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Wang DX, Xiao LX, Deng XY, Deng W. Omadacycline for the treatment of severe pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci complicated with acute respiratory distress syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1207534. [PMID: 38264056 PMCID: PMC10805100 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1207534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chlamydia psittaci infection in humans is a rare cause that mainly present as community-acquired pneumonia. Severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, or multiple organ dysfunction with a mortality rate of 15%-20% before accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has an advantage in achieving early diagnosis. In the study, omadacycline implementation was described to provide a better understanding of effectiveness in severe psittacosis pneumonia with ARDS. Methods Sixteen patients with severe psittacosis pneumonia with ARDS were selected between September 2021 and October 2022. They were diagnosed using mNGS and treated with omadacycline. Retrospective analysis of clinical manifestations, laboratory data, disease progression, diagnostic tool, treatment, and prognosis was summarized. Results Common symptoms included fever, dyspnea, and cough. All patients developed ARDS, accompanied by septic shock (43.7%) and pulmonary embolism (43.7%). Laboratory data showed normal leucocytes, increased creatine kinase isoenzyme, and decreased albumin with liver dysfunction in most patients. All patients had increased neutrophils, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and D-dimer with decreased lymphocytes. Airspace consolidation, ground glass opacity, and pleural effusion were found on chest CT. mNGS results were obtained in 24-48 h to identify the diagnosis of Chlamydia psittacosis. All patients received mechanical ventilation with omadacycline treatment. Fourteen patients experienced complete recovery, while the other two patients died from multidrug-resistant bacterial infection and renal failure. Conclusion mNGS has a significant value in the diagnosis of Chlamydia psittaci infection. Timely treatment of omadacycline can improve prognosis and provide a promising new option for the treatment of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia with ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Xin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical Research Center for Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling-Xi Xiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical Research Center for Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical Research Center for Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Wang Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical Research Center for Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing, China
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López J, Mogedas M, Ballesteros C, Martín-Maldonado B, Sacristán I, García R, Ortiz JC, Esperón F. Infectious agents present in monk parakeet ( Myiopsitta monachus) and rose-ringed parakeet ( Psittacula krameri) invasive species in the parks of Madrid and Seville, Spain. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1162402. [PMID: 37609055 PMCID: PMC10441216 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1162402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The introduction of invasive species into an ecosystem could result in biodiversity loss and the spread of infectious agents that could cause re-emergent or emergent zoonotic diseases. Monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) and rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) are considered widespread invasive exotic species in urban habitats from the Iberian Peninsula. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of relevant infectious agents in wild parakeets captured in urban parks in Madrid and Seville (Spain). Methods A total of 81 cloacal samples were collected and analysed using molecular techniques. Results The prevalence of infectious agents varied between parakeet species: 9.5% of monk parakeets and 15% of rose-ringed parakeets were positive for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), 13.3% of rose-ringed parakeets for avian influenza virus (AIV), 3.3% of rose-ringed parakeets for Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and a 23.8% of monk parakeets for Chlamydia psittaci. Discussion All C. psittaci-identified isolates were classified as B, E, or E/B genotypes, indicating transmission from wild urban pigeons to parakeets. These results highlight the need for monitoring parakeet populations due to the implications for human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan López
- Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio Avenida de la Universidad 1, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Consultoría para la Recuperación y Ordenación de la Fauna y su Ambiente S. L. (SCROFA), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Mogedas
- Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio Avenida de la Universidad 1, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ballesteros
- Servicio de Consultoría para la Recuperación y Ordenación de la Fauna y su Ambiente S. L. (SCROFA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Martín-Maldonado
- Servicio de Consultoría para la Recuperación y Ordenación de la Fauna y su Ambiente S. L. (SCROFA), Madrid, Spain
- Veterinary Department, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Sacristán
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (SIC-INIA), Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Raúl García
- Servicio de Consultoría para la Recuperación y Ordenación de la Fauna y su Ambiente S. L. (SCROFA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Ortiz
- Departamento de Fauna y Biodiversidad, Área de Gobierno de Medio Ambiente, Ayuntamiento de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Esperón
- Veterinary Department, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
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Zaręba-Marchewka K, Bomba A, Scharf S, Niemczuk K, Schnee C, Szymańska-Czerwińska M. Whole Genome Sequencing and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Chlamydia gallinacea Field Strains Isolated from Poultry in Poland. Pathogens 2023; 12:891. [PMID: 37513738 PMCID: PMC10384503 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia gallinacea is an intracellular bacterium belonging to the Chlamydiaceae family. Poultry is considered to be the major reservoir of this agent, which has worldwide distribution and a particularly consistent worldwide occurrence in chicken flocks. The bacterium has been linked to respiratory disease in humans but without definitive confirmation; nevertheless, while it has not been proved to be the cause of human respiratory disease, a recent report from Italy verified its bird-to-human transmission. This aspect being significant for public health, more research is needed to gain insight into the infection biology of C. gallinacea. In this study, the genomes of eleven novel C. gallinacea field strains from different regions of Poland were analyzed comparatively. It was confirmed that C. gallinacea strains are closely related, with at least 99.46% sequence identity. They possess a conservative genome structure involving the plasticity zone with a complete cytotoxin, the type three secretion system, inclusion membrane proteins, polymorphic membrane proteins, hctA and hctB histone-like proteins, and the chlamydial protease-like activating factor exoenzyme, as well as plasmids. Genetic diversity seems to be restricted. However, some genetic loci, such as ompA and multi-locus sequence typing target genes, are diverse enough to enable high-resolution genotyping and epidemiological tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Zaręba-Marchewka
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Bomba
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Sabine Scharf
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96 a, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96 a, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Gadsby NJ, Musher DM. The Microbial Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults: from Classical Bacteriology to Host Transcriptional Signatures. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0001522. [PMID: 36165783 PMCID: PMC9769922 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00015-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
All modern advances notwithstanding, pneumonia remains a common infection with substantial morbidity and mortality. Understanding of the etiology of pneumonia continues to evolve as new techniques enable identification of already known organisms and as new organisms emerge. We now review the etiology of pneumonia (at present often called "community-acquired pneumonia") beginning with classic bacteriologic techniques, which identified Streptococcus pneumoniae as the overwhelmingly common cause, to more modern bacteriologic studies, which emphasize Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, and normal respiratory flora. Urine antigen detection is useful in identifying Legionella and pneumococcus. The low yield of bacteria in recent studies is due to the failure to obtain valid sputum samples before antibiotics are administered. The use of high-quality sputum specimens enables identification of recognized ("typical") bacterial pathogens as well as a role for commensal bacteria ("normal respiratory flora"). Nucleic acid amplification technology for viruses has revolutionized diagnosis, showing the importance of viral pneumonia leading to hospitalization with or without coinfecting bacterial organisms. Quantitative PCR study of sputum is in its early stages of application, but regular detection of high counts of bacterial DNA from organisms that are not seen on Gram stain or grown in quantitative culture presents a therapeutic dilemma. This finding may reflect the host microbiome of the respiratory tract, in which case treatment may not need to be given for them. Finally, host transcriptional signatures might enable clinicians to distinguish between viral and bacterial pneumonia, an important practical consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi J. Gadsby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. Musher
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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5
