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Campagno LP, Quiroga ED, Durantini EN, Alovero FL. TMPyP-mediated photoinactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa improved in the presence of a cationic polymer. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:674-685. [PMID: 37885315 DOI: 10.1111/php.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most refractory organisms to antibiotic treatment and appears to be one of the least susceptible to photodynamic treatment. TMPyP is effective in the photoinactivation of P. aeruginosa, and the co-administration with the cationic polymer Eudragit®-E100 (Eu) potentiates this effect against isolates both sensitive and resistant to antibiotics. The fluorescent population (>98%) observed by flow cytometry after exposure to Eu + TMPyP remained unchanged after successive washings, indicating a stronger interaction/internalization of TMPyP in the bacteria, which could be attributed to the rapid neutralization of surface charges. TMPyP and Eu produced depolarization of the cytoplasmic membrane, which increased when both cationic compounds were combined. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, heterogeneously distributed fluorescent areas were observed after TMPyP exposure, while homogeneous fluorescence and enhanced intensity were observed with Eu + TMPyP. The polymer caused alterations in the bacterial envelopes that contributed to a deeper and more homogeneous interaction/internalization of TMPyP, leading to a higher probability of damage by cytotoxic ROS and explaining the enhanced result of photodynamic inactivation. Therefore, Eu acts as an adjuvant without being by itself capable of eradicating this pathogen. Moreover, compared with other therapies, this combinatorial strategy with a polymer approved for pharmaceutical applications presents advantages in terms of toxicity risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Campagno
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y UNITEFA-CONICET, Edificio Ciencias II, Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel D Quiroga
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y UNITEFA-CONICET, Edificio Ciencias II, Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fabiana L Alovero
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y UNITEFA-CONICET, Edificio Ciencias II, Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
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2
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Rath S, Das S. Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and DNA repair mechanisms in mangrove bacteria exposed to climatic and heavy metal stressors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 339:122722. [PMID: 37863253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria thriving in the mangrove ecosystem are major drivers of elemental cycles. Climate change and environmental stressors (heavy metals) influence the performance of these microorganisms, thereby affecting the biogeochemical cycle. The present study reports the genotoxic effect of climatic and heavy metal stressors on mangrove bacteria and their adaptation strategies. Comparative analysis between two bacterial strains, Bacillus stercoris GST-03 and Pseudomonas balearica DST-02 isolated from the Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem, Odisha, India, showed cellular injuries in response to various stressors as evident by declined growth, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resulted DNA damage. B. stercoris GST-03 showed more tolerance towards acidic pH, whereas P. balearica DST-02 showed higher tolerance towards UV exposure and heavy metals (Lead and Cadmium). The adaptation strategies of the strains revealed a significant role of GST in ROS scavenging activity and the involvement of Nucleotide excision repair or SOS response pathways. However, irreparable DNA damage was observed at pH 9 and 200 ppm Cd in B. stercoris GST-03, and at pH 4, 1000 ppm of Pb and 200 ppm of Cd in P. balearica DST-02. The current findings provide a broad overview of bacterial response and adaptability concerning future climate and environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonalin Rath
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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3
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Meerovich GA, Akhlyustina EV, Romanishkin ID, Makarova EA, Tiganova IG, Zhukhovitsky VG, Kholina EG, Kovalenko IB, Romanova YM, Loschenov VB, Strakhovskaya MG. Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria: Why it is not enough to excite a photosensitizer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103853. [PMID: 37863377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in infectious agents is one of the most serious global problems facing humanity. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) shows encouraging results in the fight against MDR pathogens, including those in biofilms. METHODS Photosensitizers (PS), monocationic methylene blue, polycationic and polyanionic derivatives of phthalocyanines, electroneutral and polycationic derivatives of bacteriochlorin were used to study photodynamic inactivation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative planktonic bacteria and biofilms under LED irradiation. Zeta potential measurements, confocal fluorescence imaging, and coarse-grained modeling were used to evaluate the interactions of PS with bacteria. PS aggregation and photobleaching were studied using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. RESULTS The main approaches to ensure high efficiency of bacteria photosensitization are analyzed. CONCLUSIONS PS must maintain a delicate balance between binding to exocellular and external structures of bacterial cells and penetration through the cell wall so as not to get stuck on the way to photooxidation-sensitive structures of the bacterial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady A Meerovich
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Moscow 115409, Russia
| | | | - Igor D Romanishkin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | | | - Irina G Tiganova
- Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Zhukhovitsky
- Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia; Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education (RMANPO), Moscow 125993, Russia
| | | | - Ilya B Kovalenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 115682, Russia
| | - Yulia M Romanova
- Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Victor B Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Moscow 115409, Russia
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4
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Spiramycin Disarms Pseudomonas aeruginosa without Inhibiting Growth. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030499. [PMID: 36978366 PMCID: PMC10044227 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide antibiotic currently used in therapy to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria responsible for respiratory tract infections, and it is also effective against some Gram-negative bacteria and against Toxoplasma spp. In contrast, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is one of the pathogens of most concern globally, is intrinsically resistant to spiramycin. In this study we show that spiramycin inhibits the expression of virulence determinants in P. aeruginosa in the absence of any significant effect on bacterial multiplication. In vitro experiments demonstrated that production of pyoverdine and pyocyanin by an environmental strain of P. aeruginosa was markedly reduced in the presence of spiramycin, as were biofilm formation, swarming motility, and rhamnolipid production. Moreover, treatment of P. aeruginosa with spiramycin sensitized the bacterium to H2O2 exposure. The ability of spiramycin to dampen the virulence of the P. aeruginosa strain was confirmed in a Galleria mellonella animal model. The results demonstrated that when G. mellonella larvae were infected with P. aeruginosa, the mortality after 24 h was >90%. In contrast, when the spiramycin was injected together with the bacterium, the mortality dropped to about 50%. Furthermore, marked reduction in transcript levels of the antimicrobial peptides gallerimycin, gloverin and moricin, and lysozyme was found in G. mellonella larvae infected with P. aeruginosa and treated with spiramycin, compared to the larvae infected without spiramycin treatment suggesting an immunomodulatory activity of spiramycin. These results lay the foundation for clinical studies to investigate the possibility of using the spiramycin as an anti-virulence and anti-inflammatory drug for a more effective treatment of P. aeruginosa infections, in combination with other antibiotics.
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Meier CJ, Rouhier MF, Hillyer JF. Chemical Control of Mosquitoes and the Pesticide Treadmill: A Case for Photosensitive Insecticides as Larvicides. INSECTS 2022; 13:1093. [PMID: 36555003 PMCID: PMC9783766 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides reduce the spread of mosquito-borne disease. Over the past century, mosquito control has mostly relied on neurotoxic chemicals-such as pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbamates and organophosphates-that target adults. However, their persistent use has selected for insecticide resistance. This has led to the application of progressively higher amounts of insecticides-known as the pesticide treadmill-and negative consequences for ecosystems. Comparatively less attention has been paid to larvae, even though larval death eliminates a mosquito's potential to transmit disease and reproduce. Larvae have been targeted by source reduction, biological control, growth regulators and neurotoxins, but hurdles remain. Here, we review methods of mosquito control and argue that photoactive molecules that target larvae-called photosensitive insecticides or PSIs-are an environmentally friendly addition to our mosquitocidal arsenal. PSIs are ingested by larvae and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) when activated by light. ROS then damage macromolecules resulting in larval death. PSIs are degraded by light, eliminating environmental accumulation. Moreover, PSIs only harm small translucent organisms, and their broad mechanism of action that relies on oxidative damage means that resistance is less likely to evolve. Therefore, PSIs are a promising alternative for controlling mosquitoes in an environmentally sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole J. Meier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | | | - Julián F. Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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6
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Bongaerts GPA, Williams RM, van der Wielen MWJ, Feiters MC. (Photo-)chemical roadmap to strategic antimicrobial photodynamic and photothermal therapies. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424622500493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Engelhart-Straub S, Cavelius P, Hölzl F, Haack M, Awad D, Brueck T, Mehlmer N. Effects of Light on Growth and Metabolism of Rhodococcus erythropolis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081680. [PMID: 36014097 PMCID: PMC9416670 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus erythropolis is resilient to various stressors. However, the response of R. erythropolis towards light has not been evaluated. In this study, R. erythropolis was exposed to different wavelengths of light. Compared to non-illuminated controls, carotenoid levels were significantly increased in white (standard warm white), green (510 nm) and blue light (470 nm) illuminated cultures. Notably, blue light (455, 425 nm) exhibited anti-microbial effects. Interestingly, cellular lipid composition shifted under light stress, increasing odd chain fatty acids (C15:0, C17:1) cultured under white (standard warm white) and green (510 nm) light. When exposed to blue light (470, 455, 425 nm), fatty acid profiles shifted to more saturated fatty acids (C16:1 to C16:0). Time-resolved proteomics analysis revealed several oxidative stress-related proteins to be upregulated under light illumination.
