.01). A single parasite infection was predominant in soil-transmitted nematode infections (97.46%), and mixed infection of two parasites were mainly detected before 2007. A total of 535 089 person-times received deworming in Zhenjiang City from 2006 to 2018, and the rate of adverse events was 0.002%. CONCLUSIONS Currently, the soil-transmitted nematode infection is at a low level in Zhenjiang City, and the overall prevalence of soil-transmitted nematode infections shows a decline tendency year by year. The surveillance and health education of soil-transmitted nematodiasis should be further intensified to consolidate the control achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Li
- Zhenjiang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang 212004, China
| | - L Wang
- Zhenjiang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang 212004, China
| | - A H Li
- Zhenjiang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang 212004, China
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Wong WK, Mohd-Nor N, Noordin R, Foo PC, Mohamed Z, Haq JA, Acosta A, Sarmiento ME, Subramaniam P, Dony JF, Mohamad-Roze MN, Osman S, Lim BH. Parasitic infections in Malaysian aborigines with pulmonary tuberculosis: a comparative cross-sectional study. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2635-2642. [PMID: 31363922 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The geographical distribution of tuberculosis (TB) overlaps with various parasitic infections. Uncovering the characteristics of coinfecting parasites that potentially affect the host susceptibility to TB is pertinent as it may provide input to current TB therapeutic and prophylactic measures. The present study was aimed at examining the types of parasitic infections in TB patients and healthy TB contacts (HC) in Orang Asli, Malaysian aborigines, who dwelled in the co-endemic areas. Stool and serum samples were collected from Orang Asli who fulfilled the selection criteria and provided written informed consents. Selected parasitic infections in the two study groups were determined by stool examination and commercial serum antibody immunoassays. The prevalence of parasitic infections in TB and HC participants were 100% (n = 82) and 94.6% (n = 55) respectively. The parasitic infections comprised toxocariasis, trichuriasis, amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis, hookworm infection, ascariasis, strongyloidiasis, and brugian filariasis, in decreasing order of prevalence. Overall, helminth or protozoa infection did not show any significant association with the study groups. However, when the species of the parasite was considered, individuals exposed to trichuriasis and toxoplasmosis showed significant odds reduction (odds ratio (OR) 0.338; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.166, 0.688) and odds increment (OR 2.193; 95% CI 1.051, 4.576) to have active pulmonary TB, respectively. In conclusion, trichuriasis and toxoplasmosis may have distinct negative and positive associations respectively with the increase of host susceptibility to TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng-Kin Wong
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Norazmi Mohd-Nor
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Phiaw-Chong Foo
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Acarology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Ministry of Health, Institute for Medical Research, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Zeehaida Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | | | - Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Maria E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Puvaneswari Subramaniam
- Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Perak State Health Department, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Jiloris F Dony
- Tuberculosis & Leprosy Sector, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Sabariah Osman
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Boon-Huat Lim
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. .,Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia.
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