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Yao W, Chen X, Wu Z, Wang L, Shi G, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Wu B. A cluster of Psittacosis cases in Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China, in 2021. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1044984. [PMID: 36590592 PMCID: PMC9798449 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1044984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psittacosis, caused by Chlamydia psittaci, is widespread throughout the world. In humans, C. psittaci infection may lead to severe conditions and complications, including sepsis and multiple organ failure. We report a cluster of cases caused by C. psittaci in Zhejiang Province, 2021, which led to one death and three cases of hospitalization. Methods The cases were confirmed by nest-PCR, RT-PCR, and mNGS. Results The four cases were related and the sequences obtained from the samples were closely correlated with those from Taiwan. Discussion This study is the first to report on the case of death from psittacosis in Zhejiang Province, and our results help to assess the disease and recommend effective measures to prevent further spread of C. psittaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Yao
- Key laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuying Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Lishui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lishui, China
| | - Zhuoying Wu
- Key laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingbo Wang
- Key laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoxiang Shi
- Key laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhangnv Yang
- Key laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhangnv Yang, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Beibei Wu,
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Key laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhangnv Yang, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Beibei Wu,
| | - Beibei Wu
- Key laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhangnv Yang, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Beibei Wu,
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Jiao J, Qi Y, He P, Wan W, OuYang X, Yu Y, Wen B, Xiong X. Development of a Lateral Flow Strip-Based Recombinase-Aided Amplification for Active Chlamydia psittaci Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:928025. [PMID: 35770169 PMCID: PMC9234530 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.928025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is the causative agent of psittacosis, a worldwide zoonotic disease. A rapid, specific, and sensitive diagnostic assay would be benefit for C. psittaci infection control. In this study, an assay combining recombinase-aided amplification and a lateral flow strip (RAA-LF) for the detection of active C. psittaci infection was developed. The RAA-LF assay targeted the CPSIT_RS02830 gene of C. psittaci and could be accomplished in 15 min at a single temperature (39°C). The analytical sensitivity of the assay was as low as 1 × 100 copies/μl and no cross-reaction with some other intracellular pathogens was observed. Moreover, all feces samples from mice infected with C. psittaci at day-1 post-infection were positive in the RAA-LF assay. In conclusion, the RAA-LF assay provides a convenient, rapid, specific and sensitive method for detection of active C. psittaci infection and it is also suitable for C. psittaci detection in field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Qi
- Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechniques, Nanjing, China
| | - Peisheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan OuYang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Bohai Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolu Xiong,
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7
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Seguel M, McManamon R, Reavill D, Van Sant F, Hassan SM, Ritchie BW, Howerth EW. Neuropathology of feral conures with bromethalin toxicosis. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:489-492. [PMID: 35300553 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221082300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bromethalin is a widely used neurotoxic rodenticide sometimes affecting nontarget wildlife. However, the effects of bromethalin on avian species are largely unknown. Here, we report the neuropathology of 14 feral conures (Psittacara sp.) with bromethalin toxicosis. Clinically, all birds presented with different degrees of paraparesis that sometimes progressed to dysphagia, ataxia, and tetraparesis. Histologically, there was astrogliosis, pallor, and vacuolation of white matter in the brain. This was usually more prominent in the medial longitudinal fasciculus, pons, optic tectum, cerebellar peduncle, and ventral funiculus. In most affected areas, there was loss of oligodendrocytes, and axons had extensive myelin loss or marked intramyelinic edema with splitting of myelin sheaths at the intraperiod line. Conures with bromethalin toxicosis had neuropathological changes similar to those of mammals exposed to bromethalin but with a characteristic distribution, probably related to higher susceptibility to cytotoxic edema in certain regions of the avian brain.
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Lee OM, Lee HJ, Kang SI, Jeong JY, Kwon YK, Kang MS. A multiplex real-time PCR assay for differential identification of avian Chlamydia. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:164-170. [PMID: 35076325 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2031882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Avian chlamydiosis is an acute or chronic disease of birds after infection by Chlamydia. Although Chlamydia psittaci is the primary agent of the disease, two additional species, Chlamydia avium and Chlamydia gallinacea, have also been recognized as potential disease agents. Therefore, the diagnosis of avian chlamydiosis requires differential identification of these avian Chlamydia species. The objective of the present study was to develop a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to rapidly differentiate between these three species of avian Chlamydia (C. psittaci, C. avium, and C. gallinacea) as well as the genus Chlamydia. Specific genetic regions of the three species were identified by comparative analysis of their genome sequences. Also, the genus-specific region was selected based on 23S rRNA sequences. PCR primers and probes specific to the genus and each species were designed and integrated in the multiplex real-time PCR assay. The assay was highly efficient (94.8-100.7%). It detected less than 10 copies of each target sequence of the genus and each species. Twenty-five Chlamydia control and field DNA samples were differentially identified while 20 other bacterial strains comprising 10 bacterial genera were negative in the assay. This assay allows rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of the genus and the three species of avian Chlamydia in a single protocol that is suitable for routine diagnostic purposes in avian diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- O-Mi Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Sung-Il Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Jeong
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Yong-Kuk Kwon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Min-Su Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
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9
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Li N, Li S, Tan W, Wang H, Xu H, Wang D. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the family outbreak of psittacosis: the first reported family outbreak of psittacosis in China under COVID-19. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1418-1428. [PMID: 34176434 PMCID: PMC8284143 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1948358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci infection in humans, also known as psittacosis, is usually believed to be an uncommon disease which mainly presents as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). It is usually sporadic, but outbreaks of infection may occasionally occur. In outbreaks, diagnosis and investigations were usually hampered by the non-specificity of laboratory testing methods to identify C. psittaci. In this study, we use metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in the diagnosis of a family outbreak of psittacosis under COVID-19. Three members of an extended family of 6 persons developed psittacosis with pneumonia and hepatic involvement with common symptoms of fever and weakness. Two newly purchased pet parrots, which had died successively, were probably the primary source of infection. Imagings show lung consolidations and infiltrates, which are difficult to be differentiated from CAP caused by other common pathogens. mNGS rapidly identified the infecting agent as C. psittaci within 48 h. The results of this work suggest that there are not characteristic clinical manifestations and imagings of psittacosis pneumonia which can differentiate from CAP caused by other pathogens. The use of mNGS can improve accuracy and reduce the delay in the diagnosis of psittacosis especially during the outbreak, which can shorten the course of the disease control. Family outbreak under COVID-19 may be related to the familial aggregation due to the epidemic. To our knowledge, this is the first reported family outbreak of psittacosis in China, and the first reported psittacosis outbreak identified by the method of mNGS in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanmei Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanghang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Xu
- Vision Medicals Center for Infection Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoxing Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Angen Ø, Johannesen TB, Petersen RF, Uldum SA, Schnee C. Development of a species-specific real-time PCR test for Chlamydia psittaci and its employment in the investigation of zoonotic transmission from racing pigeons in Denmark. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 100:115341. [PMID: 33684659 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Species-specific detection of Chlamydia psittaci is challenging and all published PCR tests have so far shown deficiencies in specificity or sensitivity. The present investigation reports on the development of a species-specific real-time PCR assay for C. psittaci. The test is based on an 84 bp indel in a gene of unknown function that is unique to C. psittaci. The Cps-indel84-PCR assay was validated on a wide range of chlamydial and other bacterial strains as well as on clinical samples from animals and humans in two different diagnostic laboratories in Germany and Denmark. Furthermore, the test was employed for investigating samples from racing pigeon flocks in Denmark. The evaluation showed that the Cps-indel84-PCR assay has excellent test characteristics and is a highly reliable method for identifying C. psittaci in clinical samples both from humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Angen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thor Bech Johannesen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Randi Føns Petersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Anker Uldum