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8
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Lin S, Chen S, Li L, Cao H, Li T, Hu M, Liao L, Zhang LH, Xu Z. Genome characterization of a uropathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate PA_HN002 with cyclic di-GMP-dependent hyper-biofilm production. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:956445. [PMID: 36004331 PMCID: PMC9394441 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.956445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause various types of infections and is one of the most ubiquitous antibiotic-resistant pathogens found in healthcare settings. It is capable of adapting to adverse conditions by transforming its motile lifestyle to a sessile biofilm lifestyle, which induces a steady state of chronic infection. However, mechanisms triggering the lifestyle transition of P. aeruginosa strains with clinical significance are not very clear. In this study, we reported a recently isolated uropathogenic hyper-biofilm producer PA_HN002 and characterized its genome to explore genetic factors that may promote its transition into the biofilm lifestyle. We first showed that high intracellular c-di-GMP content in PA_HN002 gave rise to its attenuated motilities and extraordinary strong biofilm. Reducing the intracellular c-di-GMP content by overexpressing phosphodiesterases (PDEs) such as BifA or W909_14950 converted the biofilm and motility phenotypes. Whole genome sequencing and comprehensive analysis of all the c-di-GMP metabolizing enzymes led to the identification of multiple mutations within PDEs. Gene expression assays further indicated that the shifted expression profile of c-di-GMP metabolizing enzymes in PA_HN002 might mainly contribute to its elevated production of intracellular c-di-GMP and enhanced biofilm formation. Moreover, mobile genetic elements which might interfere the endogenous regulatory network of c-di-GMP metabolism in PA_HN002 were analyzed. This study showed a reprogrammed expression profile of c-di-GMP metabolizing enzymes which may promote the pathoadaption of clinical P. aeruginosa into biofilm producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Women and Children’s Health Institute, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Li, ; Zeling Xu,
| | - Huiluo Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ting Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lisheng Liao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian-Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeling Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Li, ; Zeling Xu,
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9
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Orlandi VT, Martegani E, Giaroni C, Baj A, Bolognese F. Bacterial pigments: A colorful palette reservoir for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 69:981-1001. [PMID: 33870552 PMCID: PMC9544673 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic derivatives are currently used instead of pigments in many applicative fields, from food to feed, from pharmaceutical to diagnostic, from agronomy to industry. Progress in organic chemistry allowed to obtain rather cheap compounds covering the whole color spectrum. However, several concerns arise from this chemical approach, as it is mainly based on nonrenewable resources such as fossil oil, and the toxicity or carcinogenic properties of products and/or precursors may be harmful for personnel involved in the productive processes. In this scenario, microorganisms and their pigments represent a colorful world to discover and reconsider. Each living bacterial strain may be a source of secondary metabolites with peculiar functions. The aim of this review is to link the physiological role of bacterial pigments with their potential use in different biotechnological fields. This enormous potential supports the big challenge for the development of strategies useful to identify, produce, and purify the right pigment for the desired application. At the end of this ideal journey through the world of bacterial pigments, the attention will be focused on melanin compounds, whose production relies upon different techniques ranging from natural producers, heterologous hosts, or isolated enzymes. In a green workflow, the microorganisms represent the starting and final point of pigment production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleonora Martegani
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life SciencesUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Fabrizio Bolognese
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life SciencesUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
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10
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Yu Y, Zhao Y, He Y, Pang J, Yang Z, Zheng M, Yin R. Inhibition of efflux pump encoding genes and biofilm formation by sub-lethal photodynamic therapy in methicillin susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102900. [PMID: 35525433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective method to inactivate microorganisms based on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by photosensitizer and light at certain wavelength. Exposure to sub-lethal dose of PDT (sPDT) could activate the regulatory systems in the surviving bacteria in response to oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sPDT on efflux pump and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which are two important virulence related factors. METHODS Different light irradiation time and toluidine blue O (TBO) concentrations were tested to select a sPDT in methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MSSA and MRSA). Efflux function was evaluated with EtBr efflux experiment. Biofilm formation was evaluated by crystal violet staining. Gene expressions of norA, norB, sepA, mepA and mdeA following sPDT were analyzed with real-time PCR. RESULTS Sub-lethal PDT was set at 40 J/cm2 associated with 0.5 μM TBO. Efflux function was significantly inhibited in both strains. The average expression levels of mdeA and mepA in MSSA and MRSA were increased by (3.09, 1.77, 1.57) and (3,44, 1.59, 6.29) fold change respectively, norB and sepA were decreased by (3.77, 6.14) and (3.02, 3.47) fold change respectively. Expression level of norA was decreased by 5.44-fold change in MSSA but increased by 2.80-fold change in MRSA. Biofilm formation in both strains was impeded. CONCLUSIONS TBO-mediated sPDT could inhibit efflux pump function, alter efflux pump encoding gene expression levels and retard biofilm formation in MSSA and MRSA. Therefore, sPDT is proposed as a potential adjuvant therapy for infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology,Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Yaxiong He
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Jiayin Pang
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Zengjun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Mengxue Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Rui Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, China.