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
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11
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Chen X, Cao K, Wei Y, Qian Y, Liang J, Dong D, Tang J, Zhu Z, Gu Q, Yu W. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of severe pneumonias caused by Chlamydia psittaci. Infection 2020; 48:535-542. [PMID: 32314307 PMCID: PMC7223968 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chlamydia psittaci infection in humans can lead to serious clinical manifestations, including severe pneumonia, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and, rarely, death. Implementation of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) gives a promising new tool for diagnosis. The clinical spectrum of severe psittacosis pneumonia is described to provide physicians with a better understanding and to highlight the rarity and severity of severe psittacosis pneumonia. METHODS Nine cases of severe psittacosis pneumonia were diagnosed using mNGS. Retrospective analysis of the data on disease progression, new diagnosis tool, treatments, and outcomes, and the findings were summarised. RESULTS Frequent symptoms included chills and remittent fever (100%), cough and hypodynamia (100%), and headache and myalgia (77.8%). All patients were severe psittacosis pneumonia developed respiratory failure, accompanied by sepsis in 6/9 patients. mNGS takes 48-72 h to provide the results, and help to identify diagnosis of psittacosis. Laboratory data showed normal or slightly increased leucocytes, neutrophils, and procalcitonin but high C-reactive protein levels. Computed tomography revealed air-space consolidation and ground-glass opacity, which began in the upper lobe of one lung, and spread to both lungs, along with miliary, nodular, or consolidated shadows. One patient died because of secondary infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae, while the other eight patients experienced complete recoveries. CONCLUSIONS The use of mNGS can improve accuracy and reduce the delay in diagnosis of psittacosis. Severe psittacosis pneumonia responds well to the timely use of appropriate antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancheng Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajun Qian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Danjiang Dong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhanghua Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qin Gu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenkui Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Chlamydia buteonis, a new Chlamydia species isolated from a red-shouldered hawk. Syst Appl Microbiol 2019; 42:125997. [PMID: 31257045 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens for humans and animals. A recent study highlighted that a Chlamydiaceae intermediary between C. psittaci and C. abortus can infect hawks. Here, an isolate was obtained upon passage of cloacal and conjunctival sac material collected from a female hatch-year red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) in cultured cells. The diseased bird, one of 12 birds housed in a rehabilitation center, developed conjunctivitis and later died. Swabs from both sites tested positive for Chlamydia using the QuickVue Chlamydia test. The isolate, named RSHA, tested negative in qPCR assays specific for C. psittaci and C. abortus, respectively. Analysis of the 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA and whole genome sequences as well as MLST, ANIb and TETRA values reveal that C. psittaci and C. abortus are the closest relatives of RSHA. However, the overall results strongly suggest a phylogenetic intermediate position between these two species. Therefore, we propose the introduction of a new species designated Chlamydia buteonis with RSHAT as the type strain.
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Liu SY, Li KP, Hsieh MK, Chang PC, Shien JH, Ou SC. Prevalence and Genotyping of Chlamydia psittaci from Domestic Waterfowl, Companion Birds, and Wild Birds in Taiwan. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:666-673. [PMID: 30855216 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci, the causative agent of avian chlamydiosis, an important zoonotic disease, infects a wide range of birds. Infected birds, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, intermittently shed the agent through respiratory and intestinal routes. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the epizootiology of C. psittaci in poultry, pet birds, and wild birds. In this study, cloacal or fecal swabs collected from domestic waterfowl, psittacine birds, Columbidae, and wild birds were used to determine the prevalence of C. psittaci in Taiwan between 2014 and 2017. The C. psittaci infection rate was as high as 34.2% among domestic waterfowl farms. The waterfowl isolates clustered into two groups based on ompA phylogeny: one group (G1-like) clustered with the Polish G1 strains; the other group (waterfowl-TW) clustered near, but independently from, the classical ABE genotype cluster. Separately, 3.1% of parrot samples tested positive for C. psittaci belonging to genotype A. C. psittaci isolates of genotype B were detected in 10.1% of racing pigeons and other Columbidae. Wild bird samples from a wildlife refuge had a 2.2% prevalence rate; among these, two atypical C. psittaci genotypes were detected in samples from a Malayan night heron (Gorsachius melanolophus) and a Taiwan barbet (Megalaima nuchalis). Taken together, our results revealed that the risk of C. psittaci transmission from domestic waterfowl and Columbidae birds to humans could be underestimated, given the high prevalence rates in these birds. Furthermore, the free-range rearing system of waterfowl in Taiwan may promote C. psittaci transmission between poultry and wild birds. Pet birds and racing pigeons, which are in close contact with people, are also possible sources for cross-species transmission. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the virulence, biological and genetic characteristics, and modes of transmission of Taiwanese C. psittaci isolates to facilitate the prevention and control of C. psittaci infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yu Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Po Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kun Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Poa-Chun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Shien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chia Ou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Nieuwenhuizen AA, Dijkstra F, Notermans DW, van der Hoek W. Laboratory methods for case finding in human psittacosis outbreaks: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:442. [PMID: 30165831 PMCID: PMC6118005 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psittacosis outbreak investigations require rapid identification of cases in order to trace possible sources and perform public health risk assessments. In recent outbreaks in the Netherlands, such investigations were hampered by the non-specificity of laboratory testing methods to identify human Chlamydia psittaci infections. Method A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus databases of literature published between 01 January, 1986 and 03 July, 2017 was done to find best practices of laboratory-testing methods used in psittacosis outbreaks of two or more human cases. Reference lists of included articles were hand searched to identify additional articles. Results Thirty-seven eligible articles were identified, describing 44 human psittacosis outbreaks in 12 countries. Laboratory tests performed were PCR (with various targets), serologic tests (complement binding reactions, ELISA’s, immunofluorescence tests and immuno-peroxidase tests) and culture, in various combinations. The literature provided no ‘gold standard’ laboratory testing strategy to identify recent human C. psittaci infections. In most psittacosis outbreaks, for a considerable number of cases (or tested individuals in an exposed cohort), C. psittaci infection could not be confirmed, nor excluded as causative pathogen. None of the testing strategies was found to be suitable for (nearly) full case finding. Conclusion PCR enables rapid identification of human psittacosis patients and helps source finding by genotyping but has the disadvantage that sensitivity is high only in the acute phase. In outbreak situations, there is often a time delay and therefore, there is a need for new serologic testing methods next to PCR, with good specificity and sensitivity. Moreover, serum is easier to collect than the preferred diagnostic materials for PCR. A serologic test that can reliably confirm infection status without the necessity of convalescent serum sampling would enhance case finding, source tracing, identification of risk factors and assessment of burden of disease in various settings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3317-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies A Nieuwenhuizen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frederika Dijkstra
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Daan W Notermans
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van der Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Pisanu B, Laroucau K, Aaziz R, Vorimore F, Le Gros A, Chapuis JL, Clergeau P. CHLAMYDIA AVIUM DETECTION FROM A RING-NECKED PARAKEET ( PSITTACULA KRAMERI ) IN FRANCE. J Exot Pet Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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16
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Donati M, Laroucau K, Guerrini A, Balboni A, Salvatore D, Catelli E, Lupini C, Levi A, Di Francesco A. Chlamydiosis in Backyard Chickens (Gallus gallus) in Italy. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:222-225. [PMID: 29595407 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, Chlamydia psittaci was considered to be the only etiological agent of avian chlamydiosis, but two new avian species, Chlamydia gallinacea and Chlamydia avium, have recently been described in poultry and pigeons or psittacine birds, respectively. The aim of this study was to explore the occurrence of C. psittaci and C. gallinacea in backyard chickens in Italy. Cloacal swabs were taken from 160 asymptomatic chickens reared in 16 backyard farms. Samples were tested for C. psittaci and C. gallinacea by specific real-time polymerase chain reaction assays, with 24 (15%) of the 160 chickens resulting positive for C. gallinacea. To attempt chlamydial isolation, new samples were obtained from two farms harboring a high prevalence (60% and 70%, respectively) of C. gallinacea-positive chickens. In total, eight C. gallinacea and one C. psittaci isolates were successfully recovered from 13 chickens. C. gallinacea was confirmed to be the endemic chlamydial species in chickens, with a high ompA intraspecies diversity. The presence of viable C. psittaci and C. gallinacea demonstrated by isolation from chickens in backyard farms poses a potential public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Donati
- 1 Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Karine Laroucau
- 2 Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Animal Health Laboratory, University Paris-Est , Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alessandro Guerrini
- 3 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Balboni
- 3 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Salvatore
- 3 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- 3 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Lupini
- 3 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Aurora Levi
- 1 Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
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Szymańska-Czerwińska M, Mitura A, Zaręba K, Schnee C, Koncicki A, Niemczuk K. Poultry in Poland as Chlamydiaceae Carrier. J Vet Res 2017; 61:411-419. [PMID: 29978103 PMCID: PMC5937338 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of Chlamydia spp. in poultry in Poland and estimate possible transmission to humans. Material and Methods Molecular diagnostic methods followed by sequencing and strain isolation were used on cloacal/faecal swabs collected from 182 apparently healthy poultry flocks including chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. Serum samples obtained from people exposed (study group) and non-exposed (control group) to birds were tested by complement fixation test to acquire data on Chlamydia spp. antibody level. Results Overall, 15.9% of the tested flocks were Chlamydiaceae-positive and three Chlamydia spp. were identified. Predominant chlamydial agent found was C. gallinacea occurring in 65.5% of all positive poultry flocks and in 73.0% of positive chicken flocks. The sequences from four chicken flocks were assigned to C. abortus, whereas C. psittaci was confirmed in one duck and one goose flock. The analysis of ompA variable domains revealed at least nine genetic variants of C. gallinacea. Chlamydial antibodies were detected in 19.2% of human serum samples in the study group in comparison with 10.8% in the controls. Conclusion The obtained results confirm that chlamydiae are common among chicken flocks in Poland with C. gallinacea as a dominant species. Moreover, the presence of C. abortus in chickens is reported here for the first time. Further investigation should focus on possible zoonotic transmission of C. gallinacea and C. abortus as well as potential pathogenic effects on birds’ health and poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Mitura
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Kinga Zaręba
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07 743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrzej Koncicki
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Torres-Mejía AM, Blanco-Peña K, Rodríguez C, Duarte F, Jiménez-Soto M, Esperón F. Zoonotic Agents in Feral Pigeons (Columba livia) from Costa Rica: Possible Improvements to Diminish Contagion Risks. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 18:49-54. [PMID: 29243991 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies on zoonotic agents in pigeons have been conducted in the Palearctic region, but the scarcity of data is notorious in the Neotropical region, where these birds can breed all year around and are in close contact with humans. In this study, we used a combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent methods to identify infectious agents in 141 fecal samples from pigeons collected at four urban parks from Costa Rica. Of these we identified 34 positive samples for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Braenderup (24.1%), 13 for Chlamydophila psittaci (9.2%), 9 for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (6.4% eaeA, 0% stx-1 and 0% stx-2), and 2 for Campylobacter jejuni (1.4%). These populations of pigeons pose low risk for healthy adult humans, however, they may pose a health risk to immunocompromised patients or children. This study provides scientific data, which can be incorporated into educational programs aiming to reverse the public attitude toward pigeon feeding and to rationally justify population control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Torres-Mejía
- 1 Posgrado Regional en Ciencias Veterinarias (PCVET), Universidad Nacional , Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Kinndle Blanco-Peña
- 1 Posgrado Regional en Ciencias Veterinarias (PCVET), Universidad Nacional , Heredia, Costa Rica .,2 Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET) , Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - César Rodríguez
- 3 Facultad de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica , San José, Costa Rica
| | - Francisco Duarte
- 4 Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA) , Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Mauricio Jiménez-Soto
- 4 Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA) , Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Fernando Esperón
- 6 Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA) , Madrid, Spain
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19
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Jelocnik M, Islam MM, Madden D, Jenkins C, Branley J, Carver S, Polkinghorne A. Development and evaluation of rapid novel isothermal amplification assays for important veterinary pathogens: Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia pecorum. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3799. [PMID: 28929022 PMCID: PMC5592900 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia pecorum are important veterinary pathogens, with the former also being responsible for zoonoses, and the latter adversely affecting koala populations in Australia and livestock globally. The rapid detection of these organisms is still challenging, particularly at the point-of-care (POC). In the present study, we developed and evaluated rapid, sensitive and robust C. psittaci-specific and C. pecorum-specific Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assays for detection of these pathogens. Methods and Materials The LAMP assays, performed in a Genie III real-time fluorometer, targeted a 263 bp region of the C. psittaci-specific Cps_0607 gene or a 209 bp region of a C. pecorum-specific conserved gene CpecG_0573, and were evaluated using a range of samples previously screened using species-specific quantitative PCRs (qPCRs). Species-specificity for C. psittaci and C. pecorum LAMP targets was tested against DNA samples from related chlamydial species and a range of other bacteria. In order to evaluate pathogen detection in clinical samples, C. psittaci LAMP was evaluated using a total of 26 DNA extracts from clinical samples from equine and avian hosts, while for C. pecorum LAMP, we tested a total of 63 DNA extracts from clinical samples from koala, sheep and cattle hosts. A subset of 36 C. pecorum samples was also tested in a thermal cycler (instead of a real-time fluorometer) using newly developed LAMP and results were determined as an end point detection. We also evaluated rapid swab processing (without DNA extraction) to assess the robustness of these assays. Results Both LAMP assays were demonstrated to species-specific, highly reproducible and to be able to detect as little as 10 genome copy number/reaction, with a mean amplification time of 14 and 24 min for C. psittaci and C. pecorum, respectively. When testing clinical samples, the overall congruence between the newly developed LAMP assays and qPCR was 92.3% for C. psittaci (91.7% sensitivity and 92.9% specificity); and 84.1% for C. pecorum (90.6% sensitivity and 77.4% specificity). For a subset of 36 C. pecorum samples tested in a thermal cycler using newly developed LAMP, we observed 34/36 (94.4%) samples result being congruent between LAMP performed in fluorometer and in thermal cycler. Rapid swab processing method evaluated in this study also allows for chlamydial DNA detection using LAMP. Discussion In this study, we describe the development of novel, rapid and robust C. psittaci-specific and C. pecorum-specific LAMP assays that are able to detect these bacteria in clinical samples in either the laboratory or POC settings. With further development and a focus on the preparation of these assays at the POC, it is anticipated that both tests may fill an important niche in the repertoire of ancillary diagnostic tools available to clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Jelocnik
- Centre for Animal Health Innovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Md Mominul Islam
- Centre for Animal Health Innovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Danielle Madden
- Centre for Animal Health Innovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Branley
- Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- Centre for Animal Health Innovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Balsamo G, Maxted AM, Midla JW, Murphy JM, Wohrle R, Edling TM, Fish PH, Flammer K, Hyde D, Kutty PK, Kobayashi M, Helm B, Oiulfstad B, Ritchie BW, Stobierski MG, Ehnert K, Tully TN. Compendium of Measures to ControlChlamydia psittaciInfection Among Humans (Psittacosis) and Pet Birds (Avian Chlamydiosis), 2017. J Avian Med Surg 2017; 31:262-282. [DOI: 10.1647/217-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Szymańska-Czerwińska M, Mitura A, Niemczuk K, Zaręba K, Jodełko A, Pluta A, Scharf S, Vitek B, Aaziz R, Vorimore F, Laroucau K, Schnee C. Dissemination and genetic diversity of chlamydial agents in Polish wildfowl: Isolation and molecular characterisation of avian Chlamydia abortus strains. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174599. [PMID: 28350846 PMCID: PMC5370153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds are considered as a reservoir for avian chlamydiosis posing a potential infectious threat to domestic poultry and humans. Analysis of 894 cloacal or fecal swabs from free-living birds in Poland revealed an overall Chlamydiaceae prevalence of 14.8% (n = 132) with the highest prevalence noted in Anatidae (19.7%) and Corvidae (13.4%). Further testing conducted with species-specific real-time PCR showed that 65 samples (49.2%) were positive for C. psittaci whereas only one was positive for C. avium. To classify the non-identified chlamydial agents and to genotype the C. psittaci and C. avium-positive samples, specimens were subjected to ompA-PCR and sequencing (n = 83). The ompA-based NJ dendrogram revealed that only 23 out of 83 sequences were assigned to C. psittaci, in particular to four clades representing the previously described C. psittaci genotypes B, C, Mat116 and 1V. Whereas the 59 remaining sequences were assigned to two new clades named G1 and G2, each one including sequences recently obtained from chlamydiae detected in Swedish wetland birds. G1 (18 samples from Anatidae and Rallidae) grouped closely together with genotype 1V and in relative proximity to several C. abortus isolates, and G2 (41 samples from Anatidae and Corvidae) grouped closely to C. psittaci strains of the classical ABE cluster, Matt116 and M56. Finally, deep molecular analysis of four representative isolates of genotypes 1V, G1 and G2 based on 16S rRNA, IGS and partial 23S rRNA sequences as well as MLST clearly classify these isolates within the C. abortus species. Consequently, we propose an expansion of the C. abortus species to include not only the classical isolates of mammalian origin, but also avian isolates so far referred to as atypical C. psittaci or C. psittaci/C. abortus intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Mitura
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Kinga Zaręba
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jodełko
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Aneta Pluta
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Sabine Scharf
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Bailey Vitek
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Rachid Aaziz
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Karine Laroucau
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
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22
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Chan J, Doyle B, Branley J, Sheppeard V, Gabor M, Viney K, Quinn H, Janover O, McCready M, Heller J. An outbreak of psittacosis at a veterinary school demonstrating a novel source of infection. One Health 2017; 3:29-33. [PMID: 28616500 PMCID: PMC5454149 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In November 2014, New South Wales Health was notified of a cluster of respiratory illness in a veterinary school. Active case finding identified another case at a local equine stud. All cases had exposure to the equine fetal membranes of Mare A. This tissue subsequently tested positive for Chlamydia psittaci using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We conducted a cohort study of the university and stud farm staff to determine risk factors for disease. Nine people were exposed to the fetal membranes of Mare A. Of these, five cases of psittacosis were identified. Two required hospital admission. Contact with birds was not associated with illness (RR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.09-2.73). People who had direct contact with the abnormal fetal membranes were more likely to develop disease (RR = 11.77, 95% CI = 1.02-∞). The emergence of an association between horse exposure and C. psittaci infection has important implications for the prevention and control of psittacosis. Article summary line: Investigation of an outbreak of psittacosis in a rural veterinary school demonstrates novel source of infection for psittacosis through exposure to abnormal equine fetal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Chan
- Health Protection New South Wales (NSW), NSW Health, North Sydney, NSW, Australia.,National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH), Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia
| | - Bridget Doyle
- Public Health Unit, Murrumbidgee Local Health District, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Vicky Sheppeard
- Health Protection New South Wales (NSW), NSW Health, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melinda Gabor
- State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Primary Industry, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kerri Viney
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH), Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia
| | - Helen Quinn
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orly Janover
- Public Health Unit, Murrumbidgee Local Health District, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jane Heller
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Jelocnik M, Branley J, Heller J, Raidal S, Alderson S, Galea F, Gabor M, Polkinghorne A. Multilocus sequence typing identifies an avian-like Chlamydia psittaci strain involved in equine placentitis and associated with subsequent human psittacosis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e7. [PMID: 28196971 PMCID: PMC5322323 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Jelocnik
- Centre for Animal Health Innovation, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | | | - Jane Heller
- School of Animal and Veterinary Services, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Shane Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Services, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Susan Alderson
- Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Francesca Galea
- State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Melinda Gabor
- State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- Centre for Animal Health Innovation, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
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Assessment of Chlamydia psittaci Shedding and Environmental Contamination as Potential Sources of Worker Exposure throughout the Mule Duck Breeding Process. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:1504-1518. [PMID: 26712548 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03179-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is an obligate intracellular bacterium responsible for avian chlamydiosis, otherwise known as psittacosis, a zoonotic disease that may lead to severe atypical pneumonia. This study was conducted on seven mule duck flocks harboring asymptomatic birds to explore the circulation and persistence of C. psittaci during the entire breeding process and assess the potential sources of worker exposure. Cloacal swabs and air samples were taken on each occasion requiring humans to handle the birds. In parallel, environmental samples, including dust, water, and soil, were collected. Specific real-time PCR analyses revealed the presence of C. psittaci in all flocks but with three different shedding patterns involving ducks about the age of 4, 8, and 12 weeks with heavy, moderate, and low excretion levels, respectively. Air samples were only positive in flocks harboring heavy shedders. Dust in flocks with heavy or moderate shedders carried chlamydial loads strongly associated with the loads detected in avian and soil samples. Environmental contamination, significantly correlated with shedding dynamics, was considered to be the most probable source of exposure. The high prevalence of bacteriophage Chp1 in all flocks, mostly jointly present with chlamydia, suggests an important factor in C. psittaci persistence, thus creating a greater risk for humans. A survey conducted in these flocks regarding farming practices and activities showed that disinfection seems to be the most promising practice for reducing C. psittaci prevalence in ducks and that the place and the duration of action during operations seem to be potential risk factors. Strict adherence to good practices is strongly recommended.
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Shivaprasad HL, Carnaccini S, Bland M, Aaziz R, Moeller R, Laroucau K. An Unusual Outbreak of Chlamydiosis in Commercial Turkeys Involving the Nasal Glands. Avian Dis 2015; 59:315-22. [PMID: 26473684 DOI: 10.1637/11006-123014-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An unusual outbreak of chlamydiosis was diagnosed in 15,000, 13-wk-old organically grown turkeys housed in a semiconfinement housing system. The disease was characterized by unilateral or bilateral swelling above the eye due to mild-to-severe inflammation of the nasal glands in 3%-5% of the birds. Except for a slight drop in feed and water consumption, the birds did not exhibit any respiratory signs, morbidity, and mortality. Chlamydiosis in the turkeys was confirmed by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and PCR assay of the nasal glands. Other samples such as conjunctiva, lungs, air sacs, heart, liver, spleen, and feces were negative for chlamydia by florescence antibody test in birds submitted over several weeks. Chlamydia psittaci strain B was isolated in chicken egg embryos and typed by multilocus sequence variable number of tandem repeats analysis, multilocus sequence typing, and ompA gene sequencing as a CP3-like strain. This is the first report of a naturally occurring chlamydiosis affecting the nasal glands in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Shivaprasad
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Branch, University of California-Davis, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - S Carnaccini
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Branch, University of California-Davis, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - M Bland
- B Cutler Veterinary Associates International, 3562 Jomar, Napa, CA 94558
| | - R Aaziz
- C Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - R Moeller
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Branch, University of California-Davis, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - K Laroucau
- C Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Abstract
We investigated the Chlamydia spp. occurrence in Eurasian Collared Doves (Streptopelia decaocto) from urban and suburban areas in northern Italy. Among 76 doves screened, prevalence of Chlamydia spp. was 61%. Chlamydia psittaci genotype E was identified in 33 of the 46 positive samples. The multilocus sequence typing pattern of one highly positive sample showed a new allelic combination. The same molecular features were observed in a C. psittaci strain subsequently isolated from a live dove. Our results reveal a high C. psittaci prevalence in S. decaocto. The spread of this zoonotic pathogen from collared doves to other birds or humans seems to be a potential risk.