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11
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Dong PT, Jusuf S, Hui J, Zhan Y, Zhu Y, Liu GY, Cheng JX. Photoinactivation of catalase sensitizes wide-ranging bacteria to ROS-producing agents and immune cells. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153079. [PMID: 35446788 PMCID: PMC9220836 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved to cope with the detrimental effects of ROS using their essential molecular components. Catalase, a heme-containing tetramer protein expressed universally in most aerobic bacteria, plays an indispensable role in scavenging excess hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Here, through use of wild-type and catalase-deficient mutants, we identified catalase as an endogenous therapeutic target of 400–420 nm blue light. Catalase residing inside bacteria could be effectively inactivated by blue light, subsequently rendering the pathogens extremely vulnerable to H2O2 and H2O2-producing agents. As a result, photoinactivation of catalase and H2O2 synergistically eliminated a wide range of catalase-positive planktonic bacteria and P. aeruginosa inside biofilms. In addition, photoinactivation of catalase was shown to facilitate macrophage defense against intracellular pathogens. The antimicrobial efficacy of catalase photoinactivation was validated using a Pseudomonas aeruginosa–induced mouse abrasion model. Taken together, our findings offer a catalase-targeting phototherapy approach against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Ting Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Jusuf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, United States of America
| | - Jie Hui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, United States of America
| | - Yuewei Zhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, United States of America
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, United States of America
| | - George Y Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Boston University, Boston, United States of America
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12
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Orlandi VT, Martegani E, Bolognese F, Caruso E. Searching for antimicrobial photosensitizers among a panel of BODIPYs. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1233-1248. [PMID: 35377108 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) gained increasing attention for its potential to inhibit the growth and spread of microorganisms, both as free-living cells and/or embedded in biofilm communities. In this scenario, compounds belonging to the family of boron-dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) represent a very promising class of photosensitizers for applications in antimicrobial field. In this study, twelve non-ionic and three cationic BODIPYs were assayed for the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. As expected, S. aureus showed to be very sensitive to BODIPYs and mild conditions were sufficient to reach good rates of photoinactivation with both neutral and monocationic ones. Surprisingly, one neutral compound (named B9 in this study) resulted the best BODIPY to photoinactivate P. aeruginosa PAO1. The photoinactivation of C. albicans was reached with both neutral and mono-cationic BODIPYs. Furthermore, biofilms of the three model microorganisms were challenged with BODIPYs in light-based antimicrobial technique. S. aureus biofilms were successfully inhibited with milder conditions than those applied to P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Notably, it was possible to eradicate 24-h-old biofilms of both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. In conclusion, this study supports the potential of neutral BODIPYs as pan-antimicrobial PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Martegani
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bolognese
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
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13
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Jiang L, Jeon D, Kim J, Lee CW, Peng Y, Seo J, Lee JH, Paik JH, Kim CY, Lee J. Pyomelanin-Producing Brevundimonas vitisensis sp. nov., Isolated From Grape ( Vitis vinifera L.). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:733612. [PMID: 34721332 PMCID: PMC8551962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.733612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel endophytic bacterial strain, designated GR-TSA-9T, was isolated from surface-sterilized grape (Vitis vinifera L.). 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that the isolate was grouped within the genus Brevundimonas, displaying the highest similarity with Brevundimonas lenta DS-18T (97.9%) and Brevundimonas kwangchunensis KSL-102T (97.8%) and less than 97.5% similarity with other members of Brevundimonas. The strain GR-TSA-9T was a gram negative, rod shaped, facultatively anaerobic, catalase and oxidase positive, and motile bacterium. Its growth occurred at 10–37°C (optimally 25–30°C), at pH 7.0–8.0, and in NaCl 0–1% (optimally 0%). It contained ubiquinone-10 as a respiratory quinone, and the major cellular fatty acids (>10% of the total) were C16:0 (14.2%) and summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c, 65.6%). The polar lipids present in the strain were phosphoglycolipids, phosphatidylglycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-glucopyranuronosyl]glycerol, and unidentified lipids (L1, L2, and L4). The strain had one 2,976,716bp circular chromosome with a G+C content of 66.4%. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization value between strain GR-TSA-9T and B. lenta DS-18T was 20.9%, while the average nucleotide identity value was 76.7%. In addition, the dDDH and ANI values to other members in this genus, whose genome sequences are available, are less than 21.1 and 77.6%. Genome annotation predicted the presence of some gene clusters related to tyrosine degradation and pyomelanin formation. Strain GR-TSA-9T produced a brown melanin-like pigment in the presence of L-tyrosine-containing media. The highest pigment production (0.19g/L) was observed in tryptic soy broth with 1.0mg/ml L-tyrosine at 25°C for 6days of culture. Biophysical characterization by ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry confirmed that the pigment was pyomelanin. Additionally, melanized GR-TSA-9T cells could protect the cells against UVC exposure. The phylogenetic, genomic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic features indicated that strain GR-TSA-9T represents a novel melanin-producing species of Brevundimonas. The type strain was GR-TSA-9T (KCTC 82386T=CGMCC 1.18820T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmin Jiang
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Doeun Jeon
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Jueun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chul Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yuxin Peng
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Jiyoon Seo
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Ju Huck Lee
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Jin Hyub Paik
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Cha Young Kim
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, South Korea
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Oxidative Stress Response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091187. [PMID: 34578219 PMCID: PMC8466533 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative environmental and human opportunistic pathogen highly adapted to many different environmental conditions. It can cause a wide range of serious infections, including wounds, lungs, the urinary tract, and systemic infections. The high versatility and pathogenicity of this bacterium is attributed to its genomic complexity, the expression of several virulence factors, and its intrinsic resistance to various antimicrobials. However, to thrive and establish infection, P. aeruginosa must overcome several barriers. One of these barriers is the presence of oxidizing agents (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid) produced by the host immune system or that are commonly used as disinfectants in a variety of different environments including hospitals. These agents damage several cellular molecules and can cause cell death. Therefore, bacteria adapt to these harsh conditions by altering gene expression and eliciting several stress responses to survive under oxidative stress. Here, we used PubMed to evaluate the current knowledge on the oxidative stress responses adopted by P. aeruginosa. We will describe the genes that are often differently expressed under oxidative stress conditions, the pathways and proteins employed to sense and respond to oxidative stress, and how these changes in gene expression influence pathogenicity and the virulence of P. aeruginosa. Understanding these responses and changes in gene expression is critical to controlling bacterial pathogenicity and developing new therapeutic agents.
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15
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Odoi H, Boamah VE, Boakye YD, Agyare C. Prevalence and Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Mechanisms of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Clinical, Environmental, and Poultry Litter Samples from the Ashanti Region of Ghana. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 2021:9976064. [PMID: 34221030 PMCID: PMC8221878 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9976064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a major global health challenge. Reports on the prevalence of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa, a common pathogenic bacterium implicated in nosocomial infections and poultry diseases, are limited in Ghana. This study therefore sought to determine the prevalence of P. aeruginosa from hospitals, poultry farms, and environmental samples from the Ashanti region of Ghana. Methodology. Stool, urine, and blood samples from 364 patients from two hospitals in the Ashanti region of Ghana were randomly sampled. P. aeruginosa was isolated and confirmed using routine selective media and PCR-based oprL gene amplification. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method employing EUCAST breakpoint values was used to identify multidrug-resistant strains. The occurrence of common antibiotic inactivating enzymes and resistance encoding genes and the assessment of strain efflux capacity were investigated with double disc synergy test (DDST), imipenem-EDTA synergy test, phenylboronic acid test, D-test, routine PCR, and ethidium bromide agar-cartwheel method. Results A total of 87 (9.7%, n = 87/900) P. aeruginosa isolates were confirmed from the samples. 75% (n = 65/87) were resistant to more than one group of antipseudomonal agents, while 43.6% (n = 38/87) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). High prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamases (84.2%), metallo-β-lactamases (34.1%), and AmpC inducible cephalosporinases (50%) was observed in the MDR strains. About 57.8% of the MDR strains showed moderate to very high efflux capacity. Class 1 integrons were detected in 89.4% of the MDR isolates but β-lactamase encoding genes (bla SHV , bla TEM , bla CTX-M , bla VIM , and bla IMP ) were not detected. Conclusion Surveillance of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria should be routinely conducted in clinical and veterinary practice in Ghana to inform selection of antibiotics for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayford Odoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Vivian Etsiapa Boamah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yaw Duah Boakye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Christian Agyare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Rapacka-Zdończyk A, Woźniak A, Michalska K, Pierański M, Ogonowska P, Grinholc M, Nakonieczna J. Factors Determining the Susceptibility of Bacteria to Antibacterial Photodynamic Inactivation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:642609. [PMID: 34055830 PMCID: PMC8149737 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.642609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms (aPDI) is an excellent method to destroy antibiotic-resistant microbial isolates. The use of an exogenous photosensitizer or irradiation of microbial cells already equipped with endogenous photosensitizers makes aPDI a convenient tool for treating the infections whenever technical light delivery is possible. Currently, aPDI research carried out on a vast repertoire of depending on the photosensitizer used, the target microorganism, and the light delivery system shows efficacy mostly on in vitro models. The search for mechanisms underlying different responses to photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms is an essential issue in aPDI because one niche (e.g., infection site in a human body) may have bacterial subpopulations that will exhibit different susceptibility. Rapidly growing bacteria are probably more susceptible to aPDI than persister cells. Some subpopulations can produce more antioxidant enzymes or have better performance due to efficient efflux pumps. The ultimate goal was and still is to identify and characterize molecular features that drive the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation. To this end, we examined several genetic and biochemical characteristics, including the presence of individual genetic elements, protein activity, cell membrane content and its physical properties, the localization of the photosensitizer, with the result that some of them are important and others do not appear to play a crucial role in the process of aPDI. In the review, we would like to provide an overview of the factors studied so far in our group and others that contributed to the aPDI process at the cellular level. We want to challenge the question, is there a general pattern of molecular characterization of aPDI effectiveness? Or is it more likely that a photosensitizer-specific pattern of molecular characteristics of aPDI efficacy will occur?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Woźniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Klaudia Michalska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Pierański
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Ogonowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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d'Ischia M, Manini P, Martins Z, Remusat L, O'D Alexander CM, Puzzarini C, Barone V, Saladino R. Insoluble organic matter in chondrites: Archetypal melanin-like PAH-based multifunctionality at the origin of life? Phys Life Rev 2021; 37:65-93. [PMID: 33774429 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An interdisciplinary review of the chemical literature that points to a unifying scenario for the origin of life, referred to as the Primordial Multifunctional organic Entity (PriME) scenario, is provided herein. In the PriME scenario it is suggested that the Insoluble Organic Matter (IOM) in carbonaceous chondrites, as well as interplanetary dust particles from meteorites and comets may have played an important role in the three most critical processes involved in the origin of life, namely 1) metabolism, via a) the provision and accumulation of molecules that are the building blocks of life, b) catalysis (e.g., by templation), and c) protection of developing life molecules against radiation by excited state deactivation; 2) compartmentalization, via adsorption of compounds on the exposed organic surfaces in fractured meteorites, and 3) replication, via deaggregation, desorption and related physical phenomena. This scenario is based on the hitherto overlooked structural and physicochemical similarities between the IOM and the dark, insoluble, multifunctional melanin polymers found in bacteria and fungi and associated with the ability of these microorganisms to survive extreme conditions, including ionizing radiation. The underlying conceptual link between these two materials is strengthened by the fact that primary precursors of bacterial and fungal melanins (collectively referred to herein as allomelanins) are hydroxylated aromatic compounds like homogentisic acid and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, and that similar hydroxylated aromatic compounds, including hydroxynaphthalenes, figure prominently among possible components of the organic materials on dust grains and ices in the interstellar matter, and may be involved in the formation of IOM in meteorites. Inspired by this rationale, a vis-à-vis review of the properties of IOM from various chondrites and non-nitrogenous allomelanin pigments from bacteria and fungi is provided herein. The unrecognized similarities between these materials may pave the way for a novel scenario at the origin of life, in which IOM-related complex organic polymers delivered to the early Earth are proposed to serve as PriME and were preserved and transformed in those primitive forms of life that shared the ability to synthesize melanin polymers playing an important role in the critical processes underlying the establishment of terrestrial eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Manini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Zita Martins
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Laurent Remusat
- Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Conel M O'D Alexander
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW Washington, DC 20015-1305, USA
| | - Cristina Puzzarini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, I-40126, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa, I-56126, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Biological and Ecological Sciences Department (DEB), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Mojsoska B, Ghoul M, Perron GG, Jenssen H, Alatraktchi FA. Changes in toxin production of environmental Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of three common antibiotics. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248014. [PMID: 33662048 PMCID: PMC7932067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an environmental pathogen that can cause severe infections in immunocompromised patients. P. aeruginosa infections are typically treated with multiple antibiotics including tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem. However, antibiotics do not always entirely clear the bacteria from the infection site, where they may remain virulent. This is because the effective antibiotic concentration and diffusion in vitro may differ from the in vivo environment in patients. Therefore, it is important to understand the effect of non-lethal sub-inhibitory antibiotic concentrations on bacterial phenotype. Here, we investigate if sub-inhibitory antimicrobial concentrations cause alterations in bacterial virulence factor production using pyocyanin as a model toxin. We tested this using the aforementioned antibiotics on 10 environmental P. aeruginosa strains. Using on-the-spot electrochemical screening, we were able to directly quantify changes in production of pyocyanin in a measurement time of 17 seconds. Upon selecting 3 representative strains to further test the effects of sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs), we found that pyocyanin production changed significantly when the bacteria were exposed to 10-fold MIC of the 3 antibiotics tested, and this was strain specific. A series of biologically relevant measured pyocyanin concentrations were also used to assess the effects of increased virulence on a culture of epithelial cells. We found a decreased viability of the epithelial cells when incubated with biologically relevant pyocyanin concentrations. This suggests that the antibiotic-induced virulence also is a value worth being enclosed in regular testing of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Mojsoska
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
- PreDiagnose, Karlslunde, Denmark
| | - Melanie Ghoul
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel G. Perron
- Department of Biology, Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY, United States of America
| | - Håvard Jenssen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
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Tracing Mastitis Pathogens-Epidemiological Investigations of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mastitis Outbreak in an Austrian Dairy Herd. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020279. [PMID: 33499389 PMCID: PMC7911987 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes an outbreak of Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa mastitis in a 20-cow dairy herd where throughout genotyping of isolates reusable udder towels were identified as the source of infection. Sampling of cows during three herd surveys and bacteriological culturing showed that P. aeruginosa was isolated from nine cows with a total of 13 infected quarters. Mastitis occurred as mild clinical or subclinical infection. P. aeruginosa was additionally isolated from a teat disinfectant solution, containing N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-dodécylpropane-1,3-diamine 1 as active component, and microfiber towels used for pre-milking teat preparation. Disc diffusion antimicrobial resistance testing revealed that all isolates were susceptible to piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefepime, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem, tobramycin, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin. Thirty-two isolates of milk samples and 22 randomly selected isolates of one udder towel and of the teat disinfectant solution were confirmed as P. aeruginosa with matrix-assisted laser desorption, ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI Tof MS). Isolates were further characterized with rep-PCR and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) as well as with multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Results obtained in this study suggested that one single strain was responsible for the whole outbreak. The transmission occurred throughout a contaminated teat cleaning solution as a source of infection. The farmer was advised to change udder-preparing routine and to cull infected cows.