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Opota O, Jaton K, Branley J, Vanrompay D, Erard V, Borel N, Longbottom D, Greub G. Improving the molecular diagnosis of Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus infection with a species-specific duplex real-time PCR. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1174-1185. [PMID: 26297212 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus are closely related intracellular bacteria exhibiting different tissue tropism that may cause severe but distinct infection in humans. C. psittaci causes psittacosis, a respiratory zoonotic infection transmitted by birds. C. abortus is an abortigenic agent in small ruminants, which can also colonize the human placenta and lead to foetal death and miscarriage. Infections caused by C. psittaci and C. abortus are underestimated mainly due to diagnosis difficulties resulting from their strict intracellular growth. We developed a duplex real-time PCR to detect and distinguish these two bacteria in clinical samples. The first PCR (PCR1) targeted a sequence of the 16S-23S rRNA operon allowing the detection of both C. psittaci and C. abortus. The second PCR (PCR2) targeted the coding DNA sequence CPSIT_0607 unique to C. psittaci. The two PCRs showed 100 % detection for ≥ 10 DNA copies per reaction (1000 copies ml(- 1)). Using a set of 120 samples, including bacterial reference strains, clinical specimens and infected cell culture material, we monitored 100 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity for the detection of C. psittaci and C. abortus for PCR1. When PCR1 was positive, PCR2 could discriminate C. psittaci from C. abortus with a positive predictive value of 100 % and a negative predictive value of 88 %. In conclusion, this new duplex PCR represents a low-cost and time-saving method with high-throughput potential, expected to improve the routine diagnosis of psittacosis and pregnancy complication in large-scale screening programs and also during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onya Opota
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katia Jaton
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James Branley
- Department of Microbiology, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Erard
- Clinic of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, HFR-Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Longbottom
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Laroucau K, Aaziz R, Meurice L, Servas V, Chossat I, Royer H, de Barbeyrac B, Vaillant V, Moyen JL, Meziani F, Sachse K, Rolland P. Outbreak of psittacosis in a group of women exposed to Chlamydia psittaci-infected chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20. [PMID: 26111240 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.24.21155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Eight cases of psittacosis due to Chlamydia psittaci were identified in May 2013 among 15 individuals involved in chicken gutting activities on a mixed poultry farm in France. All cases were women between 42 and 67 years-old. Cases were diagnosed by serology and PCR of respiratory samples. Appropriate treatment was immediately administered to the eight hospitalised individuals after exposure to birds had been discovered. In the chicken flocks, mainly C. gallinacea was detected, a new member of the family Chlamydiaceae, whereas the ducks were found to harbour predominantly C. psittaci, the classical agent of psittacosis. In addition, C. psittaci was found in the same flock as the chickens that the patients had slaughtered. Both human and C. psittaci-positive avian samples carried the same ompA genotype E/B of C. psittaci, which is widespread among French duck flocks. Repeated grassland rotations between duck and chicken flocks on the farm may explain the presence of C. psittaci in the chickens. Inspection by the veterinary service led to temporary closure of the farm. All birds had to be euthanised on site as no slaughterhouses accepted processing them. Farm buildings and grasslands were cleaned and/or disinfected before the introduction of new poultry birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Laroucau
- Anses, Laboratoire de Sante Animale, Unite Zoonoses Bacteriennes, Laboratoire National de Reference pour la Chlamydiose Aviaire, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Chlamydiaceae in North Atlantic Seabirds Admitted to a Wildlife Rescue Center in Western France. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4581-90. [PMID: 25934619 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00778-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds are the primary hosts of Chlamydia psittaci, a bacterium that can cause avian chlamydiosis in birds and psittacosis in humans. Wild seabirds are frequently admitted to wildlife rescue centers (WRC) at European Atlantic coasts, for example, in connection with oil spills. To investigate the extent of chlamydial shedding by these birds and the resulting risk for animals in care and the medical staff, seabirds from a French WRC were sampled from May 2011 to January 2014. By use of a quantitative PCR (qPCR), 195 seabirds belonging to 4 orders, 5 families and 13 species were examined, of which 18.5% proved to be Chlamydiaceae positive. The highest prevalence of shedders was found in northern gannets (Morus bassanus) (41%), followed by European herring gulls (Larus argentatus) (14%) and common murres (Uria aalge) (7%). Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of qPCR-positive northern gannet samples revealed two variants of a strain closely related to C. psittaci. In European herring gulls and in one common murre, strains showing high sequence similarity to the atypical Chlamydiaceae-like C122 previously found in gulls were detected. Our study shows that seabirds from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean carry several chlamydial organisms, including C. psittaci-related strains. The staff in WRCs should take protective measures, particularly in the case of mass admissions of seabirds.
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Hulin V, Oger S, Vorimore F, Aaziz R, de Barbeyrac B, Berruchon J, Sachse K, Laroucau K. Host preference and zoonotic potential of Chlamydia psittaci and C. gallinacea in poultry. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:1-11. [PMID: 25663344 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci and C. gallinacea are obligate intracellular bacteria infecting poultry. We conducted a survey in two poultry slaughterhouses that were processing either exclusively ducks (A) or various poultry species except ducks (B). Cloacal swabs were collected from all incoming poultry flocks in the course of a week, and blood samples and pharyngeal swabs were taken from workers. Swabs were examined using PCR and sera were analyzed with two immunoassays. PCR testing revealed the presence of C. psittaci in 9/38 duck flocks and the complete absence of C. gallinacea in these flocks (slaughterhouse A), whereas 16/33 Chlamydiaceae-positive poultry flocks handled in slaughterhouse B harbored C. gallinacea only. In an episode of psittacosis in slaughterhouse A, where one PCR-positive worker presented clinical signs, seroconversions were detected in 10 workers. In contrast, serological responses of slaughterhouse B workers to C. psittaci were generally low. This is in line with the almost complete absence of C. psittaci in handled flocks, where in additional sampling campaigns the agent was detected only once in the course of a year. Our study indicates that C. psittaci has a certain preference for ducks, whereas C. gallinacea was the predominant chlamydial agent in chickens and guinea fowl flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Hulin
- Paris-Est University, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sabrina Oger
- Regional hospital, Les Oudairies, 85000 La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- Paris-Est University, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Rachid Aaziz
- Paris-Est University, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bertille de Barbeyrac
- National Reference Center for Chlamydia, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Konrad Sachse
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Chlamydiosis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Karine Laroucau
- Paris-Est University, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
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31
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Stenzel T, Pestka D, Choszcz D. The prevalence and genetic characterization of Chlamydia psittaci from domestic and feral pigeons in Poland and the correlation between infection rate and incidence of pigeon circovirus. Poult Sci 2014; 93:3009-16. [PMID: 25306457 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-04219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci that occurs in a wide range of bird species. High infection rates with C. psittaci are found in pigeons, which can act as vectors transmitting this bacterium to poultry and humans. Chlamydia shedding by pigeons is intermittent and can be activated by stressors or immunosuppression. The most common immunosuppressive factor for pigeons is a pigeon circovirus (PiCV) infection. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of C. psittaci in Polish populations of domestic and feral pigeons (Columba livia) in the context of its correlation with PiCV infections. The second objective was to determine the genetic characteristics of Polish C. psittaci isolates. The study was conducted on 377 pigeon samples (276 domestic and 101 feral pigeons) collected from pigeons from different regions of Poland. The average prevalence of C. psittaci in the Polish pigeon population was determined at 6.8%, and it was higher in domestic than in feral pigeons. This is the first ever study to suggest a potential correlation between C. psittaci and PiCV infections, which could be attributed to the fact that there are 2 to 3 times more pigeons infected with C. psittaci and coinfected with PiCV than pigeons infected with C. psittaci alone. This trend was observed mainly in the population of sick pigeons. As many as 88.2% of isolates were recognized as belonging to genotype B, and the remaining isolates were identified as belonging to genotype E. The isolates analyzed in this study demonstrated low levels of genetic variation (96-100% homology among the isolates and in relation to reference strains). Chlamydia psittaci could be expected to spread across pigeon populations due to the high probability of mutual infections between birds and the increasing number of PiCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Stenzel