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Targeted and untargeted quantification of quorum sensing signalling molecules in bacterial cultures and biological samples via HPLC-TQ MS techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:853-864. [PMID: 33206214 PMCID: PMC7809007 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is the ability of some bacteria to detect and to respond to population density through signalling molecules. QS molecules are involved in motility and cell aggregation mechanisms in diseases such as sepsis. Few biomarkers are currently available to diagnose sepsis, especially in high-risk conditions. The aim of this study was the development of new analytical methods based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the detection and quantification of QS signalling molecules, including N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHL) and hydroxyquinolones (HQ), in biofluids. Biological samples used in the study were Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial cultures and plasma from patients with sepsis. We developed two MS analytical methods, based on neutral loss (NL) and product ion (PI) experiments, to identify and characterize unknown AHL and HQ molecules. We then established a multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) method to quantify specific QS compounds. We validated the HPLC-MS-based approaches (MRM-NL-PI), and data were in accord with the validation guidelines. With the NL and PI MS-based methods, we identified and characterized 3 and 13 unknown AHL and HQ compounds, respectively, in biological samples. One of the newly found AHL molecules was C12-AHL, first quantified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial cultures. The MRM quantitation of analytes in plasma from patients with sepsis confirmed the analytical ability of MRM for the quantification of virulence factors during sepsis. Graphical abstract ![]()
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21
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Rodríguez-González V, Obregón S, Patrón-Soberano OA, Terashima C, Fujishima A. An approach to the photocatalytic mechanism in the TiO 2-nanomaterials microorganism interface for the control of infectious processes. APPLIED CATALYSIS. B, ENVIRONMENTAL 2020; 270:118853. [PMID: 32292243 PMCID: PMC7111711 DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The approach of this timely review considers the current literature that is focused on the interface nanostructure/cell-wall microorganism to understand the annihilation mechanism. Morphological studies use optical and electronic microscopes to determine the physical damage on the cell-wall and the possible cell lysis that confirms the viability and microorganism death. The key parameters of the tailoring the surface of the photoactive nanostructures such as the metal functionalization with bacteriostatic properties, hydrophilicity, textural porosity, morphology and the formation of heterojunction systems, can achieve the effective eradication of the microorganisms under natural conditions, ranging from practical to applications in environment, agriculture, and so on. However, to our knowledge, a comprehensive review of the microorganism/nanomaterial interface approach has rarely been conducted. The final remarks point the ideal photocatalytic way for the effective prevention/eradication of microorganisms, considering the resistance that the microorganism could develop without the appropriate regulatory aspects for human and ecosystem safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Rodríguez-González
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science & Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), División de Materiales Avanzados, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4a, Sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Sergio Obregón
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, CICFIM-Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Av. Universidad S/N, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Olga A. Patrón-Soberano
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4a, Sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Chiaki Terashima
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science & Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Fujishima
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science & Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Quintieri L, Fanelli F, Zühlke D, Caputo L, Logrieco AF, Albrecht D, Riedel K. Biofilm and Pathogenesis-Related Proteins in the Foodborne P. fluorescens ITEM 17298 With Distinctive Phenotypes During Cold Storage. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:991. [PMID: 32670211 PMCID: PMC7326052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In food chain, Pseudomonas spp. cause spoilage by reducing shelf life of fresh products, especially during cold storage, with a high economic burden for industries. However, recent studies have shed new light on health risks occurring when they colonize immunocompromised patient tissues. Likewise to P. aeruginosa, they exhibit antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation, responsible for their spread and persistence in the environment. Biofilm formation might be induced by environmental stresses, such as temperature fluctuations causing physiological and metabolic changes exacerbating food spoilage (by protease and pigment synthesis), and the production of adhesion molecules, chemotactic or underestimated virulence factors. In order to provide a new insight into phenotypic biodiversity of Pseudomonas spoilers isolated from cold stored cheese, in this work 19 Pseudomonas spp. were investigated for biofilm, pigments, exopolysaccharide production and motility at low temperature. Only nine strains showed these phenotypic traits and the blue pigmenting cheese strain P. fluorescens ITEM 17298 was the most distinctive. In addition, this strain decreased the survival probability of infected Galleria mellonella larvae, showing, for the first time, a pathogenic potential. Genomic and proteomic analyses performed on the ITEM 17298 planktonic cells treated or not with lactoferrin derived antibiofilm peptides allowed to reveal specific biofilm related-pathways as well as proteins involved in pathogenesis. Indeed, several genes were found related to signaling system by cGMP-dependent protein kinases, cellulose, rhamnolipid and alginate synthesis, antibiotic resistance, adhesion and virulence factors. The proteome of the untreated ITEM 17298, growing at low temperature, showed that most of the proteins associated with biofilm regulation, pigmentation motility, antibiotic resistance and pathogenecity were repressed, or decreased their levels in comparison to that of the untreated cultures. Thus, the results of this work shed light on the complex pathways network allowing psychrotrophic pseudomonads to adapt themselves to food-refrigerated conditions and enhance their spoilage. In addition, the discovery of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance determinants raises some questions about the need to deeper investigate these underestimated bacteria in order to increase awareness and provide input to update legislation on their detection limits in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Quintieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Zühlke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Leonardo Caputo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Dirk Albrecht
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Owusu EGA, Yaghini E, Naasani I, Parkin IP, Allan E, MacRobert AJ. Synergistic interactions of cadmium-free quantum dots embedded in a photosensitised polymer surface: efficient killing of multidrug-resistant strains at low ambient light levels. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10609-10622. [PMID: 32373810 PMCID: PMC7497474 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium-free quantum dots (QD) were combined with crystal violet photosensitising dye and incorporated into medical grade polyurethane via a non-covalent dipping process known as 'swell-encapsulation-shrink'. The antibacterial efficacy of the prepared quantum dot-crystal violet polyurethane substrates (QD + CV PU) was investigated under low power visible light illumination at similar intensities (500 lux) to those present in clinical settings. The antibacterial performance of QD + CV PU was superior to the constituent polymer substrates, eliminating ∼99.9% of an environmental P. aeruginosa strain, a clinical P. aeruginosa strain from a cystic fibrosis patient and a clinical E. coli strain. The nature of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in antibacterial activity of the QD + CV PU surface was investigated using ROS inhibitors and time-resolved optical spectroscopy. The photo-physical interactions of the green-emitting QDs with CV lead to a combination of Type I and II electron transfer and energy transfer processes, with the highly potent ROS singlet oxygen playing a dominant role. This study is the first to demonstrate highly efficient synergistic killing of clinical and environmental strains of intrinsically resistant and multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria using light-activated surfaces containing biocompatible cadmium-free QDs and crystal violet dye at ambient light levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel G. A. Owusu
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Charles Bell House
, 43-45 Foley Street
, London W1 W 7TS
, UK
.
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre
, Department of Chemistry
, University College London
,
20 Gordon Street
, London WC1H 0AJ
, UK
- Department of Microbial Diseases
, UCL Eastman Dental Institute
, University College London
,
256 Gray's Inn Road
, London WC1X 8LD
, UK
| | - Elnaz Yaghini
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Charles Bell House
, 43-45 Foley Street
, London W1 W 7TS
, UK
.
| | - Imad Naasani
- Nanoco Technologies Ltd
,
46 Grafton Street
, Manchester M13 9NT
, UK
| | - Ivan P. Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre
, Department of Chemistry
, University College London
,
20 Gordon Street
, London WC1H 0AJ
, UK
| | - Elaine Allan
- Department of Microbial Diseases
, UCL Eastman Dental Institute
, University College London
,
256 Gray's Inn Road
, London WC1X 8LD
, UK
| | - Alexander J. MacRobert
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Charles Bell House
, 43-45 Foley Street
, London W1 W 7TS
, UK
.
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24
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Parducho KR, Beadell B, Ybarra TK, Bush M, Escalera E, Trejos AT, Chieng A, Mendez M, Anderson C, Park H, Wang Y, Lu W, Porter E. The Antimicrobial Peptide Human Beta-Defensin 2 Inhibits Biofilm Production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Without Compromising Metabolic Activity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:805. [PMID: 32457749 PMCID: PMC7225314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm production is a key virulence factor that facilitates bacterial colonization on host surfaces and is regulated by complex pathways, including quorum sensing, that also control pigment production, among others. To limit colonization, epithelial cells, as part of the first line of defense, utilize a variety of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including defensins. Pore formation is the best investigated mechanism for the bactericidal activity of AMPs. Considering the induction of human beta-defensin 2 (HBD2) secretion to the epithelial surface in response to bacteria and the importance of biofilm in microbial infection, we hypothesized that HBD2 has biofilm inhibitory activity. We assessed the viability and biofilm formation of a pyorubin-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain in the presence and absence of HBD2 in comparison to the highly bactericidal HBD3. At nanomolar concentrations, HBD2 - independent of its chiral state - significantly reduced biofilm formation but not metabolic activity, unlike HBD3, which reduced biofilm and metabolic activity to the same degree. A similar discrepancy between biofilm inhibition and maintenance of metabolic activity was also observed in HBD2 treated Acinetobacter baumannii, another Gram-negative bacterium. There was no evidence for HBD2 interference with the regulation of biofilm production. The expression of biofilm-related genes and the extracellular accumulation of pyorubin pigment, another quorum sensing controlled product, did not differ significantly between HBD2 treated and control bacteria, and in silico modeling did not support direct binding of HBD2 to quorum sensing molecules. However, alterations in the outer membrane protein profile accompanied by surface topology changes, documented by atomic force microscopy, was observed after HBD2 treatment. This suggests that HBD2 induces structural changes that interfere with the transport of biofilm precursors into the extracellular space. Taken together, these data support a novel mechanism of biofilm inhibition by nanomolar concentrations of HBD2 that is independent of biofilm regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Parducho
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brent Beadell
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tiffany K. Ybarra
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mabel Bush
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Erick Escalera
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aldo T. Trejos
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andy Chieng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marlon Mendez
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chance Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hyunsook Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yixian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Edith Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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25
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Martegani E, Bolognese F, Trivellin N, Orlandi VT. Effect of blue light at 410 and 455 nm on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 204:111790. [PMID: 31986339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen resistant to many antibiotics, able to form biofilm and causes serious nosocomial infections. Among anti-Pseudomonas light-based approaches, the recent antimicrobial Blue Light (aBL) treatment seems very promising. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of blue light in inhibiting and/or eradicating P. aeruginosa biofilm. Light at 410 nm has been identified as successful in inhibiting biofilm formation not only of the model strain PAO1, but also of CAUTI (catheter-associated urinary tract infection) isolates characterized by their ability to form biofilm. Results of this work on 410 nm light also demonstrated that: i) at the lowest tested radiant exposure (75 J cm-2) prevents matrix formation; ii) higher radiant exposures (225 and 450 J cm-2) light impairs the cellular components of biofilm, adherent and planktonic ones; iii) light eradicates with a good rate young and older biofilms in a light dose dependent manner; iv) it is also efficient in inactivating catalase A, a virulence factor playing an important role in pathogenic mechanisms. Light at 455 nm, even if at a lower extent than 410 nm, showed a certain anti-Pseudomonas activity. Furthermore, light at 410 nm caused detrimental effects on enzyme activity of β-galactosidase and catalase A, and changes on plasmid DNA conformation and ortho-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside structure. This study supports the potential of blue light for anti-infective and disinfection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Martegani
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bolognese
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Nicola Trivellin
- Department of Industrial engineering, University of Padua, Italy
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26
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Lau CHF, DeJong EN, Dussault F, Carrillo C, Stogios PJ, Savchenko A, Topp E. A penicillin-binding protein that can promote advanced-generation cephalosporin resistance and genome adaptation in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55:105896. [PMID: 31927042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A previous soil metagenomics study recovered a novel cephalosporin resistance determinant, pbpTET A6, for which the exact resistance mechanism was unclear. This study used a three-dimensional structure-guided mutagenesis approach to demonstrate that PBPTET A6 is likely to be a class A penicillin-binding protein (PBP), and that its ability to confer cephalosporin resistance is directly linked to the functional integrity of its transpeptidase (TP) catalytic core. Screening of a library of PBPTET A6 variants carrying randomly introduced point mutations revealed additional residue modifications that compromised resistance, all of which were proximal to the TP active site except one which was found in a 29-amino-acid-long superstructure (α6-α7 loop) absent in other class A PBP homologues. Based on the site-specific mutagenesis results, it is hypothesized that residue arginine-400 plays an important role in limiting the access of certain cephalosporin compounds to the enzymatic core of the TP domain of PBPTET A6. Using a combination of adaptive evolution assays and whole-genome sequencing, the potential impact of PBPTET A6 on promoting the development of resistance in the clinically significant opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated. Under the selective pressure of serial ceftazidime exposures, the pbpTET A6-expressing P. aeruginosa population readily evolved by excluding a ~400-kbp chromosomal element to acquire additional resistance against cephalosporins, suggesting that PBPTET A6 has a catalytic effect on facilitating antibiotic-resistance-associated genome adaptation. Overall, the soil environment contains genes conferring resistance to critically important antibiotics by cryptic mechanisms. Understanding what impact anthropogenic activities might have on the abundance and evolution of these genes should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Ho-Fung Lau
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Erica N DeJong
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Forest Dussault
- Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Carrillo
- Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J Stogios
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases
| | - Alexei Savchenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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27
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Pavan ME, López NI, Pettinari MJ. Melanin biosynthesis in bacteria, regulation and production perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:1357-1370. [PMID: 31811318 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The production of black pigments in bacteria was discovered more than a century ago and related to tyrosine metabolism. However, their diverse biological roles and the control of melanin synthesis in different bacteria have only recently been investigated. The broad distribution of these pigments suggests that they have an important role in a variety of organisms. Melanins protect microorganisms from many environmental stress conditions, ranging from ultraviolet radiation and toxic heavy metals to oxidative stress. Melanins can also affect bacterial interactions with other organisms and are important in pathogenesis and survival in many environments. Bacteria produce several types of melanin through dedicated pathways or as a result of enzymatic imbalances in altered metabolic routes. The control of the melanin synthesis in bacteria involves metabolic and transcriptional regulation, but many aspects remain still largely unknown. The diverse properties of melanins have spurred a large number of applications, and recent efforts have been done to produce the pigment at biotechnologically relevant scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elisa Pavan
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy I López
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M Julia Pettinari
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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28
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Ozdal M. A new strategy for the efficient production of pyocyanin, a versatile pigment, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa OG1 via toluene addition. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:374. [PMID: 31588398 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce pyocyanin, which is an extracellular secondary metabolite and multifunctional pigment. In this study, the effects of several surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 80 and Triton X-100) and organic solvents (toluene and chloroform) on pyocyanin production and cell growth were investigated in submerged culture of P. aeruginosa OG1. Organic solvents were found to be more effective in the production of pyocyanin. The maximum production of pyocyanin (33 mg/L) was achieved when 0.2% toluene was added at the stationary growth phase (30 h), corresponding to significant increase of 312% compared with the control (8 mg/L). With the addition of toluene, pyocyanin production was significantly increased, but bacterial biomass reduced. Production of alkaline protease was also affected by toluene addition. It was found that the ratio of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids in the bacterial biomass significantly increased when toluene addition to the medium. This study revealed that with a novel strategy, the addition of toluene to the fermentation medium significantly increased pyocyanin production. These findings suggest that solvent-assisted fermentation strategy can be used in microbial fermentations to increase the production of biotechnological products such as industrially important pigment and enzyme. This study is a first investigation on the stimulation of pyocyanin release in the medium of P. aeruginosa cultures by the addition of toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ozdal
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240 Turkey
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29
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Flynn S, Reen FJ, O'Gara F. Exposure to Bile Leads to the Emergence of Adaptive Signaling Variants in the Opportunistic Pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2013. [PMID: 31555243 PMCID: PMC6727882 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic colonization of the respiratory tract by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. P. aeruginosa has been shown to undergo extensive genomic adaptation facilitating its persistence within the CF lung allowing it to evade the host immune response and outcompete co-colonizing residents of the lung microbiota. However, whilst several studies have described the various mutations that frequently arise in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, the environmental factors governing the emergence of these genetic variants is less well characterized. Gastro-oesophageal reflux has recently emerged as a major co-morbidity in CF and is often associated with the presence of bile acids in the lungs most likely by (micro) aspiration. In order to investigate whether bile may select for genetic variants, P. aeruginosa was experimentally evolved in artificial sputum medium, a synthetic media resembling environmental conditions found within the CF lung. Pigmented derivatives of P. aeruginosa emerged exclusively in the presence of bile. Genome sequencing analysis identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in quorum sensing (lasR) and both the pyocyanin (phzS) and pyomelanin (hmgA) biosynthetic pathways. Phenotypic analysis revealed an altered bile response when compared to the ancestral P. aeruginosa progenitor strain. While the recovered pigmented derivatives retained the bile mediated suppression of swarming motility and enhanced antibiotic tolerance, the biofilm, and redox responses to bile were abolished in the adapted mutants. Though loss of pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) production in the pigmented isolates was not linked to the altered biofilm response, the loss of redox repression could be explained by defective alkyl-quinolone (AQ) production in the presence of bile. Collectively, these findings suggest that the adaptive variants of P. aeruginosa that arise following long term bile exposure enables the emergence of ecologically competitive sub-populations. Altered pigmentation and AQ signaling may contribute to an enhancement in fitness facilitating population survival within a bile positive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Flynn