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Daria Pestka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dariusz Choszcz
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Heavy Duty Machines and Research Methodology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 11, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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32
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Carlier L, Kempf M, Aaziz R, Jolivet‐Gougeon A, Laroucau K. A severe case of pneumopathy in a duck breeder due to Chlamydia psittaci diagnosed by 16S rDNA sequencing. JMM Case Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Carlier
- Département d’Anesthésie Réanimation, Plateau Technique Ouest, CHU, F‐49933 Angers, France
| | - M. Kempf
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Institut de Biologie en Santé – PBH, CHU, F‐49933 Angers, France
| | - R. Aaziz
- Anses, Laboratoire de santé animale, Unité Zoonoses bactériennes, F‐94706 Maisons‐Alfort
| | - A. Jolivet‐Gougeon
- EA 1254 Microbiologie, Université Rennes 1, Service de Bactériologie et Hygiène, CHU Rennes, F‐35043 Rennes, France
| | - K. Laroucau
- Anses, Laboratoire de santé animale, Unité Zoonoses bactériennes, F‐94706 Maisons‐Alfort
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Branley JM, Weston KM, England J, Dwyer DE, Sorrell TC. Clinical features of endemic community-acquired psittacosis. New Microbes New Infect 2014; 2:7-12. [PMID: 25356332 PMCID: PMC4184616 DOI: 10.1002/2052-2975.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a large outbreak of community-acquired psittacosis in 2002 in residents of the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia, we reviewed new cases in this area over a 7-year period from 2003 to 2009. Using the 2010 criteria from the Centers for Disease Control National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, 85 patients with possible psittacosis were identified, of which 48 were identified as definite or probable infection. Clinical features of these cases are summarized. In addition to Chlamydia-specific serology, specimens, where available, underwent nucleic acid testing for chlamydial DNA using real-time PCR. Chlamydophila psittaci DNA was detected in samples from 23 patients. Four of 18 specimens were culture positive. This is the first description of endemic psittacosis, and is characterized in this location by community-acquired psittacosis resulting from inadvertent exposure to birds. The disease is likely to be under-diagnosed, and may often be mistaken for gastroenteritis or meningitis given the frequency of non-respiratory symptoms, particularly without a history of contact with birds. Clinical characteristics of endemic and outbreak-associated cases were similar. The nature of exposure, risk factors and reasons for the occurrence of outbreaks of psittacosis require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Branley
- Nepean Hospital Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia ; University of Sydney New South Wales, 2006, Australia ; Blue Mountains Anzac Memorial Hospital Katoomba, New South Wales, 2780, Australia
| | - K M Weston
- Centre for Population Health, Nepean and Blue Mountains Local Health District Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia ; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - J England
- Blue Mountains Anzac Memorial Hospital Katoomba, New South Wales, 2780, Australia
| | - D E Dwyer
- Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia ; Sydney Emerging Infections and Biosecurity Institute, University of Sydney New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - T C Sorrell
- Sydney Emerging Infections and Biosecurity Institute, University of Sydney New South Wales, 2006, Australia ; Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and Westmead Millennium Institute Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
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Isolation of a New Chlamydia species from the Feral Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus): Chlamydia ibidis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74823. [PMID: 24073223 PMCID: PMC3779242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations conducted on feral African Sacred Ibises (Threskiornisaethiopicus) in western France led to the isolation of a strain with chlamydial genetic determinants. Ultrastructural analysis, comparative sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, ompA, and of a concatenate of 31 highly conserved genes, as well as determination of the whole genome sequence confirmed the relatedness of the new isolate to members of the Chlamydiaceae, while, at the same time demonstrating a unique position outside the currently recognized species of this family. We propose to name this new chlamydial species Chlamydiaibidis.
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Abstract
In recent years, quantitative real-time PCR tests have been extensively developed in clinical microbiology laboratories for routine diagnosis of infectious diseases, particularly bacterial diseases. This molecular tool is well-suited for the rapid detection of bacteria directly in clinical specimens, allowing early, sensitive and specific laboratory confirmation of related diseases. It is particularly suitable for the diagnosis of infections caused by fastidious growth species, and the number of these pathogens has increased recently. This method also allows a rapid assessment of the presence of antibiotic resistance genes or gene mutations. Although this genetic approach is not always predictive of phenotypic resistances, in specific situations it may help to optimize the therapeutic management of patients. Finally, an approach combining the detection of pathogens, their mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, their virulence factors and bacterial load in clinical samples could lead to profound changes in the care of these infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Maurin
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Département des Agents Infectieux, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, France.
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36
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Zocevic A, Vorimore F, Vicari N, Gasparini J, Jacquin L, Sachse K, Magnino S, Laroucau K. A real-time PCR assay for the detection of atypical strains of Chlamydiaceae from pigeons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58741. [PMID: 23516548 PMCID: PMC3597529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence of the occurrence of atypical Chlamydiaceae strains in pigeons, different from the established Chlamydiaceae, requires the development of a specific and rapid detection tool to investigate their prevalence and significance. Here is described a new real-time PCR assay that allows specific detection of atypical Chlamydiaceae from pigeons. The assay has been used to assess the dissemination of these strains in field samples collected from Parisian pigeon populations in 2009. The results suggest a limited dissemination compared to the usually higher prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci that is the main species associated with avian chlamydiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Zocevic
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nadia Vicari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Pavia, Italy
| | - Julien Gasparini
- Laboratoire Ecologie & Evolution, CNRS ENS UPMC UMR 7625, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Jacquin
- Laboratoire Ecologie & Evolution, CNRS ENS UPMC UMR 7625, Paris, France
| | - Konrad Sachse
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Simone Magnino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Pavia, Italy
| | - Karine Laroucau
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
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38
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Zocevic A, Vorimore F, Marhold C, Horvatek D, Wang D, Slavec B, Prentza Z, Stavianis G, Prukner-Radovcic E, Dovc A, Siarkou VI, Laroucau K. Molecular characterization of atypical Chlamydia and evidence of their dissemination in different European and Asian chicken flocks by specific real-time PCR. Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:2212-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Distinctive features between community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) due to Chlamydophila psittaci and CAP due to Legionella pneumophila admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31:2713-8. [PMID: 22538796 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) due to Chlamydophila psittaci ranges from mild, self-limited CAP, to acute respiratory failure. We performed a retrospective study of 13 consecutive patients with CAP due to C. psittaci and 51 patients with legionellosis admitted in one intensive care unit (ICU) (1993-2011). As compared to patients with legionellosis, patients with psittacosis were younger (median age 48 [38-59] vs. 60 [50-71] years, p = 0.007), less frequently smokers (38 vs. 79 %, p < 0.001), with less chronic disease (15 vs. 57 %, p = 0.02), and longer duration of symptoms before admission (median 6 [5-13] vs. 5 [3-7] days, p = 0.038). They presented with lower Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (median 28 [19-38] vs. 39 [28-46], p = 0.04) and less extensive infiltrates on chest X-rays (median 2 [1-3] vs. 3 [3-4] lobes, p = 0.007). Bird exposure was mentioned in 100 % of psittacosis cases, as compared to 5.9 % of legionellosis cases (p < 0.0001). Extrapulmonary manifestations, biological features, and mortality (15.4 vs. 21.6 %, p = 0.62) were similar in both groups. In conclusion, severe psittacosis shares many features with severe legionellosis, including extrapulmonary manifestations, biological features, and outcome. Psittacosis is an important differential diagnosis for legionellosis, especially in cases of bird exposure, younger age, and more limited disease progression over the initial few days.
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OKUDA H, OHYA K, SHIOTA Y, KATO H, FUKUSHI H. Detection of Chlamydophila psittaci by Using SYBR Green Real-Time PCR. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:249-54. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideko OKUDA
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Kenji OHYA
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Yukihiro SHIOTA
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Hiroshi KATO
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Hideto FUKUSHI
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
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Mohamad KY, Rekiki A, Berri M, Rodolakis A. Recombinant 35-kDa inclusion membrane protein IncA as a candidate antigen for serodiagnosis of Chlamydophila pecorum. Vet Microbiol 2009; 143:424-8. [PMID: 19969431 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydophila pecorum strains are commonly found in the intestine and vaginal mucus of asymptomatic ruminants and may therefore induce a positive serological response when the animals are tested for C. abortus. They have also been associated with different pathological diseases in ruminants, swine and koala. The aim of this study was to identify specific C. pecorum immunodominant antigens which could be used in ELISA tests allowing to distinguish between animals infected with C. pecorum and those infected with other chlamydial species. A gene encoding 35-kDa inclusion membrane protein incA of C. pecorum was isolated by immunoscreening of the C. pecorum DNA library using ovine anti-C. pecorum antibodies. The recombinant IncA protein did not react with a murine serum directed against C. abortus but did react with a specific monoclonal antibody of C. pecorum and toward several ovine serum samples obtained after experimental infection with different C. pecorum strains. This protein could be a good candidate for specific diagnosis of C. pecorum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Yousef Mohamad
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly (Tours), France
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Pantchev A, Sting R, Bauerfeind R, Tyczka J, Sachse K. Detection of all Chlamydophila and Chlamydia spp. of veterinary interest using species-specific real-time PCR assays. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 33:473-84. [PMID: 19733907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyse the occurrence of chlamydiae in several mammalian host species. Clinical samples that previously tested positive in a Chlamydiaceae-specific real-time PCR were retested using six species-specific real-time PCR assays to identify the chlamydial species involved. Chlamydophila (Cp.) abortus was the agent most frequently found in cattle, sheep, horses, goats, and pigs. Detection in cattle of Cp. psittaci (11% of samples) and Chlamydia (C.) suis (9%), as well as Cp. psittaci in a goat sample was somewhat unexpected. DNA of two different chlamydiae was identified in 56 (12.7%) of 440 samples tested. Cp. felis was the predominant species found in cats, while in guinea pigs and rabbits only Cp. caviae was detected. Interestingly, the latter two pathogens were also identified in samples from dogs. The data show that mixed chlamydial infections are not rare and suggest an extended host range of individual species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pantchev
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Schaflandstr. 3/3, 70736 Fellbach, Germany
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Laroucau K, de Barbeyrac B, Vorimore F, Clerc M, Bertin C, Harkinezhad T, Verminnen K, Obeniche F, Capek I, Bébéar C, Durand B, Zanella G, Vanrompay D, Garin-Bastuji B, Sachse K. Chlamydial infections in duck farms associated with human cases of psittacosis in France. Vet Microbiol 2008; 135:82-9. [PMID: 18947944 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Five severe cases of psittacosis in individuals associated with duck farms were notified in France between January and March 2006. Diagnostic examination included serology and/or molecular detection by PCR from respiratory samples. As a consequence, we investigated all duck flocks (n=11) that were housed in the three farms where human infections occurred. While serology by complement fixation test was negative for all samples, cloacal and/or tracheal chlamydial excretion was detected by PCR in all three units. Notably, one duck flock was tested strongly positive in 2 of the 3 affected farms, and Chlamydophila (C.) psittaci strains were isolated from cloacal and/or tracheal swab samples from both farms. Human samples and duck isolates exhibited the same PCR-RFLP restriction pattern, which appeared to be an intermediate between genotypes A and B. Analysis of ompA gene sequences and comparison to those of the type strains showed that the isolates could not be strictly assigned to any of the generally accepted genotypes of C. psittaci. Further analysis by MLVA of the PCR-positive human samples revealed two distinct patterns, which were related to previously isolated C. psittaci duck strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Laroucau
- Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA), Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Abstract
There are two main approaches to diagnosing infections by Chlamydia and Chlamydophila spp. in mammals and birds. The first involves the direct detection of the agent in tissue or swab samples, while the second involves the serological screening of blood samples for the presence of anti-chlamydial antibodies. Ultimately, the test that is used is dependent on the types of samples that are submitted to the diagnostic laboratory for analysis. The present paper gives an overview on methodologies and technologies used currently in diagnosis of chlamydial infections with emphasis on recently developed tests. The performance characteristics of individual methods, such as the detection of antigen in smears and in pathological samples, the isolation of the pathogen, various antibody detection tests and DNA-based methods utilising conventional and real-time PCR, as well as DNA microarray technology are assessed, and specific advantages and drawbacks are discussed. Further, a combination of a specific real-time PCR assay and a microarray test for chlamydiae is proposed as an alternative reference standard to isolation by cell culture.
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Pantchev A, Sting R, Bauerfeind R, Tyczka J, Sachse K. New real-time PCR tests for species-specific detection of Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila abortus from tissue samples. Vet J 2008; 181:145-50. [PMID: 18413292 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila abortus are the causative agents of avian chlamydiosis (psittacosis) and ovine enzootic abortion, respectively. Both pathogens are known to possess zoonotic potential. Due to their close genetic relatedness, direct and rapid species identification is difficult. In the present study, new real-time PCR assays are reported for both species. The tests are based on highly specific probes targeting the ompA gene region and were conducted as duplex PCRs including an internal amplification control. The Cp. psittaci assay successfully passed a proficiency test at national level. Examination of field samples revealed Cp. psittaci as the dominating species in birds, but also Cp. abortus in a few psittacines. Real-time PCR assays for species-specific detection of Cp. psittaci and Cp. abortus are suited for routine diagnosis, which renders them important tools for the recognition of outbreaks of psittacosis and ovine enzootic abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pantchev
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Fellbach, Germany
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Real-time PCR detection and quantitation of Chlamydophila psittaci in human and avian specimens from a veterinary clinic cluster. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 27:269-73. [PMID: 18183441 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-007-0431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We report three cases of psittacosis in staff working in a veterinary surgery, which was related to exposure to a sick, wild psittacine bird. Chlamydial genus- and chlamydial species-specific DNA was detected in clinical specimens, including throat swabs, whole blood and urine. The organism load was quantified by real-time PCR (RT-PCR), which revealed 10(5)-fold more organisms in conjunctival swabs from the source bird than in the human samples. One clinic attendant was infected despite using personal protective equipment when handling the bird. This is the first report of PCR analyses of blood and urine samples being used to diagnose human psittacosis, and the first time that the organism load in humans has been compared to that of the infecting bird.
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