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - F Jerry Reen
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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30
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Hendiani S, Rybtke ML, Tolker-Nielsen T, Kashef N. Sub-lethal antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation affects Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 quorum sensing and cyclic di-GMP regulatory systems. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:467-473. [PMID: 31362113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (APDI) is a new therapeutic modality which needs more precision during application due to the possibility of exposure of bacteria to sub-lethal doses (sAPDI). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of sAPDI on Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing (QS) and c-di-GMP signaling which are important virulence factor regulatory systems. METHODS Biofilm formation, pyoverdine, pyocyanin and protease production of P. aeruginosa was evaluated before and after a single sAPDI treatment with 0.8 mM methylene blue (MB) plus 1, 2, and 5-min irradiation with red laser light. Fluorescent lasB, rhlA, pqsA, and cdrA reporters of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and P. aeruginosa ΔmexAB-oprM were treated individually with sAPDI and the regulatory signals were detected. The gene expressions were also assessed after sAPDI using quantitative real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS Morphological observations and molecular assessments indicated that sAPDI with 0.8 mM MB along with 2- and 5-min irradiation led to an increase in the expression of the Las QS system and c-di-GMP signaling, while 1 min irradiation revealed dissimilar results (increase in lasB expression and decrease in c-di-GMP levels). Expression of rhlA and pqsA did not change in response to sAPDI. Further, a severe lethal effect of sAPDI was observed in P. aeruginosa ΔmexAB-oprM as compared with the wild type strain, whilst there was no difference in QS and c-di-GMP levels as detected by reporters between treated and untreated samples. CONCLUSION The results suggest that sAPDI affects QS and c-di-GMP signaling inP. aeruginosa in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghar Hendiani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Morten Levin Rybtke
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tim Tolker-Nielsen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Nasim Kashef
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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31
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Bolognese F, Scanferla C, Caruso E, Orlandi VT. Bacterial melanin production by heterologous expression of 4‑hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:1072-1080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Rapacka-Zdonczyk A, Wozniak A, Pieranski M, Woziwodzka A, Bielawski KP, Grinholc M. Development of Staphylococcus aureus tolerance to antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation and antimicrobial blue light upon sub-lethal treatment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9423. [PMID: 31263139 PMCID: PMC6603016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) and antimicrobial blue light (aBL) are considered low-risk treatments for the development of bacterial resistance and/or tolerance due to their multitargeted modes of action. In this study, we assessed the development of Staphylococcus aureus tolerance to these phototreatments. Reference S. aureus USA300 JE2 was subjected to 15 cycles of both sub-lethal aPDI (employing an exogenously administered photosensitizer (PS), i.e., rose Bengal (RB)) and sub-lethal aBL (employing endogenously produced photosensitizing compounds, i.e., porphyrins). We demonstrate substantial aPDI/aBL tolerance development and tolerance stability after 5 cycles of subculturing without aPDI/aBL exposure (the development of aPDI/aBL tolerance was also confirmed with the employment of clinical MRSA and MSSA strain as well as other representatives of Gram-positive microbes, i.e. Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus agalactiae). In addition, a rifampicin-resistant (RIFR) mutant selection assay showed an increased mutation rate in S. aureus upon sub-lethal phototreatments, indicating that the increased aPDI/aBL tolerance may result from accumulated mutations. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis following sub-lethal phototreatments demonstrated increased expression of umuC, which encodes stress-responsive error-prone DNA polymerase V, an enzyme that increases the rate of mutation. Employment of recA and umuC transposon S. aureus mutants confirmed SOS-induction dependence of the tolerance development. Interestingly, aPDI/aBL-tolerant S. aureus exhibited increased susceptibility to gentamicin (GEN) and doxycycline (DOX), supporting the hypothesis of genetic alterations induced by sub-lethal phototreatments. The obtained results indicate that S. aureus may develop stable tolerance to studied phototreatments upon sub-lethal aPDI/aBL exposure; thus, the risk of tolerance development should be considered significant when designing aPDI/aBL protocols for infection treatments in vitro and in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rapacka-Zdonczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Wozniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michal Pieranski
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Woziwodzka
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof P Bielawski
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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33
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Levin TC, Goldspiel BP, Malik HS. Density-dependent resistance protects Legionella pneumophila from its own antimicrobial metabolite, HGA. eLife 2019; 8:46086. [PMID: 31134893 PMCID: PMC6598767 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To persist in microbial communities, the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila must withstand competition from neighboring bacteria. Here, we find that L. pneumophila can antagonize the growth of other Legionella species using a secreted inhibitor: HGA (homogentisic acid). Unexpectedly, L. pneumophila can itself be inhibited by HGA secreted from neighboring, isogenic strains. Our genetic approaches further identify lpg1681 as a gene that modulates L. pneumophila susceptibility to HGA. We find that L. pneumophila sensitivity to HGA is density-dependent and cell intrinsic. Resistance is not mediated by the stringent response nor the previously described Legionella quorum-sensing pathway. Instead, L. pneumophila cells secrete HGA only when they are conditionally HGA-resistant, which allows these bacteria to produce a potentially self-toxic molecule while restricting the opportunity for self-harm. We propose that established Legionella communities may deploy molecules such as HGA as an unusual public good that can protect against invasion by low-density competitors. In the environment, bacteria frequently compete with each other for resources and space. These battles often involve the bacteria releasing toxins, antibiotics or other molecules that make it more difficult for their neighbors to grow. The bacteria also carry specific resistance genes that protect them from the effects of the molecules that they produce. Legionella pneumophila is a species of bacteria that infects people and causes a severe form of pneumonia known as Legionnaires’ disease. The bacteria spread in droplets of water from contaminated water systems such as sink faucets, cooling towers, water tanks, and other plumbing systems. In these water systems, L. pneumophila cells live within communities known as biofilms, which contain many different species of bacteria. These communities often include other species of Legionella that compete with L. pneumophila for similar nutrients. However, L. pneumophila was not known to produce any toxins or antibiotics, so it was not clear how it is able to survive in biofilms. Levin et al. used genetic approaches to investigate how L. pneumophila competes with other species of Legionella. The experiments found that this bacterium released a molecule called homogentisic acid (HGA) that reduced the growth of neighboring Legionella bacteria. Unexpectedly, L. pneumophila was not always resistant to HGA, despite secreting large quantities of this molecule. Instead, L. pneumophila cells were only resistant to HGA when the bacteria were living in crowded conditions. Previous studies have shown that HGA is widely produced by bacteria and other organisms – including humans – but this is the first time it has been shown that this molecule limits the ability of bacteria to grow. The work of Levin et al. suggests that HGA may help L. pneumophila bacteria to persist in biofilms, but more work needs to be done to test this idea. A possible next step is to test whether drugs that inhibit the production of HGA can eliminate Legionella bacteria from water systems. If so, similar treatments could potentially be used to stop and prevent outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tera C Levin
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Brian P Goldspiel
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Harmit S Malik
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
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Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance requires development of alternative therapeutic options. Multidrug-resistant strains of Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. are still the most commonly identified antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. These microorganisms are part of the so-called 'ESKAPE' pathogens to emphasize that they currently cause the majority of hospital acquired infections and effectively 'escape' the effects of antibacterial drugs. Thus, alternative, safer and more efficient antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed, especially against 'ESKAPE' superbugs. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation is a therapeutic option used in the treatment of infectious diseases. It is based on a combination of a photosensitizer, light and oxygen to remove highly metabolically active cells.
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Hendiani S, Pornour M, Kashef N. Quorum-sensing-regulated virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa are affected by sub-lethal photodynamic inactivation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:8-12. [PMID: 30753921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is recognized as a new antimicrobial approach. It is likely that in human hosts receiving this therapy, pathogens may encounter sub-lethal doses of PDI (sPDI), which may affect microbial virulence. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of sPDI using methylene blue (MB) on the expression of genes belonging to two quorum sensing (QS) operons (rhl and las systems) and two genes necessary for pyocyanin and rhamnolipid production (phzM and rhlA) under QS control in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. METHODS Ability of pyocyanin and rhamnolipid production of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and clinical isolates exposed to sPDI (MB at 0.012 mM and light dose of 23 J/cm2 was evaluated. The effect of sPDI on expression of rhlI, rhlR, lasI, lasR, phzM and rhlA were also evaluated by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS sPDI led to the down-regulation of the expression of all four QS genes (lasI, lasR, rhlI and rhlR) and rhamnolipid gene (rhlA). However, up-regulation of pyocyanin gene (phzM) was observed after sPDI. These results were consistent with phenotypic changes. CONCLUSION This study suggests that oxidative stress induced by sPDI can affect QS-regulated virulence factors of P. aeruginosa such as pyocyanin and rhamnolipids in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghar Hendiani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Pornour
- Department of Photo Healing and Regeneration, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nasim Kashef
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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36
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Sub-lethal antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation: an in vitro study on quorum sensing-controlled gene expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 34:1159-1165. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-02707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Orlandi VT, Bolognese F, Rolando B, Guglielmo S, Lazzarato L, Fruttero R. Anti-Pseudomonas activity of 3-nitro-4-phenylfuroxan. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:1557-1566. [PMID: 30300122 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a microorganism that is well adapted to both clinical and industrial settings, where it can form adherent communities that are difficult to eradicate. New anti-Pseudomonas compounds and strategies are necessary, as the current antimicrobial approaches for the inhibition of biofilm formation and, above all, the eradication of formed biofilms are ineffective. Compounds that belong to the furoxan family, which are well-known NO donors, have recently been shown to display anti-Pseudomonas activity. The present study investigates three furoxan compounds that are substituted at the hetero-ring with electron-withdrawing groups (NO2, CN, CONH2) for their effects on P. aeruginosa PAO1 growth and biofilm formation/dispersal. Of the furoxans tested, only 3-nitro-4-phenylfuroxan (KN455) inhibited the growth of suspended P. aeruginosa PAO1 cultures. Furthermore, KN455 inhibited the formation of both younger and older biofilms with very high yields and thus proved itself to be toxic to planktonic subpopulations. It also displayed moderate eradicating power. The activity of KN455 does not appear to be related to its capacity to release small amounts of NO. Interestingly, the isomer 4-nitro-3-phenylfuroxan (KN454), included for comparison, displayed a comparable antibiofilm rate, but did not show the same antimicrobial activity against suspended cells and planktonic subpopulations. While hypotheses as to the mechanism of action have been formulated, further investigations are necessary to shed light onto the antimicrobial activity of this furoxan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- 1Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bolognese
- 1Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- 2Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Guglielmo
- 2Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- 2Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Fruttero
- 2Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
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38
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Thippakorn C, Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya C, Pannengpetch S, Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya P, Schaduangrat N, Nantasenamat C, Prachayasittikul V. Oxidative responses and defense mechanism of hyperpigmented P. aeruginosa as characterized by proteomics and metabolomics. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:544-562. [PMID: 30034318 PMCID: PMC6046631 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to produce multiple types of pigment which are involved in its pathogenicity and survival in certain environments. Herein, we reported the identification of P. aeruginosa dark-brown hyperpigmented (HP) strains which have been isolated from clinical samples. In order to study the role of these dark-brown containing secretions, alterations of metabolic processes and cellular responses under microenvironment of this bacterial pathogen, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) in conjunction with peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) were performed. Protein spots showing the most significant differences and high spot optical density values were selected for further characterization. Fold difference of protein expression levels among those spots were calculated. Three major groups of proteins including anti-oxidant enzyme such as catalase, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase and also iron-superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD), transmembrane proteins as well as proteins involved in energy metabolism such as ATP synthase and pyruvate/2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase were significantly decreased in P. aeruginosa HP. Whereas, malate syntase and isocitrate lyase, the key enzyme in glyoxylate cycle as well as alcohol dehydrogenase were significantly increased in P. aeruginosa HP, as compared to the reference strain ATCC 27853. Moreover, the HP exerted SOD-like activity with its IC50 equal to 0.26 mg/ml as measured by NBT assay. Corresponding to secretomic metabolome identification, elevated amounts of anti-oxidant compounds are detected in P. aeruginosa HP than those observed in ATCC 27853. Our findings indicated successful use of proteomics and metabolomics for understanding cell responses and defense mechanisms of P. aeruginosa dark-brown hyperpigmented strains upon surviving in its microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadinee Thippakorn
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | | | - Supitcha Pannengpetch
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | | | - Nalini Schaduangrat
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Virapong Prachayasittikul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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Orlandi VT, Bolognese F, Martegani E, Cantaluppi V, Medana C, Barbieri P. Response to photo-oxidative stress of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 mutants impaired in different functions. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1557-1567. [PMID: 29022867 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians often have to deal with infections that are difficult to control because they are caused by superbugs resistant to many antibiotics. Alternatives to antibiotic treatment include antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). The photodynamic process causes bacterial death, inducing oxidative stress through the photoactivation of photosensitizer molecules in the presence of oxygen. No PDT-resistant bacteria have been selected to date, thus the response to photo-oxidative stress in non-phototrophic bacteria needs further investigation. The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in particular, has been shown to be more tolerant to PDT than other micro-organisms. In order to find any genetic determinants involved in PDT-tolerance, a panel of transposon mutants of P. aeruginosa PAO1 involved in the quorum sensing signalling system and membrane cytoplasmic transport were photoinactivated as part of this study. Two pseudomonas quinolone signalling (PQS) knock-out mutants, pqsH- and pqsC-, were as PDT-sensitive as the PAO1 wild-type strains. Two PQS hyperproducer variants, pqsA- and rsaL-, were shown to be more tolerant to photo-oxidative stress than the wild-type strain. In the pqsA- mutant, the hyperpigmentation due to the presence of phenazines could protect cells against PDT stress, while in rsaL- no pigmentation was detectable. Furthermore, a mutant impaired in an ATP-binding cassette transport involved in maintaining the asymmetry of the outer membrane was significantly more tolerant to photo-oxidative stress than the wild-type strain. These observations support the involvement of quorum sensing and the importance of the bacterial cell envelope when dealing with photo-oxidative stress induced by photodynamic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Bolognese
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Eleonora Martegani
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Unit, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Claudio Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Barbieri
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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40
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Kashef N, Hamblin MR. Can microbial cells develop resistance to oxidative stress in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation? Drug Resist Updat 2017; 31:31-42. [PMID: 28867242 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Infections have been a major cause of disease throughout the history of humans on earth. With the introduction of antibiotics, it was thought that infections had been conquered. However, bacteria have been able to develop resistance to antibiotics at an exponentially increasing rate. The growing threat from multi-drug resistant organisms calls for intensive action to prevent the emergence of totally resistant and untreatable infections. Novel, non-invasive, non-antibiotic strategies are needed that act more efficiently and faster than current antibiotics. One promising alternative is antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (APDI), an approach that produces reactive oxygen species when dyes and light are combined. So far, it has been questionable if bacteria can develop resistance against APDI. This review paper gives an overview of recent studies concerning the susceptibility of bacteria towards oxidative stress, and suggests possible mechanisms of the development of APDI-resistance that should at least be addressed. Some ways to potentiate APDI and also to overcome future resistance are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Kashef
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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41
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Ketelboeter LM, Bardy SL. Characterization of 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione resistance in pyomelanogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa DKN343. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178084. [PMID: 28570601 PMCID: PMC5453437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyomelanin is a reddish-brown pigment that provides bacteria and fungi protection from oxidative stress, and is reported to contribute to infection persistence. Production of this pigment can be inhibited by the anti-virulence agent 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC). The Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate DKN343 exhibited high levels of resistance to NTBC, and the mechanism of pyomelanin production in this strain was uncharacterized. We determined that pyomelanin production in the clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate DKN343 was due to a loss of function in homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HmgA). Several potential resistance mechanisms were investigated, and the MexAB-OprM efflux pump is required for resistance to NTBC. DKN343 has a frameshift mutation in NalC, which is a known indirect repressor of the mexAB-oprM operon. This frameshift mutation may contribute to the increased resistance of DKN343 to NTBC. Additional studies investigating the prevalence of resistance in pyomelanogenic microbes are necessary to determine the future applications of NTBC as an anti-virulence therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Ketelboeter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sonia L. Bardy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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42
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In vitro antimicrobial activity of LED irradiation on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 168:25-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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43
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Tardu M, Bulut S, Kavakli IH. MerR and ChrR mediate blue light induced photo-oxidative stress response at the transcriptional level in Vibrio cholerae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40817. [PMID: 28098242 PMCID: PMC5241685 DOI: 10.1038/srep40817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue light (BL) is a major environmental factor that affects the physiology, behavior, and infectivity of bacteria as it contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) while increasing photo-oxidative stress in cells. However, precise photo-oxidative response mechanism in non-phototrophic bacteria is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of BL in Vibrio cholerae by using genetics and transcriptome profiling. Genome-wide analysis revealed that transcription of 6.3% of V. cholerae genes were regulated by BL. We further showed that BL enhances ROS production, which is generated through the oxidative phosphorylation. To understand signaling mechanisms, we generated several knockouts and analyzed their transcriptome under BL exposure. Studies with a double-knockout confirm an anti-sigma factor (ChrR) and putative metalloregulatory-like protein (MerR) are responsible for the genome-wide regulation to BL response in V. cholerae. Collectively, these results demonstrate that MerR-like proteins, in addition to ChrR, are required for V. cholerae to mount an appropriate response against photo-oxidative stress induced by BL. Outside its natural host, V. cholerae can survive for extended periods in natural aquatic environments. Therefore, the regulation of light response for V. cholerae may be a critical cellular process for its survival in these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Tardu
- Computational Science and Engineering, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selma Bulut
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Computational Science and Engineering, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